Wolemba Tad Daley, Julayi 16, 2020
kuchokera Global Policy Journal
Pa tsiku lino zaka 75 zapitazo m'badwo wa atomiki wabadwa, ndi kuphulika koyamba kwa nyukiliya pafupi ndi Alamogordo, New Mexico pa Julayi 16, 1945. Masiku 20 okha m'mbuyomu, pa Juni 26, bungwe la United Nations lidakhazikitsidwa ndikusainirana pangano la UN Charter ku San Francisco. Kodi bomba lidapangitsa kuti United Nations ichotse ntchito patadutsa milungu itatu itabadwa?
Mmodzi wofunikira kwambiri muzochitika izi, Purezidenti wa US Harry S. Truman, zikuwoneka kuti akuganiza choncho. Ganizirani udindo wapadera wa mwamunayo ndi mphindi. Ngakhale Alamogordo adatsala milungu itatu, alangizi a Truman adamutsimikizira panthawiyo kuti "kupambana" kunali kotsimikizika. Ndipo anadziwa kuti ndi munthu yemwe goli la chisankho lingamugwere posachedwa - osati kokha ngati ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito chipangizochi chatsopano chotsutsana ndi Imperial Japan, koma choti achite pambuyo pake pamanenedwe onena za apocalyptic atsikutsikira onse. umunthu.
Ndiye anati chiyani pakusainira chikalatacho ku San Francisco?
Uku ndi gawo loyamba lokhala pamtendere wokhalitsa… Tili ndi diso lolunjika pa cholinga chomaliza tiyeni tizitsogolera… Charter iyi, monga Constitution yathu, idzakulitsidwa ndi kupitilizidwa pakapita nthawi. Palibe amene amati tsopano ndi chida chomaliza kapena chokwanira. Kusintha kwa machitidwe adziko lapansi kudzafunika kusinthidwa… kuti mupeze njira yothetsera nkhondo.
Kunali kopatsa chidwi kwenikweni, kunena pang'ono, kuti tifotokozere molakwika kwambiri zolakwa za chikalata chochepera ola limodzi.
Patatha masiku awiri, titayenda kuchokera ku San Francisco pa sitima kukalandira digiri ya ulemu kuchokera ku Kansas City University ku kwawo kwawo, Malingaliro a Purezidenti Truman adasinthiratu zothodwetsa zake komanso cholinga chomaliza. "Ndili ndi ntchito yayikulu, yomwe sindingayang'ane nayo mosamala kwambiri." Palibe munthu m'modzi mwa omverawo, pafupifupi, amene amadziwa zomwe amatanthauza. Koma titha kuganiza kuti zinali zokhudzana ndi "kusintha kwa zinthu padziko lapansi" komwe adadziwa kuti kukubwera posachedwa:
Tikukhala, m'dziko lino osachepera, mu nthawi yalamulo. Tsopano tiyenera kuchita izi padziko lonse lapansi. Zidzakhala zophweka kuti mayiko agwirizane mu republic ya dziko lapansi monga momwe zingakhalire kuti tigwirizane ku republic ya United States. Tsopano, ngati Kansas ndi Colorado ali ndi mkangano pachitsime samayitana National Guard m'boma lililonse ndikupita kunkhondo. Amapita ku Khothi Lalikulu ndipo amatsatira chigamulo chake. Palibe chifukwa padziko lapansi chomwe sitingathe kuchita izi padziko lonse lapansi.
Kusiyanaku - pakati pa lamulo lomwe limakhalapo pakati pa nzika komanso kusapezeka pakati pa anthu amitundu - sizinali zoyambirira kwa Harry S. Truman. Zinanenedwapo Kwa zaka zambiri kuchokera ku Great Minds monga Dante, Rousseau, Kant, Baha'u'llah, Charlotte Bronte, Victor Hugo, ndi HG Wells. Zowonadi, pamene Truman adachotsa Khothi Lathu Lalikulu monga chifaniziro chomwe adafotokozera zomwe zidalipo kale, Purezidenti Ulysses S. Grant, yemwe adati mu 1869"Ndikukhulupirira kuti tsiku lina mtsogolomo maiko a Earth adzagwirizana pamsonkhano wina ... zomwe zisankho zawo zidzakhala zomangika monga momwe Khothi Lalikulu lalamulira."
Komanso sikunali koyamba kuti zichitike kwa Harry S. Truman. Purezidenti wakale wa Brookings Institution ndi Wachiwiri kwa Secretary of State Strobe Talbott, m'buku lake lapadera la 2008 The Great Experiment (theka memoir ndi theka la mbiri yadziko lapansi), akutiuza kuti Purezidenti wa 33 waku America adanyamula chikwama chake malembo a Alfred Lord Tennyson wa 1835: "Mpaka pomwe ng'oma yankhondo sinathere, ndipo mbendera za nkhondo adasokonekera, Nyumba Yamalamulo yaanthu, Federation of the world. ” Talbott akuti chikwama chake chikadayamba kugwa, Truman adalemba mawu awa pamanja mwina nthawi 40 pa moyo wake wonse wachikulire.
Sikovuta kunena kuti panthawiyi yopanga chowonadi, mosiyana ndi kale lonse, Purezidenti Harry S. Truman adawopa nkhondo ya atomiki, adazindikira kuti njira yokhayo ndiyo kuthetseratu nkhondo, ndikumvetsetsa kuti United Nations yatsopano , monga momwe Charter yake inalembera, silingathe "kupulumutsa mibadwo yotsatira ku zowawa za nkhondo."
Flash patsogolo miyezi ingapo. Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki anali atabwera, WWII yowopsa inali itatha, koma mantha a WWIII wopanda pake anali atangoyamba kumene. Ndipo patatsala milungu iwiri kuti UN Charter idayamba kugwira ntchito pa Okutobala 24, 1945, kalata yodabwitsa idatuluka mu New York Times. Senator Charter wa ku United States a John William Fulbright, a Albert Einste Robert, ndi a Albert Einstein, "a San Francisco Charter ndi zabodza." "Pakukhalabe ndi ufulu wokhazikika mayiko olimbana, (zimalepheretsa) kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo apamwamba mu maubale a dziko lapansi ... Tiyenera kuyangana ndi Federal Constitution of the World, loya lovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi, ngati tikufuna kuletsa nkhondo ya atomiki . ”
Olembawo pambuyo pake adakulitsa kalatayi, ndikuwonjezera ena oposa khumi ndi awiri osainira, ndikuiyika pa jekete la 1945 la The Anatomy of Peace wolemba Emery Reves. Manifesto a lingaliro la republic repadziko lonse adamasuliridwa m'zilankhulo 25, ndipo mwachidziwikire adagulitsa makope opitilila miliyoni. (Reves adagwiritsanso ntchito ngati wolemba mabuku wa Winston Churchill, ndipo adathandizira Kuyitanira kwa Churchill komwe a "United States of Europe" komanso "bungwe la padziko lonse lamphamvu zosagonjetseka.") Woyimira Nyumba Yamalamulo ku US komanso a JFK White House a Harris Wofford, yemwe ngati wachinyamata wodzipereka kwambiri adayambitsa "Ophunzira Federalists" mu 1942, anandiuza kuti gulu lake la achinyamata achangu padziko lonse lapansi adaganizira za buku la Reves kuti ndi njira yawo.
Kutsogoloku kunapitanso mpaka 1953, ndi aulemu a John Foster Dulles, Mlembi wa Purezidenti Eisenhower. Chimodzi mwazida zazikulu za nthawi ya Cold War. Chosiyana kwambiri ndi wamaloto wazithunzithunzi. Adakhalapo mbali ya nthumwi zaku America ku San Francisco ngati phungu wa Senator wa Republican Arthur Vandenberg, ndipo adathandizira kupanga zokopa zoyambitsa Charter. Zonse zomwe zidapanga chigamulo chake zaka zisanu ndi zitatu kudabwitsa kwambiri:
Tili ku San Francisco kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1945, Palibe aliyense wa ife amene amadziwa bomba la atomiki lomwe linayenera kugwera pa Hiroshima pa Ogasiti 6, 1945. Chifukwa chake a Charter ndi a m'badwo wakale wa atomiki. Mwanjira iyi anali atatha kale asanagwire ntchito. Ndinganene molimba mtima kuti, ngati nthumwi za kumeneko zikadadziwa kuti mphamvu yazachilendo komanso yopanda ma atomu ikadapezeka kuti ndi njira yowonongera anthu ambiri, zopereka zomwe zikukhudzana ndi zida komanso kuyang'anira zida zankhondo zikadakhala zopitilira muyeso. zomveka komanso zowona.
Poyeneradi, patangodutsa masiku ochepa kuchokera pa imfa ya FDR pa Epulo 12th, 1945, Secretary of War Henry Stimson adalangiza purezidenti watsopanoyo kuti akhazikitse msonkhano ku San Francisco - mpaka zotsatira za bomba lomwe likubwera likhoza kuganiziridwa komanso kuzingidwa.
United Nations yachita zabwino zambiri pazaka 75 zake. Zaperekera chakudya kwa anthu 90 miliyoni, zaperekedwa kwa anthu othawa kwawo oposa 34 miliyoni, zidayenda mwamtendere 71, zayang'anira chisankho chamayiko, zathandiza azimayi mamiliyoni ambiri omwe ali ndi thanzi la amayi, atemera ana 58% padziko lapansi, ndi zina zambiri.
Koma - yotentha apa - sichinathetse nkhondo. Ndiponso sichinathetse mpikisano wamuyaya pakati pa maulamuliro akulu, belell omnium contra omnes akufotokozedwa ndi a Thomas Hobbes mu Leviathan yake ya 1651. Zida za Laser, zida zamlengalenga, zida zapa cyber, zida za nano, zida za ma drone, zida za majeremusi, zida zankhondo zamaloboti. Posachedwa mpaka 2045, UN ali ndi zaka 100, ndipo wina sangathe kulingalira ziganizo zatsopano patsogolo pa dzina lakale. Palibe amene angakayikire kuti anthu adzapitilizabe kukumana ndi zoopsa zatsopano zowopsa za chiwonongeko.
Pepani ndichani chimenecho? Inde, inu kumbuyo mzere wakumbuyo, lankhulani! Kwa zaka 75 tsopano sitinakhalepo ndi "dziko la pansi" kapena nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya? Ndiye kodi Truman iyenera kuti inali yolakwika? Umunthu ukhoza kukhala mosatekeseka mdziko la oyimbirana nawo mayiko, mukuti, okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya ndipo mulungu yekha ndi amene amadziwa zida zina, ndikutha kuthana kwamuyaya kubwera kwa apocalypse?
Yankho lokhalo ku ilo ndiomwe lija linaperekedwa ndi Nduna ya Zhou Enlai ku China mu 1971, atafunsidwa ndi a Henry Kissinger zomwe amaganiza pazotsatira za French Revolution. A Zhou, nkhaniyi ikupita, anaganizira funsoli kwakanthawi, kenako anayankha kuti: "Ndikuganiza kuti posachedwa tinene."
Tad Daley, wolemba bukuli Apocalypse Never: Kupanga Njira ku Dziko Lopanda Zida za Nyukiliya kuchokera ku Rutgers University Press, ndi Director of Policy Analysis ku Nzika za Global Solutions.
