Chikumbutso cha Nkhondo Chotsutsa Zida Zonse za Nkhondo

Ndi David Swanson

“Yemwe amalamulira zakale, amawongolera zamtsogolo. Yemwe akulamulira pakadali pano amayang'anira zakale. ” -Orwell

Boma la US lifika pansi pa mbiya. Pokhala mutanyamula masentimita asanu ndi awiri a National Mall ndi zipilala za nkhondo iliyonse yomwe iwo akufuna kuvomereza, kuphatikizapo nkhondo ku Vietnam ndi Korea, kuphatikizapo nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse, atsogoleri athu okondedwa atsimikiza kuti wina Chiwonetsero cha nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse ndizofunika, ndipo zidzamangidwa ku Pershing Park (yomwe imatchedwa 1981 kwa Nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse panthawiyo idakonzedwa mokwanira).

Ameneyo mwina si vet vet WWI wobadwanso pa benchi pamwambapa, koma msirikali wachichepere yemwe akutulutsa ulemu wa omwe adaphedwa kale.

Kulemekezedwa kwatsopano kumeneku kupha anthu akuyenera kumalizidwa ndi Tsiku la Armistice 2018, kapena zomwe ife tikudziwa tsopano monga zosiyana ndi Tsiku la Kumenyana, lomwe ndi Veterans Day. Zophiphiritsira zimakhala zovuta. Panthawi ya nkhondoyo kuthetsa nkhondo zonse, tchuthi lamtendere lomwe linasandulika kukhala tchuthi la nkhondo panthawi ya nkhondo ya Korea idzakondwezedwa ndi ufumu wofuna kulemekeza nkhondo zonse zapitazo kuti akhalebe atsopano.

Chikumbutso cha WWI ndicho reductio ad absurdum za kutsutsa kulemekeza nkhondo zonse. Victor Berger atanena kuti onse a WWI adapatsa United States chiwindi ndi kuletsa, kunali koyambirira kwambiri kuti awonjezere WWII ndi makampani ogwira ntchito zamagulu komanso kuponderezedwa kwa Middle East komwe sikudzakondweretsenso lero lino. Koma anthu a US adagwirizana naye. Kunyansidwa kwapachiyambi kunapanga nthawi yamtendere kwambiri mu mbiri yakale ya US ikutsatira nkhondo. Boma la US linakakamizidwa ndi ntchito yotchuka kuti atsogolere mwalamulo kuletsa nkhondo zonse ndi Kellogg-Briand Pact, yomwe ikadali m'mabuku. Zofuna zapagulu zidayeneranso kupanga chofunikira pakuyitanidwa pagulu la United States United States isanayambitse (mosaloledwa) nkhondo - zomwe mwina zidasintha zaka 100 zapitazi.

Ali kuti chikumbutso kwa iwo omwe adapita kundende chifukwa chokana kupenga kwa "Nkhondo Yaikulu"? Zili kuti ngakhale chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri cha momwe nkhondo idagulitsidwira, komanso momwe zidamvekera ikamalizidwa? Palibe mtundu womwewo womwe ungapezeke pa webusaiti a opanga zipilala. Mabodza a Woodrow Wilson onena za Lusitania ndi nkhanza za ku Germany ku Belgium zinapanga zankhondo zamakono zamakono ndipo zinayambitsa kukayikira kwakukulu, molakwika monga momwe zinakhalira, za nkhani zam'tsogolo za nkhanza za Nazi. Koma anthu akufuna kukumbukira nkhondo nkhondo zikale zatha kuti zisatanthauzidwe kalikonse. Ndipotu, iwo amangokhala amagwira Malarkey a Wilson wopanda ndemanga, ngati kuti anali ndi ubale wina ndi zomwe zidachitikadi. Izi zitha kukhala ngati kujambula Mawu a Colin Powell a UN pachikumbutso cha Iraq War ku 2103, zomwe ndikutsimikiza zakonzedwa kale. Quoth Wilson:

“Dziko lapansi liyenera kukhala lotetezeka ku demokalase. Mtendere wake uyenera kubzalidwa pamaziko oyesedwa a ufulu wandale. Tilibe cholinga chodzikonda. Sitikufuna kupambana, popanda ulamuliro. Sitifunafuna kudzipezera tokha, kapena kulipira chilichonse chakudzipereka komwe tingapereke mwaufulu. Ndife amodzi chabe omwe amateteza ufulu wa anthu. Tidzakhutitsidwa pomwe maufuluwo apangidwa kukhala otetezeka monga chikhulupiriro ndi ufulu wa mayiko ungawapangitsire…. Ndi chinthu chowopsa kutsogolera anthu amtendere awa kupita kunkhondo, kupita kunkhondo zowopsa kwambiri komanso zoopsa zankhondo zonse, chitukuko pachokha chikuwoneka kuti chili muyeso. Koma ufulu ndi wamtengo wapatali kuposa mtendere, ndipo tidzamenyera zinthu zomwe takhala tikunyamula pafupi ndi mitima yathu - demokalase, ufulu wa iwo omwe amagonjera kuulamuliro kuti akhale ndi liwu m'maboma awo, maufulu ndi maufulu a mayiko ang'onoang'ono, kuti dziko lonse lapansi likhale ndi ufulu wokhala nawo pa konsati ya anthu omasuka yomwe ingabweretse mtendere ndi chitetezo kumitundu yonse ndikupangitsa dziko lapansi kukhala lomasuka. ”

Izi zisanachitike, Wilson adagonjetsa chisankho chonyenga mtendere, ndipo atangomva kazembe wa ku Great Britain, Walter Hines Page, adatumiza chingwe kwa Wilson pa March 5, 1917, kuwerenga mbali:

"Kupanikizika kwa vutoli lomwe likuyandikira, ndikutsimikiza, lapita mopitirira malire a bungwe la ndalama la Morgan pofuna boma la Britain ndi France. Zowonjezera zofunika zachuma za Allies ndizokulu kwambiri ndipo ndizofunika kuti bungwe lirilonse lachinsinsi lizigwira ntchito, pakuti bungwe lirilonse liyenera kukumana ndi mpikisano wamalonda ndi kutsutsana. Sizingatheke kuti njira yokhayo yokhalira ndi malonda omwe alipo panopa ndi kulepheretsa mantha ndi kulengeza nkhondo ku Germany. "

Nkhondo itapangidwa ndi Germany yomaliza nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, Pulezidenti Wilson ndi anzake anadzudzula anthu onse a ku Germany, motsogolera anthu ambiri ozindikira kuti adziŵe bwino nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse. Jane Addams, ED Morel, John Maynard Keynes, ndipo ena adaneneratu kuti kutsimikizika kolimba kwa mgwirizano kudzatsogolera nkhondo yatsopano. Iwo akuwoneka kuti anali olondola. Kuphatikizidwa ndi zifukwa zina, kuphatikizapo Kumadzulo kwa Nazism pa Chikomyunizimu, ndipo mtundu wopambana wa zida, kukwiyira kwambili ku Germany kunayambitsa nkhondo yatsopano. Ferdinand Foch adanena kuti mgwirizanowu unali wochepa kwambiri ku Germany ndipo kotero kuti ukanatha kukhazikitsa nkhondo yatsopano, yomwe ilidi yowona ngati munthu akuganiza kuti angathe kuthetsa Germany kapena china chake pafupi. Woodrow Wilson analosera kuti kulephera kwa United States kuti alowe nawo League of Nations kudzatsogolera nkhondo yatsopano, koma sizikudziwikiratu kuti kulowa mu League kungalepheretse nkhondoyo.

Odziwika, ndikulemekeza Wilson ngati Obama wamasiku ake, omwe amapanga chipilala chathu amangobwereza zomwe Wilson ananena osati zomwe adachita: "Liyenera kukhala lamtendere lopanda kupambana ... kugonjetsedwa. Chingavomerezedwe monyazitsidwa, mokakamizidwa, modzipereka, ndikusiya mbola, mkwiyo, kukumbukira kowawa komwe mawu amtendere adzapumula, osati kwamuyaya, koma monga pa mchenga wofulumira. Pangakhale mtendere pakati pa anthu ofanana. ” Monga opembedza Purezidenti wathu wapano anganene: osachepera amadziwa zomwe amayenera kuchita, ndizofunika.

Pomwe mtendere udabwera, Wilson adasunga asitikali aku US ku Russia kuti amenyane ndi Soviet, ngakhale kale kuti asitikali aku US anali ku Russia kuti agonjetse Germany ndikulanda katundu wopita ku Germany. Senator Hiram Johnson (P-CA) adanenapo za kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo kuti: "Woyamba kuvulala nkhondo ikamabwera, ndi chowonadi." Tsopano anali ndi choti anene zakulephera kuthetsa nkhondo pomwe pangano lamtendere lidasainidwa. Johnson adadzudzula nkhondo yomwe ikuchitika ku Russia ndipo adalemba mawu kuchokera Chicago Tribune pomwe idati cholinga chake chinali kuthandiza Europe kuti itenge ngongole zaku Russia.

Tsamba la chipilalachi likuwonetsa zisankho zokoma za WWI. Palibe chithunzi "chamisala" cha Ajeremani ngati anyani. Palibe Yesu yemwe akukhala pansi mfuti yake kwa Mulungu. Ndipo udindo wa WWI pakupanga mabodza osatha azikhalidwe zakukonda dziko lako ndikosaganizira amamvetsera: "Star Spangled Banner" idakhala nyimbo yadziko lonse yoti izisewera pamasewera pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, motero idatsitsimutsa, patadutsa zaka zana kuchokera pa Nkhondo ya 1812, nkhondo ina yopanda tanthauzo yomwe idapangitsa United States kufa, matenda, ndikuwotchedwa likulu.

Ndiyenera kuthokoza Sam Husseini pondichenjeza kuti chipilala cha WWI anthu adachita msonkhano ndi atolankhani, omwe adakhalapo, ku National Press Club Lachitatu. Nazi zomvetsera pazomwe amamuuza atatulutsa nkhawa. M'malo mokambirana zomwe dziko lankhondo likanakhala, zikuwoneka kuti omanga zipilalazi analosera za "ubale" wa asirikali. Koma Sam atafunsa ngati ubalewu udafalikira kumayiko onse, monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi ya Khrisimasi, adayankha polankhula zakukula kwa United States. Nayi gawo:

"Ndipo ndikuwona zithunzi zochokera ku Vietnam ndipo pali mitu yomwe mumawona… kuchokera ku WWI momwe anthu amathandizirana komanso momwe mikangano imasinthira aliyense. Koma uwu ndi mwayi wosangalatsa kwambiri chifukwa ndiye poyambira ku United States. . . .

"Kodi lingaliro laubale limaposa dziko?"

“Inde, ndikutanthauza, mumandifunsa chomwe chikuchitika pano. Sikuti ndikulemekeza nkhondo komwe tikulimbana nako, pamapeto pake ndikulemekeza umunthu ndikubwera pamodzi kwa mitundu yonse iyi ku United States. Chifukwa chake, m'mipangidwe palibe chiwerengero chimodzi chomwe chimasiyanitsidwa, chithunzi chilichonse chimalumikizidwa ndi ena onse. Izi zikukhudza manambala ena kapena akuyang'anizana. Palibe lingaliro lodzipatula kapena kukhala wekha. Ndizochulukirapo lingaliro lamakono. Kubwerera ku lingaliro loti pali lingaliro la umodzi m'chilengedwe chonse, dongosolo la dongosolo. Ndipo ndi momwe mpumulo udaliri .... "

"Funso langa linali loti ubalewu umakakamizidwa ndi dziko ndipo mukuwoneka kuti mukunena."

"Ayi, sindikunena choncho."

Chifukwa chake, mwachiwonekere munkhondo yatsopano yapadziko lonse lapansi asitikali ndi dzikolo anali atalumikizidwa kale, ndipo kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wachibadwidwe sikadafunikira, ndipo palibe amene amenyedwa? Sindingatsutse chipilala chovomerezeka molingana ndi mafuko komanso kusiyanasiyana. Ngati ndi zomwe anyamata awa akuganiza kuti akumanga, ndikunena kuti: pangani! Ingosiya Nkhondo Yadziko I, chabwino?

Kapangidwe ka chipilala chopambanachi mwachidziwikire amatchedwa "Kulemera kwa Nsembe." Ndi kachisi woperekera anthu nsembe. Chinyengo chake ndikupangitsa anthu m'zaka za zana la 21 kuti akhulupirire kuti nsembe yaumunthu idakwaniritsidwa - ndikuti itha kukhalanso. Osapeputsa mphamvu yabodza.