Site na Pat Elder, Mgbu ndị agha, September 13, 2026
Nnwale mmiri nọọrọ onwe ya gburugburu ebe ndị agha US dị na Okinawa ekpugheela mbinye aka kemịkalụ kpọmkwem—mkpisi aka 3M—nke na-ewepụ ihe akaebe doro anya nke Pentagon. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ndị agha United States na gọọmentị etiti Japan ewepụla arịrịọ sitere na Okinawa Prefecture maka nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ekwu na enweghị ihe akaebe kpatara ya na-ejikọta ntọala ndị ahụ na mmetọ PFAS mpaghara. Agbanyeghị, akụkọ na-agbawa agbawa sitere na Asahi Shimbun N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọrụ US kwetara na Tokyo n'onwe ha na mbido afọ 2023 na ụfụfụ mmiri mmiri (AFFF) nke e ji mee ihe nkiri na Kadena Air Base na Marine Corps Air Station Futenma bụ isi iyi nke mmetọ.
Ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị na-ezochi nkwenye a n'ihu ọha, nnwale mmiri doro anya site n'èzí ogige ntọala emeela ka ikpe ahụ pụta ìhè, na-achọpụta na mmetọ ahụ laghachiri ozugbo na kemịkalụ electrochemical-fluorination 3M nke ochie.
Nsị ndị agha Nlele afọ 2023 A chọtara ihe mejupụtara PFAS iri abụọ na asatọ n'ihe atụ gburugburu ebe obibi Okinawa, ọ bụghị naanị PFOS na PFOA. Nkọwapụta ahụ gụnyere PFOS, PFHxS, PFDS, PFOSA, FOSAA, N-EtFOSAA, na N-MeFOSAA—ihe mejupụtara na ihe ndị metụtara ya jikọtara ya na kemistri PFOS ochie nke e ji ọkụ eletrik mee. Tupu afọ 2000, 3M bụ onye na-emepụta kemistri PFOS nke kachasị elu n'ụwa niile nke e ji mee ihe na usoro AFFF a.
Nkọwa a na-eme ka nkọwa US banyere ebe a na-akọwaghị maka mmetọ PFAS bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị ikweta ekweta. Tinyere nkwenye gọọmentị US kwuru na ụfụfụ dị na Kadena na Futenma nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara mmetọ PFAS na gburugburu Okinawa, ọ na-edobe ikpe siri ike maka ihe Okinawa rịọrọ kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ: ohere nnwere onwe, nnwale zuru oke, na akaụntụ ọha na eze nke ojiji PFAS, ntọhapụ, na nhicha n'ime ntọala.
Ihe akaebe ọzọ - Ọdụ ụgbọ elu ụgbọ elu nke Marine Corps Futenma
Tọn 142 nke ụfụfụ mmiri na-emepụta ihe nkiri sitere na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Marine Corps Futenma e liri ya na ebe a na-ekpofu ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na Kurashiki n'afọ 2014-2015. Na 2023 Nsị ndị agha nwalere mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta site na ebe ahụ wee hụ ọkwa dị elu nke PFAS nwere stampụ 3M pụrụ iche.
Mbinye aka electrochemical-fluorination (ECF) nke 3M/POSF kacha doo anya na ihe nlele a bụ otu m nyere akara:
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FOSAA — 1.2 ppt
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N-EtFOSAA — 23.5 ppt
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N-MeFOSAA — 23.1 ppt
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PFOSA — 5.3 ppt
Rịba ama: POSF bụ mkpụmkpụ maka perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride: C₈F₁₇SO₂F.
Ndị a bụ ngwakọta sulfonamide/precursors metụtara PFOS nke jikọtara ya na kemịkalụ POSF ochie nke 3M ji n'oge gara aga. Ọnụnọ ha ọnụ bara uru karịa PFOS n'onwe ya.
Ndị na-akwado ya, mana ha anaghị egosipụta onwe ha: PFOS (236.5), PFHxS (102.3), PFDS (9), PFBS (81.3), na ikekwe PFHxSA (9.7). Ha dabara na profaịlụ ochie metụtara ECF/PFOS.
POSF bụ isi ihe owuwu kemịkalụ na kemịkalụ PFOS ochie nke 3M. 3M jiri electrochemical fluorination mee POSF, wee jiri ya mepụta PFOS na ihe ndị metụtara ya maka ngwaahịa gụnyere AFFF ochie nke dabere na PFOS, ọgwụgwọ ụdị Scotchgard, mkpuchi akwụkwọ, na surfactants ụlọ ọrụ.
N'ihe atụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe ndị dị ka PFOSA, FOSAA, N-EtFOSAA, na N-MeFOSAA na-ezo aka na nnukwu ezinụlọ kemịkalụ sitere na POSF. Ha na-agbanwekarị ka oge na-aga ka ha bụrụ PFOS.
Ya mere, "mbinye aka POSF/ECF" pụtara ụkpụrụ kwekọrọ na ezinụlọ kemịkalụ PFOS nke ụdị 3M ochie - ọ bụghị naanị PFOS naanị. AFFF sitere na Futenma sitere na 3M. Ndị agha mmiri/Marine Corps zụtara ma jiri nnukwu ọnụọgụ AFFF site na 3M.
Ihe akaebe ọzọ - Kadena Air Base
Na Mee nke afọ 2024, mụ na Rachel Clark sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe ike na Okinawa iji nwalee mmiri na-asọpụta site na ebe ndị agha US dị na Okinawa. Anyị sooro iyi Ubu ruo n'ókè anyị nwere ike ruo n'ókè ọ na-asọpụta site na Kadena Air Base.
Ihe kachasị pụta ìhè n'ihe nlele Kadena bụ njikọta PFOS + PFHxS: ha niile bụ 785.5 ppt, ihe dị ka 60% nke PFAS niile achọpụtara na ihe nlele a. A maara AFFF nke 3M nke e ji elektrọnik-fluorination (ECF) mee maka ya. Ọchịchị PFOS na-esochi PFHxS yana obere mkpokọta nke PFHpS na PFBS.
Data sayensị e chịkọtara site na iyi Ubu na ebe a na-ekpofu ihe mkpofu Kurashiki na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ndekọ nyocha a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. N'ihi na nkọwapụta ndị agha gọọmentị etiti gbochiri ndị agha US ịzụta ụfụfụ ọgụ ọkụ nke mba ọzọ, ọnụnọ dị ukwuu nke ihe ndị na-ebute ụzọ POSF 3M emepụtara anaghị enye ohere maka echiche ndị ọzọ. Tokyo na Washington enweghịzi ike ikpuchi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi a n'azụ usoro mgbochi ọchịchị na igbochi nnabata. Ihe akaebe kemịkalụ na-achọ ihe obodo Okinawa chọrọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri: ohere ozugbo, nnwere onwe, nnwale ọha zuru oke, na ọrụ nhicha mepere emepe, nke a ga-aza ajụjụ iji chebe ahụike ọha.
