Site n'aka Paul Fitzgerald na Elizabeth Gould, World BEYOND War, October 6, 2020
Conor Tobin nke Jenụwarị 9, 2020 Akụkọ banyere omumu[1] Edemede: Mygha nke 'Afghan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski na Afghanistan[2] na-anwa “igbusi echiche a na Onye isi ala Jimmy Carter, na-agba ume nke onye ndụmọdụ nchekwa nchekwa mba bụ Zbigniew Brzezinski, nyeere ndị Afghanistan Mujahedin aka ụma ịrata Soviet Union ịwakpo Afghanistan na 1979.” Dị ka Todd Greentree kwetara na nyocha ya July17, 2020 nke Tobin, osisi dị elu n'ihi na "echiche" a na-etinye ajụjụ ọ bụghị naanị ihe nketa Onye isi ala Carter, kama omume, aha ọma na "omume atumatu nke United States n'oge Agha Nzuzo na gafere."[3]
Isi ihe n'okwu banyere ihe Tobin na-ezo aka na ya “edemede banyere ọnyà ndị Afghanistan,” bụ onye odeakụkọ France aha ya bụ Vincent Jauvert nke aha ọjọọ nke Jenụwarị 1998 Onye na-elegharị anya Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Brzezinski nke ọ na-etu ọnụ banyere mmemme nzuzo nke ya na Onye isi ala Carter bidoro ọnwa isii tupu mwakpo ndị Soviet "nke nwere mmetụta nke ịdọrọ ndị Russia na ọnyà Afghanistan…" Dị ka ụdị akụkọ ihe mere eme si kwuo, enyemaka CIA maka Mujahideen bidoro n'oge 1980, ya bụ, mgbe ndị agha Soviet wakporo Afghanistan, 24 Dis 1979. Mana eziokwu, echekwara ya na nzuzo ruo ugbu a, abụghị nke ọzọ. Brzezinski dị na ndekọ dịka ọ na-ekwu. “N’ezie, ọ bụ n’ọnwa Julaị 3, 1979 ka Onye isi ala Carter bịanyere aka na ntuzi aka mbụ maka enyemaka nzuzo nye ndị na-emegide ọchịchị Soviet na Kabul. N'ụbọchị ahụ, edegaara m onyeisi ala akwụkwọ ozi nke m kọwara ya na m chere na enyemaka a ga-eme ka ndị agha Soviet tinye aka. ”[4]
N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na onye CIA mbụ gosipụtara ụzọ nzuzo ahụ onye isi ọrụ nke Operations maka Near East na South Asia Dr. Charles Cogan na onye bụbu onye isi CIA Robert Gates ma leghaara ya anya nke ukwuu, nnabata Brzezinski na-adọrọ uche gaa na ịkọwapụta echiche na-ezighi ezi banyere ebumnuche Soviet na Afghanistan na ọtụtụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ga-achọ ịhapụ ịkọwa. Site na mgbe Ajụjụ ọnụ Brzezinski pụtara na 1998 enweela mbọ dị ọkụ n'aka ekpe na aka nri ịjụ izi ezi ya dị ka ịnya isi na-abaghị uru, ịkọwahie ihe ọ pụtara, ma ọ bụ ntụgharị ọjọọ sitere na French gaa Bekee. Nkwenye Brzezinski dị nhịahụ n'etiti ndị nọ na CIA, Charles Cogan chere na ọ dị mkpa ịpụta maka mkparịta ụka Cambridge Forum nke akwụkwọ anyị na Afghanistan (Akụkọ a Na-adịghị ahụ Anya: Akụkọ Akụkọ Na-adịghị n'Agha Afghanistan)[5] na 2009 iji kwuo na agbanyeghị na echiche anyị na ndị Soviet achọghị ịlụ ọgụ bụ eziokwu, nke Brzezinski Onye na-elegharị anya Ajụjụ ọnụ ga-abụ ihe ọjọọ.
Tobin na-agbasawanye na mkpesa a site na ịkwa arịrị na ajụjụ ọnụ ndị France mebiri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndabere naanị iji gosipụta ịdị adị nke ịdọta Moscow na "Afghanistan Trap." Ọ gara n'ihu dee na ebe ọ bụ na Brzezinski na-ekwusi ike na nyocha ahụ dị na teknụzụ ọ bụghị Ajụjụ ọnụ ma kwuru si N'ajụjụ ọnụ ma ọ dịghị akwado ya n'ụdị ọ pụtara na na ebe ọ bụ na Brzezinski gọnarịrị ya ugboro ugboro n'ọtụtụ oge— “tesis ahụ 'ọnyà' enweghị ezigbo ihe ndabere.”[6] Tobin mechara gaa akwụkwọ gọọmentị iji gosipụta “omume Brzezinski site na 1979 gosipụtara ezi mgbalị iji ghari [mesiri ike] Moscow si na-etinye aka na… Na nchikota, ndị agha Soviet achọghị ka Carter na -achọ ma ọ bụ chọrọ ya yana usoro mkpuchi ahụ emere n'oge ọkọchị nke 1979 ezughi ezu ịkwụ Carter na Brzezinski na ịnwa ịba ọnyà Moscow na ' Ọnyà Afghanistan. '”
Yabụ kedu ihe nke a na-ekpughe banyere ọrụ nzuzo gọọmentị US mere ọnwa isii tupu mwakpo ndị Soviet na Disemba 1979 ma ghara ịnya isi site n'aka Brzezinski ruo Jenụwarị nke 1998?
Iji chịkọta mkpesa Tobin; Nkwupụta a boro Brzezinski maka ịtinye ndị Soviet n'ime “ọnyà Afghanistan” enweghị obere ihe ndabere. Brzezinski kwuru ihe mana gịnị- edochaghị anya, mana ihe ọ bụla o kwuru, enweghị ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme banyere ya na agbanyeghị na ezughi ịrafu ndị Soviet na Afghanistan n'ihi na ya na Carter achọghị ka ndị Soviet wakporo agbanyeghị n'ihi na ọ ga-emebi nsogbu na mkparịta ụka SALT II. Gini bu ihe ndia?
Nkwenye Tobin na Onye isi ala nke United States na CIA agaghị akpachara anya mee ka agha Cold ka njọ n'etiti ọnọdụ ọjọọ dị otú a, nwere ike ikpughe ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mkparịta ụka Conor Tobin karịa nghọta ya banyere atụmatụ atụmatụ Brzezinski banyere esemokwu. . Gụ isiokwu ya bụ ịbanye site na iko na-ele anya n'ime eluigwe na ala ọzọ ebe (iji kọwaa TE Lawrence) eziokwu na-anọchi anya nrọ na nrọ na-eme ihe-na-eme ka anya ha meghee. Site na ahụmịhe anyị nwere na Afghanistan na ndị mere ya, “ọrụ bara uru nke akụkọ ọdịnala ọdịnala ọdịnala” nke Tobin (nke ekwuru na nyocha Todd Greentree) enweghị ọrụ ọ bụla na akụkọ ntolite.
N'ileghachi anya n'ihe Brzezinski kwetara na 1998 achọghị nzobe nzuzo kachasị elu iji nyochaa. Nnukwu ebumnuche ndị dị ka Egwuregwu n'azụ edemede ọnyà nke Afghanistan amaara nke ọma n'oge mwakpo ahụ nye onye ọ bụla nwere nghọta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke uru mpaghara ahụ.
MS Agwani nke harlọ Akwụkwọ Jawaharlal Nehru nke Mmụta International kwuru ọtụtụ ihe na -lọ Akwụkwọ nke Quarterly Journal nke Ọktoba-Disemba 1980 na-ehota ọtụtụ ihe na-agbagwoju anya nke na-akwado edemede ọnyà Afghanistan: “Nkwubi okwu anyị site na ihe ndị anyị kwuru n'elu bụ ụzọ abụọ. Nke mbu, ndi Soviet Union nwere ike banye n’ime ọnyà nke ndị iro ya. Maka ọrụ agha ya enyeghị ya uru ọ bụla n'ihe gbasara nchekwa Soviet nke ọ na-atọghị ụtọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị gara aga. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, ọ nwere ike na emetụta mmetụta ya na thewa nke Atọ n'ozuzu ya na mba ndị Alakụba ọkachasị. Nke abuo, enweghi ike iwere mmeghachi omume siri ike nke America na mgbochi Soviet dị ka ihe akaebe nke ezi nchegbu Washington banyere ọdịnihu nke Afghanistan. O kwere omume ikwu na ọdịmma dị mkpa ya na Gulf ga-aka mma site na ndọtị Soviet ndị ọzọ na Afghanistan ebe ọ bụ na enwere ike iji nke ikpeazụ mee ka ndị Soviet kwụsị na mpaghara ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-eme na Afghanistan yikwara ka ọ ga-abara United States aka ịbawanye ọnụnọ ndị agha ya na gburugburu Ọwara Mmiri na-enweghị ịchụpụ mmegide ọ bụla siri ike site na steeti ndị dị n'akụkụ mmiri.[7]
Mgbe obula ajuju banyere ihe dika iri abuo mgbe ihe omuma nke Nouvel Observateur putara rue onwu ya na 2017, nzaghachi nke Brzezinski banyere izi ezi nke ntughari a na-adi iche na nnabata ya n’onye n’etiti nke kwesiri ibulite ajuju banyere ịdabere na eziokwu nke ya echiche. Ma Conor Tobin họọrọ nanị ihota mkparịta ụka 2010 Paul Jay nke Ozi Mgbasa Ozi [8] nke Brzezinski gọnahụrụ ya, iji mee ikpe ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ a 2006 ya na onye ihe nkiri Samira Goetschel[9] ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ "nsụgharị nke na-enweghị nnwere onwe," mana n'ụzọ doro anya na-ekwupụta mmemme nzuzo ahụ "nwere ike mee ka ndị Soviet kwenye karịa ka ha mee ihe ha na-ezube ime." Brzezinski defaults maka ogologo oge nkwenkwe izizi ya (nke ya na ndị neoconservatives) nwere ebe ọ bụ na ndị Soviet nọ na usoro ịgbasa na Afghanistan agbanyeghị dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ nnabata maka inweta nnabata na Southwest Asia na mba ndị na-emepụta mmanụ Gulf, [10] (ọnọdụ nke onye odeakwụkwọ nke State Cyrus Vance jụrụ) eziokwu na ọ nwere ike ịkpalite mwakpo abaghị uru ọ bụla.
Mgbe Tobin nyechara nkọwa nke okwu Brzezinski, Tobin mechara tụọ uto na nnabata nke ọnyà ọnyà Afghanistan nke kachasị na ịdabere na "aha" Brzezinski nke ọ ga-ewepụ site na ịkọwa Brzezinski "memos post-mbuso agha memos [nke] gosi nchegbu, ọ bụghị ohere, nke na-emegide nzọrọ a na-ekwupụta na ọ bụ mwakpo nke mwakpo bụ ebumnobi ya.[11] Mana ịchụpụ Brzezinski a maara nke ọma site na nkwenkwe iji mebie mmekọrịta US / Soviet n'oge ọ bụla bụ ịhapụ raison d'être nke ọrụ Brzezinski tupu ọdịda Soviet Union. Nabata agọnahụ ya na ihu ọnụ ahịa na-eleghara ọrụ ya anya na iweta post-Vietnam neoconservative agenda (a maara dị ka Team B) n'ime White House ịghara ịkọwa ohere iji gbanwee amụma mba ofesi America na echiche Russia na-emegide echiche Russia site na ịkpasu ndị Soviet ọ bụla.
Anne Hessing Cahn, onye mmụta ugbu a na Obibi na Mahadum America onye jere ozi dị ka Chief of the Social Impact Staff na Controllọ Ọrụ Na-achịkwa Ngwá Agha na Ngwá Agha site na 1977–81 na Special Assistant na Onye osote onye ode akwụkwọ na-agbachitere 1980–81, nwere nke a iji kwuo maka aha Brzezinski n’akwụkwọ 1998 ya, Igbu Ọnwụ: “Mgbe Onye isi ala Carter kpọrọ Zbigniew Brzezinski dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nchekwa obodo ya, ọ kara aka tupu oge eruo na détente na Soviet Union ga-anọ n'oge nsogbu. Nke mbụ bụ mbido March 1977 amaghị akara njikwa agha, nke hapụrụ Vladivostok Agreement[12] ma tinye ya na ndị nta akụkọ tupu ebunye ya ndị Soviet. Ka ọ na-erule Eprel Carter na-agbanye ndị mmekọ NATO ka ha kwado ha, na-achọ ka ndị otu NATO niile kwenyesie ike ịmalite ịba ụba ego nke nchekwa site na 3 pasent kwa afọ. N'oge ọkọchị nke 1977 Carter's Review Review Memorandum-10[13]a kpọrọ 'ikike inwe mmeri' ma ọ bụrụ na agha abịa, n'okwu sụgharịrị echiche nke ndị otu B. ” [14]
N'ime otu afọ ịbanye n'ọchịchị Carter egosiworị ndị Soviet ọtụtụ oge na ọ na-agbanye gọọmentị site na imekọ ihe ọnụ na ndị Soviet na-ege ntị. Na adreesị nke Brzezinski depụtara ma nyefee na Mahadum Wake Forest na Machị 17, 1978, “Carter gosipụtara nkwado America maka SALT na njikwa aka, [mana] ụda ahụ dị iche na nke afọ gara aga. Ugbu a, o tinyere ntozu ntozu nile nke Senator Jackson hụrụ n'anya na JCS… Banyere détente -nke okwu a na-ekwupụtaghị n'ezie na adreesị ahụ-imekọ ihe ọnụ na Soviet Union ga-ekwe omume iru ebumnuche niile. “Ma ọ bụrụ na ha egosipụtaghị njide onwe ha na mmemme ngwa ọgụ na ọkwa ike ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ na amụma nke Soviet ma ọ bụ ndị nnọchi anya ndị agha na mba ndị ọzọ na kọntinenti mgbe ahụ nkwado a ma ama na United States maka mmekọrịta dị otú ahụ na ndị Soviet ga-emebi kpamkpam.
Ndị Soviet natara ozi ahụ site na adreesị Carter wee zaghachi ozugbo na akwụkwọ akụkọ TAAS News Agency na: “agbagọla ebumnuche Soviet na mba ofesi dị ka ihe ngọpụ iji bulie agbụrụ aka. '” [15]
Na nnọkọ Nobel na Cold War na ọdịda nke 1995, Harvard / MIT Senior Security Advisor, Dr. Carol Saivetz kwuru okwu banyere ileghara mkpa nke echiche Brzezinski anya na mkpebi mkpebi nke Cold War na ihe kpatara nke ahụ ji bute nghotahie di nkpa nke ebum n'uche obula. "Ihe m mụtara n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole gara aga bụ echiche ahụ - otu ihe anyị nọ na West na-ede banyere amụma mba ofesi siri ike were dị ka ezigbo echiche… Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, echiche nke echiche - echiche ụwa nke echiche, ka anyị kpọọ ya-ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa… Ma Zbig si Poland ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị site na ebe ọzọ, ọ nwere echiche ụwa, ọ na-echekwa ịkọwa ihe omume ka ha si pụta na ya. Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, egwu ya ghọrọ amụma na-emezu onwe ya. Ọ nọ na-achọ ụdị omume ụfọdụ, ọ na-ahụkwa ha — n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi. ”[16]
Iji ghọta etu “egwu” Brzezinski siri bụrụ amụma ndị mezuru onwe ha bụ ịghọta etu esemokwu ya siri ike megide ndị Soviet na Afghanistan kpalitere nsonaazụ ọchọrọ wee bụrụ onye amụrụ dịka amụma mba ofesi America dịka ebumnuche neoconservative Team B siri dị; “Imebi iwu na iduzi amụma mba ofesi US ịlaghachi n'ọnọdụ siri ike karị bụ viz-à-viz na Soviet Union.”[17]
Agbanyeghi na anabataghi ya dika onye neoconservative ma na-emegide ijikọta ebumnuche Israel na Palestine na ebumnuche ndị America, usoro Brzezinski maka imepụta amụma afọ ojuju na ebumnuche geopolitical nke neoconservative nke ịkwaga US n'ime ọnọdụ siri ike megide Soviet Union hụrụ ebumnobi nkịtị na Afghanistan . Usoro ha kesara dị ka ndị agha Nzuzo gbakọtara ịwakpo détente na SALT II ebe ọ bụla o kwere omume ka ha na-emebi ntọala nke mmekọrịta mmekọrịta ọ bụla na ndị Soviet. N'ajụjụ ọnụ nke 1993 anyị mere na onye mkparịta ụka SALT II Paul Warnke, o gosipụtara nkwenye ya na ndị Soviet agaraghị emerụ Afghanistan na mbụ ma ọ bụrụ na Onye isi ala Carter adabaghị na Brzezinski na omume ịkpọasị nke Team B maka mmebi iwu na mmebi nke ntụkwasị obi Soviet. na a ga-akwado SALT II.[18] Brzezinski hụrụ mwakpo ndị Soviet dị ka nnukwu ngosipụta nke nkwupụta ya na US agbamume mwakpo Soviet site na iwu nke adịghị ike nke mba ọzọ nke mere ka ọnọdụ ya siri ike dị n'ime nchịkwa Carter. Mana olee otu ọ ga - esi kwupụta igosipụta omume Soviet mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịkpalite ọnọdụ ha mere?[19]
Onye isi ala Dwight D. Eisenhower bụ onye ndụmọdụ sayensị George B. Kistiakowsky na onye bụbu osote onye isi nke CIA, Herbert Scoville zara ajụjụ a na Boston Globe Op-ed obere ọnwa abụọ ka ihe omume ahụ gasịrị. “N’ezie, ọ bụ ihe Onye isi ala mere iji mee ka obi jụrụ ndị mmegide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike n’ụlọ ya mebiri nguzo na-emebi emebi na ọchịchị ndị Soviet argum Arụmụka ndị mere ka olu ndị Kremlin gbanwee bụ nke sitere na mbibi nke nkwekọrịta SALT II. na oke mgbochi Soviet nke atumatu Carter. Ya na-amụba propensity maka ịnakwere echiche nke National Security-enye Ndụmọdụ Zbigniew Brzezinski dugara na atụmanya nke dominance na United States site na egbe egbe ruo ọtụtụ afọ na-abịa… ”[20]
N’otu akụkọ Eprel 1981 na akwụkwọ akụkọ Britain bụ The Round Table, onye edemede Dev Murarka na-ekpughe na ndị Soviet jụrụ itinye aka na ndị agha na oge iri na atọ dị iche iche mgbe gọọmentị Afghanistan nke Nur Mohammed Taraki na Hafizullah Amin jụrụ ha-ịmara na ndị agha ga-eweta ndị iro ha na ihe ha na-achọ. Naanị na arịrịọ nke iri na anọ ka ndị Soviet rubere isi "mgbe a natara ozi na Moscow na Amin emeela nkwekọrịta n'otu n'ime ndị otu nnupụisi ahụ." Murarka na-ekwu na “Nnyocha siri ike nke ọnọdụ nke mkpebi Soviet iji tinye aka na-egosi ihe abụọ. Otu, na mkpebi ahụ adịghị ngwa ngwa na-enweghị ntụle kwesịrị ekwesị. Abụọ, na ntinye aka abụghị ihe a ga-enwerịrị ihe ga-esi na ya pụta na itinye aka Soviet na Afghanistan. N'ọnọdụ dịgasị iche, a gaara ezere ya. ”[21]
Mana kama izere ya, ọnọdụ nzuzo nke mbuso agha Soviet mere ka ihe omume Carter, Brzezinski na CIA kpuchie ya na site na ndị nnọchi anya Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, na Egypt na-achọpụta na etinyeghị aka Soviet kama ọ gbara ume.
Tụkwasị na nke a na-anọghị na nyocha Tobin bụ eziokwu ahụ bụ na onye ọ bụla nwara ịrụ ọrụ na Brzezinski na Carter White House-dị ka onye mkparịta ụka SALT II Paul Warnke na Carter CIA Director Stansfield Turner gbara akaebe-maara ya dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Poland na onye echiche na-agba agba.[22] Ma ọ bụrụgodị na Onye na-elegharị anya Ajụjụ ọnụ adịghị adị ọ gaghị agbanwe oke ihe akaebe na-enweghị Brzezinski na Carter na nzuzo na iwe iwe, ndị Soviet agaraghị eche na ọ dị mkpa ịgafe oke ma wakpo Afghanistan.
Na Jenụwarị 8, 1972 na New Yorker Magazine, akpọrọ Ntughari uche: Na Thrall Feartụ Egwu,[23] Senator J. William Fulbright kọwara usoro neoconservative maka ịmepụta agha na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke na-eme ka US daa na Vietnam. "Ihe dị ịtụnanya n'ezie banyere akparamaagwa Cold War bụ nnyefe enweghị isi nke ibu akaebe sitere n'aka ndị na-ebo ndị na-ajụ ha ajụjụ… Ndị Agha Nzuzo, kama ikwu otú ha si mara na Vietnam bụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ maka Communization nke ụwa, wee gbanwee usoro nke mkparịta ụka ọha na eze iji nwee ike ịchọ ka ndị na-arụ ụka gosi na ọ bụghị. Ọ bụrụ na ndị nwere obi abụọ agaghị enwe ike mgbe ahụ agha ahụ ga-aga n'ihu - ịkwụsị ya ga-abụ itinye akọ na nchekwa mba ahụ n'amaghị ama. ”
Fulbright ghọtara na Washington's neoconservative Cold Warriors tụgharịrị mgbagha maka ịlụ agha n'ime site na ikwubi, "Anyị bịara na enweghị isi: agha bụ usoro akọ na akọ rue mgbe egosiri ikpe maka udo n'okpuru iwu nke ihe akaebe agaghị ekwe omume - ma ọ bụ ruo onye iro nyefere. Menmụ nwoke ndị nwere ezi uche apụghị isonyere ibe ha na nke a.
Ma "ndị ikom" a na usoro ha bụ echiche; ọ bụghị ihe ezi uche dị na ya na ịchụpụ iwu ha iji merie Soviet Communism na-esikwu ike na agha Vietnam na 1975. N'ihi Brzezinski, usoro iwu US gbara gburugburu ọchịchị Carter na Afghanistan, SALT, détente na Soviet Union bi na mpụga mpaghara nke ihe gaferela maka ịmebe iwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọdịnala na ọchịchị Nixon na Ford ka ọ na-adaba na mmetụta neoconservative na-egbu egbu nke Team B nke na-achịkwa n'oge ahụ.
Tobin leghaara njikọ a na-egbuke egbuke nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-eche echiche efu. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na ịdabere na ndekọ ndekọ aha ya iji nweta nkwubi okwu ya mana ọ na-eleghara otu Brzezinski si dee akụkọ ahụ ma nwee mmetụta site na mgbagha nke Washington nke ndị neoconservatives iji nyefee amụma amụma afọ ojuju nke onwe ha. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na - ahọpụta eziokwu ndị na - akwado akwụkwọ ọnyà mgbochi nke Afghanistan ka ọ na - eleghara akụ nke akaebe sitere na ndị megidere mbọ Brzezinski ịchịkwa akụkọ ahụ ma wezuga echiche ndị na - emegide ya.
Dabere na ọtụtụ ọmụmụ Brzezinski gbanwere ọrụ nke onye ndụmọdụ nchekwa mba karịrị ọrụ ọ chọrọ. N'ime oge izu na Onye isi ala Carter na St. Simon Island tupu ọ banye na White House ọ chịkwara usoro okike site na belata ohere ịgakwuru onye isi ala na kọmitii abụọ (Kọmitii Nyocha Iwu PRC, na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Nlekọta Pụrụ Iche SCC). O nwere ikike inyefe ikike CIA na SCC nke ọ bụ onye isi ya. Na nzukọ ọgbakọ omebe iwu nke mbụ mgbe ọ gachara n'ọfịs Carter kwuputara na ya na-ebuli onye ndụmọdụ nchekwa mba na ọkwa ọkwa yana mkpọchi Brzezinski zuru oke. Dị ka onye ọkà mmụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye edemede bụ́ David J. Rothkopf si kwuo, “Ọ bụ ọrụ izizi nke usoro izizi. Usoro ahụ nyere Brzezinski ọrụ dị mkpa maka nsogbu kachasị mkpa ma dị nhịahụ. ” [24]
Dị ka otu ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ si kwuo,[25] n'ime afọ anọ Brzezinski na-emekarị ihe na-enweghị mmata ma ọ bụ nnabata onye isi ala; nkwukọrịta na-ezigara White House site na gburugburu ụwa ma jiri nlezianya họrọ naanị nkwukọrịta ndị ahụ maka onyeisi oche iji hụ na ọ kwekọrọ n'echiche ya. Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa Pụrụ Iche, SCC bụ ọrụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-eme naanị maka ọdịmma ya ma gọnahụ ozi na ịnweta ndị nwere ike iguzogide ya, gụnyere Secretary of State Cyrus Vance na CIA Director Stansfield Turner. Dịka onye otu kabinet, ọ nọrọ n'ọfịs White House na eserese gafere ogige ahụ site na Oval Office wee zute ya na Onye isi ala mgbe mgbe, ndị na-edekọ ụlọ na-akwụsị ịde nzukọ.[26] Site na nkwekọrịta ya na Onye isi ala Carter, ọ ga-edetu ihe ncheta atọ nke nzukọ ndị a na nzukọ ọ bụla ma nyefee onye isi ala na ihu.[27] O jiri ikike a pụrụ iche wepụta onwe ya dị ka onye isi ọnụ na-ekwuru maka nlekọta na ihe mgbochi dị n'etiti White House na ndị ndụmọdụ ndị ọzọ nke onye isi ala wee gaa ịmepụta odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi iji nyefee mkpebi ya ozugbo na Mainstream Media.
Ọ nọkwa na ndekọ ahụ dịka iji aka ya guzobe mmekọrịta na China na Mee nke 1978 na usoro mgbochi Soviet nke na-emegide iwu US n'oge ahụ ka ama ama maka iduhie onye isi ala n'okwu ndị dị oke mkpa iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ya n'ụzọ ụgha.[28]
Yabụ kedu ka ọrụ a si rụọ ọrụ na Afghanistan?
Tobin jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na Brzezinski ga-adụ Carter ọdụ mgbe ọ bụla ka ọ kwado amụma nke ga-etinye SALT na ndagide n'ihe egwu, mebie mkpọsa ntuli aka ya wee yie Iran, Pakistan na Ọwara Oké Osimiri Peshia egwu maka mbubata Soviet n'ọdịnihu - n'ihi na Tobin "ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị ichetụ eche. ”[29]
Dị ka ihe akaebe nke nkwado ya maka nkwenkwe Brzezinski na ebumnuche ogologo oge nke Soviet ịwakpo Middle East site na Afghanistan, Tobin rụtụrụ aka etu Brzezinski si "chetara Carter banyere 'ọdịnala ọdịnala Russia na ndịda, ma kọwaara ya kpọmkwem ihe Molotov gwara Hitler na ngwụsị 1940 na ndị Nazi matara ihe ndị Soviet kwuru na ha bụ ndị a ma ama na mpaghara ndịda Batum na Baku. '”Ma Tobin ekwughi na ihe Brzezinski nyere onye isi ala dịka ihe akaebe nke ebumnuche Soviet na Afghanistan bụ nkọwa ntụgharị okwu amaara nke ọma[30] nke ihe Hitler na Mịnịsta Ofesi Joachim von Ribbentropp ama ọdọhọ na Molotov — na nke Molotov jụrụ. N’ikwu ya n’ụzọ ọzọ, ihe megidere ihe Brzezinski gwara Carter — ma Tobin leghaara eziokwu a anya.
Site na mgbe Afghanistan kwupụtara nnwere onwe ya na Britain na 1919 ruo mgbe "Marxist coup" nke 1978 bụ isi ebumnuche nke amụma mba ofesi Soviet bụ ijigide mmekọrịta enyi na enyi na ịkpachara anya na Afghanistan, na-echekwa ọdịmma Soviet.[31] Ntinye aka US mgbe dị obere na ndị United States ndị Pakistan na Iran nọchitere na mpaghara ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1970 ndị US tụlere mba ahụ ịnọrịrị na mpaghara Soviet ebe ọ debanyere aha na ndokwa ahụ na mbido Agha Nzuzo. [32] Dika ndi okacha amara abuo nke ndi America no na Afghanistan kowara n'uzo doro anya na 1981, “Ike ndi Soviet kariri ma o dighi ujo rue 1978.”[33] N'adịghị ka Brzezinski na-ekwu maka nnukwu atụmatụ Soviet, odeakwụkwọ nke State Cyrus Vance ahụghị ihe akaebe nke aka Moscow na 78'overthrow nke gọọmentị gara aga mana ọtụtụ ihe akaebe iji gosipụta ọgbaghara ahụ jidere ha na mberede.[34] N'ezie, ọ dị ka onye mgba okpuru ahụ Hafizullah Amin tụrụ egwu na ndị Soviet gaara egbochi ya ma ọ bụrụ na ha achọpụta nkata ahụ. Selig Harrison dere, sị, “Mmetụta zuru oke nke ihe akaebe dịnụ bụ otu n'ime mmeghachi omume Soviet na-akwadoghị na ọnọdụ a na-atụghị anya ya… Mgbe e mesịrị, ndị KGB 'mụtara na ntuziaka Amin banyere ọgba aghara ahụ gụnyere mmachibido iwu siri ike na ime ka ndị Russia mara banyere atụmatụ ndị ahụ e mere atụmatụ ime. '”[35]
Moscow tụlere Hafizullah Amin ka o sonye na CIA wee kpọọ ya "'onye nkịtị bourgeois na oke Pashtu nationalist… nwere oke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agụụ na-agụsi ike,' nke ọ 'ga-ehulata ihe ọ bụla ma mee mpụ ọ bụla iji mezuo.' ”[36] Laa azụ na Mee 1978 ndị Soviet rụpụtara atụmatụ iwepu ma dochie ya yana n'oge ọkọchị nke 1979 ịkpọtụrụ ndị bụbu ndị na-abụghị ndị ọchịchị Kọmunist nke gọọmentị King na nke Mohammed Daoud ka ha wuo “gọọmentị na-abụghị ndị ọchịchị Kọmunist, ma ọ bụ njikọ aka, iji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma Taraki-Amin ọchịchị, ”mgbe niile na-edebe US ụlọ ọrụ nnọchite anya mba na-elekọta ndị ọrụ Bruce Amstutz.[37]
Maka ndị ọzọ nwere ahụmịhe nke onwe ha na ihe omume gbara mwakpo Soviet, obi abụọ adịghị ya na Brzezinski chọrọ ịkwalite osisi maka ndị Soviet na Afghanistan ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe Eprel nke 1978 site na enyemaka nke ndị China. N'ime oge ozi Brzezinski gara China naanị izu ụka ka Marxist weghaara Afghanistan, o welitere okwu banyere nkwado ndị China maka igbochi ntughari Marxist na nso nso a. [38]
N'ịkwado echiche ya na Brzezinski anaghị akpalite mwakpo ndị Soviet, Tobin zoro aka site n'aka onye isi NSC maka South Asia Affairs, Thomas Thornton na Mee 3, 1978 na-ekwupụta na "ndị CIA achọghị ịmatakwu ihe nzuzo"[39] n'oge ahụ ma dọọ aka na ntị na July 14, na "ọ nweghị agbamume sitere n'aka ndị ọchịchị" agaghị enye "ndị na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru."[40] Ihe mere Thornton na-atụ aka na kọntaktị nke onye isi ndị agha Afghanistan nke abụọ kachasị elu bụ onye nyochachara onye nnọchi anya US na onye nnọchi anya Bruce Amstutz na US ga-akwado ịkwatu ọchịchị "Marxist" ọhụrụ nke Nur Mohammed Taraki na Hafizullah Amin.
Tobin kwuziri ịdọ aka na ntị Thornton nyere Brzezinski na nsonaazụ nke "inye aka… nwere ike bụrụ ọkpụkpọ oku maka oke Soviet," wee gbakwunye na Brzezinski dere "ee" n'akụkụ oke.
Tobin na-ewere ịdọ aka na ntị sitere n'aka Thornton bụ ihe akaebe ọzọ na Brzezinski na-akụda mmụọ na-akpasu iwe site na ịza "ee" ịdọ aka na ntị ya Mana ihe Brzezinski pụtara site na ịde ihe dị n'akụkụ ahụ bụ echiche onye ọ bụla, ọkachasị n'ihi oke iwe ya gbasara esemokwu nke imebi ọchịchị ahụ na onye nnọchi anya US bụ Adolph Dubs bịarutere na July.
“Enwere m ike ịgwa gị na Brzezinski gbara mgba n'ezie maka amụma America banyere Afghanistan na 1978 na 79 n'etiti Brzezinski na Dubs" onye nta akụkọ na ọkà mmụta Selig Harrison gwara anyị na N'ajụjụ ọnụ anyị mere na 1993. “Dubs bụ ọkachamara Soviet specialist nwere echiche dị oke nghọta nke ihe ọ ga-eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; nke bụ ịgbalị ime ka Amin bụrụ Tito - ma ọ bụ ihe kacha nso nso Tito - wepụ ya. N'ezie Brzezinski chere na nke ahụ bụ ihe nzuzu… Dubs nọchitere anya iwu nke achọghị ka US tinye aka na inyere ndị otu na-emegide ya aka n'ihi na ọ na-anwa imeso ndị ọchịchị Kọmunist nke Afghanistan na inye ya nkwụsị na enyemaka akụ na ụba na ihe ndị ọzọ ga - enyere ya aka ịdabere na Soviet Union… Ugbu a Brzezinski na - anọchite anya ụzọ dị iche, nke a na - ekwu bụ akụkụ niile nke amụma e tere mmanụ. Ọ baara ndị niile uru, dị ka Brzezinski nke tụụrụ ime ụfọdụ mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na Soviet Union. "[41]
N'akwụkwọ ya na Diego Cordovez Si Afghanistan, Harrison chetara nleta ya na Dubs na Ọgọstụ nke afọ 1978 yana etu ọnwa isii na-esote esemokwu ya na Brzezinski siri mee ka ndụ sie ike ma dikwa egwu maka ya itinye iwu nke Ngalaba Ọchịchị. "Brzezinski na Dubs na-arụ ọrụ na ebumnuche obe n'oge ngwụcha 1978 na mmalite 1979." Harrison dere. "Njikwa a banyere ọrụ nzuzo mere ka Brzezinski nwee ike iwere nzọụkwụ mbụ maka amụma mgbochi Soviet Soviet na-eme ihe ike na-enweghị Ngalaba Ọchịchị maara banyere ya."[42]
Dabere na Ngalaba Ngalaba 1978 “Post Profaịlụ” maka onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị, a lere Afghanistan anya dị ka ọrụ siri ike dabere na “nke enweghị atụ - ikekwe ime ihe ike - mmepe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emetụta nkwụsi ike nke mpaghara ahụ… Dị ka Onye isi ndị ozi, yana ụlọ ọrụ asatọ dị iche iche, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 150 ndị isi America, n'ime ime obodo na ahụike, ”ọrụ onye nnọchi anya mba ahụ dị oke egwu. Mana onye nnochite anya Dubs megidere iwu nzuzo nzuzo nke Brzezinski nke ọgba aghara ọ na-egbu egbu. Dubs maara nke ọma site na mbido na mmemme mmebi iwu na-aga n'ihu nwere ike ime ka ndị Soviet wakporo ma kọwaara Selig Harrison atụmatụ ya. “Atụmatụ ahụ maka United States, ọ [Dubs] kọwara ga-abụ iji kwalite ịkpachapụ anya na enyemaka na njikọ ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ịkpasu nrụgide Soviet na-emegide Amin na ikekwe ntinye ndị agha.”[43]
Dabere na onye nyocha CIA mbụ bụ Henry Bradsher, Dubs nwara ịdọ aka na ntị na Ngalaba Ọchịchị na ọgba aghara ga-ebute mbuso agha Soviet. Tupu ọ pụọ maka Kabul, ọ tụrụ aro ka gọọmentị Carter na-eme atụmatụ na-enweghị atụ maka nzaghachi ndị agha Soviet yana n'ime ọnwa ole na ole ị bịarutere ịmeghachi nkwupụta ahụ. Mana Ngalaba na-ahụ maka Ọchịchị abụghị nke Brzezinski, a naghị elebara arịrịọ Dubs anya.[44]
Ka ọ na-erule mbido afọ 1979, ụjọ na ọgbaghara bụ na Hafizullah Amin na-arụ ọrụ na nzuzo na CIA, wee mee ka ụlọ ọrụ US ghara imebi iwu, onye nnọchi anya Dubs gakwuuru onye isi ọdụ ya wee chọọ azịza, naanị ka a gwa Amin na ọ rụtụbeghị ọrụ na CIA.[45] Mana asịrị na Amin nwere kọntaktị na Isi ọgụgụ isi nke Pakistan na ISI na ndị Afghanistan Islamist nke ha kwadoro, ọkachasị Gulbuddin Hekmatyar nwere ike bụrụ eziokwu.[46] N'agbanyeghị ihe mgbochi Dubs nọgidesiri ike na-akwado atụmatụ ya na Hafizullah Amin megide nrụgide doro anya na-abịa site na Brzezinski na NSC ya. Harrison dere. "Dubs na-arụrịta ụka siri ike maka ime ka nhọrọ ndị America meghee, na-arịọ ka ọgba aghara nke ọchịchị nwere ike ịkpasu Soviet aka ozugbo."[47]
Harrison gara n'ihu ikwu; “Brzezinski kwusiri ike na N'ajụjụ ọnụ mgbe ọ hapụsịrị White House na ọ nọgidere na-agbasosi ike n'ime usoro iwu nke Onye isi ala n'oge ahụ ka ọ ghara inye enyemaka na mbuso agha Afghanistan [nke gosipụtara kemgbe na ọ bụghị eziokwu]. Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị nkwanye ugwu na nkwado na-enweghị isiagbanyeghị, ndị CIA gbara Zia Ul-Haq ume ọhụrụ ka ọ malite usoro mmemme ya nke nkwado ndị agha maka ndị nnupụisi ahụ. CIA na Pakistani Interservices Intelligence Directorate (ISI) ka o kwuru, rụkọtara ọrụ ọnụ na nhazi mmemme ọzụzụ maka ndị nnupụisi ahụ na ịhazi enyemaka ndị China, Saudi Arabia, Egypt na Kuwaiti nke bidoro ịda. Site na mbido Febụwarị 1979, nke a imekọ ihe ọnụ ghọrọ ihe nzuzo mgbe Washington Post bipụtara [February 2] onye ji anya ya hụ ihe nyocha na ọ dịkarịa ala, a na-azụ ndị Afghanistan puku abụọ na ọdụ ndị agha Pakistani nke ndị nchekwa Pakistani na-eche nche. ”[48]
David Newsom, Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs onye ga-ezute gọọmentị Afghanistan ọhụrụ n'oge ọkọchị nke 1978 gwara Harrison, “Site na mbido, Zbig nwere echiche esemokwu banyere ọnọdụ karịa Vance na ọtụtụ n'ime anyị na Steeti. Ọ chere na anyị kwesịrị ime ihe nzuzo iji gbochie ebumnuche Soviet n'akụkụ ahụ nke ụwa. N'oge ụfọdụ, ọ bụghị naanị m na-ajụ ajụjụ banyere amamihe na ma eleghị anya ihe ọ chọrọ ime. ” 'CIA Director Stansfield Turner, dịka ọmụmaatụ,' "nwere nlezianya karịa Zbig, na-ekwukarị na ihe agaghị arụ ọrụ. Zbig enweghị nchegbu gbasara ịkpasu ndị Russia iwe, dịka ụfọdụ n'ime anyị nwere… ”[49]
Agbanyeghị na ịcheta ogbugbu Dubs na-esochi na February 14 n'aka ndị uwe ojii Afghanistan dị ka isi ihe gbanwere Brzezinski ka ọ gbanwee iwu Afghanistan megide ndị Soviet, Tobin kpamkpam zere ihe nkiri ahụ dugara ogbugbu Dubs, esemokwu ya na Brzezinski na oke ụjọ gosipụtara ụjọ ya na ịkpasu ndị Soviet iwe site na ọgba aghara ga-ebute mwakpo.[50]
Ka ọ na-erule oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1979, meme “Russia nke Vietnam” na-agagharị na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa dịka ihe akaebe nke nkwado ndị China maka mbuso agha Afghanistan malitere nyocha. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Eprel na akwụkwọ akụkọ Canada MacLean Magazine kwuru na ọnụnọ ndị ọchịagha na ndị nkuzi China nọ na ọzụzụ na ịkwadebe “ndị agha Afghanistan Moslem ji aka nri maka‘ agha dị nsọ ’megide ọchịchị Kabul nke Moscow nke Noor Mohammed Taraki.”[51] A May 5 ibuotikọ ke Washington Post akpọ "Afghanistan: Moscow si Vietnam?" gara n'aka nri na-ekwu, “Nhọrọ ndị Soviet ịpụpụ kpamkpam adịkwaghị. Ha araparawo. ”[52]
Ma n'agbanyeghị na o kwuru na ọ bụ ọrụ dị n'ime Obe Observateur Edemede, mkpebi iji mee ka ndị Russia rapaara na Afghanistan nwere ike bụrụworị ihe na-adabaghị adaba nke Brzezinski jiri. Na 1996 ya Site na Onyunyo, onye bụbu onye ntụzi ọrụ CIA Robert Gates na Brzezinski enyemaka na NSC na-egosi na CIA nọ n'okwu ahụ ogologo oge tupu ndị Soviet echee na ọ dị mkpa ịwakpo ha. “Ndị nchịkwa Carter bidoro ileba anya na enyemaka nke ndị na-emegide ọchịchị ndị na-emegide ọchịchị Soviet, ọchịchị Marxist nke Onye isi ala Taraki na mbido afọ 1979. Na Machị 9, 1979, CIA zigara ọtụtụ nhọrọ ọrụ nzuzo metụtara Afghanistan na SCC The DO gwara DDCI Carlucci mbubreyo ke March na ọchịchị nke Pakistan nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-abịanụ na okwu nke na-enyere ndị omempụ karịa na mbụ kwenyere, na-ezo aka obibia otu agadi Pakistani onye ọrụ na Agency gị mara. "[53]
Ewezuga ebumnuche geopolitical metụtara na echiche Brzezinski, okwu Gates na-ekpughe ebumnuche ọzọ n'azụ edemede ọnyà Afghan: Ebumnuche ogologo oge nke ndị eze ọgwụ na ahịa opium na ebumnuche nke Pakistani General kwupụtara na-eme ka ọnyà Afghanistan bụrụ eziokwu.
Na 1989 Pakistan Lieutenant General Fazle Haq kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye isi ọrụ gọọmentị Pakistani bụ onye kpaliri Brzezinski ịkwado ndị ahịa ISI na iji nweta ọrụ iji kwụọ ndị na-enupụ isi na-aga n'ihu. “Agwara m Brzezinski na ị banyere na Vietnam na Korea; ị ga - aka mma ịnata oge a ”ọ gwara onye nta akụkọ Britain bụ Christina Lamb na N'ajụjụ ọnụ maka akwụkwọ ya, Na-eche Allah.[54]
Ewezuga iwepu Brzezinski ọrụ ọ bụla maka ịdọrọ ndị Soviet n'ọnyà Afghanistan, nnabata Haq nke 1989 tinyere mkpughe Gates 1996 gosipụtara njikere dị njikere iji ọgba aghara iji kpasuo ndị Soviet iwe na nzaghachi ndị agha wee jiri nzaghachi ahụ mee ka ndị agha buru ibu nwelite nkwalite ahụ nke akpọrọ na mmeghachi omume Soviet na adreesị Carter's Wake Forest na Machị nke 1978. Ọ na-ejikọ ebumnuche Fazle Haq na Onye isi ala Carter na Brzezinski na ime nke a, na-eme ka ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa na mgbasa nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na-efu nke Carter nwere “Atụmatụ Federal maka igbochi ị abuseụ ọgwụ ọjọọ na ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ.”
Na ngwụcha 1977 Dr. David Musto, onye ọrịa na-agwọ ọrịa Yale anabatara nhọpụta Carter na White House Strategy Council on Drug Abuse. “N’ime afọ abụọ sochirinụ, Musto chọpụtara na ndị CIA na ụlọ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi ndị ọzọ gọnahụrụ kansụl ahụ — ndị ndị otu ya gụnyere odeakwụkwọ nke steeti na ọka iwu izugbe — ịnweta ozi nzuzo niile banyere ọgwụ ọjọọ, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ dị mkpa maka ịkpụpụta iwu ọhụrụ. ”
Mgbe Musto gwara White House banyere ịgha ụgha nke CIA banyere itinye aka na ya, ọ nweghị azịza ọ bụla. Mana mgbe Carter bidoro kwupụta n'ụzọ doro anya na ndị na-ahụ maka agha mujahideen na-eso mbuso agha Soviet Musto gwara ndị kansụl. “'[T] okpu anyị ga-aga Afghanistan iji kwado ndị na-akọ opium na nnupụisi ha megide ndị Soviet. Ọ bụ na anyị ekwesịghị ịnwa izere ihe anyị mere na Laos? Ọ bụ na anyị ekwesịghị ịnwale ịkwụ ndị na - akụ ya ụgwọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ekpochapụ mmepụta opium ha? E nwere duu. ' Ka heroin si Afghanistan na Pakistan wụsara na America n'ime 1979 dum, Musto kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ n'ọgwụ ọjọọ na New York City ji pasent 77 rịa elu. ”[55]
Nwanyị Golden Triangle nyere ụzọ nzuzo nke ego maka ọrụ ndị mgbochi mgbochi ndị CIA n'oge Agha Vietnam. “Ka ọ na-erule 1971, pasent 34 nke ndị agha US niile na South Vietnam bụ ọgwụ riri ahụ heroin - enyere ha niile site na ụlọ nyocha adịghị arụ ọrụ nke akụ CIA.”[56] N'ihi Dr. David Musto, egosipụtarala ojiji Haq ji azụmaahịa heroin zụọ ahịa nzuzo nke ndị agha nnupụisi Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, mana n'ihi Fazle Haq, Zbigniew Brzezinski na nwoke aha ya bụ Agha Hassan Abedi na nke ya Bank of Commerce na Ebe E Si Nweta International, a ga-agbanwe iwu nke egwuregwu ahụ n'ime. [57]
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1981, Haq emeela ka ókèala Afghanistan na Pakistan bụrụ mba kachasị heroin na-ebunye ya na pacenti iri isii nke heroin US na-abịa site na mmemme ya.[58]site na 1982, Interpol edeputara onye enyi Brzezinski onye ozo Fazle Haq dika onye ahia ahia ahia mba uwa.[59]
N'ime oge nke Vietnam, Haq nọrọ n'ọnọdụ iji nweta mgbanwe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na azụmaahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ sitere na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na Golden Triangle na South Central Asia na Golden Crescent, bụ ebe ọgụgụ isi Pakistani na CIA na-echebe ya ebe ọ na-eto nke ọma taa.[60]
Haq na Abedi ọnụ gbanwere ahịa ọgwụ n'okpuru mkpuchi nke Onye isi ala Carter na-emegide Soviet Afghanistan na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ụlọ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi ụwa niile ka ha wepụta ihe ga-abụ mmemme nzuzo gọọmentị. Ma obu Abedi webatara ezumike nká Onye isi ala Carter dị ka onye ihu ya iji kwado ihu nke usoro iwu ya na-akwadoghị ka ọ gara n'ihu ịkwado iyi ọha egwu nke Islam gbasaa gburugburu ụwa.
Enwere otutu ndi choro ikwere na ndi isi oche Carter tinyere Agha Hassan Abedi sitere na amaghi ma obu onye nzuzu na na obi ya Onye isi ala Carter na-anwa ibu ezigbo mmadu. Mana ọbụlagodi nyocha nke BCCI na-ekpughe njikọ miri emi na gburugburu Carter Democratic Party nke enweghị ike ịkọwapụta site na amaghị ihe.[61] Enwere ike ịkọwa ya site n'ụkpụrụ aghụghọ nke aghụghọ na onye isi ala na ruo taa ajụghị ịza ajụjụ ọ bụla gbasara ya.
Nye ụfọdụ ndị otu Carter White House ndị ha na Brzezinski kparịtara ụka n'ime afọ anọ ọ nọrọ na wiil ahụ site na 1977 ruo 1981 ebumnuche ya ịkpasu ndị Russia ime ihe na Afghanistan doro anya mgbe niile. Dị ka John Helmer si kwuo onye ọrụ White House bụ onye nyere ọrụ inyocha abụọ iwu Brzezinski nyere Carter, Brzezinski ga-etinye ihe ọ bụla iji mebie ndị Soviet yana ọrụ ya na Afghanistan maara nke ọma.
“Brzezinski bụ onye ara Russia na-akpọ asị ruo n'isi. Nke ahụ dugara n'ọdịda ọdịda dị ukwuu nke oge Carter n'ọchịchị; ịkpọasị Brzezinski e wepụtara nwere mmetụta nke na-aga n'ihu na-akpata ọdachi nye ụwa ndị ọzọ. ” Helmer dere na 2017, “Iji Brzezinski na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ịmalite ọtụtụ nsogbu - nzukọ, ịkwụ ụgwọ, na ngwa agha nke mujahideen ndị isi okpukpe Islam ndị mejupụtara - na ego US na ogwe aka ka - n’ime ndị agha ndị agha iyi ọha egwu nke Alakụba na-arụ ọrụ nke dị anya na Afghanistan. na Pakistan, ebe Brzezinski bidoro. ”[62]
Helmer na-ekwusi ike na Brzezinski ji ikike fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ijide Carter nke mere ka ọ gbaghaa n'usoro echiche nke Brzezinski ka ọ na-eme ka ọ ghara ịhụ ihe ga-esi na mmalite nke onye isi ala ya. “Site na mbido… n’ime ọnwa isii mbụ nke 1977, ndị ọrụ ya dọrọ ya aka na ntị hoo haa, n’ime White House… ka ọ ghara ikwe ka Brzezinski chịkwaa amụma ya na mwepu nke ndụmọdụ ndị ọzọ niile, na nhichapụ nke ihe akaebe nke ndụmọdụ ahụ dabeere na ya. ” Ma ịdọ aka na ntị ahụ dara na ntị ntị ntị Carter ebe ọ bụ ọrụ ya maka omume Brzezinski nọ n'ubu ya. Dị ka Carter si CIA Director Stansfield Turner si kwuo; “Ọrụ kasịnụ dịnụ bụ nke Jimmy Carter. Ọ ghaghị ịbụ Onye isi ala onye na-enyocha ụdị ndụmọdụ a. ” [63] Mana ruo taa Carter jụrụ ịrụ ọrụ ya na ịmepụta ọdachi Afghanistan dị.
Na 2015 anyị malitere ọrụ na akwụkwọ iji mechie ikuku na ụfọdụ n'ime ajụjụ ndị a na-edozighị edozi metụtara ọrụ America na Afghanistan wee soro Dr. Charles Cogan wee nwee mkparịta ụka. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe igwefoto tụgharịrị, Cogan kwụsịrị iji gwa anyị ọ gwara Brzezinski na oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2009 banyere 1998 Onye na-elegharị anya Ajuju ajuju wee ju ka imuta na “Afghan ọnyà tesis” dika Brzezinski kwuru bu ihe ziri ezi.[64]
“Mụ na ya gbanwere. Nke a bụ emume maka Samuel Huntington. Brzezinski nọ ebe ahụ. Ahụtụbeghị m ya mbụ, agakwuuru m ya ma mee ka m mata onwe m, asịrị m na m kwenyere n'ihe ọ bụla ị na-eme ma na-ekwu ma e wezụga otu ihe. I gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na Nouvel Observateur afọ ole na ole gara aga na-ekwu na anyị mere ka ndị Soviet banye Afghanistan. Ekwuru m na anụtụbeghị m ma ọ bụ nakwere echiche ahụ wee sị m, 'may nwere ike ịbụ na ị si na Agencylọ Ọrụ ahụ nwee echiche gị mana anyị nwere echiche dị iche na White House,' ọ siri ọnwụ na nke a bụ eziokwu. Ma m ka… nke ahụ bụ n'ụzọ doro anya otú obi dị ya. Ma enwetaghị m ihe ọ bụla banyere nke ahụ mgbe m bụ Chief Near East South Asia n'oge oge Afghanistan na-ebuso ndị Soviet agha.
Na njedebe ọ dị ka Brzezinski rafuru ndị Soviet na Vietnam nke ha na ebumnuche ma chọọ ka otu onye ọrụ ibe ya-dịka otu n'ime ndị ọrụ CIA kachasị elu isonye na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi America kachasị kemgbe WWII-iji mara ya. Brzezinski arụ ọrụla sistemụ iji jeere ebumnuche ya echiche wee jisie ike zoo ya na ndekọ ndekọ aha ya. Ọ rafuru ndị Soviet n'ime ọnyà Afghanistan ma ha daa maka nri.
Maka Brzezinski, inweta ndị Soviet ịwakpo Afghanistan bụ ohere iji gbanwee nkwenye Washington na usoro siri ike na-egbochi Soviet Union. Enweghi nlekọta ọ bụla maka ojiji ọ na-ezo dị ka oche nke SCC, ọ ga-eke ọnọdụ ndị achọrọ iji kpasuo nzaghachi Soviet nke ọ ga - eji mee ihe dị ka ihe akaebe nke mgbasawanye Soviet na - adịghị ike ma jiri mgbasa ozi, nke ọ na - achịkwa, kwupụta ya, si otú ahụ na -emepụta amụma afọ ojuju nke onwe. Agbanyeghị, ozugbo a nabatara usoro mkpuchi Russophobic ya na ụgha banyere ọrụ nzuzo ya, ha chọtara ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ America wee gaa n'ihu na-agbaso ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ ruo taa. Amụma US kemgbe oge ahụ arụ ọrụ na Russophobic haze nke mmeri nke na-akpalite ihe omume mba ụwa wee nwee isi na ọgba aghara. Na nkpasu iwe nke Brzezinski ọ chọpụtara na ọ nweghị ike ịgbanyụ usoro ahụ.
Na 2016, otu afọ tupu ọnwụ ya Brzezinski nyefere ọhụụ dị omimi n’otu isiokwu akpọrọ “Ruo Ọnọdụ Globalwa Ga-agbanwe” na-adọ aka na ntị na “United States ka bụ ihe kacha nwee ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba na nke ụwa, mana e nyere mgbanwe mgbanwe dị iche iche na mpaghara mpaghara, ọ bụkwaghị ike nke uwa nile. ” Ma mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ọhụụ nke ihe ndị America na-eme banyere iji ike nke alaeze ukwu, ọ ghọtara na nrọ ya nke mgbanwe ndị America na-eduga na usoro ụwa ọhụrụ agaghị adị. Ọ bụ ezie na enweghị nghọta na iji ikike nke alaeze ya ịdọta ndị Soviet na Afghanistan, ọ tụghị anya na alaeze America ọ hụrụ n'anya ga-adaba n'otu ọnyà ahụ ma mechaa dịrị ndụ ogologo oge iji ghọta na ọ meriri naanị Pyrrhic mmeri.
Gini mere Conor Tobin ga-eji kpochapu ihe akaebe di egwu banyere oru US na mbuso agha Soviet 1979 nke Afghanistan UGBU A?
N'iburu n'uche ihe emere na akụkọ ihe mere eme site na mbọ Conor Tobin gbalịrị iwepu "the Afghan Trap thesis" ma kpochapụ aha ọma Zbigniew Brzezinski na Onye isi ala Carter eziokwu nke okwu a ka doro anya. Na-asọpụrụ Brzezinski's Onye na-elegharị anya Ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ ezughị oke maka ọrụ ya n'ihi nyocha anyị gbara 2015 na onye isi CIA mbụ Charles Cogan na ọtụtụ ihe akaebe na-egosi kpamkpam nkwupụta edemede "Afghan Trap".
Were Tobin bụrụ “onye mmụta naanị ya” nke nwere ọchichị iji kpochapụ aha Brzezinski maka ụmụ nke ga-esochi akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, mbọ ya ga-abụ otu ihe. Mana itinye edemede edemede ya dị nkenke na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ isi nke ọmụmụ mba ụwa dị ka ntụgharị uche doro anya banyere mwakpo ndị Soviet wakporo Afghanistan na-arịọ ndị arịrịọ. Ma mgbe ahụ, ọnọdụ ndị gbara mbuso agha Soviet agha, ihe Onye isi ala Carter mere tupu oge eruo, mmeghachi omume doro anya ya na ya na onye isi ala ya na onye isi ego CIA Agha Hassan Abedi, hapụ obere echiche ahụ.
N'ime ihe akaebe niile na-egosi Tobin's anti-Afghan Trap thesis, nke nwere ike ịnweta na nsogbu maka ndị njikwa nke 'akụkọ gọọmentị' gbasara ọrụ US na mbuso agha Soviet nke Afghanistan ka bụ onye nta akụkọ Vincent Jauvert 1998 Nouvel Observateur Ajụjụ ọnụ. Ma mgbalị a ihichapụrụ ihe ndekọ ahụ bụ ihe ebumnuche Conor Tobin ji dee ya ka ga-ekpebi. O yikarịrị ka ohere dị n'etiti ugbu a na ọnwụ Brzezinski gosipụtara na oge ruru ka ekwughachi ihe ọhaneze kwuru maka ndekọ gọọmentị.
Ọ bụ ihu ọma na anyị nwere ike ịchọpụta mbọ Conor Tobin ma mezie ya otu anyị nwere ike. Ma Afghanistan bụ naanị otu ihe atụ nke ebe eduhiere ndị America. Anyị niile kwesịrị ịmatakwu nke ọma otu ikike-ịdị site na mbido wee si mee ka otu esi kee akụkọ anyị. Ọ dị oke mkpa ka anyị mụta otu esi eweghachi ya.
Bertolt Brecht, Nguzogide Nguzo nke Arturo Ui
“Ọ bụrụ na anyị nwere ike ịmụta ile anya kama ịchụ ọrụ,
Anyị ga-ahụ egwu dị n'ime obi farce,
A sị na anyị nwere ike ime ihe kama ikwu okwu,
Anyị agaghị na-ejedebe ịnyịnya ibu anyị mgbe niile.
Nke a bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka anyị mụta ya;
Aụrịla ọ rejoiceụ na mmeri ya, mmadụ!
Agbanyeghi na uwa biliri ma kwusi nwada,
Anụọhịa ahụ buuru ya nọ na-ekpo ọkụ ọzọ. ”
Paul Fitzgerald na Elizabeth Gould bu ndi dere Akụkọ a Na-adịghị ahụ Anya: Akụkọ Akụkọ Na-adịghị n'Agha Afghanistan, Inggafe Zero The AfPak War na Turning Point nke Alaeze Ukwu America na The Voice. Gaa na weebụsaịtị ha na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe osise.
[1] Akụkọ banyere omumu bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ gọọmentị nke Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-arịọ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ site na ụdị ọzụzụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ọmụmụ ndị America, akụnụba mba ụwa, akụkọ ihe mere eme America, ọmụmụ nchekwa mba, na Latin-American, Asia, Africa, European, and Middle East ọmụmụ.
[2] Akụkọ banyere omumu, Mpịakọta nke 44, Nke 2, Eprel 2020, Peeji nke 237-264, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz065
E bipụtara: 09 January 2020
[3] H-Diplo Article Review na 966 na Tobin.: Zbigniew Brzezinski na Afghanistan, 1978-1979. " Nyochaa site na Todd Greentree, Mahadum Oxford nke Na-agbanwe Agbanwe nke War Center
[4] Vincent Jauvert, Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Zbigniew Brzezinski, Le Nouvel Observateur (France), Jenụwarị 15-21, 1998, p.76 * (Ọ dịkarịa ala mbipụta abụọ nke magazin a; ma eleghị anya naanị otu ma e wezụga Library of Congress, ụdị ahụ zigara na United States dị mkpụmkpụ karịa nke French, na esonyeghị ajụjụ ọnụ Brzezinski na mkpumkpu).
[5] Paul Fitzgerald na Elizabeth Gould, Akụkọ a Na-adịghị ahụ Anya: Akụkọ Akụkọ Na-adịghị n'Agha Afghanistan, (San Francisco: Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Ọkụ Obodo, 2009).
[6] Conor Tobin, Akụkọ ifo nke 'Afghan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski na Afghanistan, 1978—1979 Akụkọ banyere omumu, Nke 44, Nke 2, Eprel 2020. p. Ogbe 239
https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz065
[7] MS Agwani, Onye nchịkọta akụkọ nyocha, "Mgbanwe Saur na Mgbe," AKWOURKWỌ AKWUKWỌ AKW OFKWỌ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ nke mba ụwa JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY (New Delhi, India) Mpịakọta nke 19, Nọmba 4 (Ọktoba-Disemba 1980) p. 571
[8] Paul Jay gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na Zbigniew Brzezinski, Brzezinski's Agha Afghanistan na Nnukwu Chessboard (2/3) 2010 - https://therealnews.com/stories/zbrzezinski1218gpt2
[9] Samira Goetschel gbara Zbigniew Brzezinski ajụjụ ọnụ, Anyị Onwe Bin bin Laden 2006 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVgZyMoycc0&feature=youtu.be&t=728
[10] Diego Cordovez, Selig S. Harrison, Si Afghanistan: Akụkọ dị n'ime nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Soviet (New York: Mahadum Oxford University Press, 1995), p.34.
[11] Tobin "Akụkọ ifo nke 'Afghan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski na Afghanistan," p. Ogbe 240
[12] Vladivostok Agreement, Nọvemba 23-24, 1974, Secretary General nke Central Committee nke CPSU LI Brezhnev na Onye isi ala nke USA Gerald R. Ford tụlere n'ụzọ zuru ezu ajụjụ banyere mmechi ndị ọzọ nke ngwa agha na-ewe iwe. https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/treaties/vladivostok.html
| [13] PRM 10 | Nyocha zuru ezu na nyocha ndị agha |
February 18, 1977
[14] Anne Hessing Cahn, Igbu mmadu: Aka nri Na-ebuso CIA agha (Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọchịchị Mahadum Pennsylvania, 1998), p.187.
[15] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente na Mmegide (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994 Revised Edition), p. Ogbe 657
[16] Dr. Carol Saivetz, Mahadum Harvard, "Ntinye aka na Afghanistan na Fall of Détente" ogbako, Lysebu, Norway, Septemba 17-20, 1995 p. 252-253.
[17] Kahn, Igbu mmadu: Aka nri Na-ebuso CIA agha, p. 15.
[18] Ajụjụ ọnụ, Washington DC, February 17, 1993.
[19] Lee nzute POLITBURO nke Kọmịlị etiti nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị otu UN Machị 17, 1979 https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113260
[20] GB Kistiakowsky, Herbert Scoville, “Olu Kremlin furu efu,” The Boston Globe , Febụwarị 28, 1980, p. 13.
[21] Dev Murarka, "AFGHANISTAN: ROSSIAN INTERVENTION: MOSCOW ANALYSIS," Isiokwu gburugburu (London, England), Nke 282 (APRIL 1981), p. Ogbe 127.
[22] Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Paul Warnke, Washington, DC, February 17, 1993. Admiral Stansfield Turner, Onye bụbu Director nke Central ọgụgụ isi, "Ntinye aka na Afghanistan na Fall of Détente" ogbako, Lysebu, Norway Septemba 17-20 p. 216.
[23] J. William Fulbright, "Ntughari uche na Thrall Feartụ Egwu," The New Yorker, Jenụwarị 1, 1972 (New York, USA), Jenụwarị 8, 1972 Issue p. 44-45
[24] David J. RothKopf - Onye edemede Charles Gati, ZBIG: Atụmatụ na Statecraft nke Zbigniew Brzezinski (Mahadum Johns Hopkins Press 2013), p. 68.
[25] Erika McLean, Gafee Cabinet: Mgbasa Zbigniew Brzezinski nke Ọnọdụ Ndụmọdụ nke Nchebe Mba, Akwụkwọ edemede a kwadebere maka Degree nke Master of Arts, Mahadum North Texas, August 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84249/
[26] Ibid p. 73
[27] Betty Obi ụtọ, Onye si n'èzí na White House: Jimmy Carter, ndị ndụmọdụ ya, na ime amụma nke mba ofesi America (Ithaca, New York: Mahadum Cornell, 2009), p. 84.
[28] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente na Mmegide (Washington, DC: Ụlọ ọrụ Brookings, 1994 Revised Edition), p 770.
[29] Tobin "Akụkọ ifo nke 'Afghan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski na Afghanistan," p. Ogbe 253
[30] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente na Mmegide, (Revised Edition), p. 1050. Rịba ama 202. Garthoff mechara kọwaa ihe ahụ merenụ dị ka Brzezinski “nkuzi akụkọ akụkọ na-adịghị mma banyere mkparịta ụka Molotov-Hitler na 1940.” (Kedu nke Carter mehiere nke ịnakwere na ihu uru) p. Ogbe 1057.
[31] Rodric Braithwaite, Afgantsy: Ndị Russia na Afghanistan 1979-89, (Mahadum Oxford University, New York 2011), p. 29-36.
[32] Dr. Gary Sick, onye bụbu onye ọrụ NSC, Iran na Middle East ọkachamara, "Ntinye aka na Afghanistan na Fall of Détente" ogbako, Lysebu, p. 38.
[33] Nancy Peabody Newell na Richard S. Newell, Mgbalị maka Afghanistan, (Cornell University Press 1981), p. 110-111
[34] Rodric Braithwaite, Uchechukwu p. 41
[35] Diego Cordovez, Selig S. Harrison, Nke Afghanistan, peeji nke. 27 Na-ezo aka Alexander Morozov, “Nwoke Anyị na Kabul,” New Times (Moscow), Septemba 24, 1991, p. 38.
[36] John K. Cooley, Agha na-adịghị ọcha: Afghanistan, America na International Terrorism, (Pluto Press, London 1999) peeji nke. 12 na-ekwu maka onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị Kremlin Vasily Safronchuk, Afghanistan na oge Taraki, International Affairs, Moscow Jenụwarị 1991, p. 86-87.
[37] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente na Mmegide, (Mbipụta 1994 Revised), p 1003 .
[38] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente na Mmegide, p. 773.
[39] Tobin "Akụkọ ifo nke 'Afghan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski na Afghanistan," p. Ogbe 240.
[40] Ibid p. Ogbe 241.
[41] Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Selig Harrison, Washington, DC, February 18, 1993.
[42] Diego Onyekwere - Selig Harrison, Nke Afghanistan: Akụkọ dị n'ime nke iwepụ Soviet (New York, Oxford: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1995), p. 33.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Henry S. Bradsher, Afghanistan na Soviet Union, mbipụta ohuru na agbasawanye, (Durham: Mahadum Duke University Press, 1985), p. 85-86.
[45] Steve Coll, Agha Ghost: Akụkọ Nzuzo nke CIA, Afghanistan, na bin Laden, site na Mwakpo Soviet na September 10, 2001 (Akwụkwọ Penguin, 2005) p. 47-48.
[46] Mkparịta ụka ndị odeakwụkwọ na Malawi Abdulaziz Sadiq, (ezigbo enyi ya na Hafizullah Amin) June 25, 2006.
[47] Diego Cordovez - Selig Harrison, Site na Afghanistan: Akụkọ dị n'ime nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Soviet, p. 34.
[48] Cordovez - Ebele, Si Afghanistan peeji nke. 34 Na-ekwuru Peter Nieswand, “Guerillas Train na Pakistan ịchụpụ Ọchịchị Afghanistan,” Washington Post, February 2, 1979, p. A 23.
[49] Ibid. peeji nke. 33.
[50] Ibid.
[51] Peter Nieswand, "Peking kasị mma mmanụ a agha dị nsọ," MacLean si, (Toronto, Canada) Eprel 30, 1979 p. 24
[52] Jonathan C. Randal, Washington Post, Mee 5, 1979 p. A - 33.
[53] - Robert M. Gates, Site na Onyunyo: Ultimate Insider's Akụkọ nke ndị isi ise na otu ha si merie Agha Nzuzo (New York, TOUCHSTONE, 1996), p.144
[54] Christina Nwa Atụrụ, Na-eche Allah: Mgbalị Pakistan maka Democracy (Viking, 1991), p. Ogbe 222
[55] Alfred W. McCoy, Ọchịchị nke Heroin, CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade, (Harper & Ahịrị, New York - Ntugharị na Expgbasawanyewanye, 1991), p. 436-437 Citing New York Times, Mee 22, 1980.
[56] Alfred W. McCoy, "Ihe ọghọm nke agha CIA megide komunizim," Boston Globe, Nọvemba 14, 1996, p. A-27
[57] Alfred W. McCoy, Ọchịchị nke Heroin, CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade, (Ntọala Gbasara), p. 452-454
[58] Alfred W. McCoy, "Ihe ọghọm nke agha CIA megide komunizim," Boston Globe, Nọvemba 14, 1996, p. A-27 https://www.academia.edu/31097157/_Casualties_of_the_CIAs_war_against_communism_Op_ed_in_The_Boston_Globe_Nov_14_1996_p_A_27
[59] Alfred W. McCoy na Alan A. Block (ed.) Agha na Ọgwụ: Nnyocha na ọdịda nke US Narcotics Policy, (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992), p. Ogbe 342
[60] Catherine Lamour na Michel R. Lamberti, Njikọ International: Opium si n'aka ndị na-eto eto na Pushers, (Akwụkwọ Penguin, 1974, Nsụgharị Bekee) p. 177-198.
[61] William Safire, "Nkebi nke Clifford na Bank Scandal Is Only Tip Of Iceberg," Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1991 https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-12-9103180856-story.html
[62] John Helmer, "Zbigniew Brzezinski, Svengali nke Jimmy Carter's Presidency nwụrụ anwụ, mana Ọjọọ ahụ Na-adịgide." http://johnhelmer.net/zbigniew-brzezinski-the-svengali-of-jimmy-carters-presidency-is-dead-but-the-evil-lives-on/
[63] Samira Goetschel - Nke anyi Onwe ya biini Laden, 2006. Na 8:59
[64] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNJsxSkWiI0
