Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition ezipụla akwụkwọ ozi na-agba ndị otu Sineti na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ọrụ agha tinye akwụkwọ mkpesa chọrọ na ntọala mba ofesi na FY2020 NDAA iji bulie nghọta, chekwaa dollar ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi, na melite nchekwa obodo. Ihe karịrị iri na abụọ ndị ọkachamara na ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, jikọtara yana n'okpuru.

Enwere ike iduzi ajụjụ OBRACC2018@gmail.com.

Daalụ,

David

David Vine
Prọfesọ
Ngalaba nke Anthropology
Mahadum America
4400 Massachusetts Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20016 USA

August 23, 2019

The Honorable James Inhofe

Onye isi oche, Kọmitii Senate na Ọrụ Ngwá Agha

 

Onye Honourable Jack Reed

Onye otu ọkwa, Kọmitii Senate na Ọrụ Armed

 

Onye Honourable Adam Smith

Onye isi oche, Kọmitii Ọrụ Ndị Agha Ụlọ

 

The Honourable Mac Thornberry

Onye otu ọkwa, kọmitii ọrụ ndị agha ụlọ

 

Ezigbo ndị isi oche Inhofe na Smith, yana ndị otu Reed na Thornberry n'ọkwa:

Anyị bụ otu ndị ọkachamara ntọala agha si n'ofe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụdịdị dị iche iche ide akwụkwọ na-agba gị ume idobe Sek. 1079 nke HR 2500, "Nkọwa maka ụgwọ ego nke mba ofesi United States Military Posture and Operations," na National Defence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020. Ọ bụrụ na etinyere ya nke ọma, akụkọ a ga-abawanye nghọta ma mee ka nlekọta ka mma maka mmefu Pentagon, na-enye aka na mgbalị siri ike iji kpochapụ mmefu agha na-emebi emebi, na ịkwalite njikere agha na nchekwa obodo.

Ruo ogologo oge, enwere ntakịrị nghọta gbasara ebe ndị agha US na ọrụ na mba ofesi. Enwere atụmatụ ndị agha US 800 ugbu a (“saịtị ntọala”) na mpụga steeti 50 na Washington, DC. A na-agbasa ha n'ihe dị ka mba na ókèala 80—ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mba ndị ọbịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere njedebe nke Agha Nzuzo.[1]

Nchọpụta egosila ogologo oge na ntọala ndị si mba ofesi siri ike imechi ozugbo emebere ya. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ntọala na mba ofesi ka na-emeghe n'ihi inertia ọchịchị naanị.^[2] Ndị isi agha na ndị ọzọ na-echekarị na ọ bụrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na mba ofesi, ọ ga-abarịrị uru; Congress anaghị amanye ndị agha nyocha ma ọ bụ gosipụta uru nchekwa obodo nke ntọala ndị mba ọzọ.

Asịrị nrụrụ aka nke "Fat Leonard" nke ndị agha mmiri, nke butere iri puku kwuru iri nde dollar n'ụgwọ karịrị akarị na nrụrụ aka zuru ebe niile n'etiti ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri dị elu, bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke enweghị ezigbo nlekọta ndị nkịtị na mba ofesi. Ọnụnọ ndị agha na-eto eto na Africa bụ ihe ọzọ: Mgbe ndị agha anọ nwụrụ n'agha na Niger na 2017, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya Congress nwere akpata oyi mgbe ha nụrụ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị agha 1,000 na mba ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na Pentagon ekwuola ogologo oge na ọ nwere naanị otu ntọala n'Africa-na Djibouti-nyocha na-egosi na e nwere ugbu a ihe dị ka nrụnye 40 nke nha dịgasị iche iche (otu onye ọrụ agha kwetara nrụnye 46 na 2017).[3] O yikarịrị ka ị nọ n'otu obere ìgwè na Congress maara na ndị agha US etinyela aka na ọgụ na mba 22 opekata mpe kemgbe 2001, na-ebute nsonaazụ na-akpatakarị.[4]

Usoro nleba anya ugbu a ezughi oke maka Congress na ọha mmadụ iji nweta njikwa nkịtị nke ọma na nrụnye na ọrụ ndị agha na mba ofesi. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Pentagon kwa afọ nke “Base Structure Report” na-enye ụfọdụ ozi gbasara ọnụọgụ na nha saịtị ndị dị na mba ofesi, agbanyeghị, ọ naghị ekwupụta ọtụtụ nrụnye a ma ama na mba ụwa niile ma na-enyekarị data ezughị oke ma ọ bụ ezighi ezi.[5] Ọtụtụ ndị na-enyo enyo na Pentagon amaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nrụnye na mba ọzọ.

Ngalaba nchekwa "Akụkọ ọnụ ahịa mba ofesi," nke edobere na akwụkwọ mmefu ego ya, na-enye ozi dị oke ọnụ gbasara nrụnye na ụfọdụ mana ọ bụghị mba niile ebe ndị agha na-ejigide ntọala. Ihe ndekọ akụkọ ahụ na-abụkarị nke ezughi oke yana ọ naghị adị maka ọtụtụ mba. N'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri, DoD akọpụtala mkpokọta ọnụ ahịa kwa afọ na nrụnye esenidụt nke ihe ruru ijeri $20. Nyocha nke onwe ya na-egosi na ọnụ ahịa ọrụ na idowe ntọala ná mba ọzọ karịrị okpukpu abụọ karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, karịrị ijeri $51 kwa afọ, na-akwụ ụgwọ mkpokọta (gụnyere ndị ọrụ) ihe dị ka ijeri $150.[6]Enweghị nlekọta maka mmefu dị otú ahụ karịsịa. ihe ịtụnanya n'ihi na iri ijeri dollar na-esi na steeti na mpaghara ndị otu Congress na-erute na mba ofesi kwa afọ.

Ọ bụrụ na etinyere ya nke ọma, akụkọ nke Sek chọrọ. 1079 nke HR 2500 ga-emeziwanye nghọta nke ọrụ ndị agha na mba ofesi ma kwe ka Congress na ọha na eze na-ahụ maka nlekọta nkịtị na Pentagon. Anyị na-arịọ gị ka itinye Sek. 1079 na FY2020 NDAA. Anyị na-agbakwa gị ume ka i degharịa asụsụ mmezigharị ahụ ka ịdepụta okwu ndị dị na paragraf nke 1, “gụnyere n’ime ndepụta ndị isi ọnọdụ na-adịgide adịgide.” N'iburu ezughị oke nke Akụkọ Structure Base, mkpesa achọrọ kwesịrị idepụta ụgwọ na uru nchekwa obodo nke mmadụ niile. Nrụnye US na mba ofesi.

Daalụ maka ịme usoro ndị a dị mkpa iji bulie nghọta, chekwaa dollar ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi, na melite nchekwa obodo.

Obi,

Okpukpu ala nke ala na ebe nchikota

Christine Ahn, Women Cross DMZ

Andrew J. Bacevich, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft

Medea Benjamin, Onye nhazi, Codepink

Phyllis Bennis, Onye isi, New Internationalism Project, Institute for Policy Studies

Leah Bolger, CDR, US Navy (ret), Onye isi ala World BEYOND War

Noam Chomsky, Prọfesọ Laureate nke Linguistics, Agnese Nelms Haury oche, Mahadum nke Arizona/Prọfesọ Emeritus Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cynthia Enloe, Prọfesọ nyocha, Mahadum Clark

Ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Foreign Policy Alliance, Inc.

Joseph Gerson, Onye isi ala, Mgbasa Ozi Maka Udo, Ndo agha na Nchedo Na-ahụkarị

David C. Hendrickson, kọleji Colorado

Matthew Hoh, Onye Ọsụ Ụzọ, Center maka International Policy

Njikọ Guahan maka Udo na ikpe ziri ezi

Kyle Kajihiro, Udo na ikpe ziri ezi nke Hawai'i

Gwyn Kirk, Womenmụ nwanyị maka Ezigbo Nche

MG Dennis Laich, ndị agha US, lara ezumike nká

John Lindsay-Poland, Kwụsị US Arms na Mexico Project Coordinator, Global Exchange; odee, Ndị eze ukwu n’ime ọhịa: Akụkọ Zoro Ezo nke US na Panama

Catherine Lutz, Thomas J. Watson, Jr. Prọfesọ Ezinụlọ nke Anthropology na International Studies, Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs and Department of Anthropology, Brown University

Khury Petersen-Smith, Institute for Policy Studies

Del Spurlock, onye bụbu onye ndụmọdụ onye isi na onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ nke US Army maka ikike mmadụ na ihe nchekwa

David Swanson, Onye isi Ndu, World BEYOND War

David Vine, Prọfesọ, Ngalaba Anthropology, Mahadum America

Stephen Wertheim, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft na Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies, Mahadum Columbia

Colonel Ann Wright, ndị agha US lara ezumike nká na onye bụbu onye nnọchi anya US

Njedebe

[1] David Vine, "Ndepụta nke ntọala ndị agha US ná mba ọzọ," 2017, Mahadum America, http://dx.doi.org/10.17606/M6H599; David Vine, Mba Mba: Uzo agha United States na-ebuputa n'oku obodo na-emekpa America na World (Metropoli, 2015). Ozi ndị ọzọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ gbasara ntọala US na mba ofesi dị na www.overseasbases.net/fact-sheet.html.Ajụjụ, ozi ndị ọzọ: OBRACC2018@gmail.com / www.overseasbases.net.

[2] Otu n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ Congressional na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ntọala US na ọnụnọ esenidụt gosiri na "Ozugbo e guzobere ntọala mba ofesi America, ọ na-ebi ndụ nke ya…. Ozi ndị mbụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbe ochie, mana a na-emepụta ndị ọrụ ọhụrụ, ọ bụghị naanị n'ebumnobi idobe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, mana ọtụtụ mgbe iji gbasaa ya. " Ụlọ omebe iwu United States, "Nkwekọrịta Nchebe nke United States na Nkwenye ná Mba Ọzọ," Ntị n'ihu Ụlọikpe Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Nkwekọrịta Nchebe United States na Nkwenye ná Mba Ọzọ nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ, Ụlọ Nzukọ iri itoolu na mbụ, Vol. 2, 2417. Nnyocha ndị ọzọ na-adịbeghị anya kwadoro nchọpụta a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, John Glaser, "Ịwepụ site na ntọala mba ofesi: Gịnị kpatara ọnọdụ agha na-aga n'ihu na-adịghị mkpa, oge ochie, na ihe ize ndụ," Nyocha amụma 816, CATO Institute, July 18, 2017; Chalmers Johnson, Ogbugbu nke Alaeze Ukwu: Militarism, Secrecy, na Ọgwụgwụ nke Republic (New York: Obodo ukwu, 2004); Osisi vaịn, Mba Mba.

[3] Nick Turse, "Ndị agha US na-ekwu na ọ nwere 'ụkwụ ìhè' na Africa. Akwụkwọ ndị a na-egosi nnukwu netwọkụ nke ntọala, " Ihe Mpụga ahụ, December 1, 2018,https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/u-s-military-says-it-has-a-light-footprint-in-africa-these-documents-show-a-vast-network-of-bases/; Stephanie Savell na 5W Infographics, "Map a na-egosi ebe ụwa ndị agha US na-alụso iyi ọha egwu ọgụ," Magazin Smithsonian, January 2019, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Nick Turse, "Ụkwụ America na-alụ ọgụ n'Africa Nzuzo akwụkwọ agha US na-ekpughe otu ìgwè ndị agha America na-agafe na kọntinent ahụ," TomDispatch.com, April 27, 2017, http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176272/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_the_u.s._military_moves_deeper_into_africa/.

[4] Afghanistan, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Yemen, Iraq, Libya, Uganda, South Sudan, Burkina Faso, Chad, Niger, Central African Republic, Syria, Kenya, Cameroon, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Democratic Republic nke Congo, Saudi Arabia, na Tunisia. Hụ Savell na 5W Infographics; Nick Turse na Sean D. Naylor, "Ekpughere: Ọrụ ndị agha US 36 akpọrọ aha na Africa," Akụkọ Yahoo, April 17, 2019, https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-the-us-militarys-36-codenamed-operations-in-africa-090000841.html.

[5] Nick Turse, “Bases, Bases, N'ebe niile… Ewezuga na mkpesa Pentagon,” TomDispatch.com, Jenụwarị 8, 2019, http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_knows_how_many_to_go/#more; Osisi vaịn, Obodo isi, 3-5; Vine, "Ndepụta nke ntọala ndị agha US ná mba ọzọ."

[6] David Vine, Mahadum America, atụmatụ nke isi ego maka OBRACC, vine@american.edu, na-emelite mgbako na Vine, Obodo isi, 195-214.