Tsiku la Pearl Harbor lero liri ngati Columbus Day 50 zaka zapitazo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ambiri amakhulupirirabe. Zikhulupiriro zabodza zimapitiriridwabe mu chisangalalo chawo chosadziwika. "New Pearl Harbors" amafunidwa ndi anthu opanga nkhondo, otchedwa, ndi oponderezedwa. Komabe choyambirira cha Pearl Harbor ndicho chigwirizano chotchuka kwambiri cha US pa zinthu zonse zankhondo, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa nthawi yaitali kwa Japan - osatchula za WWII internment ya Achimerika Achimwenye monga chitsanzo chowombera magulu ena lerolino. Okhulupilira ku Pearl Harbor amaganiza za zochitika zawo zachabechabe, mosiyana ndi lero, chiwonongeko chachikulu cha ku United States, chowoneka bwino, chosiyana kwambiri ndi chabwino ndi choipa, komanso chofunikira kwambiri chopanga nkhondo.
Zoona sizigwirizana ndi nthano. Boma la United States silinkafuna kupanga Japan anali mzanga wapamtima wosagwirizana, sanafunikire kuyendetsa gulu la zida, sankafunikira thandizo Nazism ndi fascism (monga zina mwa mabungwe akuluakulu a US adachita bwino kupyolera mu nkhondo), sanafunikire kukwiyitsa Japan, sanafunikire kulowa nawo ku Asia kapena ku Ulaya, ndipo sanadabwe ndi kuukira kwa Pearl Harbor. Pothandizira pazinthu izi, pitirizani kuwerenga.
Sabata ino ndikuchitira umboni pa Milandu ya Iraq za Mphindi za Downing Street. Ku US tikuganiza kuti nthawi ya 2003-2008 yankhondo yazaka makumi anayi ku Iraq ndiyowopsa kuposa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Koma zikafika pakunama, zisankho zoyipa, kuchuluka kwaimfa ndi chiwonongeko, palibe kufananizira: Nkhondo Yadziko II siyinatsutsidwe ngati chinthu choyipa kwambiri pakati pa anthu makamaka boma la US (komanso maboma ena ambiri) konse. Palinso kufanana ndi Mphindi za Downing Street.
Pa August 18, 1941, Pulezidenti Winston Churchill anakumana ndi nduna yake ku 10 Downing Street. Msonkhanowo unali wofanana ndi July 23, 2002, msonkhano pamalowo omwewo, maminiti omwe adadziwika kuti Downing Street Minutes. Misonkhano yonseyi inavumbulutsa zolinga za US zobisika kupita ku nkhondo. Pamsonkhano wa 1941, Churchill adauza nduna yake, motere: "Pulezidenti adanena kuti adzamenya nkhondo koma sadzalengeze." Kuphatikizanso apo, "Zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa kukakamiza zochitikazo."
Inde, zonse zinkachitika kukakamiza zochitika, ndipo chochitikacho chinali Pearl Harbor.
Zikumbutso Zaposachedwa
Mu Meyi 2005 anzanga ena ndidatulutsa AfterDowningStreet.org (tsopano yatchedwa ChilichonseChime.org) kupititsa patsogolo kuzindikira kwa Mphindi ya Downing Street kapena Downing Street Memo ndi zikalata zofananira.
Ichi chinali chikalata chothandiza kwambiri chomwe chidatulutsidwa munthawi yomwe chitha kukhala ndi tanthauzo lofunikira.
Monga nkhondo iliyonse yomwe idayambitsidwapo ndi aliyense kale kapena kale (osachepera mpaka zaka zakubadwa poyera kuti "akuba mafuta awo" ndikupha "mabanja awo"), gawo la 2003 pankhondo yaku Iraq lidakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha mabodza ndipo anali akupitilizabe ndipo akupitilizabe kutengera mabodza ena.
Sitiyenera kukhala ndi umboni uliwonse. Sizophwanya lamulo kuukira dziko lina pansi pa UN Charter komanso pansi pa Kellogg Briand Pact (ndipo motsutsana ndi Hague Convention of 1899). Ndipo pankhaniyi, monganso Afghanistan zaka ziwiri m'mbuyomu, UN idakana nkhondo. Kuyambitsa nkhondo ndikosaloledwa komanso kwachisawawa ngakhale atakhala kuti akuwombera zida zankhondo bwanji kaya abwera milandu yotani. Kuyambitsa kuzunza kwathunthu kwa anthu wamba kuti awawopseze ndi kuwadabwitsa ndikosaloledwa ngakhale pakumvetsetsa kwa maloya omwe amanyalanyaza kuphwanya lamulo lankhondo. Mwakhalidwe ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zoyipa kwambiri zomwe zidachitidwapo. Pafupifupi sizinagwirepo ntchito.
Ngakhale titavomereza kuti zida zaku Iraq kapena milandu yaku Iraq zitha kuyambitsa nkhondo, umboni udali wowonekeratu kuti awa anali mabodza. Boma la Iraq lidatsutsana ndi gulu lomwe limagwirizana nalo. Mu 1995 mpongozi wa a Saddam Hussein adauza US ndi aku Britain kuti zida zonse zachilengedwe, zamankhwala, zankhondo, ndi zida za nyukiliya zawonongeka poyang'aniridwa ndi iye. Ofufuza a UN atachoka ku Iraq mu 1998, woyang'anira wamkulu adati adzagwirizana chimodzimodzi. Mu 1999 pamtsutsano woyamba ku New Hampshire, Bush adati "atulutsa" Saddam Hussein. "Ndikudabwa kuti adakalipo," adatero. Mu 2001, a Condoleezza Rice, a Colin Powell, ndi ena aku Bush Administration anali kuuza atolankhani kuti Saddam Hussein alibe zida. Anasintha malingaliro awo palamulo.
Chifukwa chake, Downing Street Minute itatuluka pa Meyi 1, 2005, tidadumphiramo, osati ngati chidziwitso chatsopano koma monga umboni womwe tingagwiritse ntchito, kukopa ena ndikupanga mlandu kukhothi kapena ku Congress. Awa anali mphindi zakumsonkhano kuofesi ya Prime Minister Tony Blair pa Julayi 23, 2002, pomwe mtsogoleri wawo wotchedwa intelligence, atangobwerera kumene kuchokera ku Washington, adati (monga tafotokozera mwachidule mumphindi):
"Nkhondo yankhondo tsopano idawoneka ngati yosapeweka. Bush amafuna kuchotsa Saddam, kudzera munkhondo, yolungamitsidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa uchigawenga ndi WMD. Koma luntha ndi zowona zinali kukhazikitsidwa palamuloli. ”
Ndipo adatero, monga zalembedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Okonza nkhondo ku White House ndi anzawo omwe adapanga nawo zikalata zabodza, amapempha zomwe akufuna kuti akane ndi akatswiri awo, amadalira mboni zosadalirika, kupereka umboni wabodza woti ateteze omwe amati ndi atolankhani, komanso kuzunza zomwe akufuna kuchokera kwa omwe adawabera. A Bush adapanga ziwembu zoyambitsa kuti ayambitse nkhondo yomwe adanena poyera kuti akufuna kuyipewa. Mwachitsanzo, onani Memo ya White House.
Koma kungoti a Britain adadziwitsidwa kuti nkhondo siyingapeweke pofika Julayi 23, 2002, ikadayenera kukhala nkhani yayikulu mu Meyi 2005. Tidagwira ntchito molimbika kuti izikhala choncho, ndikukakamiza atolankhani osagwirizana omwe amati mwina sangathe 'Titsimikizireni zolemba zomwe zinali zowona komanso zosatsutsana, kapena kunena kuti zomwe zidawululidwa ndi "nkhani zakale," ngakhale zinali zatsopano kwa aliyense wadziwitsidwa ndi atolankhaniwo.
Tinafalitsa nkhani zambiri pazama ziwonetsero za anthu wamba, zochitikanso m'malo okhala nyumba zanyuzipepala, kusefukira kwa makalata kwa akonzi, komanso njira zingapo zopangira. Koma tinali ndi mwayi. Ma Democrat ku Congress anali ocheperako ndipo ambiri mwaiwo anali kunena kuti atenga mbali kuti athetse nkhondo ngati apatsidwa unyinji. Mamembala akuluakulu a Congress anali kuthandizira ntchito yathu. Ndikukhulupirira kuti tinasintha zonena zawo zolimbikitsa kukhala zabodza pang'onopang'ono m'malo mokulitsa ndikuwonjezera mayendedwe athu mu Januwale 2007.
A Diane Sawyer atafunsa a Bush chifukwa chomwe ananenera kuti ali ndi zida zaku Iraq zomwe akuti ndi zida zowonongera anthu ambiri, adayankha kuti: "Pali kusiyana kotani?"
Mwina ndizochepa kwambiri tsopano, monga takhala zaka zisanu ndi zitatu tili ndi purezidenti yemwe amayambitsa nkhondo osavutikira kunamizira Congress. Kapenanso makamaka tsopano, pomwe tidawonetsa mphamvu zathu kukana mabodza onena za Syria ku 2013 ngati zaka khumi zotsutsana ndi nkhondo yaku Iraq idathandizira Congress kuti isachirikize nkhondo yatsopano.
Tiyenera kupanga yankho kukhala lofunika. Tiyenera kunena nkhaniyi moyenera, popeza theka la United States silikudziwa. Bodza lalikulu tsopano, lomwe ambiri amakhulupirira ku America, ndikuti Iraq idapindula ndipo US idavutika (gawo lachiwirili ndilowona) kuchokera kunkhondo yomwe idawononga Iraq.
Pakuwongolera chikhulupiriro chabodza chomwechi ndimapereka pepala lomwe ndidalemba zaka zitatu zapitazo Nkhondo yaku Iraq Pakati Pazochitika Zoyipa Kwambiri Padziko Lonse Lapansi.
Mantha anga akulu ndikuti nkhondo za ma drone ndi zoyimira ena ndi nkhondo zachinsinsi zipitiliza kuyambitsidwa popanda kutsogozedwa ndi kampeni yabodza yaboma. Kapenanso choipa kwambiri: nkhondo zizayambitsidwa ndikulengeza moona mtima kuti mafuta a winawake ayenera kubedwa kapena anthu ena amafunika kuphedwa - ndipo sitingakane kapena kupambana poletsa izi. Chimodzi mwazida zabwino kwambiri zomwe tili nazo pankhondoyi ndikuzindikira mabodza aliwonse omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira nkhondo yapitayi. Tiyenera kukulitsa kuzindikira kwathu nthawi iliyonse.
Chofunika kwambiri, tiyenera kuthamangitsa nthano za Pearl Harbour.
Osadabwitsa
Anthu ambiri aku Japan amadziwa bwino milandu yomwe maboma awo amachita, milandu isanachitike komanso itatha Pearl Harbor, komanso mlandu wa Pearl Harbor. United States ili pafupi kwenikweni kuzindikira za ntchito yake. Kuchokera mbali ya US, Pearl Harbor idachokera ku Germany.
Nazi Germany, timakonda kunyalanyaza nthawi zina, sitingakhalepo kapena kumenya nkhondo popanda kuthandizidwa kwazaka zambiri zapitazo ndikupitilira pankhondo yamabungwe aku US monga GM, Ford, IBM, ndi ITT. Zofuna zamakampani aku US zidakonda Nazi Germany m'malo mwa chikomyunizimu Soviet Union, anali okondwa kuwona mayiko awiriwa akuphana, ndipo adakondera United States kulowa nawo pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe inali yofunika kwambiri ku England kokha kamodzi boma la US linali litapanga phindu lalikulu. US idachedwetsa D-Day kwazaka zambiri pomwe Germany idapha Russia kuuma, ndipo patangopita maola ochepa kugonjetsedwa kwa Germany, Churchill akufuna nkhondo yatsopano ku Russia pogwiritsa ntchito asitikali aku Germany.
Chiyembekezo champhamvu cha Churchill kwazaka zambiri US isanapite kunkhondo chinali chakuti Japan idzaukira United States. Izi zitha kuloleza United States (osati mwalamulo, koma ndale) kuti ilowe nawo mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ku Europe, monga Purezidenti wawo amafuna kuchita, m'malo mongopereka zida zankhondo ndikuthandizira kulimbana ndi sitima zapamadzi monga momwe zimakhalira.
Pa Disembala 7, 1941, Purezidenti Franklin Delano Roosevelt adalengeza zankhondo ku Japan ndi Germany, koma adaganiza kuti sizigwira ntchito ndipo adapita ndi Japan yokha. Germany idalengeza mwachangu nkhondo ku United States, mwina ndikuyembekeza kuti Japan yalengeza nkhondo ku Soviet Union.
Kupita kunkhondo sizinali lingaliro latsopano mu Roosevelt White House. A FDR ayesa kunamizira anthu a US za sitima za US kuphatikizapo Gulundi Kerny, zomwe zinkathandiza ndege za British kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi za German, koma zomwe Roosevelt ankanamizira kuti anali atasokonezeka mosavuta. Roosevelt ananamizanso kuti anali ndi mapulani a mapazi a Nazi omwe akugonjetsa South America, komanso ndondomeko ya chipani cha Nazi kuti m'malo mwa zipembedzo zonse zikhale ndi Nazism. Mapu anali a ubwino wa "umboni" wa Karl Rove umene Iraq anali kugula uranium ku Niger.
Komabe, anthu a ku United States sanagule malingaliro oti apite kunkhondo ina mpaka Pearl Harbor, yomwe Roosevelt anali atayambitsa kalembedwe, anakhazikitsa National Guard, adalenga Navy yaikulu m'nyanja ziwiri, ogulitsa akale ogulitsidwa kupita ku England kuti agulitse mabungwe ake ku Caribbean ndi Bermuda, ndipo - masiku a 11 asanachitike "kusayesedwa" kosayembekezereka, ndi masiku asanu pamaso pa FDR - adalamula mwachinsinsi chilengedwe (ndi Henry Field) cha mndandanda wa munthu aliyense waku Japan ndi Japan-American ku United States.
Pa April 28, 1941, Churchill analemba chilembo chachinsinsi ku nduna yake ya nkhondo:
"Zingatengedwe ngati zodziwikiratu kuti kulowa ku Japan kunkhondo kungatsatidwe ndi kulowera kwathu kwa United States kumbali yathu."
Pa May 11, 1941, Robert Menzies, nduna yaikulu ya ku Australia, anakumana ndi Roosevelt ndipo adamupeza "ndi nsanje pang'ono" ya malo a Churchill pakatikati pa nkhondo. Pamene khoti la Roosevelt linafuna kuti United States apite kunkhondo, Menzies adapeza kuti Roosevelt,
". . . wophunzitsidwa motsogoleredwa ndi Woodrow Wilson pankhondo yomaliza, akuyembekezera chochitika, chomwe chingapangitse USA kumenya nkhondo ndikuchotsa R. m'malonjezo ake opusa akuti 'ndidzakuletsa kunkhondo.' ”
Pa Ogasiti 18, 1941, Churchill adachita msonkhano ndi nduna yake ku 10 Downing Street.
Chochitika chidakakamizidwa.
Japan sankasokoneza anthu ena ndipo anali atangokhalira kupanga ufumu wa ku Asia. Ndipo United States ndi Japan sizinali kukhala muubwenzi wogwirizana. Koma kodi n'chiyani chingapangitse anthu a ku Japan kuti amenyane nawo?
Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt atapita ku Pearl Harbor pa July 28, 1934, zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zisanachitike ku Japan, asilikali a ku Japan anadandaula. General Kunishiga Tanaka analemba mu Japan Advertiser, otsutsana ndi zomangamanga za ndege za ku America ndi kulenga zida zina ku Alaska ndi Aleutian Islands:
"Kunyada koteroko kumatipangitsa ife kukayikira kwambiri. Zimatipangitsa kuganiza kuti chisokonezo chachikulu chikulimbikitsidwa mwachidwi ku Pacific. Izi zimadandaula kwambiri. "
Kaya zidakhumudwitsidwa kapena ayi ndi funso lokhalokha ngati izi zinali zowoneka bwino komanso zodziwika bwino ku zowonjezereka zankhondo, ngakhale zitapangidwa m'dzina la "chitetezo." Wopanda malire (monga momwe ife lero tingamuitanire) wolemba nkhani George Seldes anali akudandaula nayenso. Mu October 1934 analembamo Magazini ya Harper: "Ndizovuta kuti mayiko asamenyetse nkhondo koma nkhondo." Seldes anafunsa mkulu wa asilikali ku Navy League kuti:
"Kodi mumavomereza mfuti yapamadzi imene mumakonzekera kumenyana ndi nyanja ina?"
Munthuyo anayankha kuti "Inde".
"Kodi mumaganiza za nkhondo ndi a British navy?"
"Mwamtheradi, ayi."
"Kodi mumaganizira nkhondo ndi Japan?"
"Inde".
Mu 1935 Madzi a ku America okongoletsedwa kwambiri pa nthawiyo, Brigadier General Smedley D. Butler, lofalitsidwa kuti apambane kwambiri buku lalifupi lotchedwa Nkhondo Ndi Chinyengo. Iye adawona bwino zomwe zikubwera ndikuchenjeza mtunduwo kuti:
"Pa gawo lirilonse la Congress, funso loti ndalama zina zapanyanja zidzakwera. Oimirira-mpando wachifumu samafuula kuti 'Timafunikira zida zambiri zankhondo kupita kudziko lino kapena dzikoli.' O, ayi. Choyamba, iwo amadziwitsa kuti America ikuwopsya ndi mphamvu yaikulu yamadzi. Pafupifupi tsiku lirilonse, awa adakuuzani, mabwalo akuluakulu a mdani amene akuganiza kuti adzamenya mwadzidzidzi ndi kuwononga anthu athu a 125,000,000. Monga choncho. Kenaka amayamba kulira kuti apite ku nyanja yaikulu. Zachiyani? Kulimbana ndi mdani? O, ayi. O, ayi. Pofuna kuteteza okha. Kenako, akulengeza kayendedwe ka Pacific. Kuti muteteze. U, ha.
"Pacific ndi nyanja yaikulu kwambiri. Tili ndi gombe lalikulu ku Pacific. Kodi njirazo zidzakhala pamtunda, mailosi awiri kapena mazana atatu? O, ayi. Kuyendetsa kudzakhala zikwi ziwiri, inde, mwinamwake ngakhale mailosi makumi atatu ndi asanu, kuchokera ku gombe.
"Anthu a ku Japan, odzikweza, adzasangalala kwambiri kuposa momwe angayang'anire ndege za United States pafupi kwambiri ndi nyanja za Nippon. Ngakhale momwe zikanakhalira ngati anthu okhala ku California anali ataphunzira kuzindikira, kupyolera mu ntchentche yammawa, magulu achijapani akusewera pa masewera a nkhondo ku Los Angeles. "
Mu March 1935, Roosevelt anapatsa Wake Island ku Navy American Navy ndipo anapatsa Pan Am Airways chilolezo chokhazikitsa mayendedwe a Wake Island, Midway Island, ndi Guam. Akuluakulu ankhondo a ku Japan adalengeza kuti asokonezeka ndipo amaona kuti misewuyi ndiopseza. Momwemonso akuluakulu amtendere ku United States. Mwezi wotsatira, Roosevelt anakonza masewera a nkhondo ndi kuyendetsa pafupi ndi zilumba za Aleutian ndi Midway Island. Mwezi wotsatira, olimbikitsa mtendere anali akuyenda ku New York akulengeza ubwenzi ndi Japan. Norman Thomas analemba mu 1935:
"Munthu wochokera ku Mars yemwe anaona momwe amuna akuvutikira pa nkhondo yomalizira ndi momwe akukonzekera nkhondo yotsatira, yomwe akudziwa kuti idzakhala yoipitsitsa, adzafika pozindikira kuti iye akuyang'ana pa anthu omwe akuthawa kwawo."
Asitikali apamadzi aku US adakhala zaka zingapo zikukonzekera mapulani omenyera nkhondo ndi Japan, pa Marichi 8, 1939, yomwe idafotokoza za "nkhondo yoopsa yayitali" yomwe idzawononga asitikali ndikusokoneza moyo wachuma ku Japan. Mu Januwale 1941, miyezi khumi ndi iwiri asanafike, a Japan Advertiser anafotokoza mkwiyo wake pa Pearl Harbor m'nyuzipepala, ndipo kazembe wa ku America ku Japan analemba m'buku lake:
"Pali zokambirana zambiri kuzungulira tawuni kuti Japan, panthawi yopuma ndi United States, ikukonzekera kuthamanga ku Pearl Harbor. Inde ndikudziwitsa boma langa. "
Pa February 5, 1941, Admiral Wachichewa Richmond Kelly Turner adalembera kalata Henry Wachinson kuti awonetsere kuti akhoza kuwonongeka ku Pearl Harbor.
Poyamba 1932 United States idayankhula ndi China pakupereka ndege, oyendetsa ndege, ndi kuphunzitsa nkhondo yake ndi Japan. Mu November 1940, Roosevelt anapatsa China ndalama zokwana madola zana milioni kuti apite nkhondo ndi Japan, ndipo atatha kufunsa ndi Bretani, wa ku United States wa Treasury Henry Morgenthau anakonza zoti atumize mabomba a ku China ndi asilikali a ku America kuti akagwiritse ntchito popha mabomba ku Tokyo ndi mizinda ina ya ku Japan. Pa December 21, 1940, milungu iŵiri yonyansa chaka chimodzi isanayambe kuukira ku Japan pa Pearl Harbor, Pulezidenti wa Zakalama wa China TV Soong ndi Colone Claire Chennault, omwe anali pantchito ya usilikali ku United States omwe anali atagwira ntchito ku China ndipo adawauza kuti agwiritse ntchito American oyendetsa ndege ku Tokyo kuyambira osachepera 1937, anakumana m'chipinda chodyera cha Henry Morgenthau kukonzekera kupha moto ku Japan. Morgenthau adanena kuti akhoza kutulutsa amuna ku ntchito ku US Army Air Corps ngati a Chinese angathe kulipira $ 1,000 pa mwezi. Soong anavomera.
Pa May 24, 1941, a New York Times adafotokoza za US kuphunzitsa asilikali a ku China, ndi kupereka "ndege zambiri zamakono ndi mabomba okwera mabomba" ku China ndi United States. "Kuphulika kwa mabomba a ku Japan akuyembekezeredwa" werengani mutuwu. Pofika mchaka cha July, bungwe la Joint Army-Navy Board adavomereza ndondomeko yotchedwa JB 355 ku Japan. Bungwe lakumbuyo likanagula ndege za ku America kuti ziziyendetsedwa ndi odzipereka a ku America omwe aphunzitsidwa ndi Chennault ndipo amalipidwa ndi gulu lina lakumbuyo. Roosevelt adavomereza, ndi katswiri wake wa China Lauchlin Currie, mawu a Nicholson Baker, "adawakomera mtima Madame Chaing Kai-Shek ndi Claire Chennault kalata yomwe idapempha kuti afunsidwe ndi azondi achi Japan." kalatayo:
"Ndine wokondwa kwambiri kuti ndikutha kuyankha lero Purezidenti adalamula kuti mabomba okwana makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu asanu ndi limodzi apite ku China chaka chino ndi makumi awiri ndi anai kuti aperekedwe mwamsanga. Anayambanso pulogalamu ya maphunziro oyendetsa ndege ku China kuno. Zambiri mwa njira zowonongeka. Zabwino zonse."
Msilikali wa ku America adanena kuti "panthawi yopuma ndi United States" a Japan adzapha bomba la Pearl Harbor. Ndikudabwa ngati izi zikhoza!
Gulu la Volunteer American (AVG) la 1st, lomwe limadziwikanso kuti Flying Tigers, linapitanso patsogolo ndi kuitanitsa ndi kuphunzitsa mwamsanga, linaperekedwa ku China isanayambe Pearl Harbor, ndipo yoyamba inamenya nkhondo pa December 20, 1941, masiku khumi ndi awiri (nthawi yapafupi) pamene a Japan anaukira Pearl Harbor.
Mwezi wa May 31, 1941, pa Keep America Out of War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin anapereka chenjezo lofunika kwambiri: "Kugonjetsa kwachuma kwa Japan, kuimitsa kwa mafuta monga chitsanzo, kungapangitse Japan kukhala m'manja mwa Axis. Nkhondo ya zachuma idzakhala chiyambi cha nkhondo yapamadzi ndi ya nkhondo. "Choipa kwambiri pa mtendere amalimbikitsa ndi nthawi zambiri zomwe zimakhala zolondola.
Pa July 24, 1941, Purezidenti Roosevelt adati, "Ngati tidula mafutawo, [a ku Japan] ayenera kuti adatsikira ku Dutch East Indies chaka chatha, ndipo mukanakhala nawo nkhondo. Zinali zofunikira kwambiri pa maganizo athu odzikonda odziletsa kuti tipewe nkhondo kuyambira ku South Pacific. Choncho ndondomeko yathu yachilendo inali kuyesa kuthetsa nkhondo kuti isachoke kumeneko. "
Olemba nkhani anazindikira kuti Roosevelt anati "anali" osati "ndi." Tsiku lotsatira, Roosevelt anapereka chikalata chokwirira katundu wa Japan. United States ndi Britain anadula mafuta ndi zitsulo kupita ku Japan. Radhabinod Pal, woimira zamalamulo a ku India yemwe adatumikira pa milandu ya milandu yankhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo, adatcha kuti ziwonetserozi ndi "zowonongeka ndi zoopsa kuti dziko la Japan likhalepo," ndipo pomalizira pake United States inayambitsa Japan.
Pa August 7th, miyezi inayi isanafike chiwonongeko, a Japan Times Advertiser analemba kuti: "Poyamba kunalinso malo abwino kwambiri ku Singapore, omwe ankalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi asilikali a Britain ndi Empire. Kuchokera pakhomoli gudumu lalikulu linamangidwa ndipo linagwirizanitsidwa ndi mabungwe a ku America kupanga mphete yayikulu kumadera akum'mwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Philippines kupyolera mu Malaya ndi Burma, ndi chigwirizanocho chinasweka pokhapokha ku Thailand. Tsopano tikukonzekera kuti tifotokoze zochepetsetsa, zomwe zimapita ku Rangoon. "
Mmodzi sangathe kuthandiza kukumbutsidwa kuno ndi Hillary Clinton ndemanga kwa Goldman Sachs banki. Clinton adanena kuti adauza achi China kuti dziko la United States lingadziteteze dziko lonse la Pacific chifukwa cha "kulimasula." Iye adanena kuti adawauza kuti "Tidapeza Japan chifukwa cha kumwamba." Ndipo: " Tili ndi umboni wa kugula [Hawaii]. "
Pofika pa September 1941, nyuzipepala ya ku Japan inakwiya kwambiri kuti United States idayamba kutumiza mafuta kudutsa ku Japan kuti ifike ku Russia. Japan, nyuzipepala zake zinati, zikufa imfa yowonongeka ku "nkhondo yachuma."
Kodi dziko la United States lingakhale likuyembekeza kupindula ndi kutumiza mafuta kudutsa fuko likufunikira kwambiri?
Kumapeto kwa mwezi wa October, US akuyendera Edgar Mower anali kugwira ntchito kwa Colonel William Donovan yemwe adafufuza Roosevelt. Woweruzayo analankhula ndi mwamuna wina ku Manila wotchedwa Ernest Johnson, yemwe ndi membala wa Komiti ya Maritime, yemwe adati akuyembekezera kuti "Japs adzatengera Manila ndisanatuluke." Pamene Woweruza anadabwa, Johnson anayankha kuti "Kodi simunadziwe Jap sitimayo yasamukira chakum'mawa, mwinamwake kukwera sitima zathu ku Pearl Harbor? "
Pa November 3, 1941, kazembe wa ku United States anayesanso kupeza chinachake kupyolera mu chigaza chachikulu cha boma lake, kutumiza telegram yaitali kwa Dipatimenti ya boma akuchenjeza kuti chilango chachuma chingakakamize Japan kuti achite "nation-kiri kiri". Iye analemba kuti: " nkhondo yomenyana ndi United States ingabwere mwadzidzidzi mwadzidzidzi. "
Ndichifukwa chiyani ndimakumbukira mutu wa mndandanda woperekedwa kwa Purezidenti George W. Bush pamaso pa September 11, 2001, kuukira? "Bin Laden Anatsimikiza Mtima Kulimbana ndi US" Mwachiwonekere palibe aliyense ku Washington amene ankafuna kuti amve ku 1941.
Pa November 15th, Mtsogoleri wa asilikali a George Marshall adawafotokozera nkhani zomwe sitimakumbukira kuti ndi "Marshall Plan." Ndipotu sitimakumbukira konse. Marshall adati, "Tikukonzekera nkhondo yotsutsana ndi dziko la Japan, ndikufunsa atolankhani kuti asunge chinsinsi, zomwe ndikudziwa kuti iwo adachita mwadala.
Patapita masiku khumi, Mlembi wa Nkhondo Henry Stimson analemba m'buku lake kuti anakumana naye ku Oval Office ndi Marshall, Pulezidenti Roosevelt, Mlembi wa Navy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, ndi Mlembi wa boma Cordell Hull. Roosevelt adawauza kuti AJapan akhoza kuchitika posachedwa, mwinamwake Lolemba lotsatira. Zatsimikiziridwa bwino kuti United States inaphwanya malamulo a Chijapani ndipo Roosevelt anali nawo mwayi. Zinali kupyolera mukutenga uthenga wotchedwa Purple code yomwe Roosevelt adapeza kuti dziko la Germany likukonzekera kulowa m'dziko la Russia. Anali Hull amene adalimbikitsa dziko la Japan kuti lilowe kumalo osindikizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti November 30, 1941, mutu wa "May May awononge Sabata."
Lolemba lotsatira likanakhala December 1st, masiku asanu ndi limodzi zisanafike pobwera. "Funso," Stimson analemba, "ndi momwe tiyenera kuwapangitsira kuti apange kuwombera koyamba popanda kulola ngozi yaikulu kwa ife eni. Zinali zovuta kupempha. "Kodi izo zinali? Yankho limodzi lodziwika bwino linali lakuti asunge sitima zapamadzi ku Pearl Harbor ndikusunga oyendetsa sitima mumdima ndikudandaula nawo kuchokera ku maofesi abwino ku Washington, DC Ndipotu, ndizo zothetsera vuto lathu.
Tsiku lotsatira chiwonongekocho, Congress inavotera nkhondo. Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.), Mkazi woyamba adasankhidwa ku Congress, ndipo amene adavomereza nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, adayima yekha pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse (monga Congresswoman Barbara Lee [D., Calif] adayima yekha potsutsa Afghanistan Afghanistan 60 patapita zaka).
Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pavotowo, pa December 8, 1942, Rankin adalemba mawu mu Congressional Record akufotokozera otsutsa ake. Iye anatchula ntchito ya wofalitsa wabodza wa ku Britain yemwe adatsutsana ku 1938 pogwiritsa ntchito Japan kuti abweretse United States kunkhondo. Iye anatchula za Henry Luce moyo Magazini ya July 20, 1942, kwa "anthu a ku China omwe a US adapereka chigamulo chimene chinabweretsa Pearl Harbor." Iye adawonetsa umboni kuti pa msonkhano wa Atlantic pa August 12, 1941, Roosevelt adatsimikizira Churchill kuti United States idzabweretsa mavuto azachuma kuti azitsatira pa Japan. "Ndidatchula," analemba Rankin, "State Department Bulletin ya December 20, 1941, yomwe inavumbulutsa kuti pa September 3 kulankhulana kunatumizidwa ku Japan kukafuna kuti avomereze mfundo yakuti 'kusagwirizana kwa chikhalidwe chomwe chili ku Pacific, 'zomwe zinkafuna kutsimikiziranso kuti maulamuliro oyera a Kum'maŵa amatsutsana. "
Rankin anapeza kuti Economic Defence Board idalandira chilango chachuma pasanathe sabata pambuyo pa msonkhano wa Atlantic. Pa December 2, 1941, a New York Times Akuti, Japan "adachotsedwa pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya malonda ake ovomerezeka ndi Allied blockade." Rankin ananenanso mawu a Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, Loweruka Tsiku Lachitatu ya October 10, 1942, kuti pa November 28, 1941, masiku asanu ndi anayi asanayambe kuukiridwa, Wachiwiri Wachiwiri William F. Halsey, Jr, (iye ali ndi mawu omveka akuti "Apha Japs! Apha Japs!") adamupatsa malangizo ena "kuwombera pansi chirichonse chimene tinachiwona mlengalenga ndi kuponya mabomba chilichonse chimene tinaona panyanja."
General George Marshall adavomereza kuti bungwe la Congress ku 1945 lidati: kuti malamulowa adathyoledwa, kuti United States idakhazikitsa mgwirizano wa Anglo-Dutch-America kuti agwirizane ndi dziko la Japan ndikuziika patsogolo pa Pearl Harbor, ndi kuti United States akuluakulu a asilikali ake kupita ku China kukachita nkhondo pamaso pa Pearl Harbor. Sizinsinsi kuti zimatengera mphamvu ziwiri za nkhondo kuti zimenye nkhondo (mosiyana ndi pamene nkhondo ina yamenyana ndi dziko losasamaliridwa) kapena kuti izi sizinali zosiyana ndi lamuloli.
Chikumbutso cha October 1940 ndi Luteni Wachiwiri Arthur H. McCollum chinachitidwa ndi Pulezidenti Roosevelt ndi akuluakulu ake akuluakulu. Iwo adafuna kuti machitidwe asanu ndi atatu omwe McCollum adaneneratu adzatsogolera a Japan, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito mabungwe a British ku Singapore komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida za Dutch ku Indonesia tsopano, kuthandiza boma la China, kutumiza magawano aatali oyendetsa katundu ku Philippines kapena Singapore, kutumiza magawo awiri a sitima zapamadzi ku "Kum'maŵa," kusunga mphamvu zazikulu za zombo ku Hawaii, kunena kuti a Dutch amadana mafuta a ku Japan, ndipo amalephera kuchita malonda onse ndi Japan mogwirizana ndi Ufumu wa Britain .
Tsiku lotsatira pambuyo pa mchitidwe wa McCollum, Dipatimenti ya State inauza anthu a ku America kuti achoke m'madera akutali, ndipo Roosevelt adalamula kuti ndegeyi ikhale ku Hawaii chifukwa cha kutsutsa kovuta kwa Admiral James O. Richardson yemwe adalankhula Pulezidenti kuti "Posakhalitsa Japan adzachita Ambiri amatsutsana ndi United States ndipo dzikoli likanaloledwa kupita kunkhondo. "Uthenga umene Admiral Harold Stark anatumiza kwa Admiral Husband Kimmel pa November 28, 1941, werengani kuti," NGATI MAFUNSO ANGAKHALE KUTI AKUWONONGEDWE NTCHITO YOPHUNZIRA UNITED STATES JAPAN KODI MUZIKHALA CHIYANI CHOYAMBA? "Joseph Rochefort, yemwe anali woyambitsa ndondomeko yolankhulana ndi a Navy, yemwe adathandiza kuti asalankhulane ndi Pearl Harbor, adzalongosola kuti:" Zinali mtengo wotsika kwambiri wolipira dzikoli. . "
Usiku wotsatira chiwonetserochi, Purezidenti Roosevelt anali ndi a Edward R. Murrow ndi Wogwirizira wa Roosevelt wa Information William Donovan pa chakudya chamadzulo ku White House, ndipo Purezidenti onse amafuna kudziwa ngati anthu aku America avomereze nkhondo. Donovan ndi Murrow adamutsimikizira kuti anthu avomerezadi nkhondo tsopano. Pambuyo pake Donovan adauza womuthandizira wake kuti kudabwa kwa Roosevelt sikunali kwa anthu ena omuzungulira, ndikuti iye, Roosevelt, walandila chiwonetserochi. Murrow adalephera kugona usiku womwewo ndipo adazunzidwa moyo wake wonse ndi zomwe adazitcha "nkhani yayikulu kwambiri m'moyo wanga" yomwe sananenepo, koma yomwe sanafunikire kutero. Tsiku lotsatira, Purezidenti adalankhula za tsiku lamanyazi, United States Congress idalengeza nkhondo yomaliza yomenyera Constitutional m'mbiri ya Republic, ndipo Purezidenti wa Federal Council of Churches, Dr. George A. Buttrick, adakhala membala wa Chiyanjano cha Chiyanjanitso chikuyesetsa kukana nkhondo.
Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa nthano ya Pearl Harbour, yogwiritsidwanso ntchito pa 9-11, siyomwe imayambitsa zovuta zowononga za nkhondo za 1920s ndi 1930 zomwe zidabweretsa World War II, koma zimayang'anira malingaliro ankhondo anthawi zonse a 75 zaka, komanso momwe nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse idakwera, kuchuluka, ndikukwaniritsidwa.
Lawrence S. Wittner analemba kuti, "Atasokonezeka mu 1942, ndi mphekesera zakukonza chiwonongeko cha Nazi, a Jessie Wallace Hughan adada nkhawa kuti lamuloli, lomwe limawoneka ngati 'lachilengedwe, malinga ndi malingaliro awo,' lingachitike ngati nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi anapitiriza. Adalemba kuti, 'Zikuwoneka kuti njira yokhayo yopulumutsira masauzande mwina mamiliyoni a Ayuda aku Europe ku chiwonongeko, ndi boma lathu kufalitsa lonjezo' la 'omenyera nkhondo kuti ochepa aku Europe asazunzidwenso. . . . Zingakhale zoyipa kwambiri ngati miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pano titha kupeza kuti vutoli lafikadi popanda kuchita chilichonse kuti tipewe. ' Maulosi ake atakwaniritsidwa bwino pofika 1943, adalembera ku State department ndi a New York Times, akudandaula kuti 'mamiliyoni awiri [Ayuda] adamwalira kale' ndikuti 'enanso mamiliyoni awiri adzaphedwa kumapeto kwa nkhondo.' Apanso adapempha kuti nkhondoyi ithe, ponena kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa asitikali aku Germany kudzabwezeretsanso mbuzi yachiyuda. 'Kupambana sikudzawapulumutsa,' adaumirira, 'chifukwa anthu akufa sangamasulidwe.' ”
Hitler anapha mamiliyoni a Ajeremani, koma ogwirizana anapha ambiri kapena kuposerapo, Ajeremani adalamula kuti amenye nkhondo ndi a Hitler kapena Achijeremani pamalo olakwika pamene bomba lomwe adagwirizana nalo lidagwa. Ndipo, monga Hughan adanenera panthawiyo, nkhondoyi idayambitsa kupha anthu ambiri, monga momwe kubwezera nkhondo yapitayo kudalipo zaka mazana anayi zapitazo zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chidani, kunyoza, ndi kuwuka kwa Hitlerism.
Mwa kukana nkhondo omwe akukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima cha US abwera, pamapeto pake, chitukuko chokana kusankhana mitundu mu ndende za US zomwe pambuyo pake zidafalikira ku mtunduwo kunja kwa ndende pomwe olimbirana ufulu akufuna kubwereza kupambana kwawo pamlingo wokulirapo. Komanso kuchokera ku chinthu choyipitsitsa chomwe mitundu yathu tidadzipangira tokha, Nkhondo Yadziko II, chingabwere kuofesi yankhondo yanthawi zonse. Titha kuwonjezera mphamvu yakuvotera anthu ambiri aku America pomwe, nthabwala zoyipa kwambiri, kusintha voti kukhala bizinesi yopanda tanthauzo. Titha kujambula chovala chatsopano chokomera demokalase yathu kwinaku tikuichotsa mkatimo, ndikuyiyika ndi makina ankhondo omwe pulaneti idawonapo ndipo satha kukhalamo.
Kufalitsa Nkhani Zabodza
Dziko la United States ndilo nkhondo yowonongeka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imakhala yaikulu kwambiri m'mayiko akunja, komanso wogulitsa zida zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi. Koma pamene United States ikutuluka pansi pa mabulangete momwe ikugwa ikunjenjemera ndi mantha, imadziona ngati osalakwa. Alibe tchuthi choti asunge nkhondo yopambana m'malingaliro a aliyense. Ili ndi tchuthi chokumbukira kuukira kwa Japan pa Pearl Harbor - ndipo tsopano, imodzi, mwina yoyera kwambiri, kukumbukira, osati "kuwopsa komanso mantha" kuwonongedwa kwa Baghdad, koma milandu ya pa Seputembara 11, 2001, "Pearl Harbor yatsopano" . ”
Mofananamo ndi Israeli, koma mosiyanasiyana, United States imayang'anitsitsa kwambiri nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, yodetsedwa kwambiri pamtunda waku Southern ndi US Civil War. Chikondi chakumwera kwa US kwa Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe ndi chikondi kwa nkhondo yomwe inatayika, komanso kuchitidwa nkhanza komanso chilungamo cha kubwezera chidachitika chaka ndi chaka ndi asilikali a US.
Chikondi cha ku America pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndichonso, makamaka, kukonda nkhondo yomwe yatayika. Izi zitha kumveka zosamveka, chifukwa nthawi yomweyo ndimakonda kwambiri nkhondo yomwe yapambana. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse idakali mtundu waku US woti mwina tsiku lina adzapambananso nkhondo, popeza yatayika padziko lonse lapansi kwazaka 71 kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Koma malingaliro aku US a WWII nawonso modabwitsa ofanana ndi aku Russia.
Russia idazunzidwa mwankhanza ndi a Nazi, koma adapirira ndikupambana nkhondoyo. United States imadzikhulupirira yokha kuti "idachitidwa" mozama ndi a Nazi. Izi, pambuyo pa zonse, zinali zabodza zomwe zidatengera United States kunkhondo. Panalibe liwu limodzi lokhudza kupulumutsa Ayuda kapena chilichonse chabwino. M'malo mwake, Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt akuti ali ndi mapu amalingaliro a Anazi ojambula ku America.
Hollywood yapanga makanema ochepa komanso makanema apawailesi yakanema yokhudza nkhondo zina zonse kuphatikiza, poyerekeza ndimasewera onena za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, yomwe itha kukhala mutu wotchuka kwambiri. Sitikumira m'mafilimu olimbikitsa zakubedwa kumpoto kwa Mexico kapena kulandidwa kwa Philippines. Nkhondo yaku Korea imasewera pang'ono. Ngakhale nkhondo yaku Vietnam komanso nkhondo zaposachedwa kwambiri sizimalimbikitsa owerenga nkhani aku US ngati Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ndipo 90% ya nkhanizi zimakhudzana ndi nkhondo yaku Europe, osati Asia.
Nkhani yaku Europe ndiyokondedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha zoyipa zina za mdani waku Germany. Kuti US idaletsa mtendere osapambana pa Nkhondo Yadziko I pomenya Germany, kenako ndikuilanga mwankhanza, kenako ndikuthandizira a Nazi - zonsezi zayiwalika mosavuta kuposa bomba la nyukiliya lomwe United States idagwetsa ku Japan. Koma ndi kuukira kwa Japan pa Disembala 7, 1941, komanso kuwukira kosangalatsa kwa Nazi, komwe kumakopa anthu aku US kuti kuchita nkhondo ku Europe kunali kuteteza. Chifukwa chake mbiri yaku United States yophunzitsa Japan muukazitape kenako ndikukwiyitsa ndi kukwiyitsa Japan iyeneranso kuyiwalika.
Amazon.com, bungwe lokhala ndi mgwirizano waukulu wa CIA, ndipo mwini wake ndi mwini wake Washington Post, yakhazikitsa mndandanda wapa TV wotchedwa ndiMwamuna ku High Castle. Nkhaniyi idakhazikitsidwa mu 1960s ndi Anazi okhala magawo atatu a United States ndi Achi Japan ena onse. Mu chilengedwe chonsechi, chiwombolo chomaliza chimapezeka ku Germany kukhala mtundu womwe waponya mabomba anyukiliya.
Opambana a Axis, ndi atsogoleri awo okalamba, adakhazikitsa ndikusunga ufumu wakale - osati ngati maboma aku US m'ma proxy, koma kugwira ntchito kwathunthu, ngati United States ku Iraq. Zilibe kanthu kuti izi zikumveka bwanji. Ndizochitika zomveka bwino zomwe zitha kukhala zongopeka ku US za wina akuchitira zomwe zimachitira ena. Chifukwa chake milandu yaku US pano mzaka za 2000 zimakhala "zodzitchinjiriza," monga zimachitira ena iwo asanachitire izi.
Kukaniza kosavomerezeka sikupezeka mu Gawo Loyamba Chigawo chimodzi mwazomwe zakhala zikuyenda bwino, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti sizinakhalepo zaka zambiri nthawi imeneyo. Koma zingatheke bwanji? Gulu loyimitsidwa chifukwa chachiwawa - ngakhale chongoganiza chabe - silingafotokozere zomwe zachitikazo kwa asitikali aku US. Omwe akukhala ku Germany ndi ku Japan akuyenera kukumana ndi ziwawa zokha, ngakhale mosasunthika munthawi yomwe njira zachiwawa zimadziwika, pomwe gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe limatsutsana kwambiri ndi fascism yaku US.
"Nkhondo isanachitike ... munthu aliyense anali womasuka," atero m'modzi mwa azungu okongola omwe ndi ngwazi zonse komanso anthu ena oyipa omwe ali mgululi. M'malo mochita zipolowe, McCarthyism, Vietnam, komanso njira zothanirana ndi kuyesa zopanda mphamvu zomwe zidachitikadi, United States iyi ikuphatikizanso kuwotcha Ayuda, olumala, ndi omwe akudwala mwakayakaya. Kusiyanitsa ndi malingaliro olingaliridwa akale a Nazi omwe "amuna onse [koma osati akazi?] Anali omasuka" ndichabwino kwambiri. Wina akufuna kuti America ikhale yayikulu.
Amazon imatiwonetsanso ife a Nazi omwe ali ngati United States momwe amakhalira: kuzunza ndikupha adani. Chilumba cha Rikers ndi ndende yankhanza pawonetsero iyi ya TV komanso zenizeni. Mwachiwonetsero ichi, zizindikilo zakukonda dziko la US ndi Nazi zaphatikizidwa mosadukiza. Kunena zowona, asitikali aku US adaphatikizira malingaliro ambiri a Nazi komanso ma Nazi ambiri omwe adawapeza kudzera mu Operation Paperclip - njira ina yomwe US idataya WWII ngati tikuganiza kuti kupambana ngati demokalase kugonjetsa mtundu wa anthu omwe Donald Trump atha kuchita bwino.
United States lero ikwanitsa kuwona othawa kwawo kuchokera kunkhondo zomwe amenya kumayiko akutali ngati adani owopsa, monga a Nazi atsopano, monganso atsogoleri andale aku US amatcha atsogoleri akunja ngati a Hitler atsopano. Ndi nzika zaku US kuwombera malo pagulu pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, pomwe kupha kotereku akuti kumachitika ndi Msilamu, makamaka Msilamu wokhala ndi chifundo kwa omenyera nkhondo akunja, ndiye kuti sikungowombera chabe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti United States yaukiridwa. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti chilichonse chomwe chimachita "chimadzitchinjiriza"
Kodi Venezuela imasankha atsogoleri omwe US akuwadana nawo? Izi ndizowopseza "chitetezo chadziko" - zoopsa zamatsenga zowononga ndikukhala ku United States ndikuwakakamiza kuti azunze ndikupha atavala mbendera ina. Malingaliro awa samachokera kwina kulikonse. Zimachokera ku mapulogalamu monga Mwamuna wa ku High Castle.
Nthano za Pearl Harbor sindiwo gawo chabe la zosangalatsa. Nayi fayilo ya nkhani ya nyuzipepala:
“Pearl Harbor ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse zidatibweretsa tonse pamodzi. Timakhulupirira kuti sitingamenyedwe. Ndipo tidapambana. Koma ndichifukwa chiyani Congress tsopano ili ndi cholinga chowononga malingaliro athu okonda dziko lathu ndikuwononga chitetezo chathu chadziko? Mamembala ambiri a Congress akufuna kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito poteteza dziko lawo pofuna kubweza ngongole zawo, osakwaniritsa udindo wawo monga oimira athu komanso kusamalira magulu ena andale chifukwa chazakudya zawo (nyama ya nkhumba) ndi zisankho zikubwerazi. Amayiwala (kapena sakudziwa) kuti cholinga chawo choyamba nambala 1 ndikuteteza dziko lathu, ndipo zokhudzana ndi izi, chitetezo chamabwinja athu. . . .
"Popeza kuti America idayiwala zomwe zidachitika ku Pearl Harbor ndikuchepetsa chitetezo chake zathandiza kuti ziwopsezo za 9/11 zichitike? Ndipo kuyiwala ndi umbuli kumeneku kudzalimbikitsa zofuna za zigawenga kuti ziwonjezere kuwukira? Chifukwa '' supercommittee '' ya Congress yalephera kukwaniritsa nthawi yomaliza mwezi watha kuti azindikire $ 1.2 trilioni pazosunga, zomwe zidayambitsidwa tsopano zayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2013, kuphatikiza $ 600 biliyoni yodzitchinjiriza. Ngati Congress ikuloledwa kudula bajeti yankhondo, kuukira kwina kumatha.
"Tiyenera kuyitanitsa purezidenti, atsogoleri athu amilandu, ma senema athu awiri ndi omwe akuyimira Nyumba yathu kuti awawuze kusiya zopusa zawo, kukonzanso bajeti ndi asitikali a Veterans Affairs, ngakhale kuonjezera kuti tonse tithe kulimbikitsa mapulogalamu athu kafukufuku ndi chitukuko kuti tikhalebe ankhondo akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso kulemekeza ndi kulemekeza ngwazi zathu zakale.
"Tikawalola kuti ateteze chitetezo chonse kuti atuluke ku Iraq, ndipo pamapeto pake Afghanistan (zomwe mwina ndizolakwika, koma zokambiranazo zidzakhala za tsiku lina), sipadzakhalanso ndalama zofufuzira zotsalira. 1, palibe kukonzanso, kulibe akasinja atsopano, ndege, zombo ndi ma drones, ngakhalenso zida zankhondo komanso magalimoto abwinoko. ”
Mosasamala kanthu kuti mumakhulupirira nthano ya Pearl Harbor, ndizovuta kwambiri kukana kuti ili ndi dziko losiyana. United States sikuti imangokhala ndi asitikali okwera mtengo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, koma imodzi kukula kwa mayiko ena onse padziko lapansi. United States ili ndi mabungwe kapena asitikali m'maiko ena ambiri padziko lapansi. United States ikulamulira nyanja ndi kutalikirana. United States yadula dzikoli mpaka m'malo olamula. Congress ikuponya theka la ndalama zomwe asankha mwanjira yankhondo. Ngakhale kuti awonjezerapo kawiri ndalamazi, zonse mu madola enieni komanso monga gawo la bajeti kuyambira 9-11, chowonadi ndichakuti zida zanyukiliya komanso ufumu wazitsulo ndi ndalama zonse zopanda malire sizikugwirizana ndi 9- 11 kupatula kutumikira kuti ayipse. Nyuzipepala yanu ikukufunsani kuti mukakhale m'dziko lamaloto, ndikuwononga ili mkati.
Palibe akasinja atsopano? Palibe ndege zatsopano? $ 600 biliyoni ikumveka yayikulu, koma pazaka 10 ndi $ 60 biliyoni kuchokera ku bajeti ya "chitetezo" yapachaka ya trilioni - kutanthauza 6%. Zomwe zimafunikira kuti zisanduke zochulukirapo m'malo modula ndikuzichotsa mu "bajeti" yomwe imakwera kuposa 6%. Ngati kudulidwa kulikonse kumachitika, mutha kukhala otsimikiza kuti oimira athu olakwika adzachita zonse zomwe angathe kuti atenge ndalamazo m'malo omwe si ankhondo, kapena kuti achepetse phindu la asitikali m'malo mwa akasinja ndi ndege zopindulitsa ndi zina zambiri, pafupifupi palibe zomwe zili ndi chochita ndi "chitetezo."
Kuwerengera Nkhani zabodzazi
Tikamawerenga Ulysses pa Bloomsday tsiku lililonse la Juni 16 (kapena tiyenera ngati sititero) Ndikuganiza kuti Disembala 7 aliyense sayenera kungokumbukira Lamulo Lalikulu la 1682 lomwe linaletsa nkhondo ku Pennsylvania komanso ku Pearl Harbor, osati pokondwerera boma la permawar lomwe idakhalapo zaka 75, koma powerenga The Golden Age Gore Vidal ndi kulemba ndi Joyce ena ndi nthawi ya golide ya anti-isolationist kupha anthu ambiri omwe aphatikiza miyoyo ya nzika iliyonse ya US pansi pa zaka za 75.
Tsiku la Golden Age liyenera kuphatikizapo kuwerengera pagulu buku la Vidal komanso kuvomereza kosangalatsa kwa Washington Post, New York Times Book Review, ndi mapepala ena onse ogwira ntchito mchaka cha 2000, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti 1 BWT (nkhondo isanachitike). Palibe m'modzi mwa nyuzipepalayi yemwe adadziwa momwe adasindikizira momwe Purezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt adayendetsera United States pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Komabe buku la Vidal - lofotokozedwa ngati zopeka, komabe limangokhala pazinthu zolembedwa - amafotokoza nkhaniyo moona mtima, ndipo mwanjira ina mtundu womwe adagwiritsa ntchito kapena wolemba mbiri yake kapena luso lake lolemba kapena kutalika kwa bukulo (masamba ochulukirapo kuti akonzi akulu akhale kuvutitsidwa ndi) kumamupatsa chilolezo choti anene zowona.
Zedi, anthu ena awerenga The Golden Age ndipo adatsutsa zosayenera zake, koma akhalabe olemekezeka kwambiri. Ndikhoza kukhumudwitsa chifukwa cholemba poyera za zomwe zili. Chinyengo, chomwe ndimalimbikitsa kwambiri kwa onse, ndicho kupereka kapena kulangiza buku kwa ena popanda kuwauza zomwe zili mmenemo.
Ngakhale wopanga makanema ndiwotchuka m'bukuli, sizinapangidwe kuti zikhale kanema, monga momwe ndikudziwira - koma zochitika zofala powerenga pagulu zitha kupangitsa kuti izi zichitike.
In The Golden Age, tikutsatira mkati mwazitseko zonse zatsekedwa, monga a British akunyengerera ku US ku nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, monga Pulezidenti Roosevelt akudzipereka kwa Prime Minister Winston Churchill, monga otentha omwe akuyendetsa msonkhano wa Republican kuti atsimikizire kuti onse maphwando omwe amasankha otsogolera ku 1940 okonzeka kuyitanira pa mtendere pamene akukonzekera nkhondo, monga FDR ikulakalaka kuthamanga zaka zitatu zisanachitike monga mtsogoleri wa nthawi ya nkhondo koma ayenera kudzikonzekera yekha poyambitsa ndondomeko ndi kulengeza monga president wa drafttime panthaŵi yomwe anthu akuganiza kuti ndizoopsa, ndipo monga FDR ikuyesa kukakamiza Japan kuti iwononge nthawi yomwe akufuna.
Zolemba zake ndizowopsa. Roosevelt amalimbikitsa zamtendere ("pokhapokha atakumana"), monga Wilson, ngati Johnson, ngati Nixon, ngati Obama. Roosevelt, chisankho chisanachitike, amaika a Henry Stimson ngati Secretary of War wokonda nkhondo osati mosiyana ndi omwe adasankhidwa ndi a Donald Trump.
Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko Lonse Sinali Nkhondo Yachilungamo
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse imatchedwa "nkhondo yabwino," ndipo kuyambira nthawi ya nkhondo ya US ku Vietnam yomwe idasiyanitsidwa panthawiyo. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi ilamulira kwambiri US komanso chifukwa chakumadzulo komanso maphunziro, kotero kuti "zabwino" nthawi zambiri zimangotanthauza "osati chabe."
Wopambana wa 2016 "Miss Italy" wazithunzi wokongola adadzitukumula pokana kunena kuti akadakonda kukhala moyo wonse pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Ngakhale anali kusekedwa, iye sanali yekha. Ambiri angafune kukhala nawo pazinthu zomwe zimawonetsedwa kuti ndizabwino, zamphamvu komanso zosangalatsa. Ngati angapezeke makina a nthawi, ndikulimbikitsa kuti awerenge zomwe ananena omenyera ufulu wa WWII komanso opulumuka asanabwerere kuti adzakhale nawo pa chisangalalo.
Ziribe kanthu kuti zaka zingati munthu amalemba mabuku, kufunsidwa mafunso, kufalitsa mizati, ndikuyankhula pamisonkhano, zimakhalabe zosatheka kuti atulutse zochitika ku United States komwe mudalimbikitsa nkhondo popanda wina kukumenya ndi funso loti-nkhondo-yanji. Chikhulupiriro chakuti panali nkhondo yabwino 75 zaka zapitazo ndi gawo lalikulu la zomwe zimapangitsa anthu aku US kulekerera kutaya madola triliyoni pachaka kuti akonzekere ngati kuli nkhondo yabwino chaka chamawa, ngakhale kumenyedwa nkhondo zambiri mzaka zapitazi za 71 pomwe pamakhala mgwirizano pazonse zomwe sizinali zabwino. Popanda nthano zokhazikika, zokhazikika pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, zonena zamakono za Russia kapena Syria kapena Iraq kapena China zikadamveka zopanda pake kwa anthu ambiri momwe zimamvekera kwa ine. Ndipo zowona ndalama zomwe zimapangidwa ndi nthano ya Nkhondo Yabwino zimabweretsa nkhondo zoyipa zambiri, m'malo mopewa. Ndalemba pamutuwu nthawi yayitali m'mabuku ndi mabuku ambiri, makamaka Nkhondo Ndi Bodza. Koma ndipereka apa mfundo zazikulu zingapo zomwe ziyenera kuyika pang'ono kukayikira m'malingaliro a othandizira aku US ambiri a WWII ngati Nkhondo Yongoyenera.
Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse siidatha kuchitika popanda nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, popanda njira yopusa yakuyambanso nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi komanso njira yothetsera nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse yomwe inachititsa anthu ambiri anzeru kunena kuti nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse idzachitika pena, kapena popanda ndalama za Wall Street kwa zaka makumi angapo (monga ovomerezeka kwa amakominisi), kapena popanda masewera a zida ndi zosankha zambiri zoipa zomwe sizikuyenera kubwerezedwa mtsogolomu.
Nkhondoyo sinali yothandiza anthu ndipo sinayigulitsidwebe mpaka itatha. Palibe wolemba wakufunsani kuti muthandize amalume Sam kupulumutsa Ayuda. Sitima yothawa yachiyuda kuchokera ku Germany idathamangitsidwa ku Miami ndi Coast Guard. US ndi mayiko ena anakana kulandira othawa kwawo achiyuda, ndipo ambiri aanthu aku US adagwirizana ndi izi. Magulu amtendere omwe adafunsa Prime Minister Winston Churchill ndi mlembi wake wakunja kuti atumiza Ayuda ku Germany kuti awapulumutse adauzidwa kuti, ngakhale Hitler angavomerezane kwambiri ndi mapulaniwo, zingakhale zovuta kwambiri ndikufunanso sitima zambiri. A US sanachite nawo zandale kapena nkhondo kuti apulumutse ozunzidwa m'misasa yachibalo ya Nazi. Anne Frank adakanidwa visa yaku US.
Ngakhale mfundoyi ilibe chochita ndi wolemba mbiri woopsa wa WWII ngati Nkhondo Yachilungamo, ndizofunikira kwambiri ku nthano za US kotero ndiphatikiza pano mfundo yofunika kuchokera ku Nicholson Baker:
"Anthony Eden, mlembi wachilendo wa ku Britain, amene anagwira ntchito ndi Churchill poyankha mafunso okhudza othawa kwawo, adalankhula mopanda mantha ndi mmodzi mwa nthumwi zofunikira, akunena kuti kulimbikitsa kulimbikitsa Ayuda ku Hitler kunali 'kosatheka.' Ali paulendo wopita ku United States, Edene anawuza a Cordell Hull, mlembi wa boma kuti, "Chovuta kwambiri ndi kufunsa Hitler kwa Ayuda chinali chakuti Hitler akhoza kutitengera ku zombo zoterezi, komanso njira zonyamulira padziko lapansi kuti ziwathandize. ' Churchill anavomera. Iye anayankha poyankha kalata ina yochonderera kuti: 'Ngakhale kuti tinayenera kulandira chilolezo chochotsa Ayuda onse,' kayendedwe kokha kokha kamakhala ndi vuto lomwe lingakhale lovuta kuthetsa. ' Osatengeka komanso kutengeka kokwanira? Zaka ziwiri m'mbuyo mwake, a British adachoka pafupi ndi amuna a 340,000 kuchokera kumapiri a Dunkirk masiku asanu ndi atatu okha. Ndege ya ku US ya United States inali ndi ndege zambirimbiri zatsopano. Panthawiyi, a Allies amatha kuwuluka ndi kutumiza othawa kwawo ambirimbiri kuchokera ku Germany. "
Mbali "yabwino" ya nkhondoyi siyidaperekenso chiyembekezo pa zomwe zidzakhale zoyambira pakati pa zoyipa za mbali “yoyipa” yankhondo.
Nkhondoyo sinali yoteteza. Mlandu ungachitike kuti US idafunikira kulowa kunkhondo ku Europe kuti iteteze mayiko ena, omwe adalowa kuti ateteze mayiko ena, koma mlandu ungapangidwenso kuti US idakulitsa chiwopsezo cha anthu wamba, ndikuwonjezera nkhondo, ndipo awonongera zowonjezereka kuposa zomwe zikanachitika, US akanapanda kuchita chilichonse, kuyesera zokambirana, kapena kuyika ndalama posachita zachiwawa. Kungonena kuti ufumu wa Nazi ukanatha tsiku lina kuphatikizanso kukhala ku United States sikungatengeke ndipo sikunatengedwe ndi zitsanzo zakale kapena zamtsogolo za nkhondo zina.
Ife tsopano tikudziwa zambiri mochulukirapo ndipo ndi deta yambiri yomwe kusagwirizana ndi kusagwirizana ndi ntchito ndi kusalungama kumawoneka bwino kwambiri-ndipo kuti kupambana kungakhale kosatha kuposa kukana zachiwawa. Ndi chidziwitso ichi, tikhoza kuyang'ana mmbuyo pamapambana opambana a zochita zotsutsana ndi chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha Nazareti chimene sichinawonetsedwe bwino kapena kumangidwira kupitirira kupambana kwawo koyamba.
Nkhondo Yabwino sinali yabwino kwa asitikali. Posowa maphunziro apamwamba amakono komanso malingaliro okonzekeretsa asirikali kuti achite zachiwawa zakupha, ena mwa 80 peresenti ya aku US ndi ankhondo ena pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse sanaponye zida zawo kwa "mdani." Zomwe ankhondo a WWII adathandizidwa bwino nkhondo itatha kuposa asitikali ena m'mbuyomu kapena chiyambire, zidali zotsatira za kukakamiza kumene kunapangidwa ndi Bonus Army pambuyo pa nkhondo yapitayi. Kuti ma veterans amapatsidwa koleji aulere, chisamaliro chaumoyo, komanso penshoni sizinali chifukwa cha kuyenera kwa nkhondoyo kapena mwanjira ina chifukwa cha nkhondo. Popanda nkhondoyi, aliyense akhoza kupatsidwa koleji yaulere kwa zaka zambiri. Ngati titha kupereka maphunziro aulere kwa aliyense lero, zikadafunikira zochulukirapo kuposa nkhani za Nkhondo Yadziko II ya Hollywood kuti anthu ambiri akhale m'malo ophunzitsira asitikali.
Kawirikawiri chiŵerengero cha anthu omwe anaphedwa m'misasa ya Germany anaphedwa kunja kwa iwo pankhondo. Ambiri mwa anthu amenewo anali anthu wamba. Kukula kwa kupha, kuvulaza, ndi kuwononga kunapanga WWII kukhala chinthu choyipa kwambiri chomwe munthu adzichitira yekha pa nthawi yochepa. Tili kuganiza kuti ogwirizanawo anali "otsutsana" ndi kupha kochepa m'misasa. Koma izi sizingagwiritse ntchito chithandizo chamankhwala chomwe chinali choipitsitsa kuposa matendawa.
Kuchulukitsa nkhondoyi kuphatikiza kuwonongedwa konse kwa anthu wamba ndi mizindayi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mizindayi ikhale yolanda mizindayo idachotsa WWII mu ntchito zaphokoso kwa ambiri omwe adateteza kuyambika kwake. Kuyesera kudzipereka mopanda malire ndikuyesetsa kuti akuchulukitse imfa ndi kuvutika kunawononga kwambiri ndikusiyira cholowa chake choyipa.
Kupha anthu ambiri kumanenedwa kuti ndi loipa kumbali ya "nkhondo" yabwino, koma osati mbali "yoyipa". Kusiyanitsa pakati pa ziwirizi sikunayambe konse kukhala kosatheka. United States inali ndi mbiri yayitali ngati boma la tsankho. Miyambo yaku US ypondapondere a ku America, kuchitapo kanthu kupha anthu amtundu wathunthu ku America, komanso kulumikizana ndi anthu aku America ku Japan idaperekanso mapulogalamu ena omwe adauza a Nazi aku Germany-awa adaphatikizanso misasa ya Native Americaans, komanso mapulogalamu a eugenics ndi kuyesa kwa anthu komwe kunalipo kale, nthawi, komanso pambuyo pa nkhondo.
Chimodzi mwazinthu izi zidaphatikizapo kupereka syphilis kwa anthu aku Guatemala nthawi yomweyo ziyeso za Nuremberg zikuchitika. Asitikali aku US adalemba ganyu a Nazi apamwamba kumapeto kwa nkhondo; zigwirizane momwemo. US idafunafuna ufumu wadziko lonse, nkhondo isanachitike, mkati mwake, kuyambira pamenepo. Nero aku Germany lero, oletsedwa kugwedeza mbendera ya Nazi, nthawi zina amawaza mbendera ya ma Confederate States of America m'malo mwake.
Mbali "yabwino" ya "nkhondo yabwino," chipani chomwe chidapha ndi kufera mbali yopambana, chinali chikominisi Soviet Union. Izi sizipangitsa kuti nkhondoyo ikhale yopambana chikominisi, koma zimawononga nthano za Washington ndi Hollywood zakupambana kwa "demokalase."
Nkhondo Yadziko II isanathe. Anthu wamba ku United States sanakhale ndi misonkho mpaka Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndipo izi sizinayime. Unayenera kukhala wosakhalitsa. Nthaka za WWII-zomangidwa padziko lapansi sizinatsekepo. Asitikali aku US sanachoke ku Germany kapena Japan. Pali mabomba oposa 100,000 US ndi Britain omwe adakali pansi ku Germany, akupabe.
Kubwereranso zaka 75 kupita ku dziko lopanda zida za nyukiliya, zopanga, malamulo, ndi zizolowezi zonse kuwongolera zomwe zakhala ndalama zazikulu kwambiri ku United States m'zaka zilizonse zapitazo chifukwa chodzinyenga chodabwitsa chomwe sichingachitike. tidayesa kulungamitsa bizinesi yaying'ono. Ingoganizirani kuti ndalakwitsa chilichonse, ndipo mukuyenera kufotokozabe momwe chochitika kuyambira ma 1940s choyambirira chimalungamitsira kutaya madola miliyoni a 2017 kukhala ndalama zankhondo zomwe zikadatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsa, kuvala, kuchiritsa, ndi kupulumutsa mamiliyoni a anthu, komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.
