Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, November 11, 2023
Ndemanga mu Cedar Rapids pa Novembara 11, 2023
Henry Nicholas John Gunther anabadwira ku Baltimore, Maryland, kwa makolo omwe adasamuka ku Germany. Mu Seputembala 1917 adasankhidwa kuti athandize kupha Ajeremani. Kampeni wapadziko lonse wamakono wofalitsa nkhani zabodza zankhondo anali mkati. Zinali zovuta zogulitsira nkhondo, kuphatikizapo ngati mutanena zolakwika mukhoza kupita kundende. Henry analemba kalata kunyumba kwawo ali ku Ulaya kufotokoza mmene nkhondo inalili yoopsa komanso kulimbikitsa ena kuti asalembedwe usilikali. Chabwino, kalata yake idapimidwa ndipo adachotsedwa. Pambuyo pake, adauza abwenzi ake kuti adziwonetsa yekha. Iye akanasonyeza kuti amadana kwambiri ndipo anali wokonzeka kupha gulu loyenera la anthu. Pamene tsiku lomaliza la 11:00 am likuyandikira pa tsiku la 11 la mwezi wa 11 mu 1918 nkhondoyo inayenera kutha. Mgwirizanowu udasainidwa m'mawa kwambiri, koma ndi 11:00 yosankhidwa ngati nthawi yosiya, kulola kuti anthu owonjezera 11,000 aphedwe, kuvulazidwa, kapena kusowa. Sindinganene popanda chifukwa chabwino, koma sindikufuna kuti muganize kuti mamiliyoni omwe anaphedwa m'mawa usanafike anali pazifukwa zomveka. Pamene wotchiyo inali kupendekeka, Henry anaimirira, motsutsa lamulo, ndipo molimba mtima akuloza mfuti zake ziwiri za Germany. A Germany ankadziwa za Armistice ndipo anayesa kumuchotsa. Kodi mfundo yake inali yotani? Koma Henry anapitirizabe kuyandikira ndi kuwombera. Atafika pafupi, kuphulika kwa mfuti kunamuthera moyo wake nthawi ya 10:59 m'mawa Henry anabwezedwa udindo wake chifukwa chakuti anachita zoyenera. Ngati akanabwera kunyumba n’kukachita m’bwalo la bowling chikanakhala chinthu chosayenera. Iye sanabwezeredwe moyo wake, ndipo timamutcha munthu womalizira kufa m’Nkhondo Yadziko I, ngakhale kuti Nkhondo Yadziko I inapitirira kwa milungu ingapo mu Afirika, ndipo ngakhale kuti chimene chimatchedwa chimfine cha Chispanya chimene chinatuluka m’nkhondocho chikanapha. zambiri monga zipolopolo ndi gasi, ndipo ngakhale ambiri a odzipha akale anali akubwera, ndipo ngakhale alimi adzapitirizabe kuphedwa ndi lamulo losaphulika kwamuyaya, ndipo ngakhale imfa zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha njala, umphawi, ndi kusowa kwachuma. mankhwala oyenera adzapitirirabe, ndipo ngakhale mgwirizano wamtendere udzakhazikitsidwa m'njira yotsimikiziranso kuti idzapereka maulosi a kupitiriza kwa nkhondo mu zomwe timatcha Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, ndipo ngakhale kuti mafakitale ankhondo anali. tsopano slouching motsimikiza ku Washington kubadwa.
Mphindi yothetsa Nkhondo Yaikulu inayenera kuthetsa nkhondo yonse, ndipo inayambitsa chikondwerero chapadziko lonse cha chimwemwe ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa mkhalidwe wamaganizo. Inakhala nthawi yachete, kulira kwa belu, kukumbukira, ndi kudzipereka kuti athetse nkhondo yonse. Izi ndi zomwe Tsiku la Armistice linali. Sizinali chikondwerero cha nkhondo kapena cha omwe akutenga nawo mbali pankhondo, koma nthawi yomwe nkhondo idatha - ndipo kukumbukira ndi kulira kwankhondozo kwawonongeka. Congress inapereka chigamulo cha Tsiku la Armistice mu 1926 chofuna "zochita zolimbikitsa mtendere mwa kufuna kwabwino ndi kumvetsetsana ... Pambuyo pake, Congress inawonjezera kuti November 11th idzakhala "tsiku loperekedwa ku cholinga cha mtendere padziko lonse." Izi zidapitilira mpaka holideyo idatchedwanso Tsiku la Veterans mu 1954.
Tsiku la Veterans sikulinso, kwa anthu ambiri ku United States, tsiku losangalala kutha kwa nkhondo kapena kufuna kuthetsedwa. Tsiku la Veterans Day si tsiku lolira maliro kapena kukayikira chifukwa chake kudzipha ndiye wakupha wamkulu wa asitikali aku US kapena chifukwa chiyani asitikali ambiri alibe nyumba. Tsiku la Ankhondo Ankhondo silimalengezedwa ngati chikondwerero chankhondo. Koma mitu ya Veterans For Peace imaletsedwa m'mizinda ina yaying'ono komanso ikuluikulu, chaka ndi chaka, kutenga nawo mbali pamisonkhano ya Veterans Day, chifukwa amatsutsa nkhondo. Ziwonetsero za Tsiku la Ankhondo a Veterans ndi zochitika m'mizinda yambiri zimatamanda nkhondo, ndipo pafupifupi zimatamanda kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo. Pafupifupi zochitika zonse za Tsiku la Veterans Day ndi zadziko. Ochepa amalimbikitsa “mayanjano aubwenzi ndi anthu ena onse” kapena kuyesetsa kukhazikitsa “mtendere wapadziko lonse.”
Jane Addams ndi anzake sanangoneneratu mu 1919 kuti nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse idzabwera, komanso anafotokozanso zomwe zidzafunika kusintha pa Pangano la Versailles ndi League of Nations kuti apewe - ndipo adayambitsa bungwe lamtendere padziko lonse limbikitsani kuti muchite zimenezo. Mfundo 14 zotchuka zochirikizidwa ndi Purezidenti Woodrow Wilson zinatayika kwakukulukulu m’Pangano la Versailles, loloŵedwa m’malo ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chitonzo kwa Germany. Addams anachenjeza kuti izi zidzayambitsa nkhondo ina.
Katswiri wa zachuma wa ku Britain John Maynard Keynes analemba mu 1919 m’buku lakuti The Economic Consequences of the Peace kuti: “Ngati tilingalira mwadala umphaŵi wa Central Europe, kubwezera, ndithudi, sikudzafowoka.”
Thorstein Veblen, mu ndemanga yotsutsa kwambiri ya buku la Keynes, adaneneratu za Pangano la Versailles lomwe limayambitsa nkhondo zambiri, ngakhale kuti adamvetsetsa maziko a mgwirizanowu kukhala chidani ndi Soviet Union, zomwe ziyenera kuzindikirika, United States. Mayiko ndi mayiko ogwirizana anali kumenya nkhondo mu 1919 zomwe sizimawonekera kawirikawiri m'mabuku a mbiri yakale ku US koma zomwe Russian aliyense akudziwa mpaka lero. Veblen ankakhulupirira kuti malipiro akanatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta kwa eni ake olemera a ku Germany popanda kuvutitsa anthu onse a ku Germany, koma cholinga chachikulu cha omwe akupanga panganoli chinali kusunga ufulu wa katundu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Germany ngati mphamvu yotsutsana ndi chikomyunizimu Soviet. Union.
Woodrow Wilson adalonjeza "mtendere wopanda chigonjetso," koma, muzokambirana za mgwirizano, adapereka kubwezera kwa France ndi Britain ku Germany. Pambuyo pake, adaneneratu za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse pokhapokha ngati United States idalowa mu League of Nations. Veblen akuganiza kuti Wilson sanagonje ndi kunyengerera pazokambirana za mgwirizanowu, koma adayika udani patsogolo pa Soviet Union. Ndikuganiza kuti aku Britain adachita izi, koma ya Wilson ndi nkhani yachilendo.
Wilson adayamba kutsutsana mwamphamvu motsutsana ndi chilango chobwezera cha Germany, koma adagwidwa ndi chimfine chotchedwa Spanish flu, adafooka kwambiri, adalankhula ngati wachinyengo, ndipo adavomera mwachangu kusiya zambiri zomwe adalonjeza dziko lapansi. Imatchedwa chimfine cha ku Spain chifukwa, ngakhale idachokera kunkhondo zaku US kupita kunkhondo yaku Europe, Spain idalola manyuzipepala ake kulemba za nkhani zosasangalatsa, pomwe US ndi mayiko ena sanalole ufulu wotero. Koma chimfine chotchedwa Spanish flu chidakhudza White House.
Kugwa koyambirira, pa Seputembara 28, 1918, Philadelphia inali ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu chankhondo chomwe chinaphatikizapo asitikali omwe ali ndi chimfine atangotsala pang'ono kumenya nkhondo. Madokotala anali atachenjezapo zimenezi, koma andale anali atalengeza kuti palibe chimene chingalakwitse ngati aliyense apeŵa kutsokomola, kuyetsemula, ndi kulavulira. Kwezani dzanja lanu ngati mukuganiza kuti aliyense pagulu lalikulu la anthu sanatsokomole, kuyetsemula, ndi kulavulira. Chimfine chinafalikira. Wilson adachipeza. Sanachite zomwe akanachita ku Paris. Sizosatheka kuti WWII ikadapewedwa ngati parade ku Philadelphia itapewedwa.
Izi zitha kumveka ngati zopenga, koma chiwonetsero ku Philadelphia chinali chinthu chimodzi chopusa munyanja yazinthu zopusa zomwe siziyenera kuchitika. Palibe amene akananeneratu za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse chifukwa cha chiwonetserochi, koma kulosera koteroko kunali kotheka ndipo zidapangidwa pazinthu zina zosafunikira komanso zopusa zomwe zidachitika pakati pa nkhondo.
Ferdinand Foch, Mfalansa, anali wamkulu wa Allies Commander. Anakhumudwa kwambiri ndi Pangano la Versailles. "Uwu si mtendere," adatero. "Ndi gulu lankhondo kwa zaka 20." Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse inayamba zaka 20 ndi masiku 65 pambuyo pake. Chodandaula cha Foch sikuti Germany idalangidwa kwambiri. Foch amafuna kuti gawo la Germany lichepetse kumadzulo ndi Rhine River.
Ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi kuti maboma onse azimenya nkhondo ndikukonzekera nkhondo zochulukirapo, kuneneratu kuti Germany ipsa mtima kwambiri ndi chilango chochuluka kapena kuti chilango chochepa kwambiri chitha kuloleza Germany kuti ichite chiwembu chatsopano zinali zoneneratu bwino. Ndi malingaliro achuma opanda zida, malamulo popanda chiwawa, komanso umunthu wopanda tsankho ndizocheperako, kulosera kwa a Foch kumamveka bwino ngati Jane Addams '.
Pangano la Versailles chinali chinthu chimodzi mwa zambiri zomwe sizinayenera kuchitika. Anthu aku Germany sanafunikire kuloleza kuti chipani cha Nazi chikukwera. Mitundu ndi mabizinesi padziko lonse lapansi sanayenera kupereka ndalama ndikulimbikitsa kukwera kwa Nazi. Asayansi ndi maboma sanafunikire kulimbikitsa malingaliro a Nazi. Maboma sanafunikire kukonda zida zankhondo m'malo mwalamulo, komanso sanasunthire mkwiyo aku Germany pomwe amalimbikitsa kuukira kwa Germany ku Soviet Union. Kusintha kwakukulu pazinthu izi zikadalepheretsa WWII ku Europe.
Sizili ngati kuti palibe amene anayesa mtendere. Gulu lamtendere la 1920s ku United States ndi Europe linali lalikulu, lamphamvu, komanso lodziwika bwino kuposa kale lonse kapena kuyambira pamenepo. Mu 1927-28 wa Republican wopsya mtima wochokera ku Minnesota wotchedwa Frank yemwe anatemberera mwachinsinsi omenyera nkhondo adatha kukopa pafupifupi dziko lililonse padziko lapansi kuti liletse nkhondo. Analimbikitsidwa kuti achite izi, motsutsana ndi chifuniro chake, chifukwa chofuna mtendere padziko lonse lapansi komanso mgwirizano wa US ndi France wopangidwa ndi zokambirana zosaloledwa ndi omenyera mtendere. Mphamvu yomwe idapangitsa kuti izi zitheke bwino inali gulu lamtendere la US logwirizana modabwitsa, lokhazikika, komanso lokhazikika lomwe limathandizira kwambiri ku Midwest; atsogoleri ake amphamvu maprofesa, maloya, ndi pulezidenti wa mayunivesite; mawu ake ku Washington, DC, a maseneta a Republican ochokera ku Idaho ndi Kansas; malingaliro ake amalandiridwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa ndi manyuzipepala, matchalitchi, ndi magulu aakazi m’dziko lonselo; ndi kutsimikiza kwake sikunasinthidwe ndi zaka khumi zakugonjetsedwa ndi magawano.
Gululo linadalira kwambiri mphamvu zatsopano zandale za ovota achikazi. Khamalo likanalephereka ngati Charles Lindbergh sanayendetse ndege kudutsa nyanja, kapena Henry Cabot Lodge sanamwalire, kapena kuyesetsa kwina kuti pakhale mtendere ndi zida sikunalephereke. Koma kukakamizidwa ndi anthu kunapangitsa kuti sitepe iyi, kapena zina zotero, zikhale zosapeweka. Ndipo zitapambana - ngakhale kuletsa nkhondo sikunakwaniritsidwe kwathunthu molingana ndi mapulani a owonera - ambiri adziko lapansi amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo idaletsedwa. Frank Kellogg adapeza dzina lake pa Kellogg-Briand Pact ndi Nobel Peace Prize, zotsalira zake ku National Cathedral ku Washington, ndi msewu waukulu ku St. Paul, Minnesota wotchedwa iye - msewu umene simungapeze munthu mmodzi. yemwe samaganiza kuti msewuwu watchedwa kampani ya phala.
Nkhondo zinaimitsidwa ndi kuletsedwa. Ndipo pamene, ngakhale kuli tero, nkhondo zinapitirizabe ndipo nkhondo yapadziko lonse yachiŵiri inaloŵerera padziko lonse lapansi, tsoka limenelo linatsatiridwa ndi kuzenga mlandu kwa amuna amene anaimbidwa mlandu wa upandu watsopano woyambitsa nkhondo, limodzinso ndi kuvomereza kwapadziko lonse Chikalata cha United Nations Charter, chikalata cholimbidwa mlandu. zambiri kwa omwe adatsogolera nkhondo isanachitike pomwe akulephera kutsatira zomwe m'ma 1920s zimatchedwa gulu la Outlawry. Ndipotu Pangano la Kellogg-Briand linali litaletsa nkhondo zonse. Bungwe la UN Charter linavomereza nkhondo iliyonse yomwe imatchedwa chitetezo kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi UN - kupanga zochepa ngati nkhondo ziri zovomerezeka, koma kulola anthu ambiri kukhulupirira zabodza kuti nkhondo zambiri ndizovomerezeka.
Asanayambe Kellogg-Briand, mbali zonse za nkhondo zinali zovomerezeka. Nkhanza zochitidwa pankhondo pafupifupi nthaŵi zonse zinali zololeka. Kulanda malo kunali kovomerezeka. Kuwotcha, kufunkha ndi kufunkha kunali kololedwa. Kulanda mitundu ina kukhala maiko kunali kovomerezeka. Chisonkhezero chofuna kuti atsamunda ayese kudzimasula chinali chofooka chifukwa akanatha kugwidwa ndi mtundu wina ngati atatuluka m’manja mwawo amene anali kuwapondereza. Zilango zazachuma zochitidwa ndi maiko osaloŵerera m’zandale sizinali zololeka, ngakhale kuti kuloŵerera m’nkhondo kungakhale. Ndipo kupanga mapangano a zamalonda pansi pa chiwopsezo cha nkhondo kunali kovomerezeka kotheratu ndi kovomerezeka, monga momwe kunaliri kuyambitsa nkhondo ina ngati mgwirizano woumirizidwa woterowo uphwanyidwa. Chaka cha 1928 chinakhala mzere wogawaniza wodziwira kuti ndi ziti zomwe zinali zovomerezeka ndi zomwe sizinali. Nkhondo inakhala mlandu, pamene zilango zachuma zinakhala zolimbikitsa malamulo.
Sitikunena zambiri ponena za mmene dziko linafunira mtendere Nkhondo Yadziko II isanayambe, kapena mmene ukanakhalirako mosavuta kupyolera m’kutha kwanzeru kwa Nkhondo Yadziko I; kapena za momwe chipani cha Nazi chinatengera ku chilimbikitso cha US kaamba ka ma eugenics, tsankho, misasa yachibalo, mpweya wapoizoni, ubale wapagulu, ndi malonje ankhondo amodzi; kapena za momwe mabungwe aku US adapangira zida za Nazi Germany kudzera munkhondo; kapena za momwe asitikali aku US adalemba ganyu akuluakulu a Nazi kumapeto kwa nkhondo; kapena ponena za chenicheni chakuti Japan anayesa kugonja mabomba a nyukiliya asanachitike; kapena ponena za chenicheni chakuti kunali kukana kwakukulu kwa nkhondo ku United States; kapena za mfundo yofufutika bwino kwambiri ndi Hollywood kuti a Soviet adachita zambiri zogonjetsa Ajeremani - komanso kuti anthu aku US panthawiyo ankadziwa zomwe Soviets akuchita, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale nthawi yopuma kwa zaka mazana awiri a chidani ndi Russia ku US. ndale.
Koposa china chilichonse, timagwira ntchito molimbika posadziwa kuti maboma adziko lapansi, chifukwa chazifukwa zodziwikiratu, adakana kutenga Ayuda, kuti blockage ya Britain idalepheretsa kusamutsidwa kwawo, komanso pempho la omenyera mtendere ku maboma a US ndi Britain kuti apulumutse Ayuda. anakanidwa m’malo mwa kuika maganizo ake onse pa nkhondo.
Mukadakhala kuti mumamvera anthu akuwonetsetsa kuti WWII ikuyenda lero, ndikugwiritsa ntchito WWII kutsimikizira zaka 75 zakumenyera nkhondo ndikukonzekera nkhondo, chinthu choyamba chomwe mungayembekezere kupeza powerenga zomwe WWII inali nkhondo yangakhale chifukwa chofunikira pulumutsa Ayuda kupha anthu ambiri. Padzakhala zithunzi zakale za zikwangwani pomwe amalume Sam adaloza chala chawo, kuti "Ndikufuna mupulumutse Ayuda!"
M'malo mwake, maboma a US ndi Britain adachita nawo zaka zambiri zofalitsa zabodza zolimbikitsa nkhondo koma sanatchulepo za kupulumutsa Ayuda. Ndipo timadziwa mokwanira za zokambirana zapakati pa boma kuti tidziwe kuti kupulumutsa Ayuda (kapena wina aliyense) sikunali chinsinsi chobisidwa kwa anthu otsutsa (ndipo zikadakhala, kodi demokalase ikanakhala bwanji pankhondo yayikulu ya demokalase?). Chowonadi chosavuta ndichakuti kulungamitsidwa kodziwika bwino kwa WWII sikunapangidwe mpaka pambuyo pa WWII.
Ndondomeko yakusamukira ku United States, yolembedwa makamaka ndi antisemitic eugenicists monga Harry Laughlin - omwe ndi omwe adalimbikitsa a eugenicists a Nazi - adalepheretsa kuvomereza kwa Ayuda ku United States nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike.
Ndondomeko ya Nazi Germany kwa zaka zambiri inali kuthamangitsa Ayuda, osati kupha kwawo. Maboma adziko lapansi adachita misonkhano yapagulu kuti akambirane za omwe angavomereze Ayuda, ndipo maboma amenewo - chifukwa chapoyera komanso mopanda manyazi - adakana kuvomereza omwe adazunzidwa ndi chipani cha Nazi. Hitler analengeza poyera kukana kumeneku monga kuvomerezana ndi tsankho lake ndi monga chilimbikitso chakulikulitsa.
Ku Évian-les-Baines, ku France, mu July 1938, kuyesayesa koyambirira kwa mayiko kunapangidwa, kapena kunanamizira, kuchepetsa kanthu kena kofala kwambiri m’zaka makumi aposachedwapa: vuto la othaŵa kwawo. Vutoli linali mmene chipani cha Nazi chinachitira Ayuda. Oimira mayiko 32 ndi mabungwe 63, kuphatikizapo atolankhani pafupifupi 200 omwe ankalemba zochitikazo, ankadziwa bwino za chikhumbo cha chipani cha Nazi chothamangitsa Ayuda onse ku Germany ndi Austria, ndipo ankadziwa kuti tsogolo lawo ngati silingawathamangitse. kukhala imfa. Chigamulo cha msonkhanowo chinali chosiya Ayuda ku tsogolo lawo. (Costa Rica ndi Dominican Republic okha ndi omwe adawonjezera kuchuluka kwawo kwa anthu osamukira.)
Mtumiki wa ku Australia TW White adanena, popanda kufunsa anthu a ku Australia kuti: "Popeza tilibe vuto lenileni, sitikufuna kulitumiza."
Wolamulira wankhanza wa Dominican Republic ankaona kuti Ayuda ndi ofunika kwambiri, monga kuti adziyeretsa kudziko lomwe anthu ambiri a ku Africa anali nawo. Dziko linaikidwa pambali kwa Ayuda a 100,000, koma osakwana 1,000 anafikapo.
Hitler anali atanena pomwe msonkhano wa Évian udafotokozedwa kuti: "Ndikuyembekeza ndikuyembekeza kuti dziko lina, lomwe limamvera chisoni achifwambawa [Ayuda], likhala lopatsa mokwanira kuti lisinthe izi kuti zikhale zothandiza. Nafenso tili okonzeka kupereka zigawenga zonsezi mmaiko awa, kwa onse omwe ndimawasamalira, ngakhale pazombo zapamwamba. ”
Pambuyo pa msonkhanowo, mu November wa 1938, Hitler anawonjezera kuukira kwa Ayuda ndi Kristallnacht kapena Crystal Night - chipolowe chokhazikitsidwa ndi boma usiku, kuwononga ndi kuwotcha masitolo ndi masunagoge achiyuda, pamene anthu 25,000 anatumizidwa kumisasa yachibalo. Polankhula pa Januware 30, 1939, Hitler adanena kuti adalungamitsa zomwe adachita kuchokera pazotsatira za Msonkhano wa Évian:
"Ndizowonetseratu zochititsa manyazi kuwona momwe dziko lonse la demokalase likulimbikitsa anthu osauka omwe amazunzidwa achiyuda, koma amakhalabe ouma mtima komanso osagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zowathandiza - zomwe, chifukwa cha malingaliro ake, ntchito yowonekera . Zifukwa zomwe zimabweretsedwa ngati zifukwa zosawathandizira zimatilankhulira ife aku Germany ndi aku Italiya. Pakuti akunena izi:
"1. 'Ife,' awa ndi ma demokalase, 'sitingathe kutengera Ayuda.' Komabe mu maufumu awa mulibe ngakhale anthu khumi kufika pa kilomita lalikulu. Pomwe Germany, ndi anthu 135 okhala pa kilomita imodzi, akuyenera kukhala ndi malo awo!
"2. Atitsimikizira kuti: Sitingathe kuwatenga pokhapokha Germany itakonzeka kuwapatsa ndalama zina kuti abwere nawo ngati alendo. ”
Vuto ku Évian linali, zachisoni, osati kusadziwa za ndondomeko ya chipani cha Nazi, koma kulephera kuika patsogolo kuti tipewe, monga momwe ife tsopano sitili osadziwa zakupha ku Gaza. Limeneli linakhalabe vuto m’kati mwa nkhondoyo. Linali vuto lomwe limapezeka mwa andale komanso kwa anthu onse.
Patatha masiku asanu pambuyo pa Crystal Night, Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt adanena kuti akukumbukira kazembe wa ku Germany ndipo malingaliro a anthu "adadabwa kwambiri." Iye sanagwiritse ntchito liwu lakuti “Ayuda.” Mtolankhani wina anafunsa ngati kulikonse padziko lapansi angalandire Ayuda ambiri ochokera ku Germany. "Ayi," adatero Roosevelt. "Nthawi sinakwane ya izi." Mtolankhani wina adafunsa ngati Roosevelt angachepetse ziletso za othawa kwawo achiyuda. "Izi sizikuganiziridwa," Purezidenti adayankha. Roosevelt anakana kuthandizira lamulo la othawa kwawo la ana mu 1939, lomwe likanalola Ayuda 20,000 osapitirira zaka 14 kulowa United States, ndipo sanatuluke mu komiti.
Ngakhale kuti ambiri ku United States, monganso kwina kulikonse, anayesa molimba mtima kupulumutsa Ayuda ku chipani cha Nazi, kuphatikizapo mwa kudzipereka kuti awatengere, maganizo ambiri sanali nawo. Mu July 1940, Adolf Eichmann, yemwe anali wokonzekera za chiwonongeko, ankafuna kutumiza Ayuda onse ku Madagascar, yomwe tsopano inali ya Germany, France italandidwa. Sitimazo zikanayenera kudikira mpaka a British, omwe tsopano amatanthauza Winston Churchill, atathetsa kutsekereza kwawo. Tsiku limenelo silinafike.
Mlembi wa mayiko a ku Britain, Anthony Eden, anakumana pa March 27, 1943, ku Washington, DC, ndi Rabbi Stephen Wise ndi Joseph M. Proskauer, loya wotchuka komanso woweruza wakale wa Khoti Lalikulu la New York State yemwe panthawiyo anali Purezidenti wa American Jewish Committee. Wise ndi Proskauer anaganiza zofikira Hitler kuti achotse Ayuda. Edeni anatsutsa lingalirolo kukhala “losatheka modabwitsa.” Koma tsiku lomwelo, malinga ndi dipatimenti ya Boma la US, Edeni adauza Secretary of State Cordell Hull china chosiyana:
"Hull adafunsa funso la Ayuda 60 kapena 70 omwe ali ku Bulgaria ndipo akuwopsezedwa kuti adzawonongedwa pokhapokha titatha kuwatulutsa ndipo, mwachangu, adakakamiza Edeni kuti ayankhe vutoli. Edeni adayankha kuti vuto lonse la Ayuda ku Europe ndilovuta kwambiri ndipo tiyenera kusamala kwambiri pakupereka kutulutsa Ayuda onse mdziko ngati Bulgaria. Ngati tichita izi, ndiye kuti Ayuda adziko lapansi adzafuna kuti nafenso tipereke zopereka zomwezo ku Poland ndi Germany. Hitler angatithandizire pa ntchito zoterezi ndipo sitima zapadziko lonse lapansi zilibe zokwanira kunyamula. ”
Churchill anavomera. "Ngakhale titakhala kuti tingapatse chilolezo kuti tichotse Ayuda onse," adalemba motero poyankha kalata imodzi yochonderera, "zoyendera zokha zimabweretsa vuto lomwe silikhala lovuta kuthana nalo." Kutumiza ndi mayendedwe sikokwanira? Pankhondo ya Dunkirk, aku Britain adasamutsa amuna pafupifupi 340,000 m'masiku naini okha. US Air Force inali ndi ndege zikwizikwi zatsopano. Nthawi yayitali, a US ndi aku Britain akadatha kuwuluka ndi kunyamula othawa kwawo ambiri kupita nawo kopanda chitetezo.
Sikuti aliyense anali wotanganidwa kwambiri kumenya nkhondo. Makamaka kuyambira chakumapeto kwa 1942 mtsogolo, ambiri ku United States ndi Britain adafuna kuti achitepo kanthu. Pa Marichi 23, 1943, Bishopu Wamkulu waku Canterbury adapempha Nyumba ya Mbuye kuti izithandiza Ayuda aku Europe. Chifukwa chake, boma la Britain lidapempha boma la US msonkhano wina woti ukambirane zomwe angachite kuti atulutse Ayuda kuchokera kumayiko osalowerera ndale. Koma ofesi yakunja yaku Britain idawopa kuti a Nazi atha kuchita nawo mapulaniwo ngakhale sanapemphedwe, ndikulemba kuti: "Pali kuthekera kwakuti Ajeremani kapena ma satelayiti awo atha kusintha malingaliro awo ndikuwachotsa, ndikulinga momwe angathere nkhondo isanachitike, manyazi mayiko ena powasefukira ndi alendo ochokera kumayiko ena. ”
Chodetsa nkhawa pano sichinali chopulumutsa miyoyo koposa kupewa kupewa manyazi ndi zovuta zopulumutsa miyoyo.
Pamapeto pake, omwe adatsala amoyo m'misasa yachibalo adamasulidwa - ngakhale nthawi zambiri osati mwachangu kwambiri, osatinso chilichonse chofunikira kwambiri. Akaidi ena adasungidwa m'misasa yozunzirako mpaka mu Seputembara 1946. General George Patton adalimbikitsa kuti palibe amene ayenera "kukhulupirira kuti Wosamutsidwayo ndi munthu, zomwe sianthu, ndipo izi zimagwira makamaka kwa Ayuda omwe ndi otsika kuposa nyama. ” Purezidenti Harry Truman adavomereza panthawiyo kuti "zikuwoneka kuti timawachitira Ayuda zomwezi ngati zomwe a Nazi adachita, kupatula kuti sitikuwapha."
Zoonadi, ngakhale kukanakhala kuti sikukokomeza, kusapha anthu n'kofunika kwambiri. United States inali ndi zizolowezi zachifasisti koma sanagonje kwa izo monga momwe Germany idachitira. Koma panalibenso nkhondo yayikulu-R Resistance crusade yopulumutsa omwe akuwopsezedwa ndi fascism - osati kumbali ya boma la US, osati kumbali ya US.
Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndiye gwero la chikhalidwe chamasiku ano aku US mwanjira iliyonse, kotero mwachilengedwe sitikudziwa chilichonse cholondola. Kutengera chitsanzo chimodzi mwa zikwizikwi, oŵerengeka a ife timadziŵa kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi kansa inachokera kunkhondo ya m’tauni ya Santa Claus.
Bari ndi mzinda wokongola waku doko waku South Italy wokhala ndi tchalitchi chachikulu komwe Santa Claus (Saint Nicholas) adayikidwa. Koma Santa atamwalira sikuli vumbulutso loyipitsitsa m'mbiri ya Bari. Bari amatikakamiza kuti tizikumbukira kuti pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, boma la US lidayesetsa kwambiri pofufuza ndi kupanga zida zamankhwala. M'malo mwake, ngakhale US isanalowe mu WWII, inali kupatsa Britain zida zambiri zamankhwala.
Zida izi sizimayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka Ajeremani atagwiritsa ntchito zawo; ndipo sanagwiritsidwe ntchito. Koma anali pachiwopsezo chothamangitsa kuthamanga kwa zida zamankhwala, kuyambitsa nkhondo yankhondo, komanso zoyambitsa mavuto owopsa mwangozi. Izi zomaliza zidachitika, zowopsa kwambiri ku Bari, ndipo mavuto ambiri ndi imfa zitha kukhala patsogolo pathu.
Asitikali aku US ndi Britain atasamukira ku Italy, adabweretsa zida zawo zamankhwala. Pa December 2, 1943, doko la Bari linali lodzaza ndi zombo, ndipo zombozo zinali zodzaza ndi zida zankhondo, kuyambira zida zachipatala mpaka mpweya wa mpiru. Mosadziwika kwa anthu ambiri ku Bari, anthu wamba ndi asilikali mofanana, sitima imodzi, John Harvey, anali atanyamula 2,000 100-lb mabomba mpiru mpiru kuphatikizapo 700 milandu 100-lb woyera phosphorous mabomba. Zombo zina zinkanyamula mafuta.
Ndege za ku Germany zinaphulitsa doko. Zombo zidaphulika. Mbali ina ya sitima yapamadzi yotchedwa John Harvey mwachionekere inaphulika n’kuponyera mabomba ena amankhwala kumwamba, kugwetsa mpweya wa mpiru m’madzi ndi zombo zoyandikana nazo, ndipo ngalawayo inamira. Chikanakhala kuti ngalawa yonse iphulika kapena mphepo ikuwomba kumtunda, tsokalo likanakhala loipa kwambiri kuposa mmene linalili. Zinali zoipa.
Iwo omwe amadziwa za mpweya wa mpiru sananene chilichonse, zikuwoneka kuti amayamikira chinsinsi kapena kumvera kuposa miyoyo ya omwe apulumutsidwa m'madzi. Anthu omwe amayenera kutsukidwa mwachangu, chifukwa anali atanyowetsedwa ndi madzi, mafuta, ndi mpweya wa mpiru, adatenthedwa ndi mabulangete ndikuwasiya kuti ayende. Ena ananyamuka m'zombo ndipo sanasambe masiku ambiri. Ambiri omwe adapulumuka sakanadziwitsidwa za mpweya wa mpiru kwa zaka zambiri. Ambiri sanapulumuke. Ambiri anazunzidwa kwambiri. Mu maora oyambilira kapena masiku kapena masabata kapena miyezi anthu akanatha kuthandizidwa ndikudziwa zavutolo, koma adangotsala ndi zowawa zawo ndi imfa yawo.
Ngakhale sizinatsutsike kuti ozunzidwa omwe adadzaza muzipatala zilizonse zapafupi adadwala zida zamankhwala, akuluakulu aku Britain adayesanso kuimba mlandu ndege zaku Germany kuti zidayambitsa mankhwala, potero akuwonjezera chiopsezo choyambitsa nkhondo yamankhwala. Dokotala waku US Stewart Alexander adasanthula, adapeza chowonadi, ndipo adaika foni pa foni FDR ndi Churchill. Churchill adayankha ndikulamula kuti aliyense aname, zolemba zonse zamankhwala zisinthidwe, osalankhula. Zoyambitsa mabodza onse zinali, monga zimakhalira, kupewa kuwoneka oyipa. Sikunali kubisa chinsinsi kuboma la Germany. Ajeremani anali atatumiza woponya ndipo adapeza gawo la bomba la US. Iwo samangodziwa zomwe zachitika, koma adathamangitsa zida zawo zamankhwala poyankha, ndipo adalengeza zomwe zachitika pawailesi, akunyoza ma Allies chifukwa chomwalira ndi zida zawo zamankhwala.
Zimene tikuphunzira sizinaphatikizepo kuopsa kosunga zida za mankhwala m’madera amene akuphulitsidwa ndi mabomba. Churchill ndi Roosevelt anachita zomwezo ku England. Zimene tikuphunzirazo sizinaphatikizepo kuopsa kwa chinsinsi ndi kunama. Eisenhower mwadala ananama muzolemba zake za 1948 kuti panalibe ovulala ku Bari. Churchill mwadala ananama m'mabuku ake a 1951 kuti panalibe ngozi ya zida za mankhwala konse. Zimene tikuphunzirazo sizinaphatikizepo kuopsa kodzaza zombo ndi zida ndi kuzinyamula padoko la Bari. Pa April 9, 1945, sitima ina ya ku United States yotchedwa Charles Henderson, inaphulika pamene mabomba ndi zida zake zinali kutsitsa, kupha anthu 56 ogwira nawo ntchito komanso ogwira ntchito padoko 317. Zimene tikuphunzirapo sizinaphatikizepo kuopsa koyika dziko lapansi poizoni ndi zida. Kwa zaka zingapo, pambuyo pa WWII, panali milandu yambiri yomwe inanenedwa za poizoni wa mpiru, pambuyo poti maukonde asodzi atulutsa mabomba kuchokera ku John Harvey yemwe adamira. Ndiyeno, mu 1947, ntchito yoyeretsa ya zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri inayamba, ndipo malinga ndi nkhani ina, anapezanso “mabotolo okwana XNUMX. . . . Anawasamutsira mosamala m’bwato, lomwe linakokeredwa kunyanja n’kulimira. . . . Mtsuko wosokera umatulukabe m’matope nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi ndipo umavulaza.”
O, chabwino, bola ngati adapeza ambiri a iwo ndipo zidachitidwa "mosamala." Vuto laling'ono ndiloti dziko lapansi silopanda malire, kuti moyo umadalira nyanja momwe zida zamankhwala izi zidakokeridwira ndikumizidwa, komanso momwe kuchuluka kwake kunaliri, padziko lonse lapansi. Vuto limatsalira kuti zida zamankhwala zimatha nthawi yayitali kuposa ma casings omwe ali nazo. Zomwe pulofesa wina waku Italiya adatcha "bomba la nthawi pansi pa doko la Bari" tsopano ndi bomba lomwe lili kumapeto kwa doko lapadziko lapansi.
Chochitika chaching'ono ku Bari mu 1943, m'njira zingapo zofanana ndi zoyipa kuposa cha mu 1941 ku Pearl Harbor, koma chosathandiza kwenikweni pakufalitsa mabodza (palibe amene amakondwerera Bari Day masiku asanu tsiku la Pearl Harbor lisanachitike), atha kuwonongedwa m'tsogolo.
Maphunziro omwe aphunziridwa akuti akuphatikizapo chinthu chofunikira, chomwe ndi njira yatsopano yolimbana ndi khansa. The US usilikali dokotala amene anafufuza Bari, Stewart Alexander, mwamsanga anaona kuti kukhudzana kwambiri anavutika ndi ozunzidwa Bari kupondereza magawano a maselo oyera a magazi, ndipo anadabwa chimene ichi angachite kwa akuvutika ndi khansa, matenda okhudzana ndi osalamuliridwa kukula maselo. Alexander sanafune Bari kuti apeze, pazifukwa zochepa. Choyamba, anali panjira yopita ku zomwe apeza pomwe akugwira ntchito pa zida za mankhwala ku Edgewood Arsenal ku 1942 koma adalamulidwa kuti asanyalanyaze zomwe zingachitike pazachipatala kuti azingoyang'ana kwambiri zida zomwe zingatheke. Chachiwiri, zofukulidwa zofananazo zinapangidwa pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo Edward ndi Helen Krumbhaar ku yunivesite ya Pennsylvania - osati 75 mailosi kuchokera Edgewood. Chachitatu, asayansi ena, kuphatikizapo Milton Charles Winternitz, Louis S. Goodman, ndi Alfred Gilman Sr., ku Yale, anali kupanga malingaliro ofanana ndi a WWII koma osagawana zomwe anali kuchita chifukwa chachinsinsi cha asilikali.
Bari mwina sanafunikire kuchiza khansa, koma zidadzetsa khansa. Asitikali aku US ndi Britain, komanso nzika zaku Italiya, nthawi zina sanaphunzirepo kapena kuphunzira zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake kuti matendawo anali otani, ndipo matendawa anali khansa.
M'mawa kutacha bomba la nyukiliya litagwetsedwa ku Hiroshima, msonkhano wa atolankhani unachitika pamwamba pa nyumba ya General Motors ku Manhattan kulengeza zankhondo yolimbana ndi khansa. Kuyambira pachiyambi, chinenero chake chinali cha nkhondo. Bomba la nyukiliya linatengedwa monga chitsanzo cha zodabwitsa zaulemerero zomwe sayansi ndi ndalama zazikulu zingagwirizane kuti zilenge. Machiritso a khansa anali kukhala chodabwitsa chotsatira chaulemerero mofananamo. Kupha anthu a ku Japan ndi kupha maselo a khansa zinali zofanana. Zoonadi, mabomba a ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, ndi kulengedwa kwawo ndi kuyesa, monga ku Bari, kunapangitsa kuti pakhale khansa yambiri, monga momwe zida zankhondo zachitira pamlingo wowonjezereka kwa zaka zambiri kuyambira, ndi ozunzidwa. m'malo ngati madera aku Iraq omwe akudwala khansa kuposa Hiroshima.
Nkhani ya zaka zoyambilira za nkhondo yolimbana ndi khansa ndi imodzi yolimbikira pang'onopang'ono komanso mouma khosi kutsata zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha ndikulosera chigonjetso chomwe chikubwera, monga momwe zidamenyera Vietnam, nkhondo ya Afghanistan, nkhondo ya ku Ukraine, ndi zina zotero. Mu 1948, nyuzipepala ya New York Times inafotokoza kuwonjezereka kwa nkhondo yolimbana ndi khansa monga “C-Day Landing.” Mu 1953, m’chitsanzo chimodzi cha anthu ambiri, nyuzipepala ya Washington Post inalengeza kuti, “Kuchiza Khansa Yayandikira.” Madokotala otsogola adauza atolankhani kuti silinalinso funso ngati, koma kuti, khansa ichiritsidwe liti.
Nkhondo yolimbana ndi khansa idachitikabe. Kufa kwa mitundu ingapo ya khansa kwatsika kwambiri. Koma milandu ya khansa yawonjezeka kwambiri. Lingaliro losiya kuwononga zachilengedwe, kusiya kupanga zida, kusiya kukoka ziphe "mpaka kunyanja," silinakopekepo ndi "nkhondo," silinapangitse mayendedwe ovala pinki, silinapindulepo ndi oligarchs.
Sizinayenera kukhala chotere. Zambiri zandalama zoyambilira zolimbana ndi khansa zidachokera kwa anthu omwe amayesa kulemba zolemba pamanyazi pazida zawo. Koma zinali zamanyazi okha kuti mabungwe aku US adamangira zida za Nazi. Iwo analibe china koma kunyada kuti panthaŵi imodzimodzi anapangira zida za boma la US. Chifukwa chake, kuchoka ku nkhondo sikunalowe kuwerengera kwawo.
Omwe adathandizira ndalama pakufufuza za khansa anali a Alfred Sloan, omwe kampani yawo, General Motors, adapangira a Nazi zida zawo panthawi yankhondo, kuphatikiza kukakamizidwa. Ndizotchuka kunena kuti Opel ya GM idapanga zida za ndege zomwe zidaphulitsa London. Ndege zomwezo zinaphulitsa zombo zomwe zinali padoko la Bari. Njira yogwirira ntchito pakufufuza, kukonza, ndikupanga yomwe idamanga ndegezo, ndi zinthu zonse za GM, tsopano iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa, potero kutsimikizira GM ndi njira yake padziko lapansi. Tsoka ilo, kutukuka kwa mafakitale, kupatula zinthu, kuipitsa, kuwononga, ndikuwononga zomwe zonse zidachoka padziko lonse lapansi mu WWII ndipo sizinathe, zakhala zofunikanso pakufalikira kwa khansa.
Wothandizira ndalama komanso wolimbikitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi khansa, yemwe adafanizira khansa ndi chipani cha Nazi (ndi mosemphanitsa) anali Cornelius Packard "Dusty" Rhoads. Adatengera malipoti ochokera ku Bari ndi ku Yale kuti apange bizinesi yonse kuti apeze njira yatsopano yothanirana ndi khansa: chemotherapy. Uyu anali Rhoads yemweyo amene analemba cholembedwa mu 1932 chochirikiza kuwonongedwa kwa nzika za ku Puerto Rico ndi kulengeza kuti iwo “ali otsika kwambiri kuposa a ku Italy.” Iye ananena kuti anapha anthu 8 a ku Puerto Rico, kuwaika kansa m’malo ena angapo, ndipo anapeza kuti madokotala ankasangalala kuchitira nkhanza ndi kuzunza anthu a ku Puerto Rico amene anawayesa. Izi zimayenera kukhala zosakhumudwitsa kwambiri zolemba ziwiri zomwe zidadziwika pambuyo pake, koma zidayambitsa chipongwe chomwe chimatsitsimutsa m'badwo uliwonse. Mu 1949 Time Magazine inaika Rhoads pachikuto chake monga “Cancer Fighter.” Mu 1950, anthu aku Puerto Rico akuti adalimbikitsidwa ndi kalata ya Rhoads, adatsala pang'ono kupha Purezidenti Harry Truman ku Washington, DC.
Pali njira zomwe Nkhondo Yadziko II sinathe. Ukadali mutu umodzi wodziwika kwambiri wa infotainment waku US. Maziko ndi asitikali sanabwere kunyumba kuchokera ku Germany kapena Japan. Ndalama zosaneneka zankhondo sizinathe. Zatsopano zokhometsa msonkho anthu wamba chifukwa cha ntchito yawo sizinathe. Chinyengo chakuti nkhondo ingalungamitsidwe sichinathe. Ndipo dziko la United States laphulitsa dziko la Germany chaka chilichonse kuyambira pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, ngati kuphulika kwa bomba lomwe linali lisanaphulike kuyambira pamene linagwetsedwa kuchokera ku ndege ya ku United States pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo kudzakhala kuphulitsa dziko la Germany. Padakali mabomba opitirira 100,000 omwe sanaphulitsidwebe ku US ndi Britain kuchokera pa Nkhondo Yadziko II atagona pansi ku Germany.
Masiku ano, kumbali zonse ziwiri za nkhondo ku Ukraine, mungapeze olimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito bomba limodzi laling'ono - osati lalikulu kwambiri kuposa la Hiroshima - bomba la nyukiliya kuti asonyeze anthu chomwe chiri, potero amalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo. Tsopano ndiroleni ine ndifunse funso ili. Kwezani dzanja lanu ngati pamene munaphunzitsidwa kuyendetsa galimoto anakuwonetsani momwe mungapewere ngozi yowopsya mwa kuphwanya galimoto yaikulu m'galimoto yanu. Iwo sankayenera kutero, chabwino? Chifukwa sindiwe chitsiru chochita manyazi. Mutha kumvetsetsa mawu, makanema ndi zithunzi? Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kuganiza zopusa panthawi ya nkhondo, chifukwa choti anthu amalipidwa kwambiri? Kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya ndikothekera kwambiri kupangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zanyukiliya zambiri. Ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri za nyukiliya ndikothekera kwambiri kupanga nyengo yozizira ya nyukiliya momwe mbewu zimalephera ndipo njala imatenga opulumuka. Sikuti nkhondo yachinayi ya padziko lonse idzamenyedwa ndi ndodo ndi miyala. Sizidzamenyedwa konse. Makanema mamiliyoni ambiri opeka asayansi omwe mungawone momwe zida zankhondo zapita patsogolo mowirikiza chikwi koma ngwazi za nincompoop zimamenya nkhonya mphindi zochepa zilizonse siziwonetsa zomwe zingatheke. Takhala ndi mwayi waukulu kupewa kungoyambitsa mwangozi apocalypse ya nyukiliya. Tapulumutsidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi kukana kwa munthu mmodzi kuchita zoyenera ndi kumvera malamulo. Sitidzakhala ndi woyendetsa ngalawa wa ku Russia wouma khosi kuti atitulutse tonse pamoto.
Tili ndi chosankha tsopano pakati pa kusakhalako ndi kusachita zachiwawa. Pali mwayi mu zionetsero zodabwitsa za kupha anthu ku Gaza. Mwayi uli mwa anthu ena atamvetsetsa kuti mbali zonse za nkhondo ndi zoipa, kuti mdani sayenera kukhala mbali iliyonse yomwe mwakhala mukudana nayo, kuti mdaniyo ayenera kukhala nkhondo. Ngati malingaliro amenewo atsatiridwa. Ngati tizindikira kufunikira kothetsa nkhondo zonse, magulu ankhondo onse, ndi zida zonse zowononga anthu, titha kungopewa Nkhondo Yachitatu Yadziko Lonse. Koma timafunikira chikhalidwe chomwe chikufuna izi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti timafunikira chikhalidwe chomwe chimasiya kukondwerera maholide ambiri ankhondo aku US kuphatikiza Tsiku la Veterans ndipo m'malo mwake amabwezeretsa tanthauzo ndi chisangalalo ndi maliro ndi chisoni komanso kumvetsetsa ndi nzeru za Armistice. Tsiku.
