Nthawi 89 Anthu Anali Ndi Kusankha Kwankhondo Kapena Palibe Ndipo Anasankha Chinachake M'malo mwake

"Bwanji, nthawi zina ndimakhulupirira zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zosatheka tisanadye chakudya cham'mawa." — Lewis Carroll

Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, November 9, 2022

Izo zikuyenera kusakhalapo. Njira ina yopha anthu ambiri.

Pazochitika zomwe zimayitanitsa nkhondo, zosankha zina sizingaganizidwe. Apo ayi, kodi munthu angalungamitse bwanji nkhondo?

Nanga zingatheke bwanji kuti ndalemba pansipa nthawi za 89 kuti anthu amangokakamizidwa kusankha nkhondo kapena "Musachite Kanthu," ndipo adasankha china chake?

Studies kupeza kusachita zachiwawa kumakhala kothekera kuchita bwino, ndipo zopambanazo zimakhala zokhalitsa. Komabe timauzidwa mobwerezabwereza kuti chiwawa ndi njira yokhayo.

Zikadakhala kuti chiwawa ndicho chida chokhacho chomwe chidagwiritsidwapo ntchito, mwachiwonekere tikadayesa china chatsopano. Koma palibe malingaliro otere kapena zatsopano zomwe zimafunikira. Pansipa pali mndandanda womwe ukukula wamakampeni osachita zachiwawa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kale m'mikhalidwe yomwe nthawi zambiri timauzidwa kuti nkhondo ndiyofunika: kuwukira, ntchito, kulanda boma, ndi utsogoleri wankhanza.

Ngati tikanati tiphatikizepo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopanda chiwawa, monga zokambirana, kuyimira pakati, zokambirana, ndi ulamuliro walamulo, kwambiri yaitali mndandanda zikanatheka. Ngati tingaphatikizepo ziwawa zosakanizika komanso zopanda chiwawa titha kukhala ndi mndandanda wautali. Ngati tingaphatikizepo kampeni yopanda chiwawa yomwe idapambana pang'ono kapena osapambana titha kukhala ndi mndandanda wautali.

Pano tikuyang'ana kwambiri zochita zodziwika bwino, chitetezo cha anthu osagwiritsa ntchito zida, kusachita zachiwawa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino - m'malo mwachiwawa.

Sitinayesere kusefa mndandandawo kwa nthawi yayitali kapena ubwino wa kupambana kapena kusowa kwa zisonkhezero zoipa zakunja. Monga chiwawa, kuchita zinthu zopanda chiwawa kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pazifukwa zabwino, zoipa, kapena zosayanjanitsika, ndipo kawirikawiri kuphatikiza zina mwa izo. Mfundo apa ndikuti zochita zopanda chiwawa zilipo ngati njira ina yankhondo. Zosankha sizimangokhala "kuchita kanthu" kapena nkhondo.

Mfundo imeneyi sikuti imatiuza zimene munthu aliyense ayenera kuchita mumkhalidwe uliwonse; limatiuza zimene gulu lililonse lili ndi ufulu woyesera.

Poganizira momwe kupezeka kwa zinthu zopanda chiwawa ngati zotheka kumakanidwa mwatsatanetsatane, kutalika kwa mndandanda womwe uli pansipa ndi wodabwitsa. Mwinamwake kukana kwa nyengo ndi mitundu ina yotsutsana ndi sayansi yotsutsa umboni iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kukana kopanda chiwawa, monga momwe izi zimawonekeratu kuti ndizochitika zoopsa.

Inde, mfundo yakuti nthawi zonse pali njira zina zochitira nkhondo ngakhale nkhondo ikangoyamba, palibe chifukwa chokhalira dziko lapansi lomwe silinapangidwe nkhondo, ndipo palibe chifukwa cholepheretsa nkhondo zomwe ena akukonzekera ndi ziwembu. kulenga kalekale asanafikire pa mkangano weniweni.

● Mchaka cha 2022 Kusachita ziwawa ku Ukraine kwatsekereza akasinja, kulamula asitikali kuti asamenye, kuthamangitsa asirikali m'malo. Anthu akusintha zikwangwani zamsewu, kuyika zikwangwani, kuyimirira kutsogolo kwa magalimoto, ndikuyamikiridwa modabwitsa ndi Purezidenti waku US polankhula mu State of the Union. Lipoti la zochita izi ndi Pano ndi Pano.

● M'zaka za m'ma 2020 Ku Colombia, gulu lina lidatenga malo awo ndikudzichotsa kunkhondo. Mwaona Pano, Panondipo Pano.

● M’zaka za m’ma 2020 ku Mexico, anthu ena achitanso chimodzimodzi. Mwaona Pano, Panondipo Pano.

● M'zaka za m'ma 2020 Ku Canada, anthu amtundu wamba adagwiritsa ntchito zochita zopanda chiwawa kuti aletse kuyika mapaipi okhala ndi zida m'malo awo.

● 2020, 2009, 1991, Magulu Opanda chiwawa aletsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo ophunzitsira zankhondo a NATO ku Montenegro, ndikuchotsa malo ankhondo aku US ku Ecuador ndi Philippines.

● 2018 Armenians zionetsero bwino kuti atule pansi udindo wa Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan.

● 2015 Guatemalans kakamiza Purezidenti wachinyengo atule pansi udindo.

● 2014-15 Ku Burkina Faso, anthu osachita zachiwawa oletsedwa kulanda boma. Onani akaunti mu Gawo 1 la “Civil Resistance Against Coups” ndi Stephen Zunes.

● 2011 Aigupto bweretsa pansi ulamuliro wankhanza wa Hosni Mubarak.

● 2010-11 anthu aku Tunisia kugwetsa wolamulira wankhanza ndipo amafuna kusintha kwa ndale ndi zachuma (Jasmine Revolution).

● 2011-12 Yemenis chotsa Saleh ndondomeko.

● 2011 Kwa zaka zambiri, chisanafike chaka cha 2011, magulu osachita zachiwawa m'chigawo cha Basque ku Spain ndi omwe anatsogolera kuthetsa zigawenga za anthu odzipatula a Basque - makamaka osati chifukwa cha nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga. Onani "Civil Action Against ETA Terrorism in Basque Country" yolemba Javier Argomaniz, yomwe ili Mutu 9 mu Civil Action ndi Mphamvu Zachiwawa yolembedwa ndi Deborah Avant et alia. Ziyeneranso kudziwa kuti pa Marichi 11, 2004, mabomba a Al Qaeda adapha anthu 191 ku Madrid chisankho chisanachitike pomwe chipani china chinkalimbikitsa Spain kutenga nawo gawo pankhondo yomwe idatsogozedwa ndi US ku Iraq. Anthu aku Spain adavota a Socialists adalowa m'malo, ndipo adachotsa asitikali onse aku Spain ku Iraq pofika Meyi. Munalibenso mabomba achigawenga akunja ku Spain. Mbiriyi ikusiyana kwambiri ndi ya Britain, United States, ndi mayiko ena omwe achitapo kanthu polimbana ndi nkhondo zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zibwererenso.

● 2011 a ku Senegal apambana zotsutsa ganizo la kusintha kwa Constitution.

● 2011 Maldivians kufunika kutula pansi udindo kwa pulezidenti.

● 2010s Nonviolence inathetsa ntchito zamatawuni ku Donbass pakati pa 2014 ndi 2022.

● 2008 Ku Ecuador, anthu ena agwiritsa ntchito njira zopewera chiwawa komanso kulankhulana kuti aletse kulanda malo kwa kampani yamigodi ndi zida, monga mmene filimuyi ikusonyezera. Pansi pa Dziko Lolemera.

● Mchaka cha 2007, dziko la Morocco limapereka chigamulo chodzilamulira.

● 2006 Thais kugwetsa Prime Minister Thaksin.

● Mchaka cha 2006 ku Nepalese kunyanyala ntchito zochepetsera mphamvu ya mfumu.

● 2005 Ku Lebanon, zaka 30 zolamuliridwa ndi Siriya zinatha chifukwa cha zigawenga zazikulu zosachita zachiwawa mu 2005.

● Anthu aku Ecuador a 2005 chotsa Pulezidenti Gutiérrez.

● 2005 nzika za Kyrgyz kugwetsa Purezidenti Ayakev (Tulip Revolution).

● 2003 Chitsanzo chochokera ku Liberia: Filimu: Pempherani Mdyerekezi Kubwerera ku Gahena. Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku Liberia ya 1999-2003 inali kutha ndi kuchita zinthu zopanda chiwawa, kuphatikizapo kunyanyala kugonana, kulimbikitsa zokambirana za mtendere, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu la anthu lozungulira zokambiranazo mpaka zitatsirizidwa.

● Achijojiya a 2003 kugwetsa wolamulira wankhanza (Rose Revolution).

● Mchaka cha 2002 ku Madagascar ochotsa wolamulira wapathengo.

● Omenyera ufulu wa 1987-2002 East Timorese adalimbikitsa ufulu ochokera ku Indonesia.

● 2001 kampeni ya “People Power Two”, ochotsa Purezidenti waku Philippines Estrada koyambirira kwa 2001. gwero.

● Zaka za m'ma 2000: kuyesetsa kwa anthu ku Budrus kuti aletse kumangidwa kwa malire olekanitsa a Israeli ku West Bank kudzera m'mayiko awo. Onani filimuyo Budrus.

● Anthu a ku Peru a 2000 achita kampeni kuti kugwetsa Wolamulira wankhanza Alberto Fujimori.

● 1999 Surinamese zotsutsa motsutsana ndi Purezidenti amapanga zisankho zomwe zimamuchotsa.

● Anthu a ku Indonesia a 1998 kugwetsa Purezidenti Suharto.

● 1997-98 nzika za Sierra Leone kuteteza demokalase.

● Mu 1997 asilikali oteteza mtendere ku New Zealand okhala ndi magitala m'malo mwa mfuti anapambana pamene asilikali oteteza mtendere omwe anali ndi zida analephera mobwerezabwereza, pothetsa nkhondo ku Bougainville, monga momwe filimuyi ikusonyezera. Asilikali opanda Mfuti.

● 1992-93 Amalawi bweretsa pansi Wolamulira wankhanza wazaka 30.

● 1992 Ku Thailand gulu lopanda chiwawa undid kulanda boma. Onani akaunti mu Gawo 1 la “Civil Resistance Against Coups” ndi Stephen Zunes.

● Anthu a ku Brazil mu 1992 thamangitsani kunja Purezidenti wachinyengo.

● 1992 nzika za Madagascar kupambana zisankho zaulere.

● 1991 Ku Soviet Union mu 1991, Gorbachev anamangidwa, akasinja anatumizidwa m’mizinda ikuluikulu, mawailesi ofalitsa nkhani anatsekedwa, ndiponso zionetsero zinaletsedwa. Koma zionetsero zopanda chiwawa zinathetsa kulanda m’masiku ochepa. Onani akaunti mu Gawo 1 la “Civil Resistance Against Coups” ndi Stephen Zunes.

● 1991 aku Mali kugonjetsedwa wolamulira wankhanza, pangani chisankho chaulere (Kuukira kwa Marichi).

● 1990 ophunzira Chiyukireniya kutha popanda chiwawa Ulamuliro wa Soviet ku Ukraine.

● 1989-90 aku Mongolia kupambana demokalase ya zipani zambiri.

● 2000 (ndi 1990s) Kugonjetsedwa ku Serbia mu 1990s. Achisebiya kugwetsa Milosevic (Bulldozer Revolution).

● Anthu a ku Czechoslovakia a 1989 kampeni bwino kwa demokalase (Velvet Revolution).

● 1988-89 Solidarność (Solidarity) amatsitsa boma la chikomyunizimu la Poland.

● 1983-88 aku Chile kugwetsa Pinochet ndondomeko.

● 1987-90 Bangladeshi bweretsa pansi Ulamuliro wa Ershad.

● 1987 Pachiyambi choyamba cha zigawenga za ku Palestine chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1980 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1990, anthu ambiri ogonja anakhala mabungwe odzilamulira okha chifukwa chosachita zachiwawa. M'buku la Rashid Khalidi Nkhondo ya Zaka XNUMX pa Palestine, akunena kuti khama losalongosoka, lodziwikiratu, loyambira, komanso lopanda chiwawa linachita zabwino kwambiri kuposa zomwe PLO idachita kwa zaka zambiri, kuti idagwirizanitsa gulu lotsutsa ndikusintha maganizo a dziko, ngakhale kuti pali mgwirizano, kutsutsidwa, ndi kusocheretsedwa ndi PLO osadziwa. pakufunika kukopa malingaliro adziko lapansi komanso kusadziwa kwathunthu kufunikira kokakamiza Israeli ndi United States. Izi zikusiyana kwambiri ndi zachiwawa komanso zotsatira zotsutsana ndi Intifada Yachiwiri mu 2000, malinga ndi Khalidi ndi ena ambiri.

● 1987-91 Lithuania, Latviandipo Estonia adadzimasula ku ukapolo wa Soviet chifukwa cha kukana kopanda chiwawa kusanagwa kwa USSR. Onani filimuyo Kuyimba Revolution.

● 1987 Anthu a ku Argentina analetsa mwachisawawa kulanda boma. Onani akaunti mu Gawo 1 la “Civil Resistance Against Coups” ndi Stephen Zunes.

● 1986-87 anthu aku South Korea kupambana kampeni yayikulu ya demokalase.

● 1983-86 Gulu la “people power” ku Philippines anabweretsa pansi ulamuliro wopondereza wa Marcos. gwero.

● 1986-94 Omenyera ufulu wa anthu a ku United States anakana kukakamiza anthu amtundu wa Anavajo opitirira 10,000 okhala kumpoto chakum'maŵa kwa Arizona, pogwiritsa ntchito zigawenga za kuphedwa kwa Genocide, kumene anapempha kuti onse amene anachititsa kusamuka chifukwa cha upandu wopha anthu aimbidwe mlandu.

● Ophunzira aku Sudan a 1985, ogwira ntchito bweretsa pansi Numeiri ulamuliro wankhanza.

● Mu 1984 anthu a ku Uruguay atanyanyala ntchito malekezero boma lankhondo.

● M’zaka za m’ma 1980 Ku South Africa, kuchita zinthu zopanda chiwawa ndi zimene zinathandiza kwambiri kuthetsa tsankho.

● 1977-83 Ku Argentina, Amayi a Plaza de Mayo kampeni bwino za demokalase ndi kubwerera kwa achibale awo "osowa".

● 1977-79 Ku Iran, anthu kugubuduza ndi Shah.

● 1978-82 Ku Bolivia, anthu sankachita zachiwawa thandizani kulanda boma. Onani akaunti mu Gawo 1 la “Civil Resistance Against Coups” ndi Stephen Zunes.

● Ophunzira a ku Thailand a 1973 kugwetsa ulamuliro wankhondo wa Thanom.

● 1970-71 Polish shipyard workers' ayambe kugwetsa.

● 1968-69 ophunzira a ku Pakistani, antchito, ndi alimi bweretsa pansi wolamulira mwankhanza.

● 1968 Pamene asilikali a Soviet Union anaukira Czechoslovakia mu 1968, panali zionetsero, kunyanyala, kukana kumvera, kuchotsa zikwangwani za m’misewu, kukopa asilikali. Ngakhale atsogoleri osazindikira adavomereza, kulandako kudachedwetsedwa, ndipo kudalirika kwa chipani cha Soviet Communist Party kudawonongeka. Onani nkhani mu Chaputala 1 cha Gene Sharp, Chitetezo cha Civilian Based Defense.

● 1959-60 Japan zotsutsa Pangano lachitetezo ndi US ndi Prime Minister wopanda udindo.

● 1957 anthu a ku Colombia kugwetsa wolamulira mwankhanza.

● 1944-64 anthu a ku Zambia kampeni bwino za ufulu wodzilamulira.

● 1962 nzika za Algeria kulowerera popanda chiwawa kuletsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

● 1961 Ku Algeria mu 1961, akuluakulu anayi a asilikali a ku France anaukira boma. Kukana kopanda chiwawa kunathetsa m'masiku ochepa. Onani nkhani mu Chaputala 1 cha Gene Sharp, Chitetezo cha Civilian Based Defense. Onaninso akaunti mu Gawo 1 la “Civil Resistance Against Coups” ndi Stephen Zunes.

● Ophunzira a ku South Korea a 1960 kakamiza wolamulira wankhanza kuti atule pansi udindo, zisankho zatsopano.

● 1959-60 Achikongo kupambana kudziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku Ufumu wa Belgian.

● Zoyesayesa za Gandhi mu 1947 kuyambira 1930 zinali zofunika kwambiri pochotsa a British ku India.

● 1947 Anthu a ku Mysore yapambana ulamuliro wademokalase ku India wodziimira kumene.

● 1946 anthu a ku Haiti kugwetsa wolamulira mwankhanza.

● 1944 Olamulira ankhanza awiri a ku Central America, Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez (El Salvador) ndi Jorge Ubico (Guatemala), anathamangitsidwa chifukwa cha zigawenga zopanda chiwawa za anthu wamba. gwero. Kugonjetsedwa kwa ulamuliro wa asilikali ku El Salvador mu 1944 akufotokozedwanso Mphamvu Yopambana Kwambiri.

● Anthu aku Ecuador a 1944 kugwetsa wolamulira mwankhanza.

● M'zaka za m'ma 1940 M'zaka zomalizira za ulamuliro wa Germany ku Denmark ndi Norway m'nthaŵi ya WWII, chipani cha Nazi chinasiya kulamuliranso anthu.

● 1940-45 Kuchita zinthu mopanda chiwawa pofuna kupulumutsa Ayuda ku Nazi ku Berlin, Bulgaria, Denmark, Le Chambon, France ndi kwina. gwero.

● 1933-45 Panthawi yonse ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, panali timagulu tating’ono ting’ono ndipo nthawi zambiri tinkakhala kwaokha omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito bwino njira zopanda chiwawa polimbana ndi chipani cha Nazi. Maguluwa akuphatikizapo White Rose ndi Rosenstrasse Resistance. gwero.

● Mu 1935 anthu aku Cuba ananyanyala ku kugwetsa Pulezidenti.

● Mu 1933 anthu aku Cuba ananyanyala ku kugwetsa Pulezidenti.

● 1931 aku Chile kugwetsa wolamulira wankhanza Carlos Ibañez del Campo.

● 1923 Pamene asilikali a ku France ndi a ku Belgium analanda mzinda wa Ruhr mu 1923, boma la Germany linapempha nzika zake kuti zisamachite nkhanza. Anthu mopanda chiwawa adatembenuza malingaliro a anthu ku Britain, US, komanso ku Belgium ndi France, mokomera Ajeremani omwe adalandidwa. Ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, asitikali aku France adachotsedwa. Onani nkhani mu Chaputala 1 cha Gene Sharp, Chitetezo cha Civilian Based Defense.

● 1920 Ku Germany mu 1920, chigawenga chinalanda boma n’kuthamangitsa boma, koma litatuluka, boma linalamula kuti anthu anyanyale. Kuukirako kudathetsedwa m'masiku asanu. Onani nkhani mu Chaputala 1 cha Gene Sharp, Chitetezo cha Civilian Based Defense.

● Mu 1917 Kuukira boma ku Russia mu February 1917, ngakhale kuti kunali chiwawa chochepa, kunalinso kopanda zachiwawa ndipo kunachititsa kuti ulamuliro wa mfumuyo ugwe.

● 1905-1906 Ku Russia, anthu wamba, antchito, ophunzira, ndi anthu anzeru anachita kunyanyala ntchito zazikulu ndi njira zina zopanda chiwawa, zomwe zinachititsa kuti Mfumukazi ivomereze kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumba yamalamulo yosankhidwa. gwero. Onaninso Mphamvu Yopambana Kwambiri.

● 1879-1898 Chimaori kukanizidwa mopanda chiwawa Utsamunda waku Britain wokhala ndi chitsamunda chochita bwino pang'ono koma kulimbikitsa ena pazaka makumi angapo zotsatira.

● 1850-1867 omenyera ufulu wa dziko la Hungary, motsogozedwa ndi Francis Deak, anakana popanda chiwawa ulamuliro wa Austria, ndipo m’kupita kwanthaŵi anayamba kudzilamulira okha m’dziko la Hungary monga mbali ya chitaganya cha Austria-Hungary. gwero.

● 1765-1775 Atsamunda a ku America anayambitsa ndawala zazikulu zitatu zosagwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa Britain (motsutsa Stamp Acts of 1765, Townsend Acts of 1767, ndi Coercive Acts of 1774) zomwe zinachititsa kuti mayiko asanu ndi anayi adzilamulira okha pofika 1775. gwero. Onaninso Pano.

● 494 BCE Ku Roma, oimba mlandu, m'malo mwa akazembe akupha pofuna kukonza madandaulo. adachoka kuchokera kumzinda kupita ku phiri (pambuyo pake linatchedwa “Phiri Lopatulika”). Kumeneko anakhalako masiku angapo, akumakana kupereka zopereka zawo nthaŵi zonse pa moyo wa mzindawo. Kenako mgwirizano unafikiridwa wolonjeza kusintha kwakukulu m'miyoyo yawo ndi udindo wawo. Onani Gene Sharp (1996) “Kupitirira pa nkhondo ndi mtendere: kulimbana kopanda chiwawa kulinga chilungamo, ufulu ndi mtendere.” Ndemanga ya Ecumenical (Vol. 48, Nkhani 2).