Nyimbo za Madison: Powerenga Kusintha Koyamba, buku latsopano lolembedwa ndi Burt Neuborne, poyamba limawoneka ngati ntchito yosatheka kukwaniritsa cholinga chachikulu lero. Ndani akufuna kukondwerera momwe mwiniwake wa akapolo a James Madison amaonera ufulu monga momwe zilili mu Constitution yakale yomwe ikufunika kusinthidwa kapena kulembedwanso? Ndipo ndani akufuna kumva kuchokera kwa yemwe kale anali mkulu wa zamalamulo ku ACLU yemwe wangosaina pempho lothandizira kulembedwa ntchito kwa Harold Koh, woteteza kuphedwa kwa drone ndi nkhondo zankhanza za Purezidenti, kuti aphunzitse malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ku New York University, pempho la a gulu la maprofesa oipitsitsa omwe amatsutsa kaimidwe ka makhalidwe abwino kamene ophunzira amachita?
Koma lingaliro lalikulu la Neuborne si kupembedza kwa James Madison, ndipo amangokhala ndi khungu lofanana ndi nkhondo monga anthu ena onse, akukhulupirira, monga akulembera, kuti dziko lapansi "limadalira nangula wa mphamvu yaku America" (kaya dziko likufuna kapena ayi). Ngakhale kuvomereza kuphana mwalamulo sikungakhale vuto kwa Neuborne pamalingaliro a Constitution, kuvomereza ziphuphu ndikovomerezeka. Ndipo ndi pamene Madison's Music zimakhala zothandiza. Nthawi iliyonse Khothi Lalikulu la US likugamula mokomera ulamuliro wa plutocracy likugamula motsutsana ndi zoyambira, kulingalira bwino, ulemu woyambira, komanso kuwerenga kogwirizana komanso komveka kwa Bill of Rights yomwe imawerenga zosintha zosiyanasiyana monga cholinga cholimbikitsa demokalase.
Ikutsutsanso Lamulo Ladziko Lonse lomwe silinaperekepo, Khoti Lalikulu, ufulu uliwonse wopereka chigamulo pa zinthu zotere. Ngakhale pali, zachisoni, palibe njira yowerengera Khothi Lalikulu kuchokera mu Constitution, zitha kumveka mosavuta ngati zili pansi pa malamulo a Congress osati mosemphanitsa. Osati kuti Congress yamasiku ano imatifikitsa kufupi ndi demokalase kuposa momwe Khothi Lalikulu lamasiku ano limachitira, koma chikhalidwe chathu chikakhala chokonzeka kukonzanso, njira zomwe zilipo zikhala zambiri ndipo bungwe lililonse liyenera kusinthidwa kapena kuthetsedwa.
Kusintha koyambako kumati: “Bungwe la Congress silidzakhazikitsa lamulo lokhudza kukhazikitsa chipembedzo, kapena kuletsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chipembedzocho mwaufulu; kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wolankhula, kapena wa atolankhani; kapena ufulu wa anthu wosonkhana mwamtendere, ndi kupempha Boma kuti lithetse madandaulo awo.”
Neuborne, ku mbiri yake, sasankha kuwerenga izi monga momwe ACLU imachitira, monga kuphatikizapo chitetezo cha ziphuphu ndi ndalama zachisankho zapadera.
Zolemba zoyambirira za Madison, zolembedwa mozama ndi Senate - imodzi mwa mabungwe oyenera kuthetsedwa, ndipo imodzi yomwe Madison mwiniwakeyo anali nayo mlandu - inayamba ndi chitetezo cha chikumbumtima chachipembedzo ndi chadziko. Chikalata chomaliza chimayamba ndi kuletsa boma kukakamiza chipembedzo, kenako ndikuletsa kuletsa chipembedzo cha aliyense. Mfundo ndi kukhazikitsa, m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, ufulu wa kulingalira. Kuchokera pamalingaliro, munthu amapita kumalankhulidwe, ndipo kuchokera pakulankhula wamba amapita ku atolankhani. Iliyonse mwa izi ndi ufulu wotsimikizika. Kupitilira pakulankhula ndi kusindikiza, njira ya lingaliro mu demokalase imapitilira kuchitapo kanthu: ufulu wosonkhana; ndipo kupitirira apo pali ufulu wopempha boma.
Monga Neuborne akunenera, kusinthidwa koyamba kukuwonetsa demokalase yogwira ntchito; sichimangotchula maufulu osagwirizana. Komanso ufulu wolankhula siufulu wokhawo womwe umatchula, pomwe maufulu enawo amakhala nthawi zina zake. M'malo mwake, ufulu wamalingaliro ndi atolankhani ndi msonkhano ndi zopempha ndi ufulu wapadera wokhala ndi zolinga zawo. Koma palibe mmodzi wa iwo ali malekezero mwa iwo okha. Cholinga cha mndandanda wonse wa ufulu ndi kupanga boma ndi gulu lomwe malingaliro otchuka (panthawi ina amuna olemera achizungu, omwe pambuyo pake anakulitsidwa) ali ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pa ndondomeko ya anthu. Pakalipano, ndithudi, sizitero, ndipo Neuborne amaika mlandu waukulu pazisankho za Khothi Lalikulu pazaka mazana ambiri, tanthauzo labwino ndi zina, momwe angawerengere kusintha koyamba.
Monga Neuborne akunenera, ufulu wopempha boma wanyalanyazidwa. Palibe chomwe chimapita ku voti ku Nyumba ya Oyimilira pokhapokha atavomerezedwa ndi mtsogoleri wachipani chambiri. Maseneta makumi anayi ndi mmodzi omwe akuyimira kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu atha kuyimitsa pafupifupi bilu iliyonse mu Senate. Kumvetsetsa kwademokalase paufulu wodandaula kutha kulola anthu kukakamiza mavoti mu Congress pazinthu zokomera anthu. Ndipotu, ndikuganiza kuti kumvetsetsa kumeneku sikungakhale kwatsopano. Buku la Jefferson, lomwe ndi gawo la malamulo a Nyumbayi, limalola zopempha ndi zikumbutso, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa ku Congress ndi maboma ndi magulu. Ndipo makamaka pankhani ya mlandu wotsutsa, imalemba pempho ndi chikumbutso (zolemba zolembedwa za mfundo zotsatizana ndi pempho) ngati njira imodzi yoyambitsira mlandu wotsutsa. Ndikudziwa chifukwa masauzande aife adasonkhanitsa mamiliyoni ambiri osayina pazopempha kuti ayambe kutsutsa Purezidenti George W. Bush, zomwe zimafunanso kuti anthu ambiri azitsatira malingaliro a anthu ngakhale kuti palibe kanthu kapena kukambirana ku Washington. Anthu sanathe ngakhale kuumiriza voti. Madandaulo athu sanayankhidwe.
Ufulu wa msonkhano watsekeredwa m'zipinda zolankhula zaufulu, ufulu wa atolankhani waufulu wakhala wamakampani-monopolized, ndipo ufulu wa kulankhula waphwanyidwa m'malo oyenera ndikukulitsidwa m'malo olakwika.
Sindimakhudzidwa ndi omwe amatsutsana ndi malire onse pakulankhula. Kulankhula, moyenerera, sikumaganiziridwa kukhala kwaufulu pankhani ya ziwopsezo, zachipongwe, kulanda, zabodza zovulaza, zotukwana, “mawu a ndewu,” zolankhula zamalonda zolimbikitsa kuchita zinthu zosemphana ndi malamulo, kapena nkhani zabodza komanso zosokeretsa zamalonda. Pansi pa Pangano Lapadziko Lonse la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Ndale, komwe United States ndi chipani chake, "zabodza zilizonse zankhondo" ziyenera kuletsedwa, muyezo womwe, ngati utakhazikitsidwa, ungathetseretu gawo lalikulu la kuwonera kanema waku US.
Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kusankha komwe tingalole kulankhula ndi komwe sitiyenera, ndipo monga zolemba za Neuborne, izi zikuchitika pakadali pano popanda kulemekeza malingaliro. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama posankha munthu wokonda plutocratic kumaonedwa ngati "mawu oyera," oyenera kutetezedwa kwambiri, koma kupereka ndalama ku kampeni ya munthu ameneyo ndi "mawu osalunjika," oyenera kutetezedwa pang'ono motero ali ndi malire. Pakalipano kuwotcha khadi lokonzekera ndi "machitidwe olankhulana" komanso pamene wovota alemba m'dzina ngati voti yotsutsa yomwe ilibe chitetezo chilichonse ndipo ikhoza kuletsedwa. A Supremes salola oweruza kuti azimvetsera milandu imene wozenga mlandu mmodzi ndi amene amapindula kwambiri ndi woweruza, komabe amalola akuluakulu osankhidwa kuti azilamulira anthu omwe amawagulira mipando yawo. Mabungwe amapeza ufulu woyamba wokonzanso ngakhale alibe ulemu waumunthu kuti ayenerere ufulu wachisinthidwe wachisanu kuti akhale chete; tiyerekeze kuti mabungwe ndi anthu kapena ayi? Khotilo lidagwirizana ndi zofunikira za ID ya ovota ku Indiana ngakhale amamvetsetsa kuti izi zitha kuvulaza anthu osauka komanso ngakhale palibe mlandu umodzi wachinyengo womwe umapezeka kulikonse ku Indiana. Ngati ufulu woposa wina aliyense ndikugulira woyimira chisankho chisankho ndi njira yotetezedwa kwambiri, chifukwa chiyani ufulu wovota uli wotsika kwambiri? Chifukwa chiyani mizere yayitali yovota m'madera osauka amaloledwa? Chifukwa chiyani maboma amayenera kumangidwa kuti atsimikizire chisankho cha phungu kapena chipani? N’chifukwa chiyani munthu wopalamula mlandu angalande ufulu wovota? Chifukwa chiyani zisankho zitha kupangidwa kuti zipindule ndi magulu awiri amagulu awiri osati ovota?
Neuborne akulemba kuti, “chikhalidwe champhamvu cha chipani chachitatu cha m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi chinakhazikika pakupeza mavoti osavuta ndi kutha kuvomereza. Khothi Lalikulu Kwambiri lathetsa onse awiri, ndikusiya gulu la Republicrat lomwe limalepheretsa malingaliro atsopano omwe angasokoneze momwe zinthu ziliri. ”
Neuborne akuwonetsa mayankho anthawi zonse, komanso abwino kwambiri: kupanga zowulutsa zaulere pamafunde athu apamlengalenga, kupereka ngongole zamisonkho kuti apatse munthu aliyense ndalama zoti agwiritse ntchito pazisankho, kufananiza zopereka zing'onozing'ono monga New York City imachitira, kupanga zolembetsa zokha monga Oregon basi. anatero, kupanga tchuthi cha tsiku lachisankho. Neuborne akupereka udindo wovota, kulola kuti atuluke - ndikanakonda kuwonjezera njira yovotera "palibe zomwe zili pamwambapa." Koma yankho lenileni ndi gulu lodziwika bwino lomwe limakakamiza nthambi imodzi kapena zingapo za boma lathu kuti liwone cholinga chake ngati chothandizira demokalase, osati kungophulitsa mayiko ena m'dzina lake.
Zomwe zimatifikitsa ku chinthu choyambirira chomwe boma lathu limachita, zomwe ngakhale otsutsa ake pakati pa aphunzitsi amalamulo amavomereza, zomwe ndi nkhondo. Chifukwa chake, Neuborne amakonda ufulu wokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima, komanso ufulu wolankhula mwaufulu wa magulu kapena anthu pawokha pophunzitsa njira zopanda chiwawa kumagulu otchedwa "zigawenga." Komabe amathandizira kulembedwa ntchito ngati mphunzitsi wa zomwe zimatchedwa kuti ufulu wachibadwidwe munthu yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito malamulo ake kuti auze Congress kuti ilibe mphamvu zankhondo, kuti avomereze kuukira kwankhanza komanso mopanda chilungamo ku Libya komwe kwasiya tsoka losatha lomwe. anthu osowa chochita akuthawa pa boti, komanso kuti avomereze mchitidwe wopha amuna, akazi, ndi ana ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mizinga yochokera ku drone.
Ndikufuna kuwona mafotokozedwe ochokera kwa Pulofesa Neuborne a momwe ungakhalire ufulu wa boma kumupha (ndi aliyense amene ali pafupi naye) ndi mzinga wamoto wa helo, pomwe nthawi imodzimodziyo ndi ufulu wake kukhala wotetezeka mwa iye posakasaka mopanda nzeru ndi kulanda. , ufulu wake kuti asatengedwe kuti aziyankha mlandu waukulu kapena mlandu wina woipa pokhapokha ataperekedwa kapena kutsutsidwa ndi Grand Jury, ufulu wake woimbidwa mlandu mwachangu komanso pagulu, ufulu wake wodziwitsidwa zomwe akuimbidwazo komanso kukumana ndi woweruzayo. mboni, ufulu wake woyitanira mboni, ufulu wake wozengedwa mlandu ndi oweruza, ndi ufulu wake wosalandira chilango chankhanza kapena chachilendo.
