Ngwá Agha Ndị Na-eme Ngwá Agha nke Nkume Nkume

(Nke a bụ akụkụ 26 nke World Beyond War -acha ọcha akwụkwọ A Global System Nche System: Nhọrọ ọzọ na-alụ agha. Gaa n'ihu bu ụzọ | -esonụ ngalaba.)

Ngwá agha nke mbibi oke bụ nzaghachi dị mma dị mma na Agha Agha, na-eme ka mgbasa ya gbasaa ma hụ na agha ndị na-eme nwere ikike maka mbibi nke ụwa. Ngwukota nchoputa, ihe ndi ozo na ihe ndi ozo bu ihe ha nwere ike igbu na ime ka mmadu buru oke mmadu aru, wepu obodo nile na obuna mpaghara nile na mbibi a na-aguputaghi.

Ngwá Agha Nuklia

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e nwere nkwekọrịta na-egbochi ngwá agha ndị na-akpata ọgwụ na ngwá agha ma ọ dịghị nkwekọrịta nke na-egbochi ngwá agha nuklia. 1970 Nkwekorita nke na-agbasaghị (Ntinye) nyere na ngwa agha nuklia ise amatara kwuru - US, Russia, UK, France na China- kwesịrị ime ezigbo okwukwe iji kpochapụ ngwa ọgụ nuklia, ebe ndị ọzọ niile na-ebinye aka na NPT ekweghị nkwa inweta ngwa agha nuklia. Naanị mba atọ jụrụ isonye na NPT— India, Pakistan, na Israel — ha wee nweta ngwa agha nuklia. North Korea, na-adabere na nkwekọrịta NPT maka teknụzụ nuklia "udo", pụọ na nkwekọrịta ahụ na-eji teknụzụ "udo" iji mepụta ihe eji akụ maka ike nuklia iji rụpụta bọmbụ nuklia.^note9 N'ezie, osisi nuklia ọ bụla bụ ụlọ ọrụ bọmbụ.

Agha a lụrụ agha na ọbụna ihe a na-akpọ "njedebe" ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ngwá agha nuklia ga-egbu ọtụtụ nde mmadụ, mee ka oyi na-atụ nuklia na-akpata ụkọ nri nke ụwa nile nke ga-akpata ọtụtụ nde mmadụ. Usoro usoro usoro nuklia dum di na ntutu ugha, n'ihi na ihe eji eme ka ndi mmadu kwadoro na nani obere pasent nke ahihia ogwu nwere ike ime ka ndi mmadu ghara ime ihe ubi ruo afo iri. Ihe a na-eme ugbu a na-elewanye anya nke ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nkwurịta okwu nke ga-ebute ngwá agha nuklia.

Ntọhapụ dị ukwuu nwere ike igbusi ndụ niile na mbara ala. Ngwá ndị a na-eche nche nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ebe niile.^note10 Ọ bụ ezie na usoro nkwekọrịta nuklia dị iche iche dị n'etiti US na mbụ Soviet Union mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ngwá agha nuklia ghara ịdị (56,000 n'otu oge), a ka nwere 16,300 n'ụwa, naanị 1000 abụghị na US ma ọ bụ Russia.^note11 Kedu ihe ka njọ, nkwekọrịta ndị a na-enye ohere maka "imeziwanye oge," a euphemism maka ịmepụta ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ngwá agha na usoro nnyefe, nke mba nile na-eme na nuklia na-eme. Ọnya nuklia ahụbeghị; ọ dịghị ọbụna na-ezo n'azụ ọgba ahụ-ọ bụ na ọnụ ụzọ na-akwụ ụgwọ ọtụtụ ijeri dollar nke a pụrụ iji mee ihe n'ụzọ ka mma n'ebe ọzọ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụghị otú ahụ ka Ntule Ule Nkwekọrịta siri ike bịanyere aka na 1998, United States ejirila ule nyocha ọgbara ọhụrụ nke ngwá agha nuklia, jikọtara ule dị egwu, 1,000 ụkwụ n'okpuru ala ọzara na ebe nyocha Nevada na Western Shoshone . US emeela 28 ụdị ule ndị ahụ ruo n'oge, na-agbanye plutonium na kemịkal, na-enweghị ime ka a gbanwee olu, ya mere "dị oke egwu".^note12 N'ezie, nchịkwa ndị Obama na-ebute mmefu nke otu dolla dolla n'afọ iri atọ na atọ na-abịanụ maka ụlọ ọrụ bọmbụ ọhụrụ na ntinye usoro-agha, ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ elu-tinyere ngwá agha nuklia ọhụrụ.^note113

Conventional War System echiche na-arụ ụka na nuklia na ngwá agha igbochi agha – a na-akpọ ozizi nke "Mbibi nke Mgbochi Obi" ("MAD"). Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịbeghị eji ha eme ihe kemgbe 1945, ọ bụghị ihe ezi uche dị na ya ikwubi na MAD abụwo ihe kpatara ya. Dị ka Daniel Ellsberg ekwuola, onye ọ bụla na United States ebe ọ bụ na Truman eji ngwá agha nuklia dị ka egwu mba ndị ọzọ iji mee ka ha na-ekwe ka US na-esi ya ụzọ. Ozokwa, ozizi dị otú ahụ dabeere na okwukwe siri ike na ntụrụndụ ndị ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nọ n'ọnọdụ nsogbu, ruo oge niile. MAD anaghị eme ka nchebe ma ọ bụ ịhapụ ngwá agha ndị a dị egwu ma ọ bụ otu mba nke chere na ọ nọ na-ebuso ya ebubo ma ọ bụ ihe mbụ ọ ga-eme. N'ezie, e mepụtara ụdị ụfọdụ nke mmepụta ngwá agha nuklia nke nuklia maka nzube ikpeazụ-nke Mwepụ uhie (nke sneaks n'okpuru radar) na Egwu na-aga agha, agha ngwa ngwa, ihe agha na-atụ n'ihu. Mkparịta ụka siri ike mere n'ezie n'oge Agha Nzuzo banyere ihe dị mkpa nke "Nnukwu Mbube, Decapitating First Strike" nke US ga-ebute agha nuklia na Soviet Union iji gbanyụọ ikike ịmalite ngwá agha nuklia site n'ịkwụsị iwu na ịchịkwa, na-amalite na Kremlin. Ụfọdụ ndị nnyocha dere banyere "mmeri" agha nuklia nke a ga-egbu ọtụtụ iri nde mmadụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị nkịtị nile.^note14 Ngwá agha nuklia na-eme omume rụrụ arụ ma na-adịghị mma.

Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ejighị ụma eme ihe, e nweela ọtụtụ ihe mere ebe ngwá agha nuklia na-ebu n'ọdụ ụgbọelu dabara n'ala, ọ bụ naanị na ọ bụ nanị na-atụgharị ụfọdụ plutonium na ala, mana ha agaghị apụ.^note15 Na 2007, a na-eji ụyọkọ ụgbọ agha isii na-ebu agha nuklia na North Dakota ka Louisiana na bọmbụ nuklia na-efughị ​​maka 36 awa.^note16 Enweela akụkọ banyere ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na arụ ọrụ na-adịghị mma site n'aka ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ụgbọ ala ndị na-ebu maka ịmalite ngwá agha nuklia US ndị na-eme ka ntutu na-eme ka a mata ma kwuo na obodo ndị Russia.^note17 Mba United States na Russia nke ọ bụla nwere ọtụtụ puku ngwá agha nuklia na-ebute ma dịrị njikere ịchụpụ onwe ha. Obodo Norwegian na-aga ihu igwe na-agafe na Russia ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-abịakwasị ya ruo oge ikpeazụ mgbe a gbanwere ọgba aghara.^note18note19

1970 NTỌ ga-akwụsị na 1995, a gbatịkwara ya ruo mgbe ebighị ebi na oge ahụ, yana ndokwa maka afọ ise nyochaa na nzukọ nhazi na n'etiti. Iji nweta nkwekọrịta maka nkwekọrịta NPT, ndị gọọmenti kwetara na ha ga-enwe ogbako iji kwurịta ihe agha nke Mass Destruction Free Zone na Middle East. Na nke ọ bụla n'ime afọ ise na-elele anya, enwere nkwa ndị ọhụrụ, dịka maka itinye aka na njedebe na mkpochapu ngwá agha nuklia, nakwa maka "nzọụkwụ dị iche" nke dị mkpa ka e weere maka ụwa n'efu, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha enweghị akwanyere ùgwù.^note20 A Nkwekọrịta Ngwá Agha Ngwá Agha Ngwá Agha, nke otu obodo na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọkàiwu, na ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ kwadoro^note21 "A ga-amachibido mba niile ịchụso ma ọ bụ soro na 'mmepe, nyocha, mmepụta, ịkwakọba ihe, ịnyefe, iji na egwu egwu nke iji ngwá agha nuklia.'" Ọ na-enye maka usoro niile ga-adị mkpa iji bibie arsenal na ihe nchebe n'okpuru nchịkwa mba niile.^note22

N'ịbụ nke Civil Society na ọtụtụ ngwá agha ndị na-abụghị ngwá agha nuklia na-ekwu, ọ dịghị usoro ọ bụla a chọrọ na ọtụtụ nyochaghachi NPT. Ịgbaso ihe dị mkpa site n'aka Red Cross International iji mee ka a mata ọdachi ndị na-akpata ọdachi nke ngwá agha nuklia, a malitere imepụta mkpọsa ohuru iji kwado nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta nkịtị na-enweghị ike itinye aka na ngwá agha nuklia na Oslo na 2013, na nzukọ ndị na Nayarit, Mexico na Vienna na 2014.^note23 Enwere ike imeghe mkparita uka a mgbe 2015 NPT Review conference, na 70th Anniversary nke mbibi dị egwu nke Hiroshima na Nagasaki. Na nzukọ Vienna, gọọmenti Austria mere ka a mara nkwa iji mee ka a ghara ịmepụta ngwá agha nuklia, nke a kọwara dị ka "na-eme ihe dị irè iji mejupụta iwu iwu maka igbochi na mkpochapu ngwá agha nuklia" na "iji kwado ndị niile nwere mmekọ iji nweta nke a. ihe mgbaru ọsọ. "^note24 Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Vatican kwuru okwu na ogbako a na nke mbụ ya kwupụtara na nrụgide nuklia bụ ihe rụrụ arụ na ngwá agha ga-amachibido.^note25 Usoro nkwekọrịta a ga-etinye nsogbu ọ bụghị nanị na ngwá agha nuklia, kama na gọọmentị na-agbachitere n'okpuru nchedo nuklia nke US, na mba ndị NATO bụ ndị na-adabere na ngwá agha nuklia maka "igbochi" nakwa mba ndị dị ka Australia, Japan na South Korea.^note26 Ọzọkwa, ụlọ ọrụ United States banyere bọmbụ nuklia 400 na NATO na-ekwu, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Germany na Turkey, bụ ndị a ga-amanyekwa ịhapụ "ndokwa ha na-emekọrịta nuklia" ma bịanye aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta ahụ.^note27

Ngwá Agha Chemical na Ngwá Agha

Ngwá agha ndị na-akpata nje bụ ndị na-egbu egbu na-egbu egbu dịka Ebola, typhus, kịtịkpa, na ndị ọzọ a gbanwere n'ime ụlọ nyocha iji bụrụ ndị gbawara agbawa n'ihi ya ọ dịghị ngwọta ọ bụla. Ojiji ha nwere ike ịmalite ịmalite ọrịa zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ya mere, ọ dị oké mkpa ịgbasochi nkwekọrịta ndị dị ugbu a bụ ndị mejupụtara akụkụ nke usoro Nchebe Alternative. Na Nkwekọrịta maka mmechi nke mmepe, mmepụta na nchịkọta nke ihe ndị na-adịghị na bacteria (Ndu) na Toxin na Mbibi ha meghere maka mbinye aka na 1972 ma wee banye na 1975 n'okpuru akwụkwọ nchịkọta nke United Nations. Ọ na-amachibidoro ndị na-ede akwụkwọ 170 ka ha nwee ma ọ bụ na-emepe ma ọ bụ na-echekwa ngwá agha ndị a. Otú ọ dị, ọ nweghị usoro nkwenye ma ọ dị mkpa ka otu ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nyocha siri ike wusie ike (ya bụ, ọ bụla State nwere ike imeri onye ọzọ nke kwetara tupu ọ gaa nyocha.)

The Nkwekọrịta maka mmechi nke mmepe, mmepụta, nchịkọta na iji ngwá agha chemical na mbibi ha machibidoro mmepe, mmepụta, nnweta, ịkwakọba ihe, njigide, nyefe ma ọ bụ ojiji nke ngwa agha kemịkal. Ndị bịanyere aka na United States ekwenyela ibibi ngwongwo ọ bụla nke ngwa agha kemịkalụ ha nwere ike ijide yana ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla mepụtara ha, yana ngwa agha kemịkalụ ọ bụla ha hapụrụ na mpaghara nke Steeti ndị ọzọ n'oge gara aga yana ịmepụta usoro nnwale ịma aka maka ụfọdụ kemịkal na-egbu egbu na ha precursors… iji hụ na ndị dị otú ahụ ọgwụ na-na-eji na nzube na-amachibidoro. Mgbakọ ahụ malitere na Eprel 29, 1997. Ebe ụwa ngwa agha kemịkalụ belatara nke ukwuu, mbibi zuru oke ka bụ ebumnuche dị anya.^note28 E mejupụtara nkwekọrịta ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na 2014 dị ka Siria si gbanwee ngwá agha ya.

(Gaa n'ihu na bu ụzọ | -esonụ ngalaba.)

Anyị chọrọ ịnụ gị! (Biko kọọrọ ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ebe a)

Kedu ka nke a si duru ị iche echiche dị iche iche banyere ụzọ ọzọ maka agha?

Kedu ihe ị ga-agbakwunye, ma ọ bụ gbanwee, ma ọ bụ jụọ maka nke a?

Kedu ihe ị ga - eme iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka ịghọta ihe ndị a maka agha?

Kedu ka ị ga - esi mee ihe iji mee ka nke a ọzọ bụrụ agha?

Biko kesaa ihe omuma a!

Njikọ ndị metụtara ya

Hụ ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara ya “Imebi Nchebe”

Lee ndepụta zuru ezu maka ọdịnaya maka A Global System Nche System: Nhọrọ ọzọ na-alụ agha

Notes:
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
10. Lee akụkọ sitere n'aka Nobel Peace Laureate Òtù Ndị Nlekọta Mba Nile Maka Mgbochi nke Agha Nuclear "Oké Nri Nuclear: ijeri mmadụ abụọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ" (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
11. ibid (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
12. ibid (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
13. http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/pollux120612 (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
14. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/us-ramping-up-major-renewal-in-nuclear-arms.html?_r=0 (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
15. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub585.pdf (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_States_Air_Force_nuclear_weapons_incident (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
18. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
19. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
20. Lee kwa, Eric Schlosser, Nye iwu ma jikwaa: Ngwá Agha Nuclear, Mberede Damaskọs, na Ịgba Ọkụ nke Nchebe; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
21. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_04/LookingBack (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
22. http://www.inesap.org/book/securing-our-survival (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
23. Mba ndị nwere ngwá agha nuklia ga-abụ iwu iji bibie ngwá agha nuklia ha n'ọtụtụ usoro. Usoro ise a ga - enwe ọganihu dị ka ndị a: na - ewere ngwá agha nuklia anya, na - ewepụ ngwá agha site na ndenye ego, na - ewepụ ngwá agha nuklia site n'ụgbọala ha, na - akwusi agha, na - ewepu 'ebe' na ịdakwasị ihe onwunwe na - achịkwa ụwa. N'okpuru mgbakọ ihe nlereanya, a ghaghị ibibi ụgbọala ndị na-ebufe ma ọ bụ gbanwee gaa na ike nke nuklia. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, NWC ga-egbochi mmepụta ngwá agha-ihe onwunwe fissile nwere ike ime. Mba ndị ọzọ ga-emepụta Ụlọ Ọrụ maka Nbudata Ngwá Agha Nuclear nke a ga-ejide nkwenye, hụ na ịkwado, ime mkpebi, na ịmepụta otu nnọkọ maka ịchọta ihe na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị otu mba. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-agụnye nzukọ nke States, Council Executive and Technical Technical. Nkwupụta nkwenye: N'okpuru usoro 2007 nke NWC, "a ga-achọ ka ndị States nke States kwenye iwu ndị omeiwu ka ha wee nye aka maka ikpe ndị mmadụ na-eme mpụ na nchebe maka ndị na-akọ na imebi iwu ahụ. A ga-achokwa mba ka ha nwee ike ịchọta onye nwe obodo nke na-ahụ maka ọrụ mba. Nkwekọrịta ahụ ga-etinye ikike na ọrụ ọ bụghị nanị na States States kamakwa ndị mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ iwu. A pụrụ ịkpọ esemokwu iwu banyere Mgbakọ ahụ na ICJ [Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Zuru Ụwa Ọnụ] na nkwenye nke otu mba nke States. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-enwe ike ịrịọ ndụmọdụ gbasara ndụmọdụ site na ICJ maka nsogbu esemokwu. Nkwekọrịta ahụ ga-enyekwa usoro nzaghachi nke ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ maka ihe akaebe nke enweghị nkwenye na-amalite site na ntule, nkọwa, na mkparịta ụka. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, a ga-ezigara Mgbakọ General Assembly na Ụlọ Nche Nchebe. "[Isi mmalite: Ngwá Agha Ngwá Agha Nuclear, http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/proposed-nuclear-weapons-convention-nwc/ ] (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
24. www.icanw.org (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
25. https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/rebecca-johnson/austrian-pledge-to-ban-nuclear-weapons (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
26. http://www.paxchristi.net/sites/default/files/nuclearweaponstimeforabolitionfinal.pdf (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
27. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2012_06/NATO_Sticks_With_Nuclear_Policy (laghachi na isi isiokwu)
28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharing (laghachi na isi isiokwu)