Zaka Zapakati pa 100 - Mtendere wa 100 ndi Mtendere wa Mtendere, 1914 - 2014

Wolemba Peter van den Dungen

Mgwirizano ndikuthekera kogwirira ntchito limodzi kuti muwoneke chimodzimodzi. … Ndi mafuta omwe amalola anthu wamba kupeza zotsatira zachilendo. -Andrew Carnegie

Popeza uwu ndi msonkhano wamalingaliro amgwirizano wamtendere ndi anti-nkhondo, ndipo popeza ukuchitika motsutsana ndi maziko amakedzana a Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, ndipereka ndemanga zanga kwakukulu pazinthu zomwe zana limodzi liyenera kuganizira ndi njira momwe mabungwe amtendere angathandizire pa zochitika zakumbuyo zomwe zidzakhala zikufalikira zaka zinayi zikubwerazi. Zochitika zambiri zokumbukira osati ku Europe kokha koma padziko lonse lapansi zimapereka mwayi ku nkhondo yotsutsana ndi nkhondo ndi mtendere kuti alengeze ndikukwaniritsa zomwe akufuna kuchita.

Zikuwoneka kuti mpaka pano ntchito iyi siyikupezeka pachikumbutso chovomerezeka, ku Britain komwe maulangizi a pulogalamu yotere adayambitsidwa pa 11^th Ogasiti 2012 a Prime Minister David Cameron mu zokambirana ku Imperial War Museum ku London [1]. Adalengeza kumeneko kusankhidwa kwa phungu wapadera, ndi komiti yolangizira, komanso kuti boma likupereka thumba lapadera la $ 50 miliyoni. Cholinga chonse cha zikumbutso za Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko lonse zidachitika katatu, iye adati: 'kulemekeza iwo omwe adatumikira; kukumbukira omwe adamwalira; ndikuwonetsetsa kuti maphunzirowa adakhala nafe mpaka kalekale. Ife (mwachitsanzo, gulu lamtendere) titha kuvomereza kuti 'kulemekeza, kukumbukira, ndi kuphunzira maphunziro' ndizoyeneradi, koma titha kusagwirizana zenizeni zenizeni komanso zomwe zili zomwe zikunenedwa pamitu iyi itatu.

Tisanakambirane nkhaniyi, zingakhale zofunikira kufotokoza mwachidule zomwe zikuchitika ku Britain. Mwa miliyoni 50 miliyoni, $ 10 miliyoni yaperekedwa ku Imperial War Museum yomwe Cameron ndiwokondedwa kwambiri. Kupitilira $ 5 miliyoni zaperekedwa ku masukulu, kuti zithandizire kuchezera kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi kumabwalo omenyera nkhondo ku Belgium ndi France. Monga boma, BBC idasankhanso wolamulira wapadera pa Century Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse. Mapulogalamu ake a izi, alengezedwa pa 16^th Ogasiti 2013, ndi akulu komanso okonda kwambiri kuposa ntchito ina iliyonse yomwe adachitapo. [2] Wailesi yakanema komanso wawayilesi wa kanema kanema wawongolera mapulogalamu a 130, nthawi yayitali ya 2,500 pawailesi ndi wayilesi. Mwachitsanzo, wayilesi ya BBC yaku Radioship, BBC Radio 4, yakhazikitsa imodzi mwamavidiyo akulu kwambiri yomwe idakhalapo, kutulutsa nkhani za 600, komanso kuthana ndi nyumba yakutsogolo. BBC, pamodzi ndi Imperial War Museum, ikumanga 'cenotaph digito' yopanga zinthu zosawerengeka zakale. Ikupempha ogwiritsa ntchito kuti aike makalata, zolemba, ndi zithunzi za zokumana nazo za abale awo pankhondo. Tsamba lomweli liperekanso mwayi kwa nthawi yoyamba kupitirira zolembedwa zankhondo za 8 zoposa miliyoni zomwe zikuchitidwa ndi Museum. Mu Julayi 2014, Museum izigwira bwino kwambiri pa zojambula zankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zidawerengedwa (zokhala ndi mutu Choonadi & Chikumbutso: Art Britain yaku Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse). [3] Padzakhala ziwonetsero zofananira mu Tate Modern (London) ndi Imperial War Museum North (Salford, Manchester).

Kuyambira pachiyambi, panali mkangano ku Britain zokhudzana ndi mwambo wokumbukira, makamaka, ngati ichi chinali chikondwerero - chikondwerero, ndikuti, pakutsimikiza kwa Britain ndi kupambana komaliza, poteteza ufulu ndi demokalase, osati dziko lokha koma komanso kwa ogwirizana (koma osati chifukwa cha maguluawo!). Atumiki aboma, olemba mbiri atsogola, asitikali ndi atolankhani adalowa nawo zokambirana; mosalephera komanso kazembe waku Germany adachitapo kanthu. Ngati Prime Minister adalankhula mukulankhula kwake, chikumbutsochi chizikhala ndi mutu wakuyanjanitsa, ndiye izi zikusonyeza kufunika kwa njira yopumira (m'malo mopambana gung-ho).

Kutsutsana kwa anthu mpaka pano, ku Great Britain mulimonse, kwakhala kodziwika bwino, ndipo kwachitika motsatana. Zomwe zikusowa mpaka pano ndi zinthu zotsatirazi ndipo zitha kugwiranso ntchito kwina.

1. Zosintha zina…?

Poyamba, ndipo osadabwitsa mwina, kutsutsanaku kwakhala kukuyang'ana kwambiri zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo ndi nkhani ya udindo wankhondo. Izi siziyenera kubisa mfundo yoti mbewu za nkhondo zinafesedwa bwino asadaphedwe ku Sarajevo. Njira yoyenera komanso yodalirika, komanso yogawanitsa, ingafunike kuyang'ana osati kumayiko ena koma ku mayiko ena onse zomwe zidabweretsa nkhondo. Izi zikuwunikira mphamvu zakusankhana mitundu, ubusayiti, ukoloni, nkhondo zankhondo zomwe pamodzi zidakonzekeretsa maziko a nkhondo iyi. Nkhondo idawonedwa ponseponse ngati yosalephera, yofunikira, yaulemerero komanso ngwazi.

Tiyenera kufunsa kuti izi zantchito zoyambitsa nkhondo - zomwe zidayambitsa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse - zidakali ndi ife lero. Malinga ndi ofufuza angapo, zomwe dziko limadzipeza lero sizili zofanana ndi za ku Europe patsiku lankhondo ku 1914. Posachedwa, kusamvana pakati pa Japan ndi China kwachititsa kuti ambiri akuwunikira kuti ngati pali zoopsa za nkhondo yayikulu lero, zikuwoneka kuti zili pakati pa mayiko awa - komanso kuti zingakhale zovuta kuti azilekerera iwo komanso dera lonselo. Ma analogies ndi chilimwe cha 1914 ku Europe apangidwa. Zowonadi, pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wa World Economic Forum womwe unachitikira ku Davos mu Januwale 2014, Prime Minister waku Japan, a Shinzo Abe, adamvetsera mwachidwi atayerekezera mkangano wapano wa Sino-Japan ndi uja wa Anglo-Germany koyambirira kwa 20^th zana. [Zofananazo ndikuti masiku ano China ndi dziko lakutukuka, lopanda chidwi lomwe likukula ndi bajeti yakukweza mikono, monga Germany inali ku 1914. US, monga Britain ku 1914, ndi mphamvu ya hegemonic pakuwoneka kuti ikutsika. Japan, monga France ku 1914, idalira chitetezo chake pakuchepa mphamvu kumeneko.] Mitundu yampikisano, panthawiyo, ingayambitse nkhondo. Malinga ndi a Margaret Macmillan, wolemba mbiri wakale ku Oxford Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, Middle East lero ikufanananso ndi nkhawa ya a Balkan ku 1914. [4] Kungoti atsogoleri andale ndi akatswiri olemba mbiri atha kujambula mavutowa ziyenera kukhala chifukwa cha kuda nkhawa. Kodi dziko lapansi silinaphunzirepo kanthu kuchokera ku tsoka la 1914-1918? Mwa njira imodzi yofunika izi sizotsimikizika choncho: mayiko akupitirizabe kukhala ndi zida, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kuwopseza mwamphamvu pamaubwenzi awo apadziko lonse lapansi.

Zachidziwikire, tsopano pali mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, choyambirira komanso United Nations, chomwe cholinga chake chachikulu ndicho kuti dziko lapansi likhale mwamtendere. Pali gulu lokhala ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi mabungwe omwe angapange nawo. Ku Europe, woyambitsa nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse, tsopano kuli Mgwirizano.

Pomwe izi zikuyenda bwino, mabungwe awa ndi ofooka koma osatsutsa. Bungwe lamtendere likhoza kutenga mwayi pazinthu izi, ndipo ladzipereka pakusintha UN ndikupanga mfundo zazikulu zamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi kuti azitsatiridwa komanso kutsatiridwa bwino.

2. Kukumbukira ochita mtendere & kulemekeza cholowa chawo

Lachiwiri, kutsutsana mpaka pano kwanyalanyaza kwenikweni kuti gulu lankhondo loletsa nkhondo ndi mtendere lidakhalapo kale 1914 m'maiko ambiri. Gulu limenelo linali la anthu, mayendedwe, mabungwe, ndi mabungwe omwe sanagawane za malingaliro ndi nkhondo ndi mtendere, ndipo amayesetsa kuti abweretse njira yomwe nkhondo sinali njira yovomerezeka kuti mayiko athetsere mikangano yawo.

M'malo mwake, 2014 sikuti ndi zaka zana zokha zoyambira Nkhondo Yaikulu, komanso bicentenary chamtendere. Mwanjira ina, zaka zana limodzi nkhondo isanayambike mu 1914, gulu limenelo limakhala likuchita kampeni ndikulimbana kuti liphunzitse anthu za zoopsa komanso zoyipa za nkhondo, komanso zabwino ndi kuthekera kwamtendere. M'zaka zana zoyambirirazo, kuyambira kumapeto kwa nkhondo za Napoleon mpaka kuyamba kwa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko lonse, zomwe mabungwe amtendere adakwaniritsa, mosiyana ndi malingaliro ambiri, zazikulu. Mwachidziwikire, gulu lamtendere silidaphule kanthu pothana ndi tsoka lomwe linali Nkhondo Yaikulu, koma sizotheka kuchepetsa kufunika kwake. Komabe, izi bicentenary palibe komwe sikunatchulidwe - ngati kuti gululo silinakhalepo, kapena siliyenera kukumbukiridwa.

Bungwe lamtendere lidabuka pambuyo pake nkhondo za Napoleon, ku Britain ndi ku USA. Gulu limenelo, lomwe limafalikira pang'onopang'ono ku kontinenti ya Europe komanso kwina, lidakhazikitsa maziko azinthu zambiri komanso zatsopano pazokambirana zapadziko lonse zomwe zitha kukwaniritsidwa pambuyo pake m'zaka za zana, komanso pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yaikulu - monga malingaliro ampikisano monga njira yachilungamo komanso yomveka yopezera mphamvu pazankhondo. Malingaliro ena omwe adalimbikitsidwa ndi gulu lamtendere anali kusaya zida, mgwirizano wamgwirizano, mgwirizano wa ku Europe, malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi, decolonization, kumasulidwa kwa azimayi. Ambiri mwa malingaliro awa abwera pakuwonekera pambuyo pa nkhondo zapadziko lonse za 20^th zana, ndipo ena akwaniritsidwa, kapena pang'ono pang'ono amatero.

Gulu lamtendere lidakhala labwino kwambiri m'zaka makumi awiri nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanachitike pamene zolinga zake zinafika pamaboma apamwamba kwambiri monga zikuwonetsedwa, mwachitsanzo, mu Hague Peace Conitions ya 1899 ndi 1907. Zotsatira zachindunji pamisonkhano yayikuluyi - yomwe idatsata pempholi (1898) la Tsar Nicholas II kuti aimitse mpikisano wawo, ndikuthira nkhondo mwa kugwirizanitsa mwamtendere - ndikumanga kwa Peace Palace yomwe idatsegula zitseko zake ku 1913, komanso yomwe idakondwerera zaka zana zapitazo mu Ogasiti 2013. Kuyambira 1946, ndiye mpando wa International Court of Justice wa UN. Dziko lapansi lidayenera kukhala ndi Nyumba Yamtendere chifukwa cha kuthana ndi Andrew Carnegie, woyang'anira zitsulo waku Scotland ndi America yemwe adachita upainiya wamakono komanso yemwe anali wotsutsa pankhondo. Monga palibe wina aliyense, adapereka mabungwe odzipereka pofuna mtendere wadziko lonse, omwe ambiri alipo mpaka pano.

Pomwe Nyumba Yachilungamo, yomwe imakhazikitsa Khothi Lachilungamo Ladziko Lonse, ikusunga ntchito yayikulu kuti ichotse nkhondo mwachilungamo, Carnegie cholowa chamtendere kwambiri, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP), yasiyiratu chikhulupiriro chomwe anayambitsa kuthetsa nkhondo, potero kusokoneza ubale wamtendere pazinthu zofunika kwambiri. Izi zikhoza kufotokozera chifukwa chomwe bungweli silinakhale gulu lalikulu lomwe lingathe kukakamiza maboma. Ndikhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kulingalira izi kwakanthawi. Ku 1910 Carnegie, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wodziwika kwambiri wamtendere ku America, komanso munthu wolemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, adapereka maziko ake amtendere ndi $ 10 miliyoni. Pazachuma lero, izi ndizofanana ndi $ 3,5 biliyoni. Tangoganizirani zomwe gulu lamtendere - ndiko kuti, gulu lothana ndi nkhondo - likanatha kuchita lero ngati lingathe kupeza ndalama zamtunduwu, kapena kachidutswa kake. Tsoka ilo, pamene Carnegie adakonda kuyikira kumbuyo ndi kuteteza anthu, omasulira a Peace Endowment adakondera kafukufuku. Pofika ku 1916, mkati mwa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko lonse, m'modzi wa matrasti adalimbikitsa kuti dzina ladziko lisinthidwe kukhala Carnegie Endowment for International Justice.

Pamene Endowment idakondwerera posachedwa 100 yake^th tsiku lokumbukira, Purezidenti wake (Jessica T. Mathews), adatcha bungweli kuti ndi 'zochitika zakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi taganizani tank ku US '[5] Iye akuti cholinga chake chinali, m'mawu a woyambitsa, kuti' afulumizitse kuthetsa nkhondo, zomwe zidawakhumudwitsa kwambiri chitukuko chathu ', koma akuwonjeza,' cholinga chimenecho sichingatheke konse '. M'malo mwake, anali kubwereza zomwe Purezidenti wa Endowment nthawi ya 1950s ndi 1960s anali atanena kale. Joseph E. Johnson, wakale wa US State department, 'adasunthitsa bungweli kutali ndi chithandizo chokhazikika cha UN komanso mabungwe ena apadziko lonse' malinga ndi mbiri yaposachedwa yofalitsidwa ndi Endowment yomwe. Komanso, '... kwa nthawi yoyamba, Purezidenti wa Carnegie Endowment [adalongosola] masomphenya a Andrew Carnegie amtendere ngati chinthu chomwe chidadutsa kale, m'malo mokondera zomwe zachitika pano. Chiyembekezo chilichonse chamtendere wamuyaya chinali chinyengo ". [6] Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko lapansi idakakamiza Carnegie kuyambiranso chikhulupiriro chake chakuti nkhondo idzachita 'posachedwapa otayidwa ngati wochititsa manyazi kwa anthu otukuka 'koma sizokayikitsa kuti adasiya zonse zomwe amakhulupirira. Analimbikitsa mokomera malingaliro a Woodrow Wilson a bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo adakondwera pomwe Purezidenti adavomereza dzina la Carnegie, 'League of Nations'. Wokhala ndi chiyembekezo, adamwalira ku 1919. Kodi akadanenanji za iwo omwe adawongolera Endowment yake yayikulu ya Mtendere kutali ndi chiyembekezo komanso pakukhulupirira kuti nkhondo ingathe ndipo iyenera kuthetsedwa? Ndipo potero taphwanya gulu lamtendere pazinthu zofunika kuti tikwaniritse cholinga chachikulu? Ban Ki-moon akunena zoona pamene akunena, ndikubwereza kuti, 'Dziko lili ndi zida zambiri ndipo mtendere wachita zochepa'. Gulu la 'Global Day of Action on Military Spising' (GDAMS), lomwe lidayambitsidwa koyamba ndi International Peace Bureau, likuyankha bwino nkhaniyi (4^th kope pa 14^th Epulo 2014). [7]

Cholowa china padziko lonse lapansi nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanachitike Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi ikugwirizana ndi dzina la wochita bizinesi wina wopambana ndi wamtendere, yemwenso anali wasayansi wotchuka: woyambitsa Sweden wa Alfred Nobel. Mphoto ya Nobel Peace, yomwe idalandiridwa koyamba ku 1901, makamaka imakhala chifukwa choyanjana kwambiri ndi Bertha von Suttner, bizinesi waku Austria yemwe nthawi ina adakhala mlembi wake ku Paris, ngakhale sabata imodzi chokha. Adakhala mtsogoleri wosagwirizana ndi gulu lino kuyambira pomwe adayamba kulemba buku, Ikani Zanu zida (Die Waffen nieder!) adawonekera ku 1889, mpaka kumwalira, zaka makumi awiri mphambu zisanu pambuyo pake, pa 21^st Juni 1914, sabata imodzi zisanachitike kuombera ku Sarajevo. Pa 21^st Juni chaka chino (2014), timakumbukira zaka zana zapitazo zakumwalira kwake. Tisaiwale kuti iyi ndiyinso 125^th tsiku lokumbukira nkhani yake yotchuka. Ndikufuna kunena zomwe a Leo Tolstoi, omwe amadziwa chilichonse kapena ziwiri zokhudzana ndi nkhondo ndi mtendere, adamulembera kalata mu October 1891 atatha kuwerenga buku lake kuti: 'Ndikuthokoza kwambiri ntchito yanu, ndipo lingaliro limabwera kwa ine kuti kufalitsa kwa nkhani yanuyo ndi yokondweretsa. - Kuchotsa ukapolo kudatsogolera ndi buku lodziwika bwino la mayi, Mayi Beecher Stowe; Mulungu apereke kuti kuthetsedwa kwa nkhondo kukutsatireni. '[8] Zachidziwikire, palibe mkazi amene adachita zambiri popewa nkhondo kuposa Bertha von Suttner. [9]

Titha kutsutsa kuti Pewani Zida Zanu ndi buku lomwe lidayambitsidwa ndi mphotho ya Nobel Peace Prize (pomwe wolemba adalandila mzimayi woyamba ku 1905). Mphothoyo, inali mphotho yoyendetsa mwamtendere monga akuimiridwa ndi Bertha von Suttner, makamaka, chifukwa chonyamula zida. Kuti ziyenera kukhala m'modzi adatsutsidwa mwamphamvu m'zaka zaposachedwa ndi loya waku Norway komanso wotsutsana pamtendere, Fredrik Heffermehl m'buku lake losangalatsa, Mphoto ya Nobel Peace: Chimene Nobel Ankafunadi. [10]

Zina mwa ziwonetsero zoyambira za chisanadze 1914 zidayendetsa kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi kukakamiza nzika zawo zakuopsa kwa nkhondo yayikulu komanso kufunika kopewa zivute zitani. Wogulitsa, The Great Illusion: Kafukufuku Wokhudzana ndi Mphamvu Zankhondo mu Mayiko Zakuchita Zawo Zachuma komanso ZabwinoMtolankhani Wachingelezi Norman Angell adati kudutsana kwamayiko ambiri pazachuma kwadzetsa nkhondo pakati pawo mosagwirizana komanso kopanda phindu, zomwe zidadzetsa kusokonekera kwambiri kwachuma komanso chikhalidwe. [11]

Munthawi ya nkhondoyo komanso pambuyo pake, malingaliro omwe anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhondoyi anali 'wokhumudwitsidwa,' ndikutsimikizira mitu ya Angell. Khalidwe la nkhondoyi, komanso zotsatira zake, zidali zotalikirana ndi zomwe zimayembekezeredwa kale. Zomwe zimayembekezeredwa, mwachidule, zinali 'nkhondo monga chizolowezi'. Izi zinawonetsedwa m'chinenedwe chodziwika bwino, nkhondo itangoyamba kumene, kuti 'anyamatawa adzakhala atachotsedwa panyumba ndi Khrisimasi'. Zingakhale kuti, zachidziwikire, Khrisimasi 1914. Zitachitika izi, iwo omwe adapulumuka kuphedwa kwa anthu ambiri adangobwerera kwawo patapita zaka zinayi.

Chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zomwe zikulongosola zolakwika ndi malingaliro olakwika okhudzana ndi nkhondoyi ndi kusowa kwa kulingalira kwa iwo omwe adachitapo kanthu pakukonzekera ndi kuphedwa. [12] Sanawone momwe patsogolo paukadaulo wa zida - makamaka, kuwonjezeka kwa ozimitsa moto kudzera mfuti yamakina - adapanga nkhondo zapachikhalidwe pakati pa ana atha. Kupita patsogolo pankhondo yankhondo sikukanatheka, ndipo asitikali anadzigaya okha mumakoma, ndikupangitsa kugwirika. Zenizeni za nkhondo, pazomwe zidasandulika -. kupha anthu ambiri otukuka - amangoululidwa pomwe nkhondo inali kuchitika (ndipo ngakhale pamenepo olamulira sanachedwe kuphunzira, monga momwe zalembedwera mlandu wa wamkulu-wamkulu wa Britain, General Douglas Haig).

Komabe, ku 1898, zaka khumi ndi zisanu nkhondo isanayambike, wochita bizinesi waku Poland-Russia komanso mpainiya wofufuza zamtendere zamakono, a Jan Bloch (1836-1902), adatsutsana mu kafukufuku wa voliyumu wa 6 wonena za nkhondo ya m'tsogolo kuti iyi ikhala nkhondo ngati ina. 'Pa nkhondo yayikulu yotsatira munthu akhoza kunena za Rendez-vous ndi imfa' adalemba m'mawu oyamba a Chijeremani cha ntchito yake yayikulu. [13] Adatsutsa ndikuwonetsa kuti nkhondo ngatiyi idakhala 'yosatheka' - zosatheka, ndiye kuti, pokhapokha pamtengo wodzipha. Izi ndi zomwe nkhondoyo idabwera, idatsimikizira kuti: kudzipha kwachitukuko cha ku Europe, kuphatikiza kuthetsedwa kwa maufumu aku Austria-Hungary, Ottoman, Romanov ndi Wilhelmine. Zikatha, nkhondoyo inali itathetsanso dziko monga anthu anali atadziwira. Izi zalembedwera bwino pamutu wamakalata owopsa aomwe adayima "pamwamba pa nkhondoyi", wolemba waku Austria waku Stefan Zweig: Dziko La Dzulo. [14]

Ma pacifists awa (omwe a Zweig anali m'modzi, ngakhale sanatenge nawo mbali pagulu lamtendere), omwe amafuna kuti mayiko awo asawonongedwe pankhondo, anali enieni okonda dziko lawo, koma nthawi zambiri ankawanyoza ndipo ankawachotsa ngati osaganizira zabwino. anthu otchuthi, amantha komanso opanduka. Koma sanali chinthu cha mtunduwo. Sandi E. Cooper adamupatsa mwayi wophunzirira za gulu lamtendere nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse isanachitike: Patriotic Pacifism: Nkhondo Yankhondo Yoopsa ku Europe, 1815-1914.[15] Ngati dziko likadalabadira uthenga wawo, tsoka lomwe likadapulumuka. Monga Karl Holl, wolembayo wa olemba mbiri yamtendere ku Germany, adazindikira m'mawu ake oyamba okongola a mgwirizanowu ku Germany olankhula Chijeremani: 'Zambiri zokhudzana ndi mbiri yakale yamtendere ziziwonetsa kukayikira momwe mavuto aku Europe angadavutikire adasungidwa, machenjezo a pacifists sadzagwera makutu ambiri ogontha, ndipo ngati njira zoyeserera ndi malingaliro a pacifism adakhazikitsidwa otseguka m'ndale zadziko komanso ku zokambirana '. [16]

Ngati, monga Holl akuyenera, chidziwitso cha kukhalapo ndi kukwaniritsa kwa kayendetsedwe kabungwe lamtendere lisanafike Nkhondo Yoyamba Yadziko Lonse iyenera kudzoza otsutsa ake pamlingo wina wa kudzichepetsa, iyeneranso kupereka chilimbikitso kwa opambana a bungweli lero . Kuti titchulenso Holl: 'Chidaliro chakuyimilira pamapewa a otsogola omwe, ngakhale anali odana kapena opanda chidwi ndi omwe amakhala ndi moyo wawo, motsimikiza kuchikhulupiriro chawo chachipembedzo, zipangitsa kuti mabungwe amtendere a lero athe kulimbana bwino ndi mayesero ambiri oti khalani okhumudwa '. [17]

Kuphatikiza mwachipongwe pakuvulala, 'otsogola amtsogolo' (m'mawu omveka a Romain Rolland) sanaperekedwepo choyenera. Sitikuwakumbukira; sizili mbali ya mbiri yathu monga momwe zimaphunzitsidwira zolemba zamasukulu; Palibe zifanizo kwa iwo ndipo palibe misewu yomwe yatchulidwa pambuyo pawo. Ndi lingaliro lamtsogolo bwanji la mbiri lomwe tikufotokozera mibadwo yamtsogolo! Timayamika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwa olemba mbiri ngati Karl Holl ndi ogwira nawo ntchito omwe asonkhana mu Working Gulu Historical Peace Research (Arbeitskreis Mbiriorische Friedensforschung,, kuti kukhalapo kwa Germany yosiyana kwambiri kwawululidwa m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi. [18] Mothandizirana ndi izi ndizipereka msonkho kunyumba yofalitsa yomwe yakhazikitsidwa ku Bremen ndi wolemba mbiri yamtendere Helmut Donat. Tikuthokoza, tili ndi laibulale yomwe ikukula za mbiri yakale komanso maphunziro ena okhudzana ndi mbiri yakale yolimbitsa mtendere ku Germany yomwe idalipo nthawi ya 1914 komanso nthawi ya nkhondo. Zoyambira nyumba yake yofalitsa ndizosangalatsa: Sititha kupeza wofalitsa wa mbiri yake ya Hans Paasche - wankhondo wazam'madzi komanso wakoloni yemwe adatsutsa chipembedzo chachijeremani chachiwawa komanso yemwe adaphedwa ndi asitikali achiyuda ku 1920 - Donat adasindikiza Buku lokha (1981), loyamba la ambiri kupezeka ku Donat Verlag. [19] Mwachisoni, popeza zochepa zomwe mabukuwa adamasulira m'Chingerezi, sizinakhudze malingaliro, kufalikira ku Britain, dziko ndi dziko. anthu akhazikika munkhondo za Prussian, komanso popanda mtendere.

Komanso kwina konse, makamaka ku USA, olemba mbiri zamtendere adakumana m'zaka makumi asanu zapitazi (zolimbikitsidwa ndi Nkhondo ya Vietnam) kuti mbiri yokhudza mtendere idalembedwa bwino - sizongopereka akaunti yolondola, yoyenera komanso yowona. Kunena za mbiri ya nkhondo ndi mtendere, komanso kuperekanso chiwonetsero cha mtendere ndi omenyera nkhondo masiku ano. Chofunika kwambiri pa ntchitoyi ndi Biographical Dictionary of Modern Peace Atsogoleri, komanso yomwe ingawoneke ngati gawo limodzi ndi Donat-Holl Lexikon, kukulitsa kukula kwake kudziko lonse lapansi.

Ndatsimikiza mpaka pano kuti pokumbukira Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko lonse tiyenera kuganizira, zinthu zoyambirira zomwe zidayambitsa nkhondo ndipo, chachiwiri, tiyeneranso kukumbukira ndi kulemekeza iwo omwe, zaka makumi angapo 1914 isanachitike, adayesetsa kwambiri. kubweretsa dziko lomwe mabungwe ankhondo atachotsedwa. Kuzindikira kwakukulu ndikuphunzitsa mbiri yamtendere sikungofunika kokha, ndikofunikira kwenikweni, kwa ophunzira ndi achinyamata, koma kumafikira gulu lonse. Mwayi wopereka lingaliro labwino moyenera pa mbiri yakale - ndipo, makamaka, polemekeza otsutsa nkhondo - sayenera kukhalapo kapena kunyalanyazidwa pokumbukira omwe akuzunzidwa kunkhondo m'malo osawerengeka ankhondo ku Europe ndi padziko lonse lapansi.

3. Ngwazi za osapha

Tikubwera tsopano pakulingaliridwe KWA MTIMA. Ponena za Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, tiyenera kufunsa momwe kunyalanyaza ndi umbuli (mwa mibadwo yamtsogolo) ya iwo omwe adachenjeza za nkhondo, ndikuchita zonse zomwe angathe kuti athe kupewa, zitha kudziwika ndi mamiliyoni a asitikali omwe ataya miyoyo yawo tsoka ilo. Kodi ambiri mwa iwo sakanayembekezera kuti gulu lingalemekeze koposa kukumbukira konse kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuletsa kuphedwa kwakukulu? Kodi kupulumutsa samakhala wolemekezeka komanso wopambana kuposa kutenga amoyo? Tisaiwale: asirikali, atatha, amaphunzitsidwa ndikukonzekera kupha, ndipo akagwera chipolopolo cha wotsutsa, izi ndizotsatira zosemphana ndi ntchito yomwe adalowa nawo, kapena anakakamizidwa kulowa nawo. Apa, tiyenera kutchulanso Andrew Carnegie, yemwe adanyansidwa ndi nkhondo, komanso yemwe adayambitsa ndi kuyambitsa 'Hero Fund' kulemekeza "ngwazi zachitukuko" omwe adawasiyanitsa ndi "ngwazi zamwano". Adazindikira zovuta za ukatswiri womwe umakhudzana ndi kukhetsa kwa magazi kunkhondo, ndipo amafuna kuti apangitse chidwi cha kukhalapo kwa ngwazi yodziwika bwino. Amafuna kulemekeza ngwazi zachitukuko zomwe nthawi zina zimadziika pachiwopsezo chawo, kupulumutsa miyoyo - osaziwononga mwadala. Yoyamba kukhazikitsidwa kwawo mtawuni ya Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ku 1904, patapita zaka adakhazikitsa Hero Funds m'maiko khumi aku Europe, omwe ambiri adakondwerera zaka zawo zapitazo [20]. Ku Germany, m'zaka zaposachedwa zoyesayesa zachitika kuti zitsitsimutse Carnegie Stiftung fuer Lebensretter.

Pachifukwachi ndikofunikira kutchula ntchito ya Glenn Paige ndi Center for Global Nonkilling (CGNK) yomwe adakhazikitsa ku University of Hawaii 25 zaka zapitazo. [21] Wakale wakale wankhondo waku Korea, komanso wasayansi wotsogola, adati chiyembekezo ndi chikhulupiriro mu umunthu ndi kuthekera kwaumunthu zili ndi mphamvu yosintha anthu munjira zazikulu. Kukhazikitsa munthu mwezi kumaganiziridwa kuti ndi loto lopanda chiyembekezo koma zidakwaniritsidwa m'nthawi yathu ino pomwe masomphenya, mphamvu zochuluka komanso gulu la anthu paliponse kuti zitheke. Paige akukakamira motsimikiza kuti kusintha kosasinthika kwadziko lapansi kungatheke ngati momwemo, tikangokhulupirira, ndikutsimikiza kuti tichite. Kukumbukira zaka 4 zapitazo zakupha anthu pamafakitale, sikokwanira komanso ndi chinyengo ngati sizipatula lingaliro lalikulu la funso lomwe CGNK ikubweretsa,., 'Tafika mpaka pati mu umunthu wathu?' Ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo ndi kovuta, nkhondo, kupha anthu ndi kuphedwa kwamtundu wina sizikupitirirabe. Funso la kufunikira ndi kuthekera kwa gulu lopanda dziko lonse lapansi lomwe liyenera kupha liyenera kuyang'aniridwa kwambiri pakadali pano.

4. Kuthetsedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya

Lachinayi, zikumbutso za Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko lonse zomwe zimangofunika kukumbukira komanso kulemekeza iwo omwe adamwalira (pomwe apha), ziyenera kukhala chimodzi, ndipo mwinanso chosakhala chofunikira kwambiri, kukumbukira. Imfa ya anthu mamiliyoni, komanso kuvutika kwa ambiri (kupwetekedwa omwe ali olumala, amisala, kapena onse, kuphatikiza amasiye ndi ana amasiye ambiri) zikadakhala zovomerezeka ndikadakhala kuti nkhondo yomwe idadzetsa kutaya kwakukulu ndi chisoni akhala nkhondo yothetsa nkhondo zonse. Koma sizinakhale choncho.

Kodi asitikali omwe ataya miyoyo yawo mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko lonse ati akanatani kuti abwererenso lero, ndipo akapeza kuti, m'malo mongomaliza nkhondo, nkhondo yomwe idayamba ku 1914 idayambitsa wamkulu koposa, zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pa kutha za Nkhondo Yadziko I? Ndikukumbukira za kusewera kwamphamvu ndiwosewera waku America, Irwin Shaw, wotchedwa Muike Akufa. Yoyamba kuchitidwa ku New York City mchaka cha Marichi 1936, mu sewero lalifupi lomweli, asitikali 6 aku US omwe aphedwa kunkhondo akukana kuyikidwa m'manda. [22] Akulira zomwe zidawachitikira - miyoyo yawo idafupika, akazi awo amasiye , ana awo amasiye. Ndi zonse za - zamatope ochepa, wina amadandaula kwambiri. Mitemboyo, itaimirira m'manda omwe adakumbidwira, amakana kugona pansi ndikufunsidwa - ngakhale atalamulidwa kuti atero ndi akuluakulu a boma, m'modzi wa omwe anena mopanda kusowa, 'Sananene chilichonse pa izi West Point. ' Dipatimenti Yankhondo, itauzidwa za zodabwitsa izi, ikuletsa kuti nkhaniyi ifalitsidwe. Pamapeto pake, ndikuyesera komaliza, akazi asirikali akufawo, kapena atsikana, kapena amayi, kapena mlongo, akuitanidwa kuti abwere kumanda kudzalimbikitsa amuna awo kuti aikidwe m'manda. Wina akuti, 'Mwina alipo ambiri a ife pansi pano. Mwinanso dziko lapansi silingayimikenso '. Ngakhale wansembe amene amakhulupirira kuti amunawo ali ndi mdierekezi ndipo akutulutsa zotulutsa sangathe kuchititsa asirikali kuti agone. Pamapeto pake, mitemboyo imachoka pamalowo kuyendayenda padziko lapansi, ndikukuimba milandu yakupusa. (Wolemba, mwa njira, adalembedwanso pamndandanda wakuwopsa kwa McCarthy ndipo adakhala ku ukapolo ku Europe zaka za 25).

Ndikuganiza kuti ndizabwino kuganiza kuti asitikali asanu ndi limodzi awa sangakhale okonzeka kuyimitsa mawu (ndi mitembo) potsutsana ndi nkhondo ngati ataphunzira za kuyambitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, komanso kuchuluka kwa zida za nyukiliya. Mwina ndi hibakusha, omwe adapulumuka bomba la atomiki la Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki mu Ogasiti 1945, omwe masiku ano amafanana ndi asitikali. The hibakusha (amene ziwerengero zawo zikucheperachepera chifukwa chaukalamba) adapulumuka mwamphamvu pankhondo. Kwa ambiri a iwo, gehena omwe adakhalamo, komanso kuvutika kwakukulu kwakuthupi ndi kwamaganizidwe komwe kwasintha kwambiri miyoyo yawo, amangokhala ndi vuto chifukwa chodzipereka kwambiri kuzimitsidwa kwa zida za nyukiliya, komanso nkhondo. Izi zokha zapangitsa kuti moyo wawo wawonongeke. Komabe, ziyenera kukhala zoyambitsa mkwiyo komanso zowawa kwa iwo kuti, ngakhale patadutsa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri, dziko lapansi likupitilizabe kunyalanyaza kulira kwawo - 'Palibenso Hiroshima kapena Nagasaki, zida zanyukiliya, sipadzakhalanso nkhondo!' Kuphatikiza apo, sizowopsa kuti nthawi yonseyi Komiti ya Nobel ya ku Norway sinawone zoyenera kupereka ngakhale mphotho imodzi ku bungwe lalikulu la hibakusha odzipereka kuthetsedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya? Nobel adadziwa zonse zokhudzana ndi bomba, ndipo adawoneratu zida zowononga anthu ambiri ndikuwopa kubwerera ku barbarism ngati nkhondo sithetsa. The hibakusha ndi umboni wamoyo wa chiphuphu chimenecho.

Popeza 1975 komiti ya Nobel ku Oslo ikuwoneka kuti yayamba mwambo wopereka mphotho yakuchotsa nyukiliya zaka khumi zilizonse zotsatila: mu 1975 mphothoyo idapita kwa Andrei Sakharov, ku 1985 kupita ku IPPNW, ku 1995 kupita kwa Joseph Rotblat ndi Pugwash, ku 2005 kupita kwa Mohamed ElBaradei ndi IAEA. Mphoto ngatiyi ndiyofunikanso chaka chamawa (2015) ndipo imawoneka ngati chizindikiro. Izi ndizodandaulitsa kwambiri, komanso zosavomerezeka, ngati tikugwirizana ndi lingaliro, lomwe talitchulapo kale, kuti mphotho yake idangokhala yopanda zida. Akadakhala kuti ali ndi moyo lero, Bertha von Suttner mwina adatchula bukulo, Ikani Zanu Nyukiliya Zida. Zowonadi, chimodzi mwa zomwe adalemba pa nkhondo ndi mtendere zili ndi lingaliro lamakono: Mu 'The Barbarisation of the Sky' adaneneratu kuti zowopsa zankhondo zimatsikanso kuchokera kumwamba ngati kuthamangira kwa zida zoyipa sikunaletsedwe. [23] Masiku ano, anthu ambiri osalakwa omwe akumenya nkhondo yankhondo amalowa nawo a Gernika, Coventry, Cologne, Dresden, Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, ndi malo ena padziko lonse lapansi omwe akumana ndi zoopsa za nkhondo zamakono.

Dzikoli likupitilizabe kukhala moyo woopsa. Kusintha kwanyengo kukuwonetsa zoopsa zatsopano komanso zowonjezera. Koma ngakhale iwo amene amakana kuti anapangidwa ndi anthu sangakane kuti zida zopangira zida za nyukiliya zimapangidwa ndi anthu, ndikuti kuphulitsa kwa nyukiliya kungakhale kovomerezeka kwa munthu. Chitha kungododometsedwa ndi kuyesayesa kwamphamvu kuthetsa zida za nyukiliya. Izi sizomwe zimangokhala nzeru komanso chikhalidwe, komanso chilungamo komanso malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Kubwereza komanso chinyengo cha zida zamphamvu za zida za nyukiliya, choyambirira kwambiri ku USA, UK, ndi France, ndizowonekera komanso zochititsa manyazi. Signatureies of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty (asayinidwa mu 1968, akubwera ku 1970), akupitiliza kunyalanyaza udindo wawo wokambirana momasuka zosavomerezeka za zida zawo zanyukiliya. M'malo mwake, onse akutenga nawo gawo pakusintha, kuwononga mabiliyoni azinthu zochepa. Izi ndizophwanya malamulo awo mowonjezereka omwe adatsimikiziridwa mu lingaliro laupangiri wa 1996 la International Court of Justice ponena za 'Legity of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons'. [24]

Titha kunena kuti kupanda chidwi ndi umbuli wa anthu ndizomwe zikuyambitsa izi. Zoyeserera zadziko ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso mabungwe azoletsa zida zanyukiliya amasangalala ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la anthu. Mphothoyo, pafupipafupi, ya mphotho yamtendere ya Nobel chifukwa chonyamula zida zanyukiliya, ingakhale ndi mwayi wowunikira nkhaniyi komanso kulimbikitsa ndi kuvomereza kuti omwe akutsutsawo ayambe kuchita nawo ntchitoyi. Ndiye ichi, kuposa 'ulemu', womwe umapanga tanthauzo lenileni la mphotho.

Nthawi yomweyo, udindo ndi kuwonongedwa kwa maboma ndi atsogoleri andale ndi ankhondo ndizodziwikiratu. Zida zisanu za zida za nyukiliya zomwe ndi mamembala okhazikika a UN Security Council akana kutenga nawo mbali pazokambirana pazotsatira zaumunthu zomwe zachitika mu Marichi 2013 ndi boma la Norway komanso mu February 2014 ndi boma la Mexico. Amaopa kuti misonkhanoyi ingachititse kuti pakhale zokambirana zololedwa kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya. Polengeza msonkhano wotsatira ku Vienna kumapeto kwa chaka chomwecho, Nduna Yowona Zakunja ku Austria a Sebastian Kurz ananena mosapita m'mbali kuti, 'Lingaliro lomwe lakhazikitsidwa ndikuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa dziko sayenera kukhala ndi malo mu 21^st century ... Nkhaniyi ndiyofunikira makamaka ku Europe, komwe kumaganiza zankhondo kozizira kumadalirabe pazachiphunzitso zachitetezo '. [25] Anatinso:' tikuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chikumbutso [cha Nkhondo Yadziko I] kuti tichite chilichonse kuti tisunthire zida za zida za nyukiliya , cholowa chowopsa kwambiri cha 20^th century '. Tiyeneranso kumva izi kuchokera kwa nthumwi zakunja kwa zida za zida za zida za nyukiliya - osachepera Britain ndi France omwe anthu ake adavutika kwambiri pankhondoyo. Nuclear Security Summits, yachitatu yomwe ikuchitika mu Marichi 2014 ku The Hague, ikufuna kuthana ndi zachiwawa padziko lonse lapansi. Ndondomeko yake ndiwosamala kuti usatchule za chowopseza chomwe chilipo choimiridwa ndi zida za nyukiliya ndi zida zamphamvu za zida za nyukiliya. Izi ndizosadabwitsa, chifukwa msonkhano uno ukuchitikira ku The Hague, mzinda womwe umadziwikiratu kuti zida zanyukiliya zizichitika padziko lonse (monga momwe khothi lalikulu ku UN lakhazikitsira ku The Hague).

5. Nonviolence vs Military-Industrial Complex

Tiyeni tikambirane za chisanu. Tikuwona nthawi yazaka XXUMX kuyambira 100 mpaka 1914. Tiyeni tiimirire kaye kwakanthawi ndikukumbukira zomwe zinachitika pakati. 2014, yomwe ndi 1964 zaka zapitazo. Mchaka chimenecho, a Martin Luther King, Jr., adalandira Mphotho ya Mtendere wa Nobel. Anawona kuti ndizovomerezeka zosazindikira zachilengedwe ngati yankho la funso lofunika kwambiri lazandale ndi lamakhalidwe athu - kufunikira kwa munthu kuti athetse kuponderezana ndi chiwawa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ziwawa komanso kuponderezana '. Adalandira mphotho chifukwa chotsogolera gulu losagwirizana ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuyambira pa nkhonya ya basi ya Montgomery (Alabama) mu Disembala 50. M'maphunziro ake a Nobel (1955^th Disembala 1964), King adawonetsa zovuta zamakono zamunthu, kuti. "olemera takhala olemera, ovutika takhala okhalitsa komanso zauzimu". [26] Adapitilizanso kudziwa mavuto atatu akulu komanso olumikizidwa omwe amachokera mu 'mfundo zoyendetsera umunthu': kusankhana mitundu, umphawi komanso nkhondo / nkhondo. Mu zaka zochepa zomwe adatsala kuti asakanthidwe ndi chipolopolo (1968), adalankhulanso motsutsana ndi nkhondo komanso zankhondo, makamaka nkhondo ku Vietnam. Zina mwazomwe ndakhala ndikufuna kuchokera kwa mneneri wamkulu uyu komanso womenyera ufulu wawo, ndi kuti "Nkhondo ndizoletsa zoyipa m'mawa zamtendere ', ndi' Tawongolera zoponya ndi amuna olakwika '. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi nkhondo ya King idapumira pamulankhulidwe wake wamphamvu, wokhala ndi mutu Pambuyo pa Vietnam, yaperekedwa mu mpingo wa Riverside ku New York City pa 4^th April 1967.

Ndi mphotho ya Nobel, adati, 'mtolo wina wa udindo unayikidwa pa ine': mphotho 'idalinso ntchito… kugwira ntchito molimbika kuposa momwe ndidagwirira ntchito kale pa ubale wa munthu'. Kutsatira zomwe adanena ku Oslo, adatchulapo "zazikulu zazikulu za kusankhana mitundu, kukonda kwambiri chuma, komanso nkhondo." Pankhani yotsiriza iyi, adanena kuti sangathenso kukhala chete ndipo adatcha boma lake 'mtsogoleri wankhanzikulu kwambiri wachiwawa padziko lapansi lero lino. [27] Adatsutsa' kudzikuza kwakupha kwa azungu komwe kwaphetsa dziko lapansi kwazaka zambiri '. Uthengawu wake ndiwakuti 'nkhondo siyankho', ndipo 'Fuko lomwe likupitiliza zaka zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri kutchinjiriza kunkhondo kuposa mapulogalamu akukulitsa anthu ayandikira kumwalira kwa uzimu'. Adafunsanso "kusinthika kwa mfundo zenizeni 'zomwe zikutanthauza kuti' dziko lililonse likhale lokhulupirika kwambiri kwa anthu onse '. [28]

Pali iwo omwe akunena kuti sizodabwitsa kuti zinali ndendende chaka chimodzi mpaka tsiku lotsatira, kuti ML King adawomberedwa. Ndi mawu ake odana ndi nkhondo ku New York, ndikutsutsa kwake boma la America kuti ndiye 'wachiwonetsero wankhanza kwambiri' padziko lapansi, anali atayamba kuchita ziwonetsero zake zodana ndi zachiwawa mopitilira zolinga za ufulu wachibadwidwe ndipo potero amawopseza zofuna zamphamvu . Izi zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidule m'mawu akuti 'gulu lankhondo la mafakitale' [MIC], lopangidwa ndi Purezidenti Dwight D. Eisenhower m'mawu ake omaliza mu Januwale 1961. [29] Mu chenjezo lolimba mtima komanso lolonjezedwa lomweli, Eisenhower adati kuti 'gulu lankhondo lalikulu komanso malo ogulitsa zida zazikulu' adatulukira ngati njira yatsopano komanso yobisika mu ndale za ku US. Anati, 'M'makhonsolo aboma, tiyenera kusamala kuti tipeze zinthu zosakhudzidwa ... zochitidwa ndi gulu lankhondo. Kuthekera kwa kuwonongeka kwazovuta zamagetsi molakwika kulipo ndipo kudzalimbikira '. Zakuti Purezidenti wosiya ntchito anali ndi gulu lankhondo - anali wamkulu wa asitikali asanu mu gulu lankhondo la US pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ndipo anali woyamba kukhala Chief Commander of the Allies Forces ku Europe (NATO) - anachenjeza onse chodabwitsa kwambiri. Chakumapeto kwa nkhani yake yolemekezeka, Eisenhower adalangiza anthu aku America kuti 'zida… ndizofunikira nthawi zonse ”.

Zomwe machenjezo ake sanamvere, ndikuti zoopsa zomwe adaziwona zachitika, zikuwonekeranso lero. Openda ambiri a MIC amati US sachita zochuluka ndi MIC ngati dziko lonse lakhala chimodzi. [30] MIC tsopano ili ndi mbali ya Congress, Academia, Media, ndi Entertainment, ndipo kukulira kwa mphamvu zake ndi chisonkhezero chake zikuwonetsa kuti gulu lankhondo la America likukula. . Umboni wamphamvu pamenepa umawonetsedwa ndi zowona monga izi:

* Pentagon ndiye ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi;

* Pentagon ndiyomwe ili ndi malo abwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ikudzitcha kuti ndi imodzi mwa "eni nyumba" padziko lonse lapansi, 'momwe muli zida zapakati pa nkhondo za 1,000 ndi kukhazikitsa kumayiko opitilira 150;

* Pentagon imakhala ndi 75% kapena yokhazikitsa nyumba ku feduro ku US;

* Pentagon ndi 3^rd federal funder wamkulu waku kafukufuku waku University ku US (pambuyo pa zaumoyo, ndi sayansi). [31]

Ndizodziwika bwino kuti ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito pachaka ku US zimaposa zomwe mayiko khumi kapena khumi ndi awiriwo aphatikiza. Izi ndiye zowerengera Eisenhower, 'zowopsa', ndi zamisala, komanso misala yowopsa pamenepo. Kufunika kwa zida zomwe adanenazi kwasinthidwa. Izi ndizodabwitsa kwambiri pamene wina aganiza kuti amalankhula panthawi ya Nkhondo Yazilala, pomwe chikominisi chikuwoneka ngati chowopsa ku US komanso mayiko ena onse omasuka. Kutha kwa Cold War ndi kuwonongedwa kwa Soviet Union ndi ufumu wake sizinalepheretse kufalikira kwina kwa MIC, yomwe mahema awo tsopano azungulira dziko lonse lapansi.

Momwe izi zimadziwika ndi dziko lapansi zimawonekera bwino mu zotsatira za kafukufuku wa pachaka wa 2013 pachaka 'End of Year' wolemba World World Independent Network of Market Research (WIN) ndi Gallup International omwe adakhudza anthu a 68,000 m'maiko a 65. [32] Poyankha kwa funso, 'Kodi mukuganiza kuti ndi dziko liti lomwe likuopseza kwambiri mtendere padziko lapansi lero?', US idabwera koyamba pamalire ambiri, ikulandila 24% yamavoti. Izi ndi zofanana ndi mavoti ophatikizidwa a mayiko anayi otsatira: Pakistan (8%), China (6%), Afghanistan (5%) ndi Iran (5%). Zikuwonekeratu kuti zaka zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri kuchokera pamene kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lotchedwa 'Global nkhondo pa Zowopsa', US ikuwoneka kuti ikuwopseza anthu ambiri padziko lapansi. Kulimba mtima kwa a Martin Luther King, a Jr. ndikudzudzula boma lake lomwe kukhala 'woyeretsa wamkulu kwambiri wachiwawa padziko lapansi masiku ano' (1967) tsopano, pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu kenako, akugawidwa ndi anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Nthawi yomweyo, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mfuti zomwe nzika zamtundu uliwonse ku US zikugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo (zomwe zimapikisidwa) kunyamula mfuti pansi pa Kukonzanso Kwachiwiri kwa Constitution. Ndi mfuti za 88 za anthu aliwonse a 100, dzikolo lili ndi mfuti zochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chikhalidwe cha zachiwawa chikuwoneka kuti chikukulirakulira kwambiri mdziko la America lero, ndipo zochitika za 9 / 11 zangokulitsa vutoli. Martin Luther King, Jr., wophunzira komanso wotsatira wa Mahatma Gandhi, adapereka chithunzithunzi cha mphamvu zakusagwirizana pa utsogoleri wake wopambana wa bungwe la ufulu wachibadwidwe ku US. US ikufunanso kuti ipatsenso mwayi wokhala cholowa chake monga India ikufunanso kuyambiranso ya Gandhi. Nthawi zambiri ndimakumbutsidwa yankho lomwe Gandhi adapereka kwa mtolankhani pomwe, pakubwera ku England pakati pa ma 1930, adafunsidwa zomwe amaganiza pazachitukuko chakumadzulo. Kuyankha kwa Gandhi sikunataye kufunika kwake, zaka za 80 pambuyo pake, mosiyana ndi izi. Gandhi adayankha, 'Ndikuganiza lingakhale lingaliro labwino'. Ngakhale zowona za nkhaniyi zimatsutsidwa, zili ndi chowonadi - Sachita izi, e ben trovato.

West, ndi dziko lonse lapansi, zingakhale zotukuka kwambiri ngati nkhondo - 'yomwe idalakwitsana kwambiri ndi chitukuko chathu' m'mawu a Andrew Carnegie - kuthetsedwa. Atanena choncho, Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki anali akadali mizinda ya Japan ngati ina. Masiku ano, dziko lonse lapansi likuwopsezedwa ndikupitilizabe kunkhondo komanso zida zatsopano zowonongera zomwe zidabweretsa ndikupitilizabe kukhala. Mawu achi Roma akale komanso osasangalatsa. si vis pacem, para bellum, iyenera kulowedwa m'malo ndi mawu omwe ananenedwa kwa onse Gandhi ndi Quaker: Palibe njira yamtendere, mtendere ndiyo njira. Dziko limapempera mtendere, koma kulipira nkhondo. Ngati tikufuna mtendere, tiyenera kukhazikitsa mtendere, ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti koposa zonse mu maphunziro amtendere. Zikuwonekerabe mpaka pati kuwonongera kwakukulu m'mayuziyamu ankhondo ndi ziwonetsero, ndi mapulogalamu osaneneka onena za Nkhondo Yaikulu (monga zikuchitika masiku ano ku Britain komanso kwina), ndi maphunziro okhudza zomwe sizichitika zachiwawa, osapha , kuthetsedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya. Kungoona koteroko ndi komwe kungafotokozere madongosolo azikumbutso (komanso okwera mtengo).

Zikumbukiro za zana limodzi la Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko lonse pazaka zinayi zotsatira zimapereka mgwirizano wamtendere ndi mwayi wambiri wolimbikitsa chikhalidwe chamtendere komanso zopanda chilungamo chomwe, chokha, chidzatha kubweretsa dziko lopanda nkhondo.

Palibe amene adalakwitsa kuposa yemwe sanachite kalikonse chifukwa amakhoza pang'ono pokha. -Edmund Burke

 

Peter van den Dungen

Mgwirizano Wamtendere, 11^th Msonkhano Wamtundu Wapachaka, 21-22 February 2014, Cologne-Riehl

Mawu oyambira

(yasinthidwa, 10^th Marichi 2014)

 

[1] Mawu athunthu ali www.gov.uk/government/speeches/speech-at-imperial-war-museum-on-first-world-war-centenary-plans

[2] Zambiri pa www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2013/world-war-one-centenary.html

[3] Zambiri pa www.iwm.org.uk/centenary

[4] 'Kodi ndi 1914 mobwerezabwereza?', Ngwachikwanekwane, 5^th Januwale 2014, p. 24.

[5] Cf. mawu ake a David Adesnik, Zotsatira za 100 Zaka - Zotsatira pa Carnegie Endowment for Peace International. Washington, DC: CEIP, 2011, p. 5.

[6] Ibid., P. 43.

[7] www.demilitarize.org

[8] Zithunzi za Bertha von Suttner. Boston: Ginn, 1910, vol. 1, p. 343.

[9] Cf. Caroline E. Playne, Bertha von Suttner ndi nkhondo yopewetsa Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1936, makamaka mavoliyumu awiri omwe adasinthidwa ndi Alfred H. Fried kuphatikiza magulu andale a von Suttner A Die Friedens-Warte (1892-1900, 1907-1914): Der Kampf um die Vermeidung des Weltkriegs. Zurich: Orell Fuessli, 1917.

[10] Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger-ABC-CLIO, 2010. Mtundu wokulitsidwa ndi kusinthidwa ndiko kumasulira kwa Chispanya: La voluntad de Alfred Nobel: Que pretendia realmente el Premio Nobel de la Paz? Barcelona: Icaria, 2013.

[11] London: William Heinemann, 1910. Bukulo linagulitsa makope oposa miliyoni, ndipo linamasuliridwa m'zilankhulo za 25. Matanthauzidwe achijeremani adawonekera pansi pamitu Afa grosse Taeuschung (Leipzig, 1911) ndi Die falsche Rechnung (Berlin, 1913).

[12] Mwachitsanzo, a Paul Fussell, Nkhondo Yaikulu ndi Kukumbukira kwamakono. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975, pp. 12-13.

[13] Johann von Bloch, Der Krieg. Uebersetzung des russischen Werkes des Autors: Der zukuenftige Krieg mu seiner technischen, volkswirthschaftlichen und politischen Bedeutung. Berlin: Puttkammer & Muehlbrecht, 1899, vol. 1, tsa. XV. M'Chingelezi, mtundu wachidule chokha chidatuluka, wokhala ndi mutu wosiyanasiyana Is Nkhondo Tsopano Zosatheka? (1899), Zida Zamakono ndi Nkhondo Zamakono (1900) ndi Tsogolo Lankhondo (Ma eds a US.).

[14] London: Cassell, 1943. Bukuli lidasindikizidwa m'Chijeremani ku Stockholm ku 1944 monga Die Welt von Gestern: Erinnerungen adya Europaers.

[15] New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

[16] Helmut Donat & Karl Holl, olemba., Die Friedensbewegung. Organisierter Pazifismus ku Deutschland, Oesterreich und in der Schweiz. Duesseldorf: ECON Taschenbuchverlag, Hermes Handlexikon, 1983, p. 14.

[17] Ibid.

[18] www.akhf.de. Bungweli lidakhazikitsidwa ku 1984.

[19] Kuti muwone mwachidule mbiri ya Paasche, onani malowedwe a Helmut Donat ku Harold Josephson, ed., Biographical Dictionary of Modern Peace Atsogoleri. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985, pp. 721-722. Onaninso kulowamo kwake Die Friedensbewegung, op. cit., pp. 297-298.

[20] www.carnegieherofunds.org

[21] www.nonking.org

[22] Lembali lidasindikizidwa koyamba mu Ziwonetsero Zatsopano (New York), vol. 3, ayi. 4, April 1936, pp. 15-30, yokhala ndi zithunzi za George Grosz, Otto Dix, ndi ena ojambula pazithunzi zankhondo.

[23] Die Barbarisierung der Luft. Berlin: Verlag der Friedens-Warte, 1912. Kutanthauzira kokhako kuli mu Chijapani, komwe kudasindikizidwa posachedwapa pamwambo wa nkhani ya 100^th tsiku lokumbukira: Osamu Itoigawa & Mitsuo Nakamura, 'Bertha von Suttner: "Die Barbarisierung der Luft"', pp. 93-113 mu The Journal of Aichi Gakuin University - Anthu ndi Sayansi (Nagoya), vol. 60, ayi. 3, 2013.

[24] Kuti mumve zonse, onani International Court of Justice, Yearbook 1995-1996. La Haye: ICJ, 1996, masamba 212-223, ndi Ved P. Nanda & David Krieger, Zida za Nyukiliya komanso Khothi Lapadziko Lonse. Ardsley, New York: Transnational Publishers, 1998, pp. 191-225.

[25] Mawu atolankhani, atulutsidwa ndi Unduna wa Zakunja ku Vienna pa 13^th February 2014, ikhoza kupezeka pa www.abolition2000.org/?p=3188

[26] Martin Luther King, 'Kufunafuna Mtendere ndi Chilungamo', pp. 246-259 in Les Prix Nobel en 1964. Stockholm: Impr. Royale PA Norstedt wa Nobel Foundation, 1965, pa p. 247. Cf. komanso www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-lecture.html

[27] Clayborne Carson, ed., Autobiography ya Martin Luther King, Jr. London: Abacus, 2000. Onani makamaka ch. 30, 'Beyond Vietnam', pp. 333-345, pa p. 338. Pakufunika kwa malankhulidwe awa, onaninso Coretta Scott King, Moyo wanga ndi Martin Luther King, Jr. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1970, mutu. 16, tsamba 303-316.

[28] Zojambulajambula, p. 341.

[29] www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/farewell_address/Reading_Copy.pdf

[30] Mwachitsanzo, Nick Turse, Zovuta: momwe Asitikali Amalowera Miyoyo Yathu Tsiku ndi Tsiku. London: Faber & Faber, 2009.

[31] Ibid., Pp. 35-51.

[32] www.wingia.com/web/files/services/33/file/33.pdf?1394206482