Ko te rere o te Ao me te Tika o te Pakanga

Nā Ria Verjauw, Mei 5, 2019

"Kei te tata te mate wairua ki tētahi iwi e whakapau moni ana i ia tau ki te tiaki hōia i ngā kaupapa whakatairanga hapori." -Martin Luther King

Whakaahua: Te Tari Take Hōia o Amerika

He hononga kei waenganui i ngā mea katoa: ngā pakanga ā-pū – te takahi i ngā tika tangata – te parahanga taiao – te huringa āhuarangi – te hē pāpori…

Ko te huringa āhuarangi me te parahanga taiao he wāhanga nui o ngā pakanga o ēnei rā. He nui te tūranga o te ope taua i roto i te huringa āhuarangi. He mea nui te hinu mō te pakanga. Ko te mahi hōia te mahi tino nui rawa atu o te ao e whakamahi ana i te hinu. Ko te kōrero mō te huringa āhuarangi, kāore e uru ana ki te hau wera anake te ope taua.

Ahakoa he tokomaha o tātou e whakaiti ana i tō tātou tapuwae waro mā te noho māmā ake, kāore te ope taua e pāngia e ngā āwangawanga mō te huringa āhuarangi. Kāore te ope taua e ripoata ana mō te huringa āhuarangi. Tuhinga ki tētahi whakahaere ā-motu, ā-ao rānei, nā te tautoko a te US i ngā whiriwhiringa o te tau 1997 mō te whakaaetanga ā-ao tuatahi hei whakawhāiti i ngā tukunga whakamahana ā-ao, te Kawa o Kyoto mō te Huringa Āhuarangi.

He mea whakarihariha te kite i te kore rawa o te kōrero mō te nui o te pānga o te ope taua ki te poke - ahakoa i roto i ngā tautohetohe me ngā whakaaturanga maha mō te huringa āhuarangi, i roto rānei i ngā pāpāho. I roto i ngā huihuinga taiao, kāore he kōrero mō ngā pānga poke o te ope taua.

I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka whakamāramahia noa e mātou te pānga o ngā mahi hōia a te US. Ehara i te mea he iti ake te kawenga o ētahi atu whenua me ngā kaihanga patu mō ngā kino nui i pā ki tō tātou āhuarangi me te taiao. Ko te US tētahi o ngā kaitākaro maha i roto i te awe o te ao i ngā mahi hōia ki tō tātou āhuarangi me te taiao.

E 25% o te hinu katoa e whakamahia ana e te US e te ope taua o Amerika, arā, e 25% o te hinu katoa e whakamahia ana e te ao. Ko te Ono o ngā Rōpū Waka o Amerika tētahi o ngā ope tino poke i te Moana Mediterranean. Ko te Ope Taua Rererangi o Amerika (USAF) te kaihoko nui rawa atu o te hinu jet i te ao.

I te tau 1945 i hanga e te ope taua o Amerika tētahi turanga rererangi ki Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, koinei te tīmatanga o te whakarite i te urunga tuturu a Amerika ki te hinu hou o te Middle East. I whiriwhiria e Perehitini Roosevelt tētahi Tuhinga ka whai mai me te whānau Saudi: te tiakitanga hōia hei utu mō te hinu iti te utu mō ngā mākete me ngā hōia o Amerika. He nui te mōhiotanga o Eisenhower mō te aranga ake o tētahi umanga pakanga tuturu i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao e whakahau ana i ngā kaupapa here ā-motu me te hiahia kia mataara me te whai wāhi ngā tāngata ki te aukati i te matatini "umanga hōia-pūtea". Heoi anō, i whakatau ia i tētahi whakatau nui mō ngā kaupapa here pūngao, i whakatakoto i te US me te ao ki tētahi ara me kimi e tātou te ara hoki.

I tīmata te pikinga tere o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi e hanga ana i te raruraru āhuarangi o nāianei i te tau 1950 pea; i te wā i muri tata mai i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. Ehara tēnei i te mea tūpono noa. He mea nui te hinu i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, engari he mea nui te whakahaere i te urunga atu ki ngā taonga hinu i te Pakanga Tuarua. Kāore ngā Hoa Whenua i toa mēnā kāore i taea e rātou te tapahi i te urunga atu a Tiamana ki te hinu, me te pupuri tonu i a rātou anō. Ko te akoranga mō te US i muri i te pakanga, inā koa ko te urunga tonu ki te hinu o te ao me te mana pupuri he mea nui kia noho ko ia te mana nui o te ao. Nā tēnei i waiho te hinu hei kaupapa matua mō te ope taua, ā, i whakaū hoki i te tūranga matua o te rāngai hinu/aunoa i te US. He whakaritenga ēnei mō tētahi pūnaha e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā hangarau tukunga hau kati kōtuhi mō te hanga hōia me te hanga ā-rohe; te pūtake o te huringa āhuarangi e pā ana ki a tātou i nāianei.

I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1970, nā te whakaekenga a te Rūhia ki Afghanistan me te Huringa Iranian i whakatuma te urunga o te US ki te hinu i te Middle East, ā, i arahina atu ai te kaupapa pakanga a te Perehitini Carter i te tau 1980, arā, ko te State of the Union. E kī ana te Kaupapa Carter, ko tetahi tūmomo whakawehi ki te urunga o te US ki te hinu i te Middle East ka ātetehia "mā ngā huarahi katoa e tika ana, tae atu ki te kaha hōia." I whakaū a Carter i tana kaupapa mā te waihanga i te Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force, ko tana kaupapa he mahi whawhai i te rohe o te Moana-a-Kiwa Pāhia ina tika. I whakanui ake a Ronald Reagan i te whakapūmautanga o te hinu me te hanganga o te US Central Command (CENTCOM), ko tana raison d'etre Ko te whāinga matua he whakarite i te urunga atu ki te hinu, te whakaiti i te awe o te Uniana Sōviete i te rohe, me te whakahaere i ngā kāwanatanga tōrangapū i te rohe mō ngā painga haumarutanga ā-motu. Nā te tipu haere o te whakawhirinaki ki te hinu mai i Āwherika me te rohe o te Moana Caspian, kua whakanuia e te US ōna kaha hōia i aua rohe.

I te tau 1992, i āta tangohia ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi mai i ngā mahi hōia mai i ngā whāinga tukunga. I tono te US kia whakawāteatia mai i ngā here tukunga mō ngā wahie "bunker" (te hinu wahie matotoru, taumaha mō ngā kaipuke moana) me ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi katoa mai i ngā mahi hōia o te ao, tae atu ki ngā pakanga. I tangohia e George W. Bush te US i te Kyoto Protocol hei tētahi o ngā mahi tuatahi o tōna peresidenitanga, me te kī ka herea e ia te ōhanga o te US me ngā whakahaere tukunga kati kōtuhi utu nui rawa. Muri iho, ka tīmata te Whare White i tētahi pakanga neo-Luddite ki te pūtaiao o te huringa āhuarangi.

I tangohia te aukati aunoa i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi i roto i ngā mahi hōia i roto i te Whakaaetanga Āhuarangi o Parī i te tau 2015. I whakakahore te whakahaerenga a Trump ki te haina i te whakaaetanga, ā, kāore anō kia whakahaua kia aroturukihia e ngā whenua hainatanga ā rātou tukunga waro hōia.

I te pūrongo a te Poari Pūtaiao Tiaki o Amerika i te tau 2001 me whakawhanake e te ope taua he patu e pai ake ana te hinu, he pūnaha tautoko pai ake rānei kia taea ai e rātou te pupuri i ā rātou taonga, "te āhua nei kua whiriwhiria e ngā hēnerara te tuatoru o ngā kōwhiringa: te hopu i te urunga atu ki te hinu". E whakaatu ana tēnei i te pono taketake mō te ope taua me te huringa āhuarangi: i puta mai te huarahi hou o te pakanga i te whakamahinga koretake o te wahie pūmua, ā, ka taea anake.

Ko te haumarutanga hinu kei roto ko te tiakitanga hōia mai i te whakangaromanga o ngā paipa me ngā kaipuke tāke, me ngā pakanga hoki i ngā rohe whai rawa hinu hei whakarite i te urunga roa. Tata ki te 1000 ngā turanga hōia o Amerika e whai ana i te ara mai i ngā Andes ki Āwherika ki te Raki puta noa i te Middle East ki Indonesia, ki Philippines me Korea ki te Raki, e horapa ana i ngā rauemi hinu nui katoa – e pā ana katoa ki te kaha whakaputa hei tiaki i te pūngao. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā "tukunga o runga" o ngā hau kati kōtuhi mai i te hanga taputapu hōia, whakamātautau, hanganga, waka me ngā patu e whakamahia ana i roto i te tiakitanga tuku hinu me ngā pakanga e ahu mai ana i te hinu me whakauru hoki ki roto i te pānga whānui o te whakamahi penehīni ki te taiao.

I te tīmatanga o te pakanga i Irāki i te marama o Poutū-te-rangi 2003, i whakatau tata te Ope Taua e hiahiatia ana neke atu i te 40 miriona karani penehīni mō ngā wiki e toru o te pakanga, he nui ake i te tapeke i whakamahia e ngā ope taua katoa i ngā tau e whā o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. I roto i ngā taonga patu a te Ope Taua he 2000 ngā tāke M-1 Abrams pakari i tahuna mō te pakanga, ā, e 250 karani wahie i te hāora te nui. Ko Irāki te tuatoru o ngā rahui hinu nui rawa atu. Kāore e kore ko te pakanga i Irāki he pakanga mō te hinu.

Nā te pakanga rangi i Libya i hoatu ki te US Africa Command (AFRICOM) hou – he mea anō hoki toronga o te Carter Doctrine – he arotahi me te kaha. Kua whakatau ētahi kaikōrero he wawaotanga hōia ā-tangata tika te pakanga NATO i Libya. I takahia e te pakanga rangi i Lybia te Whakataunga a te Kaunihera Haumarutanga o te UN 1973, te Ture o Amerika me te Ture Mana Pakanga; ā, ka whakatakotohia he tauira. Ko te pakanga rangi i Libya tētahi atu aukati ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero kore-hōia; i whakawhāitihia te Uniana o Awherika, ā, ka whakatakotohia he huarahi mō te wawaotanga hōia ki Awherika i te wā e tūpono ana ngā painga o Amerika.

Ki te whakataurite tātou i ngā tatauranga:

1. Ko te utu katoa e matapaetia ana mō te pakanga i Īrāki (e tata ana ki te $3 trillion) ka kapi i "ngā haumitanga katoa o te ao i roto i te whakaputa hiko hou" e hiahiatia ana i waenga i nāianei me te tau 2030 hei whakakore i ngā ia o te mahana o te ao.
2. I waenganui i te tau 2003-2007, i puta mai i te pakanga te iti rawa 141 miriona tana metrika o te hauhā waro (CO2e), nui atu i ia tau o te pakanga i te 139 o ngā whenua o te ao e tuku ana i ia tauKo te hanga anō i ngā kura, ngā kāinga, ngā pakihi, ngā piriti, ngā rori me ngā hōhipera i pakaru i te pakanga i Irāki, me ngā taiepa me ngā arai haumarutanga hou ka hiahiatia he miriona tana sima, tētahi o ngā puna ahumahi nui rawa atu o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi.
3. I te tau 2006, nui ake te moni i pau i te US mō te pakanga i Īrāki i tā te ao katoa i pau ki te haumitanga ki te pūngao hou.
4. I te tau 2008, e 97 ngā wā i nui ake ai te whakapaunga a te kāwanatanga Bush ki te ope taua i te whakapaunga ki te huringa āhuarangi. I a ia e tū ana hei kaitono perehitini, i oati a Perehitini Obama ki te whakapau i te $150 piriona i roto i ngā tau tekau ki te hangarau pūngao matomato me ngā hanganga – he iti iho i te whakapaunga a te Hononga o Amerika i te tau kotahi o te pakanga i Irāki.

Ehara te pakanga i te moumou rauemi noa iho hei whakatau i te huringa āhuarangi, engari he tino take kino ki te taiao. He nui ngā tapuwae waro o ngā ope taua.

E whakaae ana te ope taua o Amerika e 395,000 ngā oko hinu (1 oko US = 158.97 rita) te hinu e whakamahia ana i ia rā. He tatauranga whakamiharo tēnei, engari he iti noa iho pea te nui o te hinu e whakamahia ana. Kia whakaurua katoatia te whakamahinga hinu mai i ngā kaimahi hōia, te hanga patu me ngā turanga huna me ngā mahi katoa kāore i roto i ngā tatauranga mana, tera pea ka tata atu te whakamahinga tūturu o ia rā ki te miriona okoHei whakataurite i ngā tatauranga, ko ngā hōia o Amerika e mahi ana i te ratonga he tata ki te 0.0002% o te taupori o te ao, engari he wāhanga rātou o tētahi pūnaha hōia e whakaputa ana i te tata ki te 5% o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi o te ao.

Ko te nuinga o ēnei tukunga hau i ahu mai i ngā hanganga hōia a te US puta noa i te ao. He nui ake te utu taiao o te pakanga.

Kāore i te herea noa te kino o te taiao e te pakanga ki te huringa āhuarangi. Ko ngā pānga o te pōma karihi me te whakamātautau karihi, te whakamahinga o te Agent Orange, te uranium kua memeha me ētahi atu matū paitini, tae atu ki ngā maina whenua me te ture kāore anō kia pahū e mau tonu ana i ngā rohe pakanga i muri i te nekenga o te pakanga, kua whiwhi te ope taua i te ingoa tika hei "whakaeke kotahi nui rawa atu ki te taiao." Kua whakatauhia ko te 20% o ngā whakahekenga taiao katoa o te ao e ahu mai ana i ngā mahi hōia me ngā mahi e pā ana.

E hangai ana ki ēnei aituā taiao e whakanuia ana e te mahana o te ao, ko te tauhokohoko tonu i roto i te tahua ā-motu o Amerika i waenga i te tiakitanga hōia me te haumarutanga tangata me te taiao tūturu. Neke atu i te 30 ōrau o ngā hau whakamahana o te ao e takoha ana te United States ki te āhuarangi, i hangaia e te rima ōrau o te taupori o te ao me te ope taua o Amerika. Ko ngā wāhanga o te tahua ā-motu o Amerika e putea ana i te mātauranga, te pūngao, te taiao, ngā ratonga pāpori, te whare me te waihanga mahi hou, ina huihuia, he iti ake te pūtea e whiwhi ana i te tahua hōia/tiaki. Kua kīia e te Hēkeretari Reipa o mua a Robert Reich ko te tahua hōia he kaupapa mahi e tautokona ana e te kaipupuri takoha, ā, e tohe ana kia hurihia ngā whakapaunga ā-motu ki ngā mahi i roto i te pūngao matomato, te mātauranga me ngā hanganga - te haumarutanga ā-motu tūturu.

Kia huri te tai. Ngā kaupapa rangimārie: tīmata ki te rangahau hei tirotiro i ngā tukunga CO2 a te ope taua me te paitini o tō tātou ao. Ngā kaiwhaiwhai mō ngā Tika Tangata: kōrero mārama mō te pakanga me te whakangaromanga. Nō reira, ka karanga kaha ahau ki ngā kaiwhaiwhai āhuarangi katoa o ngā reanga katoa:

'Tiaki i te Āhuarangi mā te noho hei kaiwhakahau i te rangimārie me te whakahē i ngā hōia'.

Ria Verjauw/ ICBUW / Leuvense Vredesbeweging

Rauemi:

ufpj-peacetalk- He aha te mea nui o te whakamutu i ngā pakanga hei whakamutu i te huringa āhuarangi | Elaine Graham-Leigh

Elaine Graham-Leigh, pukapuka:He Kai Whakaiti: Te Akomanga, te Kai me te Huringa Āhuarangi'

http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/index.html

https://truthout.org/articles/the-military-assault-on-global-climate/

Ian Angus, Te anga atu ki te Anthropocene (Pūrongo Arotake ā-Marama 2016), whārangi 161