site Catherine Killough, November 29, 2017, Lobe Abanye.
Isi ụda isi na-ekwupụtakarị nkesa nkwekọrịta n'etiti North Korea na United States. N'okwu ya n'ihu Assembly nke South Korea, ọ nwetara otu nkwubi okwu site n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmezu nke diplomatic siri ike: "ọchịchị North Korean na-agbaso usoro nuklia nuklia na nke bomistic na-emegide nkwenye ọ bụla, nkwekọrịta na nkwa o mere na United States na ndị ha na ya jikọrọ aka. "
Ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ ihe a na-amaghị na ọ ga-eme North Korea n'ihi ezughị okè na-ekwurịta okwu, ma ọ dịtụbeghị njọ. N'ọtụtụ usoro tweets n'ọnwa gara aga, ọ bụghị naanị na ndị ọchịchị na-eme ka ndị nzuzu na-eme ihe na-adịghị mma, "ma kwubiri na ha nwere obi abụọ," Ndoo, naanị otu ihe ga-arụ ọrụ! "
Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ntụgharị uche, mgbe ahụ, "otu ihe" yiri ụda agha, ihe dị oké njọ nke a na-emegharị n'oge ọ bụla na Washington. Dị ka Evan Osnos kwuru na ya isiokwu n'ihi na New Yorker, "Ndi ndi ochichi nke ndi ochichi nke agha na North Korea?" Echiche nke agha mgbochi abiala ebe obula onye odeakwụkwọ ochichi Democratic oge gara aga kwuputara, "oburu na o no na ochichi taa o ga akwado akwado agha North Korea, iji gbochie ya ịmalite ịpịa America. "
Maka ndị na-achọ igbochi agha nke nwere ike ime ka ọtụtụ nde mmadụ nwụnahụrụ na Korea Peninsula, enweghị ikike agha. Ma maka ọtụtụ ndị Democrats, ịkwalite nkwado mmekọrịta na-ebute ihe ize ndụ nke igosi adịghị ike. N'ụzọ a na-atụghị anya ya, usoro akụ na ụba nke na-agbata akara n'etiti ịbụ onye na-akwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụghị agha-agha na-enweta nkwado nkwado bipartis kasị ukwuu.
N'iburu ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a, ịhazigharị akụkọ ntolite a na-agbagọrọ agbagọ na mkparịta ụka US-North Korea bụ ihe dị oké mkpa-karịsịa dịka ọchịchọ nke ile okwu anya dị ka ihe nkoropụ, ma ọ bụ azụmahịa dị ka nkwenye, na-etowanye ike. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a sitere n'aka ndị nkatọ na-etinyere mmekọrịta mbụ na United States na North Korea na ọdịda ya.
Ihe a na-eme bụ ntu oyi na Nukes North Korea
Na 1994, United States na North Korea nọ na agha. Ọ bụ oge mbụ nke ọchịchị na-amaghị nke a na-amaghị na 38th ihe yiri egwu ga-aga nuklia. Mgbe o kpochapụrụ ndị nlekọta mba nile si mba ahụ, North Korea kwadebere iwepụ bọmbụm nke isii na bọmbụ na-emepụta bọmbụ dị na ya na Yongbyon.
N'oge ahụ, President Bill Clinton nke nwere ihu ọhụụ chere na ọ ga-ewere ọrụ agha, tinyere atụmatụ ịhazi ihe na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ nuklia North Korea. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị isi ya nwere obi abụọ na ha nwere ike ime ka North Korea ghara ịmalite imepụta ngwá agha nuklia. Dịka Onye odeakwụkwọ na-akwado maka Nchebe International Ashton Carter kwuru, "Anyị adịghị, n'ụzọ ọ bụla, na-enwe obi ike na anyị nwere ike ikwu okwu banyere ime ihe ahụ."
Otú ọ dị, dịka onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ na-agbachitere William Perry chetara, ihe ize ndụ nke ịmalite agha abụọ nke agha Korea mere ka ochichi ahụ gbasoo ụzọ diplomatic. Nzuko n'etiti onye isi oche Jimmy Carter na onye ndu North Korean, Kim Il Sung, mere ka ha nwee mmekorita nke di na mba United States na North Korea Agreed Framework on October 21, 1994.
N'okwu a, North Korea kwenyere ka gherekwa ya ma mechaa kpochapụ ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri graphite na-agbanwe maka mmanụ ọkụ na ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị ọkụ. Ndị a nwere ike ịmepụta ike, ma enweghị ike ikwu na ha ga-eji ngwá agha nuklia mee ihe.
Ruo ihe dị ka afọ iri, United States kwadoro usoro nkwurịta okwu kpọmkwem, nke na-enweghị ntụpọ na enweghị nchebe. Njikọ aka nke ahụ mere ka ndị iro abụọ nwee ike ime nkwekọrịta na ihe dị mkpa na ihe onwunwe: North Korea kwụsịrị ịkwụsị plutonium ruo afọ asatọ. Dika onye nnochite anya US no na South Korea Thomas Hubbard kwubiri, Ogwe Agreed "gosiri na ọ bụ onye na-ezughị okè ... Ma ọ gbochiri North Korea site n'ịpụta ọtụtụ ngwá agha nuklia 100 ugbu a."
O bu ihe nwute, ihe ndi a mejuputara site na ida nke Agreed Framework, ebe "ida" adabawo na "odida." Mana ikwu na nkwekorita a di nkpa na-achota oganihu nwere ike ibute mba nke nwere akuko akuko dika North Korea. Ogbenye mgbasa ozi na-adịghị mma, tinyere njedebe nke adịghị ike na akụkụ United States nke azụmahịa ahụ, bụ otu ụta. Ma ndị na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ hawkish, bụ ndị ogologo oge jiri nkwekọrịta ahụ mee ihe dị ka akụkọ ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere mmesapụ aka, bụ ihe kpatara ya.
Ma United States na North Korea na-ekere òkè na mbibi Agreed Framework, mana nkwenye na North Korea chegburu na-ekpuchi eziokwu ahụ. N'oge na - adịghị anya mgbe ochichi nke Clinton kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ, ndị Republican nwechara ikike nke Congress, na - akpata "enweghị uche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị," dabere na onye nkwekọrịta ukwu bụ Robert Gallucci, ma mee ka anyị kwụsị igbu oge n'inyefe ọrụ US.
Mmegide kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na-adaghachi na 1998 n'agba ebubo na North na-ezobe ebe nchekwa nuklia dị na Kumchang-ri. Utu ndi mmadu biara, ndi isi ochichi Clinton gwara ndi North Korean ihe nchegbu ya na, na-acho ichota nkwekorita a, ha kwadoro ihe ohuru nke mere ka United States nyocha mgbe nile nke ebe a choro, ebe o napughi ichota ihe obula nke ọrụ nuklia.
Uzo ozo a na-aga n'ihu dika usoro North-Korea na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ohuru ohuru ohuru. Mgbe North Korea kpụsịrị bọmbụ ballistic na Japan na 1998, ọchịchị Clinton na-akpọ otu ìgwè dị n'ime na n'èzí ndị ọkachamara gọọmenti na North Korea Policy Review nke ga-agụnye ihe mgbaru ọsọ e depụtara na Agreed Framework.
Onye odeakwụkwọ nchekwa nke mbụ bụ William Perry jikọrọ aka na gọọmentị North Korea, South Korea, China, na Japan na ihe a maara dịka Perry Process. Ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka ha mejupụtara na 1999 na akụkọ nke gosipụtara ndokwa maka United States ịchụso nkwenye nkwenye na mmeghasị nke nuklia na nuklia na-arụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa. N'aka nke ya, òtù nyochaa iwu na-achọpụta na United States aghaghị ime ihe iji dozie nchebe North na nchebe ya.
North Korea zara na obughi nani ikwenye ikwuputa ugbua nke ugbua maka ugbua okwu, ma na iziga onye isi okwu ndi agha na Washington ka ha kwue ihe ndi Perry nyere ya na President Clinton. Onye odeakwụkwọ nke State Madeleine Albright kwadoro nleta ahụ site na njem na Pyongyang maka nzukọ ya na Kim Jong Il ka e mesịrị na ọnwa ahụ.
Otú ọ dị, enwere ike maka ihe bụ Onye Nlekọta Ndị Ọkachamara Pụrụ Iche na President Wendy Sherman akpọ otu nyocha nke "n 'uzo di nso" gbasiri n' onwa ozo na ntuli aka nke George W. Bush. Secretary nke State Colin Powell kwuru na iwu North Korea ga-aga n'ihu ebe Clinton hapụrụ, ma Bush, onye kpebiri ịkagbu mkparịta ụka ya na North Korea maka afọ abụọ sochirinụ, meriri ya.
Gọọmenti Bush na-ele anya n'ụzọ dị anya na ndị ọchịchị Clinton nwere ihe mgbu iji nọgide na-enwe. Bush gbakwunyere North Korea na ato nke ato nke "isi ihe ojo." Dick Cheney jụrụ ịjụ diplomacy maka mgbanwe ọchịchị, na-ekwusi ike, sị, "Anyị anaghị ekwurịta ihe ọjọọ. Anyị na-emeri ya. "Mgbe ahụ-Nchedo nke State maka Njide Aka Nchịkwa John Bolton ji akụkọ ọgụgụ isi na-akọ banyere usoro mmemme uranium a na-enyo enyo na-enyo enyo iji gbuo ihe ọ na-akwadoghị. N'okwu nke aka ya, "Nke a bụ hama nke m nọ na-achọ ịkụda Agreed Framework."
Na njedebe, ochichi nke Bush na-ekwu na otu onye North Korea mere ka o doo anya na usoro mmemme uranium a na-enyo enyo. North Korea ghotara nkwenye ahụ, nke mere ka ebubo ebubo n'ihu na ebubo na akụkụ nke ọ bụla mebiri nkwekọrịta ahụ. Kama ịrụ ọrụ iji merie enweghị ntụkwasị obi, United States kwadoro na nsonye ahụ na 2002.
Okpokoro Redux nke Akpadoro
Ọjụjụ Bush jụrụ ijikọ aka na North Korea laghachiri ịgafe nlekọta ya na 2003. North Korea weghachiri usoro plutonium ngwa ngwa ma kwuputa na o nwere ngwá agha nuklia. N'ịbụ onye kwenyesiri ike na ọ dị mkpa ka ị banyeghachi mkparịta ụka, United States sonyeere China, Russia, Japan, na South Korea na Mkparịta ụka isii nke isii.
Mkparịta ụka dị iche iche mere ka ọ pụta ìhè afọ abụọ mgbe e mesịrị na Nkwupụta Nnọkọrịta 2005, nke kwupụtara North iji hapụ "ngwá agha nuklia niile na usoro nuklia ndị dị ugbu a." Ma ngwa ngwa ka ndị isii ahụ kwupụtara nkwekọrịta ahụ karịa US Treasury froze North Korean akụ na Macau Bank, Banco Delta Asia.
Maka ndi isi ochichi North Korea, ha na-abanye na $ 25 n'ime isi obodo bu ihe ojoo ma kwuo na United States enweghi obi uto ime ihe. Ọbụna ndị na-arụ ọrụ maka nlekọta ahụ, dịka onye nchịkwa ukwu bụ onye nnọchiteanya bụ Christopher Hill, hụrụ ọrụ ahụ dị ka mgbalị "iji dozie mkparịta ụka ahụ kpamkpam."
Ihe ọ bụla ebumnuche nke Treasury, njigide ahụ nwere mmetụta nke afọ na-enweghị atụ nke ọganihu siri ike na-enweta iji wughachi ntụkwasị obi. North Korea weghachitere na 2006 site na obughi nani ule ugbua-agha, ma o bukwara ihe ozo nuklia nke mbu.
Mba United States bụ naanị nkwekọrịta a na-ejikọtaghị aka site na ịmalite iwepụ ma wepụ North Korea site na Nchịkọta Ndị Na-akwado Ngwá Agha na 2007. Na nloghachi, North Korea gụpụtara ndị nledo nuklia na ndị nwere nkwarụ na Yongbyon reactor, na-agbagha ụlọ elu ahụ dị jụụ na ihe ngosi telivishọn dị ịrịba ama. Ma enwere ihe mebiri emebi na oge mgbe esemokwu dị iche iche bilitere n'ihi usoro nyochaa, Mkparịta ụka isii ahụ rutere n'ọnọdụ siri ike ma ghara ịbanye na njedebe ikpeazụ nke imebi usoro nuklia nuklia North Korea.
Nkwụsịtụ nke Ndidi Ọdịnihu
Dị ka nlekọta na-elekọta ya, President Obama na-aga ngwa ngwa na mkparịta ụka ahia na North Korea. Ọ bụ ezie na Obama mere ihe doro anya site ná mmalite na ọ ga-eme ihe na-egosi na ọ ga-esi n'aka ya "gbanye aka" nye ndị ọchịchị ahụ "na-achọ ka ị ghara ịgbachi ụkwụ gị aka," North Korea dara mbà na ndepụta nke iwu ndị mba ọzọ.
Kama nke ahụ, iwu nke "ndidi nhazi" kwadoro maka mgbalị ọ bụla a na-etinye anya iji mee ka North Korea laghachi na tebụl oriri. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ụzọ maka okwu nọgidere na-emeghe, United States na-achụso mkpọsa na nrụgide nchịkwa na -adịghị ka ọ dị ugbu a na nchịkwa nke nchịkwa. North Korea amaghachiri òkè ya nke mmejọ, gụnyere nyocha nuklia nke abụọ na nsogbu abụọ na-egbu egbu na ókèala ya na South Korea.
Ọ bụghị ruo na 2011 ka ochichi Obama na-agbanyeghachi nkwurịta okwu denuclearization. Mgbe nkenke nkenke mgbe Kim Kim Jong Il nwụsịrị, mba abụọ ahụ mara ọkwa "Ụbọchị Leap" na February 2012. North Korea kwenyere na moratorium n'elu ugbua agha na ugbua nuklia iji gbanyere 240,000 metric ton of food aid.
Ụbọchị iri na isii mgbe e mesịrị, North Korea kwupụtara atụmatụ ya ịmepụta satellite na mbara igwe. United States kwenyere na nkedo dị otú ahụ ga-emebi usoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, ebe North Korea ẹkedọhọ, "Ntinye ngwa ngwa nke ekwesighi itinye aka na mgbochi ngwa ngwa agha" ma tinye aka ya.
Ndị nlekọta ahụ kpochapụrụ ihe ndị a ozugbo, ọgba aghara dị mgbagwoju anya nyere mgbalị ndị America gara aga iji dozie ihe ize ndụ nke iji teknụzụ agha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, United States ekweghị ka ndị Korea South Korea rịọ ka ha gbasaa bọmbụ bọmbụ ha na-atụ ụjọ na ọ ga-amalite ịgba ọsọ aka mpaghara. N'agbanyeghi mmegide na-arịwanye elu, United States ruru otu nkwekọrịta na 2001 nke mere ka mmepe ngwa ngwa ndị agha South Korea na-emewanye gụnyere gụnyere ihe mgbagwoju anya na mmemme mmepe ya, dị ka nkwupụta mmanụ ụgbọala.
Kama ịlọgharịgharị ndị ahịa ahụ iji chọpụta ihe dị mma maka mmemme nke satellite ma ọ bụ nchụpụ agha, United States na-eme ka mkparịta ụka na North Korea, ọzọ, daa n'ụzọ.
Nanị Nhọrọ
Ọ bụrụ na Bush jidere Akpọrọ Akpọrọgwụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị na-eme ihe ike emeghị ka Mkparịta ụka isii ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na Obama ama kọwaa okwu nke ụbọchị Leap Day, North Korea nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ nrọ nke nuklia nke na-amanye United States na ndị ya na ha na-emekọ ihe taa.
Ma nkwa ọgbụgba na ọkụ bridges abụghị ihe ngọpụ maka ịhapụ diplomacy. Enwere otutu ihe omumu n'ime ihe mgbagwoju anya nke nkwekorita nkwekorita nke kwesiri iweputa ya, gunyere mkpa ichota nchedo nchedo North Korea nche na ihe di mkpa nke US interagency coordination.
A ka nwere mmeghe maka North Korea, ma egwu egwu na-egbochi imechi ya oge ọ bụla ọ na-elelị uru nke mkparịta ụka. Dị ka onyeisi oche ọ bụla ebe ọ bụ na Clinton mesịrị ghọta, ma ọ bụrụ na nnweta ọzọ na North Korea bụ agha, a ghaghị inyocha nyocha ọ bụla diplọmatic. Ọtụtụ nde ndụ na-adabere na nguzozi.
Catherine Killough bụ Roger L. Hale Fellow na Plowshares Fund, ntọala nchekwa ụwa. O nwetara MA ya na Studies Asia site na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Ozi Ofesi na Georgetown University. Soro Twitter @catkillough. Foto: Jimmy Carter na Kim Il Sung.
