Site na David Swanson, September 28, 2020
Edepụtara ma gbanwee site na Hapụ Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ
“Otu ụbọchị Onye isi ala Roosevelt gwara m na ya na-arịọ n’ihu ọha maka ntụnye aka gbasara ihe agha a ga-akpọ. Ekwuru m ozugbo, 'Agha Dị Mkpa.' Ọ dịbeghị agha dị mfe ịkwụsị karịa nke mebisịrị ihe fọrọ n'ụwa na ọgụ gara aga. ” —Winston Churchill[I]
Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ toro site na Agha Iwa Mbụ, ọ fọkwara nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghị onye na-anwa ikwu na Agha Worldwa nke Mbụ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ dị ebube. Site n'inwekwu amamihe, gọọmentị nwere ike ịhọrọ ịghara ịmalite Agha Iwa nke Mbụ, ma ọ bụ ịkwụsị njedebe Agha Iwa Mbụ n'ụzọ nke mere ka ndị mmadụ buru amụma WWII ozugbo. Agha nke a gaara ezere bụ naanị agha ziri ezi ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe na-achọsi ike, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-aka mma maka udo. N'ezie ihe a ka nwere ike izere na 1939 nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ otu ihe a na-ezere na 1919 - isiokwu nke, dị ka ọtụtụ narị isiokwu metụtara ya, ka ekpuchichara Hapụ Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ.
Achọrọ m imetụ ebe a aka n'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ nke omume na-enweghị isi, na-achọ otu ihe omume na Philadelphia na 1918. Ọ bụrụ na anyị laghachila afọ iri abụọ ọzọ na aro maka udo a tụlere na Hague na 2 mana emeghị ihe ọ bụla, ikpe anyị ga-eme bụrụ nke siri ike karị.[Ii] Isi okwu a abụghị ịme ka nsogbu nke 1939 emeghị, kama ịmara na gọọmentị nwere ike ịkpa àgwà n'echeghị echiche ugbu a, dịka ha nwere ike isi na-eduga na WWII.
Jane Addams na ndị ọrụ ibe ya abụghị naanị na ha buru amụma na 1919 na agha ụwa nke abụọ ga-abịa, kamakwa ọ kọwapụtara ihe ga-agbanwe maka Nkwekọrịta nke Versailles na League of Nations iji zere ya - ma bido nzukọ udo zuru ụwa ọnụ na kwado maka ebumnuche ahụ.[iii] Ihe 14 a ma ama nke Onye isi ala Woodrow Wilson kwalitere furu efu na Treaty of Versailles, jiri ntaramahụhụ obi ọjọọ na mmechuihu dochie Germany. Addams dọrọ aka na ntị na nke a ga - eduga n'agha ọzọ.[iv]
Onye ọka akụ na ụba onye Britain bụ John Maynard Keynes dere na 1919 na Ihe Na aku na uba ya na udo, “Ọ bụrụ na anyị akpachara anya mee ka nsogbu daa ogbenye na Central Europe, ịbọ ọbọ, m nwere ike ịkọ, agaghị ada ada.”[v]
Thorstein Veblen, n'ime nnyocha dị oke egwu nke akwụkwọ Keynes, bukwara amụma na Nkwekọrịta nke Versailles na-eduga n'agha ọzọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ ghọtara ihe ndabere nke nkwekọrịta ahụ ịbụ iwe megide Soviet Union, nke, a ga-ahụrịrị ya, United Mba na mba ndị jikọtara aka na-alụ agha na 1919 nke na-anaghị egosi na akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme US.[vi] Veblen kwenyere na ọ ga-abụrịrị na ndị nwe obodo German bara ọgaranya na-akwụghachi nkwụghachi ụgwọ na-enweghị itinye ndị German niile ahụhụ, mana na ebumnuche bụ isi nke ndị na-eme nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ ịkwado ikike nke ihe onwunwe na iji Germany dị ka ike megide Soviet ndị Soviet. Njikọ.
Woodrow Wilson ekwewo nkwa “udo na-enweghị mmeri,” mana, na mkparịta ụka nkwekọrịta ahụ, nke emere maka ịbọ ọbọ France na Britain na Germany. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ buru amụma banyere Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ ọ gwụla ma United States sonyere Njikọ Mba Niile.
Veblen na-eche na Wilson atụfughi ma kwenye na mkparịta ụka nkwekọrịta ahụ, kama ibuso iro Soviet Union. Echere m na ndị Britain mere nke ahụ, mana nke Wilson bụ akụkọ ọbịa.
Wilson malitere site na iji mgbagha na-arụ ụka megide ntaramahụhụ ntaramahụhụ nke Germany, mana ihe a na-akpọ ọrịa flu Spain gburu ya, ọ dara mbà nke ukwuu, kwuo okwu dị ka aghụghọ, ma kwenye ngwa ngwa ịhapụ ọtụtụ n'ime ihe o kwere na ụwa.[vii] Ọrịa Spanish (akpọrọ n'ihi na, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike si na ndị agha US gaa agha Europe, Spain kwere ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya dee banyere akụkọ na-adịghị mma, omume a machibidoro iwu na mba dị iche iche na-alụ ọgụ) ebutela White House.[viii]
Ọdịda gara aga, na Septemba 28, 1918, Philadelphia enweela nnukwu ngosi agha agha nke gụnyere ndị agha na-arịa ọrịa ọkụ na-alaghachi n'agha ahụ. Ndị dibịa adọla aka na ntị megide ya, mana ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ekwuputala na onweghi ihe ga-emebi ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọ bụla ezere ụkwara, izu, ma gbụọ ya ọnụ mmiri. Ha emeghị. Ọrịa ahụ gbasaa.[ix] Wilson nwetara ya. O meghị ihe ọ gaara eme na Paris. Ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta na a ga-ezerela WWII ma ọ bụrụ na ezere ịmebe ihe na Philadelphia.
Nke ahụ nwere ike ịdị ka onye nzuzu, mana ngagharị ahụ na Philadelphia bụ naanị otu nzuzu n'oké osimiri nke ihe nzuzu nke na-ekwesịghị ime. Ọ dịghị onye nwere ike ibu amụma banyere Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ n'ihi nsonye ahụ, mana amụma dị otú ahụ ga-ekwe omume ma n'eziokwu mere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-enweghị isi na nzuzu n'ime afọ n'etiti agha.
Ferdinand Foch, onye France, bụ Ọchịagha Kachasị Elu. O wutere ya nke ukwuu na Nkwekorita nke Versailles. “Nke a abụghị udo,” ka o chere na ọ tiri ná mkpu. “Ọ bụ ihe ekike agha ruo afọ 20.” Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ malitere afọ 20 na ụbọchị 65 mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. Nchegbu Foch abụghị na Germany tara oke ntaramahụhụ. Foch choro oke ala nke Germany na odida anyanwu site na Osimiri Rhine.[X]
Site na nkwekọrịta zuru oke na gọọmentị niile ga-ejikere ma kwadebe maka agha ndị ọzọ, na-ebu amụma na oke ntaramahụhụ ga-ewute Germany ma ọ bụ na ntaramahụhụ pere mpe nwere ike ịhapụ Germany ịmalite mwakpo ọhụrụ bụ amụma abụọ dị mma. Site na echiche nke ọganihu na-enweghị ngwa agha, iwu nke iwu na-enweghị ime ihe ike, na ụmụ mmadụ na-enweghị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ka dị oke oke, amụma Foch nwere uche dịka Jane Addams '.
Mgbe WWII gasịrị, Winston Churchill kwuru, “Oge gara aga m hụrụ na ihe niile na-abịa, m wee tie mkpu n’olu dara ụda nye ndị obodo m na mba ụwa, mana onweghi onye gere ntị. . . . ”[xi] Churchill pụtara na ọtụtụ ngwa agha, ngosipụta nke ike, iyi egwu na iwe ga-egbochi WWII, na otu ihe ga-egbochi agha Soviet Union. Churchill tinyekwara ya otu a:
“President Roosevelt otu ụbọchị jụrụ ihe a Agha ga-akpọ. Azịza m bụ, 'Agha Na-adịghị Mkpa.' Ọ bụrụ na United States esonyela na League of Nations, na ọ bụrụ na Njikọ nke Mba dị njikere iji ike jikọrọ ọnụ, ọbụlagodi na ọ bụ naanị ike Europe, iji gbochie njikọta nke Germany, ọ dịghị mkpa n'ihi ịkwafu ọbara ka njọ. ”[xii]
Churchill gara n'ihu ịkọwa ọ bụghị ụwa udo dị jụụ, dịka nhazi siri ike na nke na-arịwanye elu. Enweghị ụzọ isi mara na ọ hiere ụzọ. E nwere nnukwute mmegide megide Nazism na Germany, na ụfọdụ ngbanwe na akụkọ ntolite - ma nghọta ka ukwuu banyere ngwaọrụ nke arụ ọrụ na-enweghị isi, ma ọ bụ mkpebi siri ike nke Churchillian, ma ọ bụ igbu ọchụ ma ọ bụ njigide (enwere ọtụtụ atụmatụ dara ada) - nwere ike ịnwe merie ya.
Mana isi ebe a abụghị na ụwa nwere ike nweta ọchioma. Kama nke ahụ, ụwa mere omume nzuzu, ma ọ bụrụ na e jiri ụkpụrụ nke oge a mee ihe, ọbụnakwa mee otú ahụ taa. Atụmatụ Marshall na-eso WWII, maka ezughị oke ya niile, bụ mbọ iji ghara ịmeghachi ụzọ nzuzu nke WWI kwụsịrị. Ndị mmadụ maara nke ọma ozugbo WWII nke otu ha si kee ya mgbe WWI gasịrị.
Nkwekọrịta nke Versailles bụ naanị otu ihe n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị na-agaghị eme. Ndị Jaman ekwenyeghị ịrị elu nke Ọchịchị Nazi. Mba na azụmaahịa gburugburu ụwa ekwesighi ịkwado ma gbaa ịrị elu nke Nazism ume. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na gọọmentị ekwesịghị ịkwado echiche ndị Nazi. Gọọmentị ekwesighi ịb ụ ngwa agha karịa iwu, na ịt ụghị iwe na mkpasu iwe ndị German mgbe ha na-akwado mbuso agha German na Soviet Union. Nnukwu mgbanwe ọ bụla n’ime ihe ndị a gaara egbochi WWII na Europe.
N'ime otu izu usoro ntanetị malitere n’isiokwu a.
[I] Winston Churchill Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ: Nsogbu Ahụ (Boston: ughtlọ ọrụ Houghton Mifflin, 1948), p. iv. Onye Scott Manning kwuru, "Gịnị ka Churchill Pụtara na 'Agha Na-adịghị Mkpa'?" Julaị 17, 2008, https://scottmanning.com/content/what-did-churchill-mean-by-unnecessary-war
[Ii] Mgbe Czar nke Russia na 1898 kpọrọ ndị gọọmentị ụwa niile oku ka ha nwee ọgbakọ udo, nke a ga-eme na Hague na 1899, otu onye na-akwado udo dere onye ọzọ na ugbu a, n'ikpeazụ, "ụwa agaghị anụ Utopia!" nke pụtara na n'ikpeazụ a ga-eji udo kpọrọ ihe. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ọ bụghị. Ndi ochichi ndi agha na-eti mkpu “Utopia” n’elu elu ha. E kewara ndị na-eme ihe ziri ezi n'etiti mgbalị iji gbochie agha na mgbalị iji gbochie ụfọdụ arụrụala, si otú a na-eme ka agha "na-eme mmadụ". Ka o sina dị, e mepụtara nkwekọrịta chọrọ mba dị iche iche ịgbalị idozi esemokwu site na mkpezi ikpe, wee mepụta ụlọ ikpe iji kpebie. Edebere ihe ndị dị mkpa iji zere agha ụwa abụọ ahụ na shelf ụwa wee hapụ ikpokọta uzuzu. Lee James Crossland, Agha, Iwu, na Mmadu: Mgbasa Ozi ịchịkwa Agha, 1853-1914 (Omslọ akwụkwọ Bloomsbury, 2019). Leekwa “Mgbakọ (M) Maka Esemokwu Mba Ofesi nke Pacific (Hague I) (29 Julaị 1899)” https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/hague01.asp
[iii] Internationalmụ nwanyị International Njikọ maka Udo na Nnwere Onwe, “Versailles Treaty: Reconstructing Patriarchy After WWI,” June 28, 2019, https://www.wilpf.org/versaillestreaty
[iv] Nnukwu Ndị Na-eme Udo, "Jane Addams Biography," https://www.thegreatpeacemakers.com/jane-addams.html
[v] Jeffrey Sparks kwuru, "Ee, Woodrow Wilson buru amụma banyere Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ - mana JM Keynes mere," Disemba 28, 2014, https://sparkscommentary.blogspot.com/2014/12/keynes-wilson-and-wwii.html
[vi] Thorstein Veblen, "Nyochaa nke John Maynard Keynes, Ọdịmma akụ na ụba nke Udo," Sayensị Ndọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Quarterly, 35, p. 467-472, http://www.adelinotorres.info/economia/THORSTEIN%20VEBLEN-Review%20of% 20John% 20Maynard% 20Keynes.pdf Onye Guido Giacomo Preparata kwuru, Conjuring Hitler: Otu Britain na America mere Reich nke atọ (Pluto Press, 2005), Isi nke 2 "Amụma Veblenian. Site na Kansụl ruo na Versailles Site Way of Russian Fratricide, 1919-20. ”
[vii] Steve Coll, Onye New Yorker, "Okwu Woodrow Wilson nke Flu, na Otu Ọrịa Na-agbanwe Akụkọ Ochie," Eprel 17, 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/woodrow-wilsons-case-of-the-flu-and- olee-oke-oria-obi-okirikiri
[viii] Michael S. Rosenwald, The Washington Post, “N’afọ 1918, ọrịa ahụ́ ọkụ Spen gburu White House. Ọbụna Onye isi ala Wilson dara ọrịa, ”Machị 14, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/03/14/flu-woodrow-wilson-coronavirus-trump/
[ix] Bob McGovern na John Kopp, Philly Voice, "Na 1918, Philadelphia nọ na 'njigide' nke nhụsianya na nhụjuanya," September 28, 2018, https://www.phillyvoice.com/1918-philadelphia-was-grippe-misery-and-suffering
[X] Ekwuwo okwu a nke Foch n'ọtụtụ ebe, gụnyere Winston Churchill, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ihe mere ị ga-eji nwee obi abụọ na o kwuru ya na ụbọchị ahụ edepụtara, ọ bụrụ na o kwuru ya ma ọlị. Agbanyeghị, enwere nkwekọrịta siri ike na ọ na-ekpuchita mmetụta ya n'oge Nkwekọrịta nke Versailles. Lee Dr. Beachcombing, "Foch na afọ iri abụọ Armistice: A akụkọ ifo?" Julaị 11, 2016, http://www.strangehistory.net/2016/07/11/foch-twenty-year-armistice-myth
[xi] Winston S. Churchill, “Okwu mkpuchi igwe,” Machị 5, 1946, https://weknowourhistory.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/iron-curtain-speech.pdf
[xii] Scott Manning, "Gịnị ka Churchill Pụtara site 'Agha Na-adịghị Mkpa'?" Julaị 17, 2008, https://scottmanning.com/content/what-did-churchill-mean-by-unnecessary-war
