Mwepu mmanụ dị nsọ na Pearl Harbor

Site n'aka David Swanson, World BEYOND War, November 30, 2022

Stephen Dedalus kwenyere na ugogbe anya gbawara agbawa nke ohu mere ezigbo akara nke Ireland. Ọ bụrụ na ị ga-akpọ aha akara nke United States, gịnị ka ọ ga-abụ? Ihe oyiyi nke nnwere onwe? Ndị ikom yi uwe ime n'obe n'ihu McDonald's? Echere m na ọ ga-abụ nke a: mmanụ na-esi na ụgbọ agha na Pearl Harbor. Ụgbọ mmiri a, Arizona, Otu n'ime mmanụ abụọ ka na-agbapụta mmanụ na Pearl Harbor, bụ nke a hapụrụ ebe ahụ dị ka mgbasa ozi agha, dị ka ihe akaebe na onye na-ere ngwá agha kachasị elu n'ụwa, onye na-ewu ụlọ elu, onye na-emefu ego na ndị agha kachasị elu bụ onye aka ya dị ọcha. A na-ahapụkwa mmanụ ka ọ na-agbapụta n'ihi otu ihe ahụ. Ọ bụ ihe akaebe nke ihe ọjọọ nke ndị iro US, ọ bụrụgodị na ndị iro na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ndị mmadụ na-akwa anya mmiri ma na-enwe mmetụta ọkọlọtọ na-efegharị n'afọ ha n'ebe mara mma nke mmanụ, kwere ka ha gaa n'ihu na-emetọ Oké Osimiri Pasifik dị ka ihe àmà nke otú anyị si eji mgbasa ozi agha anyị kpọrọ ihe. Agha ahụ bụ a isi ụzọ nke anyị na-ebibi ebe obibi nke mbara ala nwere ike ma ọ bụ ghara ịla n'iyi na ndị pilgrim na saịtị ahụ. Nke a bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ njem na otu esi eleta mmanụ dị nsọ:

“Ọ dị mfe otu n'ime ebe kachasị nsọ na US. . . . Chee echiche otú a: ị na-ahụ mmanụ nwere ike mejupụta ụbọchị ole na ole tupu mwakpo ahụ ma ọ bụ naanị ihe na-eme ka ọ dị na ahụmahụ ahụ. Ọ na-esikwa ike ịghara ịhụ ihe atụ sitere na anya mmiri ojii na-egbukepụ egbukepụ mgbe ị na-eguzo nwayọ na ncheta - ọ dị ka a ga-asị na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ka na-eru uju maka mwakpo ahụ. "

"Ndị mmadụ na-ekwu banyere otú ọ si maa mma ịhụ ka mmanụ na-egbuke egbuke n'elu mmiri na otú o si echetara ha ndụ ndị furu efu," kwuru na webụsaịtị ọzọ.

"Ndị mmadụ na-akpọ ya 'anya mmiri ojii nke Arizona.' Ị nwere ike ịhụ mmanụ na-ebili n'elu, na-eme egwurugwu na mmiri. Ị pụrụ ọbụna isi ísì. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mmanụ ga-esi na ya pụta Arizona ruo afọ 500 ọzọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ agbasaghị kpamkpam tupu nke ahụ. " -akụkọ ọzọ.

Ọ bụrụ na ị bi nso Pearl Harbor, enwere mmanụ ụgbọ elu ndị agha mmiri US na-atọ ụtọ n'ime mmiri ọñụñụ gị. Ọ bụghị site na agha, mana ọ (na ọdachi gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ na otu saịtị) eme na-atụ aro nke ahụ ikekwe a na-ele mmiri mmetọ anya dị ka njedebe na-achọsi ike n'onwe ya site n'aka ndị agha US, ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala na ahụike mmadụ enweghị mmasị.

Ụfọdụ n'ime otu ndị ahụ na-adọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe iyi egwu mmanụ ụgbọ elu ahụ ogologo oge na-adọkwa aka ná ntị banyere nnukwu egwu egwu na-akpata site na akụkọ ndị mmadụ na-agwa ibe ha n'ụbọchị Pearl Harbor na mgbe ha na-eleta ụlọ nsọ nke ndị ojii. anya mmiri nke idoju anya agha.

Ọ bụrụ na ị bi nso na telivishọn ma ọ bụ kọmputa, n'ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa, ị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.

Otu n'ime ụbọchị kacha nsọ nke afọ na-abịa ngwa ngwa. Ị dịla njikere maka Disemba 7? Ị ga-echeta ezi ihe pụtara ụbọchị Pearl Harbor?

Gọọmenti United States zubere, kwadoo, ma kpasuo agha na Japan ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ma nọ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ na agha ugbua, na-eche Japan ka ọ gbaa égbè mbụ, mgbe Japan wakporo Philippines na Pearl Harbor. Ihe na-efunahụ n'ajụjụ nke onye maara ihe mgbe ụbọchị ndị bu ụzọ mbuso agha ndị ahụ, na ihe ngwakọta nke enweghị ike na nkatọ kwere ka ha mee, bụ eziokwu ahụ bụ na e meela nnukwu nzọụkwụ n'enweghị mgbagha maka agha ma ọ dịghị onye e mere maka udo. . Ọ dịkwa mfe nzọụkwụ dị mfe iji mee udo.

Asia pivot nke oge Obama-Trump-Biden nwere ụkpụrụ n'ime afọ ndị na-eduga na WWII, ka United States na Japan wulitere ọnụnọ ndị agha ha na Pacific. United States na-enyere China aka n'agha megide Japan na igbochi Japan ịnapụ ya ihe onwunwe dị oke mkpa tupu Japan wakpoo ndị agha US na ókèala ndị eze ukwu. Militaryism nke United States anaghị ahapụ Japan ibu ọrụ maka militarism nke ya, ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ, mana akụkọ ifo nke ndị aka ha dị ọcha na-eguzo na-awụ akpata oyi na-awakpo site na-acha anụnụ anụnụ abụghị ihe dị adị karịa nke ahụ. akụkọ ifo nke agha ịzọpụta ndị Juu.

Tupu Pearl Harbor, US kere akwụkwọ ahụ, wee hụ nnukwu nkwụsi ike, ma kpọchie ndị na-emegide onwe ha n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ebe ha malitere ozugbo mkpọsa na-enweghị isi ikewapụ ha - ndị isi, otu na ụzọ na-emepe emepe nke ga-emecha bụrụ Civil Rights Movement. mmegharị a mụrụ tupu Pearl Harbor.

Mgbe m na-arịọ ndị mmadụ ka ha gosi na WWII ziri ezi, ha na-ekwukarị "Hitler," mana ọ bụrụ na agha Europe dị mfe nke ziri ezi, gịnị kpatara na United States agaghị esonye na ya na mbụ? Kedu ihe kpatara ọha na eze US ji gbasie ike megide ịbanye US n'ime agha ruo mgbe Disemba 7, 1941 gasịrị? Kedu ihe kpatara agha a na Germany nke e chere na ọ ga-abanyerịrị ka a ga-egosipụta dị ka agha nchebe site n'echiche mgbagwoju anya nke Japan gbara agba nke mbụ, si otú ahụ (n'ụzọ ụfọdụ) na-eme ka (akụkọ ifo) crusade iji kwụsị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ na Europe ajụjụ nke onwe? Germany kwusara agha megide United States, na-atụ anya na Japan ga-enyere Germany aka n'ọgụ megide Soviet Union. Ma Germany ebusoghị mba Amerịka agha.

Winston Churchill chọrọ ka United States banye WWII, dịka ọ chọburu ka United States banye WWI. Nke Lusania Germany wakporo na-enweghị ịdọ aka ná ntị, n'oge WWI, a na-agwa anyị n'akwụkwọ ederede US, n'agbanyeghị na Germany bipụtara n'ezie ịdọ aka ná ntị na New York akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ gburugburu United States. Ebipụtara ịdọ aka ná ntị ndị a ozugbo n'akụkụ mgbasa ozi maka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na Lusania ndị ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya German bịanyere aka na ya.[I] Akwụkwọ akụkọ dere akụkọ banyere ịdọ aka ná ntị ahụ. A jụrụ ụlọ ọrụ Cunard banyere ịdọ aka ná ntị ahụ. Onye bụbu onyeisi ndị agha Lusania akwụsịlarị - a kọrọ n'ihi nrụgide nke ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri site na ihe Germany kwuputara n'ihu ọha mpaghara agha. Ka ọ dị ugbu a Winston Churchill degaara Onye isi oche nke Board of Trade nke Britain akwụkwọ, "Ọ kachasị mkpa ịdọta mbupu na-anọpụ iche n'ikpere mmiri anyị n'olileanya karịsịa nke itinye United States na Germany."[Ii] Ọ bụ n'okpuru ya iwu na-emekarị British agha nchebe e nyere Lusania, n'agbanyeghị Cunard kwuru na ọ na-adabere na nchebe ahụ. Nke ahụ Lusania na-ebu ngwá agha na ndị agha iji nyere ndị Britain aka n'agha megide Germany bụ ndị Germany na ndị ọzọ na-ekiri ihe kwuru, na ọ bụ eziokwu. Na-emikpu Lusania bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya nke ogbugbu mmadụ, mana ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya site n'ihe ọjọọ megide ịdị mma dị ọcha.

Iri 1930s

Na Septemba 1932, Colonel Jack Jouett, onye na-anya ụgbọ elu US, malitere ịkụziri 80 cadets n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ elu ndị agha ọhụrụ na China.[iii] Ugbua, agha nọ n'ikuku. Na Jenụwarị 17, 1934, Eleanor Roosevelt kwuru okwu: "Onye ọ bụla nke na-eche, ga-eche na agha na-esote bụ igbu onwe ya. Lee ka anyị si bụrụ ndị nzuzu na-egbu egbu na anyị nwere ike ịmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme wee bie ndụ site n'ihe anyị na-ebi, wee kwe ka otu ihe ahụ bute anyị n'otu ihe ọzọ."[iv] Mgbe Onye isi ala Franklin Roosevelt gara Pearl Harbor na Julaị 28, 1934, General Kunishiga Tanaka dere na Japan Advertiser, na-emegide iwulite ụgbọ mmiri ndị America na imepụta ntọala ndị ọzọ na Alaska na Àgwàetiti Aleutian: “Àgwà mkparị dị otú ahụ na-eme ka anyị na-enyo anyị enyo. Ọ na-eme ka anyị chee na a na-ama ụma na-akwado nnukwu ọgbaghara na Pacific. Nke a na-akwa ụta nke ukwuu.”[v]

N'October 1934, George Seldes dere na Magazin Harper: "Ọ bụ ihe na-egosi na mba dị iche iche adịghị eji aka agha agha kama maka agha." Seldes jụrụ onye ọrụ na Njikọ Ndị Agha Mmiri:
"Ùnu nabatara isi okwu ndị agha nke ị kwadebere ịlụ ọgụ maka otu nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri?"
Nwoke ahụ zara "Ee."
"Ị na-eche banyere ịlụso ụgbọ mmiri ndị Britain ọgụ?"
"Ee, ee e."
"Ị na-eche banyere agha na Japan?"
"Ee."[vi]

Na 1935 Smedley Butler, afọ abụọ ka ọ gbasasịrị ọchịchị Roosevelt, na afọ anọ ka ụlọikpe mara ikpe maka ịkọ otu ihe mere Benito Mussolini ji ụgbọ ala ya gbapụrụ otu nwa agbọghọ.[vii], bipụtara ka nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma a obere akwụkwọ a na-akpọ Agha Bụ Racket.[viii] O dere, sị:

"Mgbe ọ bụla nnọkọ nke Congress, ajụjụ nke ọzọ na na na appropriations abịa. Ndi mmadu adighi-eti mkpu na 'anyi choro otutu ugha agha nke mba a ma obu mba ahu.' Oh, ee e. Nke mbụ, ha na-eme ka a mata na America na-eji ikike ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu agha. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụbọchị ọ bụla, ndị admiral a ga-agwa gị, nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri nke onye iro a chere na ọ ga-emerụ na mberede ma kpochapụ ndị mmadụ 125,000,000 anyị. Dị nnọọ ka nke ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, ha malitere ịkwa ákwá maka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri. Maka gịnị? Ịlụso onye iro ọgụ? Oh na, ee e. Oh, ee e. Maka naanị maka nchebe. Ekem, ke ndondo oro, mmọ ẹdọhọ ke mme usụn̄ ke Pacific. Maka nchekwa. Uh, huh.

“Pacific bụ nnukwu oke osimiri. Anyị nwere oke osimiri dị egwu na Pacific. A ga-eme njem ahụ n'akụkụ oke osimiri, narị kilomita abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ? Oh, mba. Ntugharị ga-abụ puku abụọ, ee, ikekwe ọbụna narị kilomita iri atọ na ise, site n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ndị Japan, ndị mpako, n'ezie ga-enwe obi ụtọ karịa ikwu okwu ịhụ ụgbọ mmiri United States dị nso n'ikpere mmiri Nippon. Ọbụlagodi na obi dị ndị bi na California obi ụtọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha aghọtachaghị nke ọma, site na alụlụ ụtụtụ, ụgbọ mmiri Japan na-egwu egwuregwu agha na Los Angeles. "

Na Machị 1935, Roosevelt nyere Wake Island na ụgbọ mmiri US wee nye Pan Am Airways ikike ịrụ ụzọ runway na Wake Island, Midway Island, na Guam. Ndị ọchịagha ndị Japan mara ọkwa na ọ kpasuru ha iwe ma were ụzọ ụgbọ elu ndị a anya dị ka ihe iyi egwu. Otú ahụ ka ndị na-akwado udo na United States mere. Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa na-abịa, Roosevelt akwadola egwuregwu agha na imegharị ihe n'akụkụ Agwaetiti Aleutian na Midway Island. Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa na-eso ya, ndị na-akwado udo na-eme njem na New York na-akwado ọbụbụenyi ha na Japan. Norman Thomas dere na 1935, sị: “Nwoke ahụ si Mars, bụ́ onye hụrụ otú ụmụ nwoke si taa ahụhụ n’agha ikpeazụ a na otú ha si eji nkụda mmụọ na-akwadebe maka agha ọzọ, bụ́ nke ha maara na ọ ga-aka njọ, ga-abịa ná nkwubi na ọ na-ele ndị ahụ a jụrụ ajụ oyi anya. nke mgbapu ara ara."

Na May 18, 1935, puku mmadụ iri ji akwụkwọ ịma ọkwa na ihe ịrịba ama na-emegide iwuli elu nke agha na Japan gbagoro n'okporo ụzọ Fifth Avenue na New York. Emegharịrị ihe nkiri ndị yiri ya ọtụtụ oge n'oge a.[ix] Ndị mmadụ mere okwu ahụ maka udo, ebe gọọmentị jikere maka agha, wuo ntọala maka agha, na-amụgharị maka agha na Pacific, ma na-eme mgbanyụ ọkụ na nchebe pụọ na mwakpo ikuku iji kwadebe ndị mmadụ maka agha. Ndị agha mmiri US mepụtara atụmatụ ya maka ibuso Japan agha. Ụdị atụmatụ ndị a e bipụtara na March 8, 1939 kọwara “agha na-ewe iwe ogologo oge” nke ga-ebibi ndị agha ma mebie ndụ akụ̀ na ụba Japan.

Ndị agha US zubere ọbụna maka mwakpo ndị Japan na Hawaii, nke o chere nwere ike ịmalite site n'imeri agwaetiti Ni'ihau, nke ụgbọ elu ga-esi na ya gawa wakpo agwaetiti ndị ọzọ. US Army Air Corp. Lt. Col. Gerald Brant gakwuuru ezinụlọ Robinson, bụ ndị nwere Ni'ihau ma ka na-eme ya. Ọ gwara ha ka ha na-akọ ahịhịa n'ofe agwaetiti ahụ na grid, iji mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-abaghị uru maka ụgbọ elu. N’agbata afọ 1933 na 1937, ndị ikom Ni’ihau atọ ji ihe ịnyịnya ibu ma ọ bụ ịnyịnya na-adọkpụ dọkpụpụta olulu ndị ahụ. Dị ka o siri pụta, ndị Japan enweghị atụmatụ iji Ni'ihau mee ihe, ma mgbe ụgbọ elu Japan nke bụbu akụkụ nke mbuso agha na Pearl Harbor mere ihe mberede mberede, ọ rutere na Ni'ihau n'agbanyeghị mbọ niile. inyinya mule na inyinya.

Na July 21, 1936, akwụkwọ akụkọ niile dị na Tokyo nwere otu isiokwu ahụ: gọọmentị US na-agbazinye China 100 nde yuan iji zụta ngwa agha US.[X] N'August 5, 1937, gọọmenti Japan mara ọkwa na ọ kpasuru ya na ndị ọrụ ụgbọelu 182 US, nke ọ bụla na ndị ọrụ ígwè ọrụ abụọ so, ga-efe ụgbọ elu na China.[xi]

Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ US na ndị Japan, yana ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado udo, rụrụ ọrụ maka udo na ọbụbụenyi n'ime afọ ndị a, na-akwaghachi azụ megide iwulite agha. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ bụ na njikọ a.

1940

Na Nọvemba 1940, Roosevelt gbaziiri China otu narị nde dollar maka agha ya na Japan, mgbe ya na ndị Britain kparịtakwara, odeakwụkwọ nke Akụkụ nke United States Henry Morgenthau mere atụmatụ iziga ndị ogbunigwe China na ndị ọrụ US ka ha jiri na-atụ bọmbụ Tokyo na obodo Japan ndị ọzọ. Na Disemba 21, 1940, Minista ego nke China TV Soong na Colonel Claire Chennault, onye agha US lagoro ezumike nka bụ onye na-arụrụ ndị China ọrụ ma na-agba ha ume ka ha jiri ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu America tụọ bọmbụ Tokyo kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 1937, zutere n'ọnụ ụlọ iri nri nke Morgenthau. iji hazie ogbunigwe ọkụ nke Japan. Morgenthau kwuru na ya nwere ike ịhapụ ndị ikom n'ọrụ na US Army Air Corps ma ọ bụrụ na ndị China nwere ike ịkwụ ha $1,000 kwa ọnwa. Soong kwetara.[xii]

Na 1939-1940, ndị agha mmiri US wuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pacific ọhụrụ na Midway, Johnston, Palmyra, Wake, Guam, Samoa, na Hawaii.[xiii]

Na September, 1940, Japan, Germany, na Ịtali bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta inyere ibe ha aka n'agha. Nke a pụtara na United States na otu n'ime ha na-alụ ọgụ, ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga-ebuso ha atọ agha.

N'October 7, 1940, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ US Office of Naval Intelligence Far East Asia ngalaba Arthur McCollum dere ndetu.[xiv] Ọ na-echegbu onwe ya maka iyi egwu Axis ga-eme n'ọdịnihu maka ụgbọ mmiri Britain, Alaeze Ukwu Britain, na ikike ndị Allies igbochi Europe. Ọ speculated banyere a theoretical ọdịnihu Axis ọgụ na United States. O kwenyere na ime mkpebi siri ike nwere ike ibute “ọdịda mbụ nke Japan.” Ọ kwadoro agha na Japan:

“Mgbe . . . Ọ dị ntakịrị ihe United States nwere ike ime iji weghachi ọnọdụ ahụ ozugbo na Europe, United States nwere ike imebi omume ike ike ndị Japan n'ụzọ dị irè, ma mee ya na-enweghị ibelata enyemaka ihe onwunwe US ​​na Great Britain.

". . . Na Pacific United States nwere ọnọdụ nchekwa siri ike yana ndị agha mmiri na ndị agha mmiri ugbu a n'oké osimiri ahụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ iwe dị anya. O nwere ụfọdụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-akwado anyị ugbu a, ya bụ:

1. Agwaetiti Philippines ka Amerịka ka ji.
2. Ọchịchị enyi na enyi nwere ike imekọ ọnụ na-achịkwa Dutch East Indies.
3. Ndị Briten ka na-ejide Hong Kong na Singapore ma dị anyị mma.
4. Ndị agha China dị mkpa ka nọ n'ọhịa na China megide Japan.
5. Otu obere ndị agha mmiri US nwere ike iyi egwu ụzọ ndịda Japan na-ebubata ụzọ ugbua na ụlọ ihe nkiri nke arụrụ arụ.
6. Nnukwu ndị agha mmiri Dutch dị na Orient nke ga-aba uru ma ọ bụrụ na ọ jikọtara ya na US

"Ntụle nke ihe ndị a e kwuru n'elu na-eduga ná nkwubi okwu na ngwa ngwa agha ụgbọ mmiri megide Japan site n'aka United States ga-eme ka Japan ghara ị nweta enyemaka ọ bụla na Germany na Ịtali n'ịwakpo England nakwa na Japan n'onwe ya ga-eche ọnọdụ ihu ihu. Enwere ike ịmanye ndị agha mmiri ya ịlụ ọgụ n'okwu ndị na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ nabata ọdịda nke obodo ahụ n'oge site n'ike mgbochi. Mkpọsa ngwa ngwa na mmalite nke agha mgbe ịbanye na nhazi kwesịrị ekwesị na England na Holland, ga-akacha mma n'iweta ọdịda mbụ nke Japan ma si otú ahụ wepụ onye iro anyị na pacific tupu Germany na Ịtali nwere ike ịkụ anyị nke ọma. Ọzọkwa, mkpochapụ nke Japan aghaghị iwusi ọnọdụ Britain ike megide Germany na Ịtali na, na mgbakwunye, omume dị otú ahụ ga-eme ka obi ike na nkwado nke mba niile na-enwe mmasị na anyị nwere enyi.

"Ekwenyeghị na n'ọnọdụ echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ugbu a, gọọmentị United States nwere ike ịkpọsa agha megide Japan n'enweghị mmasị ọzọ; ma ọ gaghị ekwe omume na imesi ike n'akụkụ anyị nwere ike ime ka ndị Japan gbanwee àgwà ha. Ya mere, a na-atụ aro usoro omume ndị a:

1. Mee ndokwa na Britain maka ojiji nke British bases na Pacific, karịsịa Singapore.
2. Mee ndokwa na Holland maka iji ụlọ ọrụ ntọala na inweta akụrụngwa na Dutch East Indies.
3. Nye gọọmentị China nke Chiang-Kai-Shek enyemaka niile.
4. Ziga nkewa nke ụgbọ mmiri dị ogologo ogologo gaa na Orient, Philippines, ma ọ bụ Singapore.
5. Ziga ngalaba abụọ nke ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri na Orient.
6. Debe isi ike nke ụgbọ mmiri US ugbu a na Pacific na gburugburu agwaetiti Hawaii.
7. Na-ekwusi ike na ndị Dutch jụrụ inye ihe ndị Japan chọrọ maka nkwekọrịta akụ na ụba na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, karịsịa mmanụ.
8. Machibido azụmahịa niile US na Japan kpamkpam, na mmekorita ya na mmachibido iwu yiri nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain nyere.

"Ọ bụrụ na site n'ụzọ ndị a enwere ike iduga Japan ka ọ mee agha agha, nke ka mma. N'ihe omume niile anyị ga-adị njikere nke ọma ịnakwere iyi egwu agha. "

Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị agha US bụ Conrad Crane si kwuo, “Ngụchi anya [nke ihe ndekọ ahụ dị n’elu] na-egosi na aro ya kwesịrị igbochi ma tinye Japan, ebe ọ na-akwadebe United States nke ọma maka esemokwu n’ọdịnihu na Pacific. Enwere okwu na-adịghị mma na agha Japan pụtara ìhè ga-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịnweta nkwado ọha maka omume megide Japan, mana ebumnuche akwụkwọ ahụ abụghị iji hụ na ihe omume ahụ mere. "[xv]

Esemokwu dị n'etiti nkọwa nke ndetu a na akwụkwọ ndị yiri ya bụ nke aghụghọ. Ọ dịghị onye kwenyere na ndetu ahụ e hotara n'elu bụ iji kparịta ụka maka udo ma ọ bụ iwepụ ngwa ọgụ ma ọ bụ guzobe iwu maka ime ihe ike. Ụfọdụ na-eche na ebumnobi ya bụ ịmalite agha mana nwee ike ịta ya ụta maka Japan. Ndị ọzọ na-eche na ebumnuche bụ ijikere maka agha ịmalite, wee mee ihe ndị nwere ike kpasuo Japan nke ọma ịmalite otu, mana ọ nwere ike kama - ọ ga-ekwe omume - na-atụ Japan ụjọ n'ụzọ agha ya. Usoro arụmụka a na-atụgharị windo Overton ka ọ bụrụ oghere igodo. Ọ bụ arụmụka nke etinyekwara anya na-elekwasị anya ma otu n'ime ndụmọdụ asatọ dị n'elu - nke gbasara idebe ụgbọ mmiri na Hawaii - bụ akụkụ nke nkata ọjọọ iji nweta ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ e bibiri na mwakpo dị egwu (ọ bụghị atụmatụ na-aga nke ọma nke ọma). , ebe ọ bụ naanị ụgbọ mmiri abụọ ka ebibiri kpamkpam).

Ọ bụghị naanị otu isi ihe ahụ - nke dị mkpa na ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ụdị nkata dị otú ahụ - mana ndụmọdụ asatọ niile emere na ndetu ma ọ bụ opekata mpe, a gbasoro usoro ndị yiri ya. Ezubere usoro ndị a n'ebumnobi ma ọ bụ na mberede (iche dị mma) ịmalite agha, ọ dịkwa ka ha arụwo ọrụ. Arụ ọrụ na ndụmọdụ ndị ahụ, n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, malitere na Ọktoba 8, 1940, n'echi ya ka e dechara ndetu ahụ. N'ụbọchị ahụ, Ngalaba Steeti US gwara ndị America ka ha pụọ ​​n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. Ọzọkwa n'ụbọchị ahụ, Onye isi ala Roosevelt nyere iwu ka edobere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na Hawaii. Admiral James O. Richardson dere mgbe e mesịrị na ya emegideghị atụmatụ a na nzube ya. "N'oge na-adịghị anya," ka o hotara Roosevelt ka o kwuru, "ndị Japan ga-eme ihe doro anya megide United States na mba ahụ ga-adị njikere ịbanye n'agha ahụ."[xvi]

MGBE 1941

E wepụrụ Richardson n'ọrụ ya na February 1, 1941, yabụ eleghị anya ọ ghaara ụgha banyere Roosevelt dị ka onye ọrụ mbụ na-ewe iwe. Ma ọ bụ ikekwe ịpụ n’ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ na Pacific n’oge ahụ bụ ihe na-ewu ewu nke ndị pụrụ ịhụ ihe na-abịanụ mere. Admiral Chester Nimitz jụrụ inye ụgbọ mmiri Pacific iwu. Nwa ya nwoke, Chester Nimitz Jr. mechara gwa History Channel na echiche nna ya bụ nke a: "Ama m na ndị Japan ga-ebuso anyị agha na mberede. A ga-enwe mkparị ná mba ahụ megide ndị nile na-achị n’oké osimiri, ndị nọ n’ọkwá a ma ama n’ikpere mmiri ga-anọchikwa ha, ma achọrọ m ịnọ n’ikpere mmiri, ọ bụghị n’oké osimiri, mgbe nke ahụ mere.”[xvii]

Ná mmalite 1941, ndị agha United States na Britain zukọrọ iji hazie atụmatụ ha maka imeri Germany na Japan, ozugbo United States nọ n'agha. N'April, Onye isi ala Roosevelt malitere ime ka ụgbọ mmiri US gwa ndị agha Britain ebe ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ elu German dị. Mgbe ahụ, ọ malitere ikwe ka ebuga ndị agha Britain na North Africa ihe oriri. Germany boro Roosevelt ebubo na ọ "na-agbalịsi ike n'ụzọ ọ bụla iji kpalite ihe omume maka ịraba ndị America n'agha."[xviii]

Na Jenụwarị 1941, na Japan Advertiser gosipụtara iwe ya maka iwuli ndị agha US na Pearl Harbor n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye nnọchianya US nọ na Japan dekwara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, sị: “A na-ekwu ọtụtụ okwu gburugburu obodo n'ihi na ndị Japan, ọ bụrụ na ha enwee ezumike. United States, na-eme atụmatụ ịpụ na mbuso agha mberede na Pearl Harbor. N'ezie agwara m gọọmentị m."[xix] Na February 5, 1941, Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner degaara Secretary nke War Henry Stimson ka o dọọ aka ná ntị na o nwere ike ibuso m agha na Pearl Harbor.

N’April 28, 1941, Churchill degaara kọmiti agha ya akwụkwọ ntụziaka nzuzo, sị: “A pụrụ iwere ya dị ka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe e ji n’aka na mbata nke Japan n’agha ga-esochi ntinye United States ozugbo n’akụkụ anyị.” Na May 24, 1941, ndị New York Times kọrọ banyere ọzụzụ ndị United States na-enye ndị agha ikuku China, na inye “ọtụtụ ụgbọ elu ọgụ na bọmbụ” na United States na Britain nyere China. “A na-atụ anya ịtụ bọmbụ a ga-atụ n’obodo ndị Japan” gụọ isiokwu nta ahụ.[xx] Na May 31, 1941, na Keep America Out of War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin nyere ịdọ aka ná ntị jọgburu onwe ya: “Nchịkọta akụnụba zuru oke nke Japan, nkwụsị nke mbupụ mmanụ, ga-eme ka Japan banye n'aka ndị Axis. Agha akụ na ụba ga-abụ mmalite nke agha mmiri na agha. ”[xxi]

Na July 7, 1941, ndị agha US weghaara Iceland.

Ka ọ na-erule na Julaị, 1941, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Agha Navy na Navy akwadola atụmatụ a na-akpọ JB 355 iji gbaa Japan. Otu ụlọ ọrụ n'ihu ga-azụta ụgbọ elu America ka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo America ga-ebu ya. Roosevelt kwadoro, na ọkachamara China ya Lauchlin Currie, n'okwu Nicholson Baker, "nyere Madame Chiang Kai-Shek na Claire Chennault akwụkwọ ozi nke rịọrọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka ntinye nke ndị nledo Japan." Ndị otu Volunteer 1st American (AVG) nke China Air Force, nke a makwaara dị ka Flying Tigers, gara n'ihu na ntinye na ọzụzụ ozugbo, enyere China tupu Pearl Harbor, wee hụ ọgụ na Disemba 20, 1941.[xxii]

Na Julaị 9, 1941, Onye isi ala Roosevelt gwara ndị isi ndị agha US ka ha wepụta atụmatụ maka agha megide Germany na ndị mmekọ ya na Japan. E hotara akwụkwọ ozi ya nke mere nke a n'ụzọ zuru ezu na akụkọ akụkọ na Disemba 4, 1941 - nke bụ oge mbụ ọha mmadụ US nụrụ ihe ọ bụla gbasara ya. Lee Disemba 4, 1941, n'okpuru.

Na Julaị 24, 1941, Onye isi ala Roosevelt kwuru, “Ọ bụrụ na anyị ebipụ mmanụ ahụ, [ndị Japan] gaara agbadata na Dutch East Indies otu afọ gara aga, ma ị gaara enwe agha. Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa site n'echiche nke ịchọ ọdịmma onwe onye nanị maka nchebe iji gbochie agha ịmalite na South Pacific. Ya mere amụma mba ofesi anyị nọ na-agbalị ịkwụsị agha ibido ebe ahụ.”[xxiii] Ndị nta akụkọ chọpụtara na Roosevelt kwuru na "bụ" kama "bụ." N'echi ya, Roosevelt nyere iwu nchịkwa na-ekpochapụ akụ ndị Japan. United States na Briten gbupụrụ mmanụ na uzuzu ọla na Japan. Radhabinod Pal, onye ọka iwu India nke jere ozi n'ụlọ ikpe mpụ agha mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, hụrụ na mmachibido iwu a bụ ihe iyi egwu na-akpasu iwe na Japan.[xxiv]

Na August 7, 1941, na Japan Times Advertiser dere, sị: "Na mbụ, e nwere ihe ndị e kere eke na Singapore, nke ndị agha Briten na Alaeze Ukwu kwadoro. Site na ulo a, e wuru nnukwu wiil ma jikọta ya na ebe ndị America na-etolite akwa ụda na nnukwu ebe n'ebe ndịda na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na Philippines site na Malaya na Burma, na njikọ ahụ gbajiri naanị n'ime ala dị na Thailand. Ugbu a, a na-atụ aro ka ị gụnyere narrows na gburugburu, nke na-aga Rangoon. "[xxv]

N'August 12, 1941, Roosevelt zutere Churchill na nzuzo na Newfoundland (mgbe ọ na-eleghara arịrịọ Prime Minister Japan maka nzukọ anya) wee mepụta Atlantic Charter, bụ nke setịpụrụ ebumnuche agha maka agha nke United States erubeghị n'ihu ọha. in. Churchill gwara Roosevelt ka o sonye n'agha ozugbo, mana ọ jụrụ. Na-esochi nzukọ nzuzo a, na Ọgọst 18^th, Churchill zutere kabinet ya azụ na 10 Downing Street na London. Churchill gwara ndị ụlọ ọrụ ya, dị ka nkeji ndị ahụ si kwuo, sị: “Onye isi ala [US] kwuru na ya ga-ebu agha ma ọ gaghị ekwupụta ya, na ọ ga-aghọwanye mkpasu iwe. Ọ bụrụ na ndị Germany enweghị mmasị na ya, ha nwere ike ịwakpo ndị agha America. A ga-eme ihe niile iji mee ka ‘ihe omume’ nke nwere ike ibute agha.”[xxvi]

Churchill mechara (Jenụwarị 1942) kwuru n’Ụlọ Nzukọ Alaeze, sị: “Ọ bụwo ụkpụrụ nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Alaeze n’agbanyeghị ihe ọ ga-efu iji zere iso Japan na-akpakọrịta ruo mgbe anyị ji n’aka na United States ga-agbakwa mbọ. . . N'aka nke ọzọ ihe gbasara nke puru omume, ebe ọ bụ na Atlantic Conference nke m kwurịta okwu ndị a na President Roosevelt, na United Slates, ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị n'onwe ya wakporo, ga-abata n'ime agha na Far East, ma si otú na-eme ka mmeri ikpeazụ kwenye, yiri ka ọ na-ebelata ụfọdụ n'ime nchegbu ndị ahụ nakwa na ihe omume emebibeghị atụmanya ahụ.”

Ndị na-agbasa echiche Britain na-arụkwa ụka kemgbe opekata mpe 1938 maka iji Japan weta United States n'agha.[xxvii] Na Atlantic Conference na August 12, 1941, Roosevelt mesiri Churchill obi ike na United States ga-eweta nrụgide akụ na ụba na-ebuso Japan.[xxviii] N'ime otu izu, n'ezie, Economic Defense Board malitere mmachi akụ na ụba.[xxix] Na Septemba 3, 1941, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị United States zigaara Japan arịrịọ ka ọ nabata ụkpụrụ nke "enweghị mgbagwoju anya nke ọnọdụ dị na Pacific," nke pụtara ịkwụsị ime ka obodo Europe ghọọ mba ndị Japan.[xxx] Site n'ọnwa September 1941, ndị Japan na-ewe iwe na United States amalitela ịmịpụ mmanụ gafere Japan iji rute Russia. Japan, akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kwuru, na-anwụ ọnwụ ngwa ngwa site na "agha akụ na ụba."[xxxi] Na Septemba, 1941, Roosevelt kwupụtara amụma "mgbapụ na anya" maka ụgbọ mmiri German ma ọ bụ Ịtali ọ bụla na mmiri US.

OGWU ire ere

Na October 27, 1941, Roosevelt kwuru okwu[xxxii]:

“Ọnwa ise gara aga n'abalị a, agwara m ndị America ịdị adị nke ọnọdụ mberede na-akparaghị ókè. Kemgbe ahụ ọtụtụ ihe emeela. Ndị agha anyị na ndị agha mmiri nọ nwa oge na Iceland na nchekwa nke Western Hemisphere. Hitler wakporo ụgbọ mmiri na mpaghara dị nso na America na North na South Atlantic. Ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị America nwere n'oke oke osimiri kpuola. A wakporo otu onye mbibi America na Septemba nke anọ. A wakporo onye mbibi ọzọ wee kụọ n'October nke iri na asaa. Ndị Nazi gburu ndị ikom XNUMX nwere obi ike na ndị na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nke ndị agha mmiri anyị. Anyị chọrọ ka anyị zere ịgba égbè. Mana égbè amalitela. Na akụkọ ihe mere eme edekọwo onye gbara agba mbụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ikpeazụ, ihe ga-adị mkpa bụ onye gbara agba ikpeazụ. A wakporo America. Nke USS Kearny abụghị naanị ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha mmiri. Ọ bụ nke nwoke, nwanyị na nwa ọ bụla na mba a. Illinois, Alabama, California, North Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Arkansas, New York, Virginia - ndị ahụ bụ steeti ebe obibi nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ na ndị merụrụ ahụ nke a na-asọpụrụ. Kearny. A na-eduzi Torpedo Hitler na onye America ọ bụla ma ọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri anyị ma ọ bụ n'ime ime obodo, n'ebe dị anya site n'oké osimiri na n'ebe dị anya site na egbe na tankị nke ìgwè ndị na-eme njem nke ga-abụ ndị mmeri nke ụwa. Ebumnobi nke mwakpo Hitler bụ ịtụ ndị America ụjọ site n'oké osimiri - ịmanye anyị ka anyị mee ịma jijiji ịlaghachi azụ. Nke a abụghị nke mbụ o mejọrọ mmụọ America. Mmụọ ahụ a kpalitere ugbu a.”

Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dara na Septemba 4 bụ nke Greer. Onye isi ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri US Harold Stark gbara akaebe n'ihu kọmitii na-ahụ maka ndị agha mmiri na Senate na Greer nọ na-enyocha ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri German ma na-ebufe ọnọdụ ya na ụgbọ elu Britain, bụ nke tụbara ebubo miri emi na ụgbọ okpuru mmiri na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. Mgbe awa nke na-esoro site na Greer, ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri ahụ tụgharịrị wee gbaa ọkụ.

Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dara na October 17th, ndị Kearny, bụ replay nke Greer. O nwere ike ịbụ na mmụọ nke ndị America ọ bụla na ndị ọzọ nwere n'ụzọ omimi, mana ọ bụghị aka ya dị ọcha. Ọ na-ekere òkè na agha nke United States na-abanyebeghị n'ihu ọha, na ọha na eze United States na-emegidesi ike ịbanye, mana na onye isi ala US chọsiri ike ịbanye. Onye isi ala ahụ gara n'ihu:

“Ọ bụrụ na amụma mba anyị ga-abụ egwu nke ịgba égbè ga-achị, mgbe ahụ ụgbọ mmiri anyị nile na nke Republics nwanne anyị nwanyị ga-ejigide n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ụlọ. Ndị agha mmiri anyị ga-eji nkwanye ùgwù-n'azụ-n'azụ ahịrị ọ bụla Hitler nwere ike nye iwu n'oké osimiri ọ bụla dị ka ụdị nke ya nyere iwu nke mpaghara agha ya. Dị ka o kwesịrị ịdị, anyị na-ajụ aro na-enweghị isi na mkparị ahụ. Anyị na-ajụ ya n'ihi ọdịmma onwe anyị, n'ihi nkwanye ùgwù onwe anyị, n'ihi na, nke kachasị, nke ezi okwukwe anyị. Nnwere onwe nke oke osimiri bụ ugbu a, dị ka ọ na-adịbu, amụma bụ isi nke gọọmentị gị na nke m.”

Arụmụka a na-agbakwasị ụkwụ na-adabere n'echiche bụ́ na a wakporo ụgbọ mmiri ndị aka ha dị ọcha na-esoghị agha ahụ, na ùgwù mmadụ dabeere na iziga ụgbọ mmiri agha gburugburu oké osimiri nke ụwa. Ọ bụ mbọ nghọta na-akwa emo iji megharịa ọha, nke Roosevelt kwesịrị n'ezie ịkwụ ụgwọ eze nye ndị mgbasa ozi nke WWI. Ugbu a, anyị na-abịa n'ikwu na President yiri ka ọ chere na ọ ga-emechi okwu ya maka agha. Ọ bụ ikpe dabere n'ezie na ụgha Britain, nke na-eme ka o kwe omume na Roosevelt kwenyere n'ezie ihe ọ na-ekwu:

"Hitler na-eme mkpesa ugboro ugboro na atụmatụ ya maka mmeri adịghị agafe n'osimiri Atlantic. Ma ndị ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri ya na ndị na-awakpo ya na-egosi na ọ dị otú ahụ. Otú ahụ ka ọ dịkwa n'ụzọ nile nke usoro ụwa ọhụrụ ya. Dị ka ihe atụ, enwere m map nzuzo nke gọọmenti Hitler mere na Jamanị—nke ndị na-ahazi usoro ụwa ọhụrụ ahụ. Ọ bụ map nke South America na akụkụ nke Central America, dị ka Hitler tụrụ aro ịhazigharị ya. Taa na mpaghara a enwere mba iri na anọ dị iche iche. Ndị ọkachamara n'ọdịdị ala nke Berlin, agbanyeghị, ejirila obi ọjọọ kpochapụ ahịrị oke ala niile dị; ma kewaa South America gaa na steeti vassal ise, na-ebute kọntinent ahụ dum n'okpuru ọchịchị ha. Na ha hazikwara ya na ókèala nke otu n'ime ndị ọhụrụ puppet steeti na-agụnye Republic of Panama na anyị oké ndụ ahịrị - Panama Canal. Nke ahụ bụ atụmatụ ya. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ. Map a na-eme ka atụmatụ Nazi doo anya ọ bụghị nanị megide South America kamakwa megide United States n'onwe ya. "

Roosevelt edezila okwu a iji wepụ nkwuputa maka izi ezi maapụ ahụ. Ọ jụrụ igosi ndị mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ ọha mmadụ map ahụ. Ọ gwaghị ebe map ahụ si bịa, ka o si jikọọ ya na Hitler, ma ọ bụ otú o si egosipụta atụmatụ megide United States, ma ọ bụ - maka nke ahụ - otú mmadụ nwere ike isi gbasaa Latin America ma ghara ịgụnye Panama.

Mgbe ọ ghọrọ Prime Minister na 1940, Churchill ehiwela ụlọ ọrụ akpọrọ British Security Coordination (BSC) nke nwere ebumnuche iji aghụghọ ọ bụla ruru unyi dị mkpa iji mee ka United States banye n'agha ahụ. Onye Canada aha ya bụ William Stephenson gbapụrụ BSC n'okpukpu atọ nke Rockefeller Center na New York - ihe nlereanya maka James Bond, ka Ian Fleming siri kwuo. Ọ rụrụ ụlọ ọrụ redio nke ya, WRUL na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, Overseas News Agency (ONA). Ọtụtụ narị narị ma ọ bụ puku kwuru puku ndị ọrụ BSC, emesịa gụnyere Roald Dahl, nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ezigara ndị mgbasa ozi US akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-eke ndị na-agụ kpakpando iji buru amụma mbibi Hitler, na iwepụta asịrị ụgha nke ngwa agha Britain ọhụrụ siri ike. Roosevelt maara nke ọma maka ọrụ BSC, dịka ndị FBI mara.

Dị ka William Boyd si kwuo, onye ode akwụkwọ nyocha nyochara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, "BSC wepụtara egwuregwu na-adịghị mma nke a na-akpọ 'Vik' - 'ihe egwuregwu ọhụrụ na-adọrọ mmasị maka ndị hụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya'. Otu egwuregwu Vik n'ofe USA nwetara akara dabere n'ogo ihere na iwe ha butere ndị na-akwado Nazi. A gbara ndị egwuregwu ume ka ha banye n'ụdị mkpagbu pere mpe - oku 'nọmba ezighi ezi' na-aga n'ihu n'abalị; oke nwuru anwu tufuru na tank mmiri; inye iwu ka enyefe onyinye ndị na-adịghị mma, ego na-ebuga, na adreesị ezubere iche; na-emebi taya ụgbọ ala; iwere ndị na-agụ egwú n’okporo ámá kpọwa ‘Chineke Save the King’ ná mpụga ụlọ ndị Nazi na-enwe ọmịiko, na ihe ndị ọzọ.”[xxxiii]

Ivar Bryce, onye bụ ọgọ nwoke Walter Lippman na enyi Ian Fleming, rụrụ ọrụ maka BSC, na 1975 bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ekwu na o wepụtala ebe ahụ akwụkwọ mbụ nke map Nazi Nazi nke Roosevelt, bụ nke Stephenson kwadoro na ya. haziri ka gọọmentị US nweta ya na akụkọ ụgha gbasara mmalite ya.[xxxiv] Ma ndị FBI na/ma ọ bụ Roosevelt nọ na aghụghọ ahụ edoghị anya. N'ime ihe ọchị niile ndị ọrụ "ọgụgụ isi" dọtara kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, nke a bụ otu n'ime ihe ịga nke ọma karị, ma ọ dịkarịa ala opi, dịka ndị Britain kwesịrị ịbụ ndị mmekọ US. Ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri na United States ga-emesị tụfuo akụ̀ na ụba n'ịma James Bond, ọ bụrụgodị na ihe nlereanya ya n'ezie nwara iduhie ha n'ime agha kasị njọ nke ụwa hụtụrụla.

N'ezie, Germany nọ na-alụ ọgụ na Soviet Union, ma ha anwaghị anwa ịwakpo England. Iweghara South America agaghị eme. Ọ nweghị ndekọ nke map ndị na-akpa ọchị abanyela na Jamanị, na nkwuputa na n'ụzọ ụfọdụ enwere ike ịnwe onyinyo nke eziokwu na ọ dị ka ọ na-akpachapụ anya na mpaghara nke ọzọ nke okwu Roosevelt, bụ nke o kwuru na ya nwere akwụkwọ ọzọ nke ahụ. ọ dịghịkwa mgbe o gosiri onye ọ bụla na nke nwere ike ọ dịtụghị adị, na ọdịnaya nke na-abụghị ọbụna ihe ezi uche:

“Gọọmentị gị nwere akwụkwọ ọzọ gọọmentị Hitler mere na Jamanị. Ọ bụ atụmatụ zuru ezu, nke, n'ihi ihe doro anya, ndị Nazi achọghị ma ghara ịchọ ka ọha na eze mara, ma nke ha dị njikere ịmanye - ntakịrị oge - na ụwa na-achị - ma ọ bụrụ na Hitler meriri. Ọ bụ atụmatụ ịkagbu okpukpe niile dị adị - Protestant, Katọlik, Mohammedan, Hindu, Buddhist, na ndị Juu. Reich na ụmụ nkịta ya ga-eweghara ihe onwunwe nke ụka niile. A ga-amachibido obe na akara ngosi okpukpe ndị ọzọ niile. A ga-agbachi ndị ụkọchukwu ọnụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n’okpuru ntaramahụhụ nke ogige ịta ahụhụ, bụ́ ebe ọbụna ugbu a a na-ata ọtụtụ ndị ikom na-adịghị atụ ụjọ n’ihi na ha emewo Chineke karịa Hitler. N'ọnọdụ nke ụka nke mmepeanya anyị, a ga-eguzobe Ụka Nasi Mba Nile - ụka nke ndị ọkà okwu gọọmentị Nazi zipụrụ ga-eje ozi. N'ebe Akwụkwọ Nsọ, a ga-amanye ma mekwaa okwu nke Mein Kampf dịka Ederede Nsọ. Na n'ọnọdụ nke obe nke Kraịst, a ga-etinye akara abụọ - swastika na mma agha gba ọtọ. Chineke nke ọbara na ígwè ga-anọchi anya Chineke nke ịhụnanya na obi ebere. Ka anyị tụgharịa uche nke ọma okwu ahụ m kwuru n’abalị a.”

Ọ baghị uru ikwu, nke a adabereghị n'eziokwu; A na-ekpe okpukpe n’ihu ọha ná mba ndị Nazi na-achị, n’ọnọdụ ụfọdụ e weghachiri eweghachi ọhụrụ mgbe ndị Soviet webasịrị ekweghị na Chineke, na ihe nrite ndị Nazi nyere ndị na-akwado ha kasịnụ bụ ndị e mere dị ka obe. Ma pitch ịbanye n'agha maka ịhụnanya na ebere bụ mmetụ mara mma. N'echi ya, otu onye nta akụkọ jụrụ ka ọ hụ mapụ Roosevelt ma ọ jụrụ. Dị ka m maara, ọ dịghị onye ọbụna jụrụ ịhụ nke a ọzọ akwụkwọ. O kwere omume na ndị mmadụ ghọtara na nke a abụghị ihe a na-ekwu na ha nwere akwụkwọ n'ezie, kama ọ bụ ihe nchebe nke okpukpe dị nsọ megide ihe ọjọọ - ọ bụghị ihe a ga-ajụ ya na obi abụọ ma ọ bụ ịdị mkpa. Roosevelt gara n'ihu:

"Eziokwu ndị a jọgburu onwe ya nke m gwara gị banyere atụmatụ ugbu a na nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke Hitler ka a ga-agọnahụ nke ọma n'abalị a na echi na mgbasa ozi na redio na-achịkwa nke Axis Powers. Na ụfọdụ ndị America - ọ bụghị ọtụtụ - ga-anọgide na-ekwusi ike na atụmatụ Hitler ekwesịghị ichegbu onwe anyị - na anyị ekwesịghị ichegbu onwe anyị maka ihe ọ bụla na-aga n'ihu na-agafe egbe egbe nke ala anyị. Mkpesa nke ụmụ amaala America ndị a - ole na ole n'ọnụ ọgụgụ - ga-, dị ka ọ na-adị na mbụ, a ga-eji otuto kụchie site na mgbasa ozi Axis na redio n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole sochirinụ, iji mee ka ụwa kwenye na ọtụtụ ndị America na-emegide ndị a họọrọ nke ọma. Gọọmenti, na n'eziokwu na-eche naanị ịwụ elu n'ụgbọ agha Hitler mgbe ọ bịara n'ụzọ dị otú a. Ebumnuche nke ndị America dị otú ahụ abụghị isi okwu a. "

Ee e, isi ihe dị na ya yiri ka ọ bụ ịgbachitere ndị mmadụ na nhọrọ abụọ wee mee ka ha banye n'agha.

“Nke bụ́ eziokwu bụ na mgbasa ozi ndị Nazi nọgidere na-enwe olileanya ijide n’aka okwu ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ dị ka ihe àmà nke adịghị n’otu nke America. Ndị Nazi ewepụtala ndepụta nke ndị dike America nke oge a. Ọ dabara nke ọma, ndepụta dị nkenke. Obi dị m ụtọ na aha m enweghị n'ime ya. Anyị niile bụ ndị America, nke echiche niile, na-eche nhọrọ n'etiti ụdị ụwa anyị chọrọ ibi na ụdị ụwa nke Hitler na ndị agha ya ga-amanye anyị. Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime anyị chọrọ igwu ala n'okpuru ala ma biri n'ọchịchịrị dị ka ahumachi dị mma. Enwere ike ịkwụsị njem na-aga n'ihu nke Hitler na nke Hitler - a ga-akwụsịkwa ya. Nnọọ mfe na nke ukwuu n'ezoghị ọnụ - anyị kwere nkwa ịdọrọ ụgbụ anyị na mbibi nke Hitlerism. Ma mgbe anyị enyeworo aka ịkwụsị ọbụbụ ọnụ nke Hitler, anyị ga-enye aka guzobe udo ọhụrụ nke ga-enye ndị ezi omume n'ebe nile ohere ka mma ibi na ọganihu na nchekwa na nnwere onwe na okwukwe. Ụbọchị ọ bụla na-agafe, anyị na-emepụta ma na-enye ọtụtụ ngwa ọgụ maka ndị ikom na-alụ ọgụ n'ihu agha. Nke ahụ bụ isi ọrụ anyị. Ma ọ bụ uche nke mba ahụ ka a ghara ịkpọchichi ogwe aka ndị a dị mkpa na ngwa ahịa dị iche iche n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri America ma ọ bụ ziga ya na ala nke oke osimiri. Ọ bụ uche mba na America ga-ebuga ngwongwo ndị ahụ. N’imebi iwu ahụ n’ezoghị ọnụ, ụgbọ mmiri anyị ekpuwo ma gbuo ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri anyị.”

N'ebe a Roosevelt kwetara na ụgbọ mmiri US nke Germany dara na-akwado agha megide Germany. O yiri ka ọ kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa ime ka ọha mmadụ kwenye na United States na ọ nọworị na agha karịa ịga n'ihu na nkwupụta na ụgbọ mmiri ndị a wakporo enweghị ihe ọjọọ.

Mbubreyo 1941

Ná ngwụsị October, 1941, onye nledo United States Edgar Mowrer na otu nwoke nọ na Manila aha ya bụ Ernest Johnson, onye so na Maritime Commission kwurịtara okwu, onye kwuru na ya tụrụ anya na "Japs ga-ewere Manila tupu m apụ." Mgbe Mowrer kwuputara ihe ijuanya, Johnson zara ya "Ị maghị na ụgbọ mmiri Jap akwagala n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ikekwe ịwakpo ụgbọ mmiri anyị na Pearl Harbor?"[xxxv]

Na Nọvemba 3, 1941, onye nnọchi anya US na Japan, Joseph Grew, nwara - ọ bụghị na nke mbụ ya - ịgwa gọọmentị ya ihe, gọọmentị nke na-enweghị ike ịghọta, ma ọ bụ na-akpachapụ anya na-akpa nkata agha, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. , ma nke n'ezie adịghị atụle ịrụ ọrụ maka udo. Grew zipụrụ ogologo telegram na Ngalaba Steeti ịdọ aka ná ntị na mmachi akụ na ụba nke United States tinyere nwere ike ịmanye Japan ime "hara-kiri mba." O dere, sị: “Mgba agha na United States nwere ike ịbịa na mberede dị ize ndụ ma dị ịrịba ama.”[xxxvi]

N'akwụkwọ 2022 Diplomas & Admirals, Dale A. Jenkins akwụkwọ ugboro ugboro, mgbalị siri ike nke Prime Minister Japan mere Fumimaro Konoe iji nweta nzuko n'ime mmadụ, otu onye na FDR iji kparịta udo n'ụzọ gọọmentị na ndị agha Japan ga-anabata. Jenkins hotara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka Grew na-ekwupụta nkwenye ya na nke a gaara arụ ọrụ, ma a sị na US kwetara na nzukọ ahụ. Jenkins dekwara na ndị nkịtị US (Hull, Stimson, Knowx), n'adịghị ka ndị isi agha US, kwenyere na agha na Japan ga-adị ngwa ngwa wee rụta mmeri dị mfe. Jenkins na-egosikwa na China na Britain metụtara Hull megide ihe ọ bụla ọzọ karịa ibu iro na nrụgide na Japan.

Na Nọvemba 6, 1941, Japan tụrụ aro ka ya na United States kwekọrịta nke gụnyere ịpụpụ ndị Japan na China. United States jụrụ atụmatụ a na Nọvemba 14^th.[xxxvii]

Na Nọvemba 15, 1941, onye isi ndị agha US George Marshall gwara ndị mgbasa ozi ihe anyị na-echetaghị dị ka “Atụmatụ Marshall.” N'ezie, anyị anaghị echeta ya ma ọlị. "Anyị na-akwado agha iwe megide Japan," Marshall kwuru, na-arịọ ndị nta akụkọ ka ha debe ya nzuzo, nke dị ka m maara na ha mere nke ọma.[xxxviii] Marshall gwara Congress na 1945 na United States ebidola nkwekọrịta Anglo-Dutch-American maka ime otu megide Japan wee tinye ha n'ọrụ tupu December 7.^th.[xxxix]

Na November 20, 1941, Japan tụpụtara nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ya na United States maka udo na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ.[xl]

Na Nọvemba 25, 1941, Secretary nke Agha Henry Stimson dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na ya ga-ezute na Office Oval na Marshall, President Roosevelt, Secretary nke Navy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, na Secretary nke State Cordell Hull. Roosevelt gwara ha na o yikarịrị ka ndị Japan ga-ebuso agha agha n'oge na-adịghị anya, ikekwe na Mọnde na-abịa, December 1, 1941. Stimson dere, sị: “Ajụjụ ahụ,” ka Stimson dere, “bụ otú anyị kwesịrị isi mee ka ha banye n'ọnọdụ nke ịgba égbè mbụ n'ekweghị ka ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu karị. nye onwe anyi. Ọ bụ amụma siri ike.”

Na Nọvemba 26, 1941, United States mere mkpesa megidere atụmatụ Japan nke ụbọchị isii tupu mgbe ahụ.[xli] N'atụmatụ a, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Hull Note, mgbe ụfọdụ Hull Ultimatum, United States chọrọ nchụpụ ndị Japan zuru oke na China, mana enweghị mwepu US na Philippines ma ọ bụ ebe ọ bụla na Pacific. Ndị Japan jụrụ atụmatụ a. Ọ dị ka ọ dịghị mba ọ bụla etinyere ihe onwunwe n'ime mkparita ụka ndị a nke ha mere iji kwadebe maka agha. Henry Luce zoro aka na ya Life nke dị na July 20, 1942, nye “ndị China bụ́ ndị US nyeworo ya ihe ikpeazụ nke wetara Pearl Harbor.”[xlii]

"N'ọgwụgwụ Nọvemba," dị ka ntuli aka Gallup si kwuo, 52% nke ndị America gwara ndị nyocha Gallup na United States ga-ebuso Japan agha "mgbe n'ọdịnihu dị nso."[xliii] Agha ahụ agaghị abụ ihe ijuanya nye ihe karịrị ọkara mba ahụ, ma ọ bụ ọchịchị US.

Na Nọvemba 27, 1941, Rear Admiral Royal Ingersoll zigara ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere agha na Japan na iwu ndị agha mmiri anọ. Na Nọvemba 28, Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark zigaghachiri ya site na ntuziaka agbakwunyere: “Ọ BỤRỤ na ibu iro enweghị ike ikwugharị, enweghị ike ịzenarị UNITED STATES CHỌCHỊ NA JAPAN MERE MGBE MGBE MGBE MGBE EZIOKWU.”[xliv] Na November 28, 1941, Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., nyere ntụziaka ka e “gbatuo ihe ọ bụla anyị hụrụ na mbara igwe na ịtụ bọmbụ ihe ọ bụla anyị hụrụ n’oké osimiri.”[xlv] Na Nọvemba 30, 1941, ndị Onye mgbasa ozi Honolulu bu isiokwu bụ́ "Japanese nwere ike ịtinye n'ime izu ụka."[xlvi] Na Disemba 2, 1941, na New York Times kọrọ na “mgbochi ndị jikọrọ aka ewepụla Japan n’ihe dị ka pasent 75 nke azụmahịa ya.[xlvii] N'ime ihe ndetu nwere peeji 20 na Disemba 4, 1941, Ọfịs Naval Intelligence dọrọ aka ná ntị, sị, “N'ịtụ anya agha mepere emepe na mba a, Japan na-ejisi ike na ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ iji nweta ozi agha, ụgbọ mmiri na azụmahịa, na-aṅa ntị nke ọma na mba a. West Coast, Panama Canal, na Ókè nke Hawaii."[xlviii]

Na Disemba 1, 1941, Admiral Harold Stark Admiral Harold Stark, Onye isi nke Ọrụ Naval, zitere rediogram Ọ gwara Admiral Thomas C. Hart, bụ́ Ọchịagha na Ọchịagha nke ụgbọ mmiri US Asiatic Fleet nke dabeere na Manila, Philippines: “Onye isi ala na-enye ntụziaka ka e mee ihe ndị a ozugbo o kwere omume na n'ime ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-ekwe omume mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nkwusa okwu a. Charter XNUMX obere ụgbọ mmiri iji guzobe okwu nchekwa ozi patrol UNQUOTE. Opekempe ihe achọrọ iji guzobe njirimara dị ka UNITED STATES NDỊ MMADỤ NA-AKWỤKWỌ KWESỊRỊ SITE onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-enye iwu ka ha wụnye obere egbe na otu egbe ga-ezuru ya. Enwere ike were ndị ọrụ FILIPINO n'ọrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agha ụgbọ mmiri kacha nta iji mezuo ebumnuche nke bụ ịhụ na mkpesa sitere n'aka ngagharị RADIO JAPANESE n'Oké Osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ CHINA NA GULF OF SIAM. OTU ụgbọ mmiri a ga-anọ ọdụ n'etiti HAINAN na HUE ONE ụgbọ mmiri kwụsịrị INDO-CHINA dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti CAMRANH BAY NA CAPE ST. JACQUES na otu ụgbọ mmiri kwụsịrị POINTE DE CAMAU. Ojiji nke Isabel Onye isi ala nyere ikike dịka otu n'ime ụgbọ mmiri atọ ma ọ bụghị ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ. MỤMỤMỤ MỤMỤ MỤMỤ MKWAKỌTA MMADỤ EKWU NDỊ NDỊ isi ala. N'otu oge ahụ gwa m ka m mara ihe a na-eme mgbe niile n'oké osimiri site n'aka ndị agha na ndị agha mmiri ma ụgbọ mmiri ikuku ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri na-eche echiche gị maka ịdị irè nke ihe ndị a. Nzuzo kacha elu."

Otu n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ndị e nyere ọrụ dị n'elu, nke Asụsụ Lanikai, bụ́ otu nwoke aha ya bụ Kemp Tolley bụ onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri, bụ́ onye mesịrị dee akwụkwọ na-egosi na FDR bu n’obi kpọpụta ụgbọ mmiri ndị a ka ọ bụrụ azụ̀, na-atụ anya na Japan ga-ebuso ha agha. (The Asụsụ Lanikai nọ na-akwado ime dị ka e nyere iwu mgbe Japan wakporo Pearl Harbor.) Tolley kwuru na ọ bụghị naanị na Admiral Hart kwetara na ya kama o kwuru na ya nwere ike igosi ya. Rear Admiral Tolley lara ezumike nká nwụrụ na 2000. Site na 1949 ruo 1952, ọ bụbu onye isi ngalaba ọgụgụ isi na kọleji ndị ọrụ agha Armed Forces na Norfolk, Virginia. Na 1992, a kpọbatara ya na Defence Attache Hall of Fame na Washington. Na 1993, Onye isi ala Bill Clinton kwanyere ya ugwu na White House Rose Garden. Ewubere bọs ọla nke Admiral Tolley na United States Naval Academy maka nsọpụrụ ya. Ị nwere ike ịhụ ihe niile a na-agụkọ Wikipedia, na-enweghị nkọwa na Tolley mgbe kwuru otu okwu banyere e kenyere igbu onwe mission iji nyere aka malite WWII. Agbanyeghị, nsonaazụ ya n'ụdị Baltimore Sun na Washington Post Ha abụọ na-akọ ihe o kwuru bụ́ isi n'agbakwụnyeghị otu mkpụrụ okwu ma ihe bụ́ eziokwu na-akwado ya. Maka ọtụtụ okwu gbasara ajụjụ ahụ, a na m akwado akwụkwọ Tolley, nke ndị Naval Institute Press bipụtara na Annapolis, Maryland, Ụgbọ mmiri nke Lanikai: mkpali na agha.

Na Disemba 4, 1941, akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ndị Chicago Tribune, bipụtara atụmatụ FDR maka imeri agha ahụ. Edere m akwụkwọ na akụkọ gbasara isiokwu a ọtụtụ afọ tupu m sụọ ngọngọ n'akụkụ akụkụ a n'akwụkwọ Andrew Cockburn 2021. Ihe Nkwata nke Agha: "

"[T] n'ihi ntanye nke na-eme ka mkpughe nke Edward Snowden yie ihe na-abaghị uru site na ntụnyere, nkọwa zuru ezu nke 'Atụmatụ Mmeri' a pụtara n'ihu ihu nke onye na-ekewapụ onwe ya. Chicago Tribune ụbọchị ole na ole tupu mwakpo ndị Japan. Ntụle dakwasịrị onye agha izugbe nke ebubo ọmịiko German. Mana nke ọchịaghaOnye isi ụlọ ọrụ Washington n'oge ahụ, Walter Trojan, gwara m afọ ole na ole gara aga na ọ bụ ọchịagha nke Air Corps, Gen. Henry “Hap” Arnold, ji onye omebe iwu siri gbasa ozi ahụ. Arnold kwenyere na atụmatụ a ka dị oke nhịahụ n'ikenye akụrụngwa maka ọrụ ya, yabụ na-achọ imebi ya mgbe a mụrụ ya. "

Onyonyo ise ndị a nwere ọchịagha isiokwu:

Atụmatụ mmeri, dị ka akọwara na nke e hotara ebe a, bụ ihe ka ukwuu banyere Germany: na-agba ya gburugburu na 5 nde ndị agha US, ikekwe ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, na-alụ ọgụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 2. Japan bụ nke abụọ, mana atụmatụ gụnyere mgbochi na mwakpo ikuku. Nke ọchịagha ruturu n’uju nke Julaị 9, 1941, leta sitere n’aka Roosevelt nke a kpọtụrụ aha n’elu. Mmemme mmeri ahụ gụnyere ebumnuche agha US ịkwado Alaeze Ukwu Britain na igbochi mgbasawanye nke alaeze ukwu Japan. Okwu ahụ bụ́ “ndị Juu” apụtaghị. E mere atụmatụ agha US na Europe maka Eprel 1942, dịka "isi mmalite ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ya" si kwuo ọchịagha. The ọchịagha megidere agha ma kwado udo. Ọ gbachitere Charles Lindbergh megide ebubo ọmịiko ndị Nazi, nke o nwere n'ezie. Mana ọnweghị onye, ​​dịka m nwere ike ịkọ, agbaghabeghị izi ezi nke akụkọ ahụ na atụmatụ tupu Pearl Harbor maka ọrụ US nke WWII.

Na-ehota site na Inwe na Enweghi Site n'aka Jonathan Marshall: "Na Disemba 5, ndị isi ndị ọrụ Britain gwara Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, ọchịagha nke Royal Air Force na Malaya, na United States agbaala nkwado agha ma ọ bụrụ na Japan wakpoo ókèala Britain ma ọ bụ Netherlands East Indies; otu nkwa ahụ etinyere kwesịrị ka ndị Britain mejuputa atumatu contingency MATADOR. Atụmatụ nke ikpeazụ nyere maka mbuso agha Britain na-ebu ụzọ weghara Kra Isthmus ma ọ bụrụ na Japan megidere ya ọ bụla akụkụ nke Thailand. N'echi ya Capt. John Creighton, onye agha ụgbọ mmiri US na Singapore, kpọrọ Admiral Hart, onye isi ọchịagha nke US Asiatic Fleet, ka ọ gwa ya akụkọ a: "Brooke-Popham natara Satọdee site na Ngalaba Agha London Quote Anyị nwere. ugbu a enwetara mmesi obi ike nke nkwado ndị agha America n'ọnọdụ dị ka ndị a: a) anyị kwesịrị ime atụmatụ anyị igbochi Japs ọdịda Isthmus nke Kra ma ọ bụ mee ihe na nzaghachi nye mwakpo Nips n'akụkụ ọ bụla ọzọ nke Siam XX b) ma ọ bụrụ na a wakpoo Dutch Indies na anyị. gaa na nchekwa ha XX c) ma ọ bụrụ na Japs wakpo anyị British XX Ya mere na-enweghị ntụaka na London tinye atụmatụ n'ọrụ ma ọ bụrụ na mbụ ị nwere ozi ọma Jap njem na-aga n'ihu n'ebumnobi doro anya nke ọdịda na Kra nke abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na Nips mebiri akụkụ ọ bụla nke Thailand Para. Ọ bụrụ na a wakporo NEI tinye n'ọrụ atụmatụ ekwekọrịtara n'etiti British na Dutch. Ewepụghị okwu." Marshall hotara: “PHA Hearings, X, 5082-5083,” nke pụtara nlegharị anya ọgbakọ ọgbakọ na mwakpo Pearl Harbor. Ihe nke a pụtara doro anya: ndị Britain kwenyere na a ga-emesi ha obi ike na US ịbanye na agha Japan wakporo US ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na Japan wakpoo British ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na Japan wakpoo ndị Dutch ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ndị Britain wakporo Japan.

N'ihe dị na Disemba 6, 1941, ọ nweghị ntuli aka achọpụtala ọtụtụ nkwado ọha na eze US maka ịbanye agha ahụ.[xlix] Mana Roosevelt ewepụtalarị akwụkwọ a, rụọ ọrụ nchekwa mba, mepụta nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri n'oké osimiri abụọ, na-ere ndị mbibi ochie na England maka ịgbazinye ntọala ya na Caribbean na Bermuda, butere ụgbọ elu na ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu na ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu na China, machibido ya. mmachi siri ike na Japan, dụrụ ndị agha US ọdụ na agha na Japan amalitela, na - nanị ụbọchị 11 tupu agha Japan - na nzuzo nyere iwu ka e mepụta ndepụta nke onye Japan ọ bụla na Japan-American na United States. (Hurray maka teknụzụ IBM!)

Na Disemba 7, 1941, mgbe agha Japan gasịrị, President Roosevelt wepụtara nkwupụta agha megide ma Japan na Germany, ma kpebie na ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ wee soro Japan naanị ya. Na Disemba 8^th, Congress tozuru oke maka agha megide Japan, na Jeanette Rankin na-eme ka ọ bụrụ naanị na ọ dịghị votu.

Esemokwu na enweghị ya

Robert Stinnett's Ụbọchị Ntahie: Eziokwu Banyere FDR na Pearl Harbor na-ese okwu n'etiti ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere n'ihe ọ na-ekwu banyere ihe ọmụma US maka koodu Japanese yana koodu ozi Japanese. Echeghị m, Otú ọ dị, na nke ọ bụla n'ime isi ihe ndị a kwesịrị inwe arụmụka:

1. Ozi m gosipụtarala n'elu ezuola ịghọta na United States abụghị onye aka ya dị ọcha wakporo site na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma ọ bụ ndị otu na-eme mgbalị niile maka udo na nkwụsi ike.
2. Stinnett ziri ezi itinye aka na mbọ ọ nwere ịkọwapụta na imepụta akwụkwọ gọọmentị ọha, yana na ọ nweghị ezigbo ihe ngọpụ maka National Security Agency na-aga n'ihu na-edobe ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mgbochi ndị agha mmiri Japan na nzuzo na faịlụ US Navy 1941.[l]

Ọ bụ ezie na Stinnett kwenyere na nchoputa ya kachasị mkpa mere ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ 2000 nke akwụkwọ ya. New York Times Nlebanya nke Richard Bernstein nke 1999 hardcover bụ ihe ama ama maka ka o siri kọwaa ajụjụ ndị na-anọgide na-enwe obi abụọ:[li]

"Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na-ekwenyekarị na Roosevelt kwenyere na agha na Japan bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere nakwa na ọ chọrọ ka Japan gbaa égbè mbụ. Ihe Stinnett mere, na-ewepụ echiche ahụ, na-achịkọta ihe akaebe na-egosi na Roosevelt, iji hụ na égbè mbụ ga-enwe mmetụta dị egwu, na-ama ụma hapụ ndị America na-enweghị nchebe. . . .

"Arụmụka Stinnett siri ike na nke na-akpasu iwe metụtara otu n'ime nkọwa ọkọlọtọ maka ihe ịga nke ọma Japan n'idebe ọgụ Pearl Harbor na-abịanụ: ya bụ na ndị ọrụ na-ebu ụgbọ elu nke wepụtara ya nọgidere na-agbachi nkịtị na redio ruo izu atọ dum tupu ọnwa Disemba. 7 wee si otú a zere nchọpụta. N'ezie, Stinnett na-ede, ndị Japan nọgidere na-agbaji ịgbachi nkịtị na redio ọbụna ka ndị America, na-eji usoro nchọpụta redio, na-enwe ike ịgbaso ụgbọ mmiri Japan ka ọ na-aga Hawaii. . . .

"Ọ ga-ekwe omume na Stinnett nwere ike ikwu eziokwu banyere nke a; N'ezie, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị ọzọ kwesịrị ịtụleghachi ihe ọ gwupụtara. Ma nanị ịdị adị nke ọgụgụ isi adịghị egosi na ọgụgụ isi ahụ abanyela n'aka kwesịrị ekwesị ma ọ bụ na a gaara akọwa ya ngwa ngwa na n'ụzọ ziri ezi.

“Gaddis Smith, bụ́ ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mahadum Yale, kwuru na njikọ a banyere ọdịda e chebere Philippines megide mwakpo ndị Japan, n’agbanyeghị na e nwere ọtụtụ ozi na-egosi na mwakpo dị otú ahụ na-abịa. Ọ dịghị onye, ​​ọbụna Stinnett, kwenyere na e nwere ụma na-egbochi ozi sitere n'aka ọchịagha America na Philippines, Douglas MacArthur. Ozi dị bụ maka ihe ụfọdụ etinyeghị ya n'ọrụ.

"N'akwụkwọ 1962 ya, Pearl Harbor: ịdọ aka ná ntị na mkpebi, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ Roberta Wohlstetter ji okwu static chọpụta mgbagwoju anya, ihe na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ, n'ozuzu ejighị n'aka nke metụtara nchịkọta ọgụgụ isi tupu agha ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na Stinnett na-eche na ọtụtụ ozi nke dị ugbu a dị ka ọ dị mkpa ga-enwetala ngwa ngwa n'oge ahụ, echiche Wohlstetter bụ na enwere nnukwu ihe akaebe dị otú ahụ, ọtụtụ puku akwụkwọ kwa ụbọchị, nakwa na ndị ọrụ ọgụgụ isi na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu nwere ike ọ gaghị adị mfe. akọwawo ya nke ọma n'oge ahụ."

Enweghị ike ma ọ bụ arụrụ arụ? Arụmụka na-emebu. Gọọmenti Amerịka ọ̀ maghị kpọmkwem nkọwa nke mwakpo a na-abịa n’ihi na o nweghị ike ma ọ bụ n’ihi na ọ chọghị ịma ha, ma ọ bụ na ọ chọghị ka akụkụ ụfọdụ nke gọọmenti mara ha? Ọ bụ ajụjụ na-atọ ụtọ, ọ dịkwa mfe ilele erughị eru anya, yana ihe niile na-emesi obi ike ileda omume ọjọọ anya. Mana enweghị mgbagha na gọọmentị US maara nkọwapụta izugbe nke mwakpo na-abịa ma kpachapụrụ anya mee ihe kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ n'ụzọ mere ka o yie ka ọ dịkwuo.

NKE FILIPI

Dị ka akwụkwọ ntụleghachi n'elu kwuru, otu ajụjụ ahụ gbasara nkọwa nke ịma amụma amụma na otu enweghị ajụjụ ọ bụla gbasara nkọwa ya n'ozuzu ya metụtara Philippines dị ka Pearl Harbor.

N'ezie, ikpe maka ụma kpachaara anya nke aghụghọ ga-adịrị ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme mfe ịkọ nkọ banyere Philippines karịa n'ihe metụtara Hawaii, ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere mmasị. "Pearl Harbor" bụ ihe mkpirisi dị ịtụnanya. Oge awa ka mwakpo ahụ gasịrị na Pearl Harbor - n'otu ụbọchị mana teknụzụ na Disemba 8^th n'ihi na International Date Line, na-egbu oge awa isii site na ihu igwe - ndị Japan wakporo US agha na US colony nke Philippines, n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-atụ anya inwe a ike na-aga na ya, n'ihi na ihe ijuanya na-agaghị abụ ihe kpatara ya. N’ezie, Douglas MacArthur nwetara ọkpụkpọ ekwentị n’elekere 3:40 nke ụtụtụ n’oge Philippines na-agwa ya banyere mwakpo a na-alụ na Pearl Harbor na mkpa ọ dị ịdị njikere. N'ime awa itoolu gafere n'etiti oku ekwentị ahụ na mwakpo a na Philippines, MacArthur emeghị ihe ọ bụla. Ọ hapụrụ ụgbọ elu US kwụ n'ahịrị wee chere, dịka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nọ na Pearl Harbor. Ihe si na mwakpo a wakporo Philippines bụ, dị ka ndị agha US si kwuo, na-agbawa obi dị ka nke ahụ na Hawaii. United States tụfuru 18 n'ime 35 B-17 tinyere ụgbọ elu 90 ndị ọzọ, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ mebiri emebi.[lii] N'ụzọ dị iche, na Pearl Harbor, n'agbanyeghị akụkọ ifo na ụgbọ mmiri asatọ dara, nke bụ eziokwu bụ na ọ dịghị onye nwere ike ịdaba n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emighị emeri, abụọ mere ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ, na isii ka a rụziri ma gaa n'ihu ịlụ ọgụ na WWII.[liii]

N'otu ụbọchị nke Disemba 7^th / 8^th - dabere na ọnọdụ nke International Date Line - Japan wakporo ógbè US nke Philippines na Guam, gbakwunyere ókèala US nke Hawaii, Midway, na Wake, yana mpaghara Britain nke Malaya, Singapore, Honk Kong, na ndị Britain. mba Thailand nwere onwe ya. Ọ bụ ezie na mwakpo ahụ na Hawaii bụ ọgụ na ịlaghachi azụ, na ebe ndị ọzọ, Japan wakporo ugboro ugboro, na mgbe ụfọdụ wakporo ma merie. Ịda n'okpuru nchịkwa ndị Japan n'ime izu ndị na-abịanụ ga-abụ Philippines, Guam, Wake, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, na n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Alaska. Na Philippines, nde ụmụ amaala US 16 dara n'okpuru ndị Japan ji obi ọjọọ na-achị. Tupu ha emee, ndị Amerịka weghaara ndị Japan, dị ka e mere na United States.[liv]

Ozugbo mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, ndị mgbasa ozi US amaghị na ekwesịrị iji mkpirisi nke "Pearl Harbor" na-ezo aka na ha niile, kama jiri aha na nkọwa dị iche iche mee ihe. N'ime ederede nke okwu "ụbọchị mkparị" ya, Roosevelt zoro aka na Hawaii na Philippines. N'afọ 2019 ya ka ọ ga-esi Zoo otu Alaeze Ukwu, Daniel Immerwahr na-arụ ụka na Roosevelt mere mgbalị ọ bụla iji kọwaa mwakpo ahụ dị ka mwakpo na United States. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Philippines na Guam bụ ụmụ amaala nke alaeze ukwu US, ha bụ ndị na-ezighị ezi. A na-ele Philippines anya dị ka ndị na-achachaghị ọcha maka steeti yana n'ụzọ a ga-enwere onwe ya. Hawaii dị ọcha karị, ma dịkwa nso, yana onye nwere ike ime ntuli aka maka ọkwa steeti n'ọdịnihu. Roosevelt mechara họrọ ịhapụ Philippines n'akụkụ ahụ nke okwu ya, wepụta ya n'otu ihe na ndepụta ọzọ nke gụnyere ógbè ndị Britain na-achị, na ịkọwa ọgụ dị ka ihe mere na "American Island of Oahu" - agwaetiti nke onye America. bụ, n'ezie, na-arụrịta ụka ruo taa site na ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala Hawaii. A na-elekwasị anya na Pearl Harbor kemgbe ahụ, ọbụlagodi ndị nwere mmasị na nhụsianya ma ọ bụ ịkpa nkata na-akpata mwakpo a.[lv]

GBANYE N'OGE gara aga

Ọ naghị esiri ike iche ihe ndị a gaara eme n'ụzọ dị iche n'ime afọ na ọnwa ndị na-eduga na US ịbanye na WWII, ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-eduga na ọkụ ọkụ mbụ nke agha na Asia ma ọ bụ Europe. Ọ kadị mfe ịkọwa ihe a gaara eme n'ụzọ dị iche ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ alaghachi azụ ntakịrị n'ihu n'oge gara aga. Ihe gaara eme n'ụzọ dị iche site n'aka gọọmentị na ndị agha ọ bụla metụtara, na nke ọ bụla na-akpata arụrụ arụ ya. Mana achọrọ m ịkọwa ihe ụfọdụ gọọmentị US nwere ike ime n'ụzọ dị iche, n'ihi na m na-agbalị imegide echiche ahụ bụ na a manyere gọọmentị US na-achọghị ịma n'agha nke bụ naanị nhọrọ ndị ọzọ.

United States nwere ike ịhọpụta William Jennings Bryan onye isi oche William McKinley onye osote onye isi ala ya, Teddy Roosevelt nọchiri anya ya. Bryan gbara agha megide alaeze ukwu, McKinley kwadoro ya. Nye ọtụtụ ndị, okwu ndị ọzọ yiri ka ihe ka mkpa n'oge ahụ; o doro anya na ha kwesịrị inwe.

Teddy Roosevelt emeghị ihe ọ bụla na ọkara. Nke ahụ gara maka agha, ọchịchị ndị eze ukwu, na nkwenye o kwuburu banyere echiche banyere “agbụrụ” Aryan. TR kwadoro mmegbu na ọbụna igbu ụmụ amaala America, ndị China kwabatara, Cubans, Filipinos, na ndị Asia na Central America ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ọ bụla. Ọ kwenyere na ọ bụ naanị ndị ọcha nwere ike ịchị onwe ha (nke bụ akụkọ ọjọọ maka ndị Cuba mgbe ndị nnwere onwe US ​​chọpụtara na ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ndị ojii). O kere ihe ngosi nke Filipinos maka St. Louis World Fair Fair na-egosi ha dị ka ndị na-eme ihe ike nke ndị ọcha nwere ike ịzụrụ.[lvi] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji mee ka ndị China kwabatara na United States.

Akwụkwọ James Bradley nke 2009, Owuwe mmiri nke Imperial: Akụkọ Nzuzo nke Alaeze Ukwu na Agha, na-akọ akụkọ na-esonụ.[lvii] Ana m ahapụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ nwere obi abụọ ewelitere banyere ha.

Na 1614 Japan ebipụla onwe ya n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, na-akpata udo na ọganihu ọtụtụ narị afọ na ịma mma nke nkà na omenala ndị Japan. N'afọ 1853, ndị agha mmiri US amanyela Japan imeghe ndị ahịa US, ndị ozi ala ọzọ, na ndị agha. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke US na-akpọ njem Commodore Matthew Perry na Japan "diplọmas" n'agbanyeghị na ha ji ụgbọ mmiri agha manye Japan ikweta na mmekọrịta ya megidere nke ọma. N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, ndị Japan mụtara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị America ma nakwere usoro ha ga-esi nagide ya. Ha chọrọ ime onwe ha ka ha wepụta onwe ha dị ka agbụrụ dị iche karịa ndị Eshia ndị ọzọ. Ha ghọrọ ndị Aryan na-asọpụrụ. N’ịbụ ndị na-enweghị otu chi ma ọ bụ chi nke mmeri, ha chepụtara eze ukwu Chineke, na-agbazinye ego site n’omenala Ndị Kraịst. Ha na-eji ejiji na rie nri ka ndị America ma ziga ụmụ akwụkwọ ha ka ha gaa mụọ na United States. A na-akpọkarị ndị Japan na United States dị ka “Yankees nke Far East.” Na 1872 ndị agha US malitere ịzụ ndị Japan ka ha na-emeri mba ndị ọzọ, na-ele Taiwan anya.

Charles LeGendre, onye America n'ozuzu na-azụ ndị Japan n'ụzọ agha, tụrụ aro ka ha nakwere nkuzi Monroe maka Asia, nke ahụ bụ amụma nke ịchịkwa Eshia n'ụzọ United States si chịkwaa ụwa ya. Japan hiwere Bureau of Savage Affairs wee chepụta okwu ọhụrụ dịka koronii (mpaghara). Mkparịta ụka na Japan malitere ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ ndị Japan na-eme ka ndị na-eme ihe ike na-emepe emepe. Na 1873, Japan na ndị ndụmọdụ ndị agha US wakporo Taiwan. Korea na-esote ya.

Korea na Japan maara udo kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ. Mgbe ndị Japan ji ụgbọ mmiri US bịarutere, yi uwe US, na-ekwu banyere eze ukwu ha, na-atụpụta nkwekọrịta nke “enyi,” ndị Korea chere na ndị Japan efuola n’obi ha, ma gwa ha ka ha tufuo, ebe ha maara na China nọ n’ebe ahụ. Azụ Korea. Mana ndị Japan gwara China ka ha kwe ka Korea bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ, na-akọwaghị ndị China ma ọ bụ ndị Korea ihe nkwekọrịta ahụ pụtara na nsụgharị Bekee ya.

Na 1894 Japan kpọsara agha na China, agha nke ngwá agha US, n'akụkụ Japan, bu ụbọchị ahụ. China hapụrụ Taiwan na Liaodong Peninsula, kwụọ nnukwu ụgwọ, kwupụta na Korea nwere onwe ya, ma nye Japan otu ikike azụmahịa na China nke mba US na Europe nwere. Japan nwere mmeri, ruo mgbe China mere ka Rọshịa, France na Jamanị kwenye imegide ndị Japan nwe Liaodong. Japan hapụrụ ya ma Rọshịa jide ya. Ndị Kraịst bụ́ ndị ọcha raara Japan nye, ọ bụghịkwa nke ikpeazụ.

Na 1904, Teddy Roosevelt nwere nnọọ obi ụtọ maka mwakpo mberede ndị Japan wakporo ụgbọ mmiri Russia. Ka ndị Japan na-ebuso Asia agha ọzọ dị ka ndị Aryan na-asọpụrụ, Roosevelt na nzuzo na-ebipụ mmekọrịta ha na ha, na-akwado Monroe Doctrine maka Japan na Asia. N'afọ ndị 1930, Japan nyere ikike imeghe ahia na United States na mpaghara alaeze ya ma ọ bụrụ na United States ga-eme otu ihe ahụ maka Japan na Latin America. Gọọmentị US kwuru mba.

CHINA

Ọ bụghị naanị Britain bụ ọchịchị mba ofesi nwere ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na New York City na-eduga na WWII. China nọkwa ebe ahụ.

Kedu ka gọọmentị US siri gbanwee site na njikọ aka ya na njirimara ya na Japan gaa na China na megide Japan (ma laghachi azụ ọzọ n'ụzọ ọzọ mgbe WWII gasịrị)? Akụkụ nke mbụ nke azịza ya metụtara mgbasa ozi ndị China na iji okpukpe eme ihe karịa agbụrụ, yana itinye Roosevelt dị iche na White House. Akwụkwọ James Bradley nke 2016, Mirage China: Akụkọ nzuzo zoro ezo nke ọdachi America na China tkwuru akụkọ a.[lviii]

Ruo ọtụtụ afọ na-eduga Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, China Lobby na United States mere ka ọha na eze United States kwenye, na ọtụtụ ndị isi US, na ndị China chọrọ ịghọ Ndị Kraịst, na Chiang Kai-shek bụ onye ndu ochichi onye kwuo uche ha hụrụ n'anya kama ịbụ onye na-akụda mmụọ. Fashist, na Mao Zedong bụ onye na-abaghị uru ọ dịghị onye na-aga ebe ọ bụla, na United States nwere ike ịkwado Chiang Kai-shek na ọ ga-eji ya niile lụso ndị Japan agha, megidere iji ya lụso Mao ọgụ.

Ihe onyonyo nke onye ọrụ ugbo China nke ama ama Christian bụ ndị mmadụ dị ka Atọ n'Ime Otu (nke mechara Duke) na Vanderbilt gụrụ akwụkwọ Charlie Soong, ụmụ ya nwanyị Ailing, Chingling na Mayling, na nwa Tse-ven (TV), yana di Mayling Chiang. Kai-shek, Henry Luce onye malitere Time mgbe a mụsịrị ha na mpaghara ndị ozi ala ọzọ na China, na Pearl Buck bụ ndị dere Ezi Earthwa mgbe otu ụdị nwata. TV Soong goro onye US Army Air Corps onye lara ezumike nka Jack Jouett na site na 1932 nwere ike nweta nka niile nke US Army Air Corps ma nwee ndị nkuzi itoolu, dọkịta na-awa ụgbọ elu, ndị ọrụ igwe anọ, na odeakwụkwọ, ndị US Air Corps zụrụ azụ mana ugbu a na-arụ ọrụ. maka Soong na China. Ọ bụ naanị mmalite enyemaka ndị agha US nyere China mere obere akụkọ na United States karịa ka o mere na Japan.

Na 1938, ebe Japan wakporo obodo ndị China, na Chiang na-alụso ọgụ ọgụ, Chiang gwara onyeisi ndị mgbasa ozi Hollington Tong, onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ nta akụkọ nke Mahadum Columbia, ka o ziga ndị ọrụ na United States iji were ndị ozi ala ọzọ US were nye ha ihe akaebe nke arụrụ arụ ndị Japan, ka were Frank Price (onye ozi ala ọzọ kacha amasị Mayling), yana iweta ndị nta akụkọ na ndị ode akwụkwọ US ka ha dee akụkọ na akwụkwọ dị mma. A mụrụ Frank Price na nwanne ya nwoke Harry Price na China, na-ezuteghị China nke ndị China. Ụmụnna ndị Price hiwere ụlọ ahịa na New York City, bụ́ ebe mmadụ ole na ole matara na ha na-arụrụ òtù òtù Soong-Chiang ọrụ. Mayling na Tong kenyere ha ime ka ndị America kweta na isi ihe na-eme ka udo dị na China bụ mmachibido iwu na Japan. Ha mepụtara kọmitii America maka enweghị ikere òkè na mmegide ndị Japan. Bradley dere, sị: “Ndị ọha na eze amataghị na ndị ozi ala ọzọ Manhattan ji ịdị uchu na-arụ ọrụ na East Fortieth Street iji zọpụta ndị Noble Peasants na-akwụ ndị ọrụ Lobby China ụgwọ na-etinye aka n'ihe omume megidere iwu na nke aghụghọ.”

Ana m ewere isi okwu Bradley na ọ bụghị na ndị ọrụ ala China abụghị ndị a ma ama, ọ bụghịkwa na Japan enweghị mmejọ, kama na mkpọsa mgbasa ozi mere ka ọtụtụ ndị America kwenye na Japan agaghị ebuso United States agha ma ọ bụrụ na United States ebipụ mmanụ na ígwè na Japan - nke bụ ụgha na echiche nke ndị na-ekiri ihe ọmụma na-egosi na ọ bụ ụgha na ihe omume.

Onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ nke steeti na odeakwụkwọ agha n'ọdịnihu Henry Stimson ghọrọ onye isi oche nke kọmitii America maka enweghị ikere òkè na mkparị Japan, nke gbakwunyere ngwa ngwa ndị isi mbụ nke Harvard, Union Theological Seminary, Church Peace Union, Alliance for International Friendship, na Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, Associate Boards of Christian Colleges in China, etc. Stimson na òtù ndị China ugwo na-ekwu na Japan agaghị agha United States ma ọ bụrụ na embargoed, ga-n'ezie ghọọ a ọchịchị onye kwuo uche na nzaghachi - a. na-ekwu na ndị ama ama na State Department na White House chụrụ. Ka ọ na-erule February 1940, Bradley dere, 75% nke ndị America kwadoro ịmanye Japan. Na ọtụtụ ndị America, n'ezie, achọghị agha. Ha azụrụla okwu nduhie ndị China Lobby.

Nna nna Franklin Roosevelt enwetala ọgaranya n'ịre opium na China, nne Franklin biri na China mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nsọpụrụ nke ma ndị China Aid Council na American Committee for Chinese War Orphans. Nwunye Franklin bụ Eleanor bụ onye isi oche nsọpụrụ nke kọmitii enyemaka mberede nke China nke Pearl Buck. Ndị otu ndị ọrụ US puku abụọ kwadoro mmachi na Japan. Onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba mbụ nye onye isi ala US, Lauchlin Currie, rụrụ ọrụ maka ma gọọmentị US na Bank of China n'otu oge. Onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Syndicated na onye ikwu Roosevelt Joe Alsop nwetara ego nlele sitere na TV Soong dị ka “onye ndụmọdụ” ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ya dị ka onye odeakụkọ. Bradley dere, sị: “Ọ dịghị onye mba Briten, Rọshịa, French, ma ọ bụ onye Japan, gaara ekweta na Chiang nwere ike ịghọ New Deal liberal.” Mana Franklin Roosevelt nwere ike ikwere ya. Ya na Chiang na Mayling kparịtara ụka na nzuzo, na-aga na ngalaba steeti nke ya.

Ma Franklin Roosevelt kwenyere na ọ bụrụ na a machibido ya, Japan ga-awakpo ndị Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) na ihe ga-esi na agha ụwa gbasaa. Morgenthau, n'okwu Bradley, gbalịrị ugboro ugboro ịfefe site na mmachi mmachi mmanụ na Japan, ebe Roosevelt guzogidere ruo oge ụfọdụ. Roosevelt manyere mmachibido iwu ụgbọ elu-mmanụnụ na mkpofu. Ọ gbaziri Chiang ego. O butere ụgbọ elu, ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu. Mgbe Roosevelt gwara onye ndụmọdụ ya Tommy Corcoran ka ọ lelee onye ndu nke ndị agha ikuku ọhụrụ a, onye bụbu onye isi ụgbọ elu US Air Corps Claire Chennault, ọ ga-abụ na ọ maghị na ọ na-arịọ onye na-akwụ ụgwọ nke TV Soong ka ọ dụọ ya ọdụ maka onye ọzọ nọ na ya. ịkwụ ụgwọ nke TV Soong.

Ma ndị mgbasa ozi Britain ma ọ bụ ndị China na-arụ ọrụ na New York kpaliri gọọmentị US ebe ọ bụla ọ chọghị ịga bụ ajụjụ mepere emepe.

##

[I] C-Span, “Ọkwa ịdọ aka ná ntị akwụkwọ akụkọ na Lusitania,” Eprel 22, 2015, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4535149/newspaper-warning-notice-lusitania

[Ii] Ihe enyemaka Lusitania, "Mkpa nkata ma ọ bụ imejọ?" https://www.rmslusitania.info/controversies/conspiracy-or-foul-up

[iii] William M. Leary, “Wings for China: The Jouett Mission, 1932-35,” Nyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme Pacific 38, mba. 4 (Nọvemba 1969). Nicholson Baker zoro aka na ya, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 32.

[iv] Associated Press na Jenụwarị 17, ebipụtara na New York Times, “'Agha bụ ihe efu,' ka Oriakụ SỊ. ROOSEVELT; Nwunye Onye isi ala na-agwa ndị na-akwado udo ndị mmadụ kwesịrị iche maka agha dị ka igbu onwe,” Jenụwarị 18, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/01/18/archives/-war-utter-futility-says-mrs-roosevelt-presidents-wife-tells-peace-.html Nicholson Baker zoro aka na ya, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 46.

[v] New York Times, “ỌDỊ JAPAN ỌJỌỌ CHỤRỤ ANYỊ 'ỊCHỊGHỊ'; Tanaka kwubiri otuto 'oke' Roosevelt nke ntọala ụgbọ mmiri anyị na Hawaii. AKWỤKWỌ KWESỊRỊ Ịha nhata nke ngwá agha Ọ sịrị Tokyo agaghị akwụsị imebi London Parley ma ọ bụrụ na ajụọ arịrịọ,” Ọgọst 5, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/08/05/archives/japanese-general-finds-us-insolent-tanaka-decries-roosevelts-loud.html Nicholson Baker zoro aka na ya, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 51.

[vi] George Seldes, Akwụkwọ akụkọ Harper, "Mgbasa Mgbasa Ozi Ọhụrụ maka Agha," Ọktoba 1934, https://harpers.org/archive/1934/10/the-new-propaganda-for-war nke Nicholson Baker kwuru, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 52.

[vii] David Talbot, Nkịta Ekwensu: Akụkọ dị ịtụnanya nke nwoke ahụ zọpụtara America, (Simon & Schuster, 2010).

[viii] Major General Smedley Butler, Agha bụ ọgba aghara, https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/warisaracket.html

[ix] Nwachukwu Baker, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 56.

[X] Nwachukwu Baker, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 63.

[xi] Nwachukwu Baker, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 71.

[xii] Nwachukwu Baker, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 266.

[xiii] Ngalaba Navy US, "Iwulite ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ," Mpịakọta I (Nkebi nke Mbụ) Isi nke V Ịzụ ahịa na Logistics maka Ọganihu Bases, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading- room/ aha-ndepụta-mkpụrụedemede/b/building-the-navys-bases/building-the-navys-bases-vol-1.html#1-5

[xiv] Arthur H. McCollum, "Memorandum maka onye isi: Atụmatụ nke ọnọdụ na Pacific na Aro maka Action nke United States," October 7, 1940, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum

[xv] Conrad Crane, Parameters, US Army War College, "Nlebanya akwụkwọ: Ụbọchị aghụghọ," mmiri 2001. Wikipedia kwuru, "McCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-15

[xvi] Robert B. Stinnett, Ụbọchị aghụghọ: Eziokwu Banyere FDR na Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 11.

[xvii] Ajụjụ ọnụ maka mmemme ọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme "Admiral Chester Nimitz, Thunder of the Pacific." Wikipedia zoro aka na ya, "McCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-13

[xviii] Oliver Stone na Peter Kuznick, Akụkọ Na-adịghị Agbanwe nke United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 98.

[xix] Joseph C. Grew, Afọ iri na Japan, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 568. Nicholson Baker kwuru, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 282.

[xx] New York Times, “AKWỤKWỤKWỌ Ikuku CHINEKE KWESỊRỊ IHE; A na-atụ anya na ịtụ bọmbụ nke obodo Japan ga-esi na New View na Chungking pụta,” Mee 24, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/24/archives/chinese-air-force-to-take-offensive-bombing-of-japanese-cities-is.html Nicholson Baker zoro aka na ya, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 331.

[xxi] New York Times, “AKWỤSỊRỊ IHE ỌGỤGỤ KWESỊRỊ KA ANYỊ KWESỊRỊ; Ndị na-ekwu okwu na Roundtable Talks na Washington Meetings jụrụ Revised Foreign Policy,” June 1, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/01/archives/avoidance-of-war-urged-as-us-aim-speakers-at-roundtable-talks-at.html Nicholson Baker zoro aka na ya, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 333.

[xxii] Nwachukwu Baker, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 365.

[xxiii] Ugwu Holyoke College, "Okwu na-ezighi ezi nke Onye isi ala Roosevelt nye kọmitii ntinye aka nke afọ ofufo na ihe kpatara mbupụ mmanụ ji gaa n'ihu na Japan, Washington, Julaị 24, 1941," https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/fdr25.htm

[xxiv] Mkpebi ekweghị ekwe nke RB Pal, Ụlọ ikpe Tokyo, Nkebi 8, http://www.cwporter.com/pal8.htm

[xxv] Otto D. Tolischus, New York Times, “JAPANESI na-agbasi mbọ ike na anyị na BRITAIN ERR NA THAILAND; Ịdọ aka ná ntị Hull na Eden Jidere 'Ọ na-esiri gị ike ịghọta' n'ihe banyere Atumatu Tokyo," August 8, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/08/08/archives/japanese-insist-us-and-britain -err-on-thailand-ịdọ aka na ntị-site-hull-and.html Nicholson Baker zoro aka na ya, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 375.

[xxvi] Oliver Stone na Peter Kuznick, Akụkọ Na-adịghị Agbanwe nke United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 98.

[xxvii] Onye omeiwu Jeanette Rankin zoro aka na ndekọ Congressional, Disemba 7, 1942.

[xxviii] Onye omeiwu Jeanette Rankin zoro aka na ndekọ Congressional, Disemba 7, 1942.

[xxix] Onye omeiwu Jeanette Rankin zoro aka na ndekọ Congressional, Disemba 7, 1942.

[xxx] Onye omeiwu Jeanette Rankin zoro aka na ndekọ Congressional, Disemba 7, 1942.

[xxxi] Nicholson Baker zoro aka na ya, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 387

[xxxii] Vidiyo nke akụkụ isi okwu a bụ ebe a: https://archive.org/details/FranklinD.RooseveltsDeceptiveSpeechOctober271941 Ozi zuru ezu nke okwu a bụ ebe a: New York Times, "Okwu ụbọchị ndị agha mmiri nke onye isi ala Roosevelt na ihe gbasara ụwa," Ọkt. 28, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/10/28/archives/president-roosevelts-navy-day-address-on-world-affairs .html

[xxxiii] William Boyd, Daily Mail, "Map dị ịtụnanya nke Hitler tụgharịrị America megide ndị Nazi: Akụkọ mara mma nke onye edemede na-ede akwụkwọ banyere otú ndị nledo Britain na US si mee agha nke nyere aka dọrọ Roosevelt gaa agha," June 28, 2014, https://www.dailymail.co.uk /news/article-2673298/Hitler-amazing-map-turned-America-against-Nazis-A-leading-novelists-brilliant-account-British-spies-US-staged-coup-helped-drag-Roosevelt-war.html

[xxxiv] Ivar Bryce, Ị ga-ebi naanị otu ugboro (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984).

[xxxv] Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Mmeri na ọgba aghara: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge anyị (New York: Weybright na Talley, 1968), p. 323, 325. Nicholson Baker kpọrọ ya, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 415.

[xxxvi] Joseph C. Grew, Afọ iri na Japan, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 468, 470. Nicholson Baker kpọrọ ya, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 425.

[xxxvii] Wikipedia, "Hull Note," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_note

[xxxviii] Nwachukwu Baker, Anwụrụ ọkụ mmadụ: Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ nke mmepeanya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. Ogbe 431.

[xxxix] John Toland, Aha ọjọọ: Pearl Harbor na ihe kpatara ya (Ụbọchị abụọ, 1982), p. 166.

[xl] Atụmatụ Japanese (Atụmatụ B) ​​nke 20 Nọvemba 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xli] Amụma Counter-Amerika maka atụmatụ Japanese B - Nọvemba 26, 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xlii] Onye omeiwu Jeanette Rankin zoro aka na ndekọ Congressional, Disemba 7, 1942.

[xliii] Lydia Saad, Gallup Polling, "Gallup Vault: Obodo jikọrọ ọnụ mgbe Pearl Harbor gasịrị," Disemba 5, 2016, https://news.gallup.com/vault/199049/gallup-vault-country-unified-pearl-harbor.aspx

[xliv] Robert B. Stinnett, Ụbọchị aghụghọ: Eziokwu Banyere FDR na Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 171-172.

[xlv] Nkwupụta nke Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, na Saturday Saturday Post nke October 10, 1942, nke onye omebe iwu nwanyị Jeanette Rankin zoro aka na ndekọ Congressional, Disemba 7, 1942.

[xlvi] Al Hemingway, Charlotte Sun, "Edepụtara ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ maka mwakpo na Pearl Harbor," Dec 7, 2016, https://www.newsherald.com/news/20161207/early-warning-of-attack-on-pearl-harbor-documented

[xlvii] Onye omeiwu Jeanette Rankin zoro aka na ndekọ Congressional, Disemba 7, 1942.

[xlviii] Paul Bedard, Akụkọ US & Akụkọ ụwa, "Memo Declassified nke 1941 Hawaii Attack: Akwụkwọ Blockbuster na-ekpughekwa ọkwa agha FDR megide ikike axis," November 29, 2011, https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/11/29 /kwupụtara-memo-hinted-nke-1941-hawaii-mwakpo-

[xlix] Ụlọ ihe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Oké Mgbukpọ nke United States, ndị America na Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ: "Olee Otú Echiche Ọha Banyere Ịbanye Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ si gbanwee n'etiti 1939 na 1941?" https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/us-public-opinion-world-war-II-1939-1941

[l] Robert B. Stinnett, Ụbọchị aghụghọ: Eziokwu Banyere FDR na Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 263.

[li] Richard Bernstein, New York Times, "'Ụbọchị aghụghọ': Na Dec. 7, Ànyị Maara na Anyị Maara?" Disemba 15, 1999, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/12/12/daily/121599stinnett-book-review.html

[lii] Daniel Immerwahr, Otu esi ezobe alaeze ukwu: Akụkọ nke United States Ka Ukwuu, (Farrar, Straus, na Giroux, 2019).

[liii] Richard K. Neumann Jr., History News Network, Mahadum George Washington, "Ụgha ahụ na 'Ụgbọ mmiri asatọ na-ada' na Pearl Harbor," https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/32489

[liv] Daniel Immerwahr, Otu esi ezobe alaeze ukwu: Akụkọ nke United States Ka Ukwuu, (Farrar, Straus, na Giroux, 2019).

[lv] Daniel Immerwahr, Otu esi ezobe alaeze ukwu: Akụkọ nke United States Ka Ukwuu, (Farrar, Straus, na Giroux, 2019).

[lvi] "Ntụle nke ndoputa Philippine," https://ds-carbonite.haverford.edu/spectacle-14/exhibits/show/vantagepoints_1904wfphilippine/_overview_

[lvii] James Bradley, Owuwe mmiri nke Imperial: Akụkọ Nzuzo nke Alaeze Ukwu na Agha (Back Bay Books, 2010).

[lviii] James Bradley, Mirage China: Akụkọ Zoro Ezo nke Ọdachi Ndị America na Eshia (Little, Brown, and Company, 2015).