Ko te Maharatanga o te Pakanga ki te Whakaoti i nga Tauiwi War katoa

Na David Swanson

"Ko wai e whakahaere ana i te wā o mua, e whakahaere ana i te wā o muri. Ko wai e whakahaere ana i te wā o nāianei, e whakahaere ana i te wā o mua." –Orwell

Kua tae te kāwanatanga o Amerika ki raro rawa o te oko. Nā te mea kua whakakīia ia inihi tapawha o te National Mall ki ngā whakamaharatanga mō ia pakanga i hiahia rātou ki te whakaae, tae atu ki ngā pakanga i Vietnam me Korea, tae atu ki ngā pakanga e rua o te ao, kua whakatau ō tātou rangatira kia kotahi anō te pakanga. Te whakamaharatanga mō te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao e hiahiatia ana, ā, ka hangaia ki Pershing Park (i tapaina i te tau 1981 mō tētahi hēnerara o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao kua warewaretia kētia i taua wā).

Ehara pea i te toa hōia o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao i runga i te pae i runga ake nei, engari he hōia taitamariki e hongi ana i te kororia o ngā patunga rangatira o mua.

Ko te tikanga kia oti tēnei whakanui hou i te kohurutanga papatipu i te Rā Whakamutunga o te Pakanga 2018, arā, ko te mea e mōhiotia nei e tātou ko te ritenga kē atu o te Rā Whakamutunga o te Pakanga, arā, ko te Rā o ngā Hōia. He tino mārama te tohu. I te rautau whakamutunga o te pakanga hei whakamutu i ngā pakanga katoa, ka whakanuia he hararei rangimārie i hurihia hei hararei pakanga i te wā o te pakanga ki Korea e te emepaea e hiahia ana ki te whakanui i ngā pakanga o mua kia mau tonu ai ngā pakanga hou.

Ko te whakamaharatanga o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao he whakaiti i te āhua o te tautohetohe mō te whakanui i ngā pakanga katoa. I te wā i tohu ai a Victor Berger ko te rewharewha me te aukati anake i hoatu e te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao ki te Hononga o Amerika, he wawe rawa ki te tāpiri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao me te matatini ahumahi hōia me te tukino o te Middle East ka riria ki taua rārangi tae noa ki tēnei rā. Engari i whakaae te marea o Amerika ki a ia. Nā te whakarihariha o te marea i hanga te wā tino rangimārie i roto i te hītori o Amerika i muri i te hopukanga o te pakanga. Nā te mahi a te marea i akiaki te kāwanatanga o Amerika ki te ārahi i te aukati ture i ngā pakanga katoa me te Ko te Kamupene Kellogg-Briand, kei roto tonu i ngā pukapuka. Nā te tono a te iwi whānui i tata hanga he whakaritenga mō tētahi pōtitanga ā-iwi i mua i te whakarewatanga turekore a te Hononga o Amerika i tētahi pakanga — he taahiraa kua tino whakarerekētia pea i ngā tau 100 kua hipa.

Kei hea te whakamaharatanga mō te hunga i haere ki te whare herehere mō te kōrero whakahē i te porangi o te "Pakanga Nui"? Kei hea rā ngā kōrero tino taketake mō te hokonga o te pakanga, me te māramatanga i muri i tōna mutunga? Kāore he mea pērā e kitea ana i runga i te paetukutuku o ngā kaihanga whakamaharatanga. Ngā kōrero teka a Woodrow Wilson mō te Tuhinga o mua ā, nā ngā mahi kino a Tiamana i Belgium i hanga te ao hou o te whakatairanga pakanga, ā, i arahi atu ki te ruarua whānui, i te mea kua hē te wāhi, mō ngā kōrero o muri mai mō ngā mahi kino a ngā Nazi. Engari i hiahia te iwi ki te maumahara i ngā pakanga ina tawhito ngā pakanga kia kore ai e whakahuatia tetahi mea. Inaa, he mea noa iho Kīanga Ko te kōrero a Wilson, kāore he kōrero, me te mea he hononga ki te mea i tupu. He rite tēnei ki te whakairo i te Kōrero a Colin Powell mō te UN ki runga i tētahi whakamaharatanga mō te Pakanga o Irāki i te tau 2103, e tino mohio ana ahau kua whakaritea kētia. E kī ana a Wilson:

"Me whakarite kia haumaru te ao mō te manapori. Me whakatō tōna rangimārie ki runga i ngā turanga kua whakamatautauria o te herekore tōrangapū. Kāore he whāinga whaiaro hei mahi mā tātou. Kāore mātou e hiahia ki te wikitoria, ki te mana whakahaere. Kāore mātou e rapu utu mō mātou anō, kāore he utu mō ngā patunga tapu ka mahia e mātou. Ko mātou tētahi o ngā toa o ngā tika o te tangata. Ka makona mātou ina whakapumautia aua tika kia rite ki te whakapono me te herekore o ngā iwi…. He mea whakamataku te arahi i tēnei iwi rangimārie nui ki te pakanga, ki te pakanga tino whakamataku me te kino o ngā pakanga katoa, me te āhua nei kei te taurite te ao whānui. Engari he mea utu nui ake te tika i te rangimārie, ā, ka whawhai mātou mō ngā mea kua mau tonu i a mātou e tata ana ki ō mātou ngākau—mō te manapori, mō te tika o te hunga e ngohengohe ana ki te mana whakahaere kia whai reo i roto i ō rātou ake kāwanatanga, mō ngā tika me ngā herekoretanga o ngā iwi iti, mō te mana whakahaere o te tika ā-ao e tētahi rōpū o ngā iwi herekore e kawe mai ai te rangimārie me te haumaru ki ngā iwi katoa, ā, ka herekore te ao i te mutunga."

I muri tata mai i te wikitoria o Wilson i tētahi pōtitanga i oati teka ai ia i te rangimārie, ā, i muri tonu iho i te tukunga a te karere o Amerika ki Peretānia Nui, a Walter Hines Page, i tētahi taura ki a Wilson i te 5 o Poutū-te-rangi, 1917, e kī ana tētahi wāhanga:

"E tino mōhio ana ahau, kua hipa atu te pēhanga o tēnei raruraru e tata mai ana i te kaha o te tari pūtea Morgan mō ngā kāwanatanga o Peretānia me Wīwī. He nui rawa, he tere rawa hoki ngā matea pūtea a ngā Hoa Whenua mō tētahi tari tūmataiti ki te whakahaere, nā te mea me tūtaki ia tari ki ngā whakataetae pakihi me te whakahē ā-rohe. Ehara i te mea kāore e taea te kī ko te pakanga ki Tiamana anake te huarahi hei pupuri i tō tātou tūranga hokohoko rongonui o nāianei me te karo i te mataku."

I te mutunga o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao me Tiamana, ka whiua e te Perehitini Wilson rātou ko ōna hoa tautoko te taupori katoa o Tiamana, ā, ka ārahi i te tini o ngā kaimātakitaki whakaaro nui ki te matapae tika i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. Jane Addams, ED Morel, John Maynard Keynes, ā, i matapaetia e ētahi atu ko te riri kino o te tiriti ka arahi ki tētahi pakanga hou. Te āhua nei he tika tā rātou. I te taha o ētahi atu āhuatanga, tae atu ki te hiahia o te Hauāuru ki te Nazi i te Kominiuma, me te tipu haere o te whakataetae patu, ko te mauahara nui i Tiamana i arahi ki tētahi pakanga hou. Ferdinand Foch i kī he tino ngāwari rawa te tiriti ki Tiamana, ā, nā reira ka puta he pakanga hou, he pono anō hoki mēnā ka whakaarohia te tūponotanga ka whakangaromia rawatia a Tiamana, tētahi mea tata rānei ki tēnā. I matapaetia e Woodrow Wilson ko te korenga o te Hononga o Amerika ki te whakauru atu ki te Rīki o ngā Iwi ka arahi ki tētahi pakanga hou, engari kāore i te mārama ko te whakauru atu ki te Rīki ka ārai i te pakanga.

Ahakoa te kore mōhio, me te whakahonore i a Wilson hei Obama o tōna wā, ka whakahua noa ā tātou kaihanga whakamaharatanga i ngā kōrero a Wilson, kaua i tāna i mea ai: "Me waiho he rangimārie me te kore he wikitoria... Ko te wikitoria he rangimārie kua akiakihia ki te hunga hinga, ko ngā tikanga a te toa kua whakatakotoria ki te hunga hinga. Ka whakaaetia i roto i te whakaiti, i raro i te akiaki, i roto i te patunga tapu e kore e taea te manawanui, ā, ka waiho he mamae, he riri, he maharatanga kawa e tau ai ngā tikanga rangimārie, ehara i te mea pumau, engari i runga i te onepū. Ko te rangimārie i waenga i ngā tāngata ōrite anake ka mau tonu." E ai ki ngā kaiwhai o tō tātou perehitini o nāianei: i te iti rawa i mōhio ia ki tāna i tika ai kia mahia, ā, koinā te mea nui.

I te taenga mai o te rangimārie, i puritia e Wilson ngā hōia o Amerika ki Rūhia hei whawhai ki ngā Soviets, ahakoa ngā kereme o mua i kīia ai kei Rūhia ngā hōia o Amerika hei patu i a Tiamana me te aukati i ngā taonga e haere ana ki Tiamana. I rongonui te kī a te Hēnetā Hiram Johnson (P-CA) mō te tīmatanga o te pakanga: "Ko te mate tuatahi ina tae mai te pakanga ko te pono." Ināianei he kōrero tāna mō te korenga o te whakamutu i te pakanga i te wā i hainatia ai te tiriti rangimārie. I whakahē a Johnson i te pakanga tonu i Rūhia, ā, i whakahua i ngā kōrero mai i Chicago Tribune i tana kīnga ko te whāinga he āwhina i a Ūropi ki te kohi i ngā nama a Rūhia.

Kei te paetukutuku whakamaharatanga he kohinga ataahua o ngā pānui o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. Kāore he whakaahua "porangi" o ngā Tiamana hei makimaki. Kāore he Ihu e noho ana i tana pū hei tautoko i te Atua. Ā, ko te tūranga o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao i roto i te whakaputa i te whakatairanga tuturu o te pakanga whenua he mea kore whakaaro. whakanuiaI waiatatia te "Star Spangled Banner" hei waiata ā-motu i ngā huihuinga hākinakina i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, ā, i whakaora anō i tētahi rau tau i muri i te Pakanga o te tau 1812, tētahi atu pakanga koretake i kore ai he mea i riro i te Hononga o Amerika engari ko te mate, te mate urutā, me te tāone matua i tahuna.

Me mihi atu ahau ki a Sam Husseini mō tana whakamōhio mai i ahau mō te huihuinga pāpāho a te hunga o te whakamaharatanga o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, i tae atu ia ki te National Press Club i te Wenerei. Anei ororongo mō ā rātou kōrero ki a ia i tana whakaara ake i ōna āwangawanga. Engari i te kōrero mō te kaupapa o te pakanga, te āhua nei i kōrero ngā kaihanga whakamaharatanga mō te "whanaungatanga" o ngā hōia. Engari i te pātai a Sam mēnā i horapa taua whanaungatanga puta noa i ngā iwi, pērā i te wā o te Kirihimete, ka whakautu rātou mā te kōrero mō te hiranga o te Hononga o Amerika. Anei tētahi kōrero poto:

"Ā, mā te titiro ki ngā whakaahua mai i Whitināmu, kei reira ngā kaupapa e kite ana koe ... mai i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao mō te huarahi e tautoko ai te tangata tetahi i tetahi, me te huarahi e whakarerekē ai te pakanga i te katoa. Engari he whai wāhitanga tino pai tēnei nā te mea koinei te tīmatanga mō te Hononga o Amerika. . . .

"E hira ake ana rānei taua wairua o te tuakana i te iwi?"

"Āe, āe, ko tāku e kī mai nei he aha te take i konei. Ehara i te whakanui i te pakanga te mea e pā ana ki konei, engari he whakanui i te tangata me te huihuinga o ēnei iwi rerekē katoa mō te Hononga o Amerika. Nō reira, i roto i ngā tito waiata, kāore he āhua kotahi e wehea ana, he hononga kei waenganui i ia āhua. Kei te pā atu ēnei ki ētahi atu āhua, kei te titiro rānei tetahi ki tetahi. Kāore he āhua o te noho motuhake, o te mokemoke rānei. He ariā hou ake tēnā. Nō reira, ka hoki tātou ki te whakaaro kei reira te kotahitanga i roto i te ao whānui, te āhua o te tikanga. Ā, koinei te take o te whakamarie…."

"Ko taku pātai, kei te herea tēnei whanaungatanga e te iwi, ā, te āhua nei kei te kī koe he pērā."

"Kāo, ehara i te mea kei te kōrero pēnā ahau."

Nō reira, i te putanga hou o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, kua whakauruhia kētia te ope taua me te motu, ā, kāore e hiahiatia te kaupapa mō ngā tika tangata, ā, kāore he tangata i whakamatea? Kāore au e whakahē ki tētahi tohu whakamaharatanga pono mō te rangimarie me te kanorau o ngā iwi. Mena koinei te whakaaro o ēnei tāngata kei te hangaia e rātou, ka mea atu ahau: hangaia! Kaua e whakaurua te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, āe?

Ko te hoahoa o te whakamaharatanga toa i tapaina ko "Te Taumaha o te Patunga Tapu". He temepara mō te patunga tapu tangata. Ko te mahi tinihanga ko te whakapono i te iwi o te rautau 21 he pai te kaupapa o te patunga tapu tangata - ā, tera pea ka pērā anō. Kaua rawa e whakaititia te mana o te whakatairanga.