Nke Joseph Gerson, Ezigbo Nrọ
Ihe ọdịmma anyị na nlanarị na-adabere na diplomacy nke nchekwa kama ịdaba ugboro ugboro na mbibi nke militarism
Na nzaghachi mbụ ọhaneze na Brexit votu nke mebiri Europe na ọtụtụ ụwa, Onye isi ala Obama chọrọ iji mesighachi ndị America na ndị ọzọ obi ike. Ọ gbara anyị ume ka anyị ghara ịba n'ime nrịba mmiri ahụ ma mesie ya ike na NATO akwụsịghị na Brexit. Njikọ nke Trans-Atlantic, ọ chetara ụwa, na-adịgide.1 N'ihe banyere ihe nwere ike ịbụ nkwụsịtụ ngwa ngwa nke European Union na nrụgide sitere na ndị na-arụ ụka Euro, chọọ US na ndị isi Europe ka ha gbakwunye nkwa ha na njikọ NATO na afọ iri isii na asaa. Ihe nchikota nke emeputara na nbibi nke Russia na Crimea na ntinye aka na owuwa anyanwu Ukraine na egwu nke agha site na agha na agha na-aga n'ihu na Middle East ga-abụ ebe a na-ere NATO.
Mana, ka anyị na-eche ọdịnihu ihu, ma ọ bụ / ma ọ bụ iche echiche na NATO kwesịrị ịhapụ ya. Dika onye isi oche nchekwa nke onye isi ala bu onye isi nchekwa Zbigniew Brzezinski kuziri, ebe obu na mbido NATO bu oru nke eze.2 Kama ịmepụta Agha Nzuzo ọhụrụ, nke jọgburu onwe ya ma dị oke egwu, ọdịmma anyị na nlanarị na-adabere na mmekọrịta diplomacy3 kama ọdịda na agha ugboro ugboro nke militarism.
Nke a apụtaghị ịgbanye anya mkpuchi na mwakpo Putin na nnwere onwe ikwu okwu na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ma ọ bụ na mmebi iwu nuklia nke Moscow na cyberattacks.4 Mana ọ pụtara na anyị kwesịrị iburu n'uche na diplomacy na-ejikọkarị nchekwa kwụsịrị Agha Nzuzo, na mkparị na obi ọjọọ n'agbanyeghị Putin nwere ike ịbụ, ọ nwụchiri ọdachi ọjọọ Yeltsin nke Russia, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị oke mkpa na mkpochapụ ngwa agha kemịkal Syria na Nkwekọrịta nuklia P-5 + 1 na Iran. Anyị kwesịrị ikweta na mmadụ nde mmadụ abụọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ US, gụnyere Guantanamo, nnabata nke ọchịchị gọọmentị Poland na ọchịchị eze Saudi, yana ndị agha "Pivot to Asia" US na-eduga ụwa enweghị nnwere onwe.
Echiche nchọnchọ abụghị maka mmasị onye ọ bụla. Enwere uzo ozo di n’iche na nsogbu ndi agha nke ugbua.
Anyị na-emegide NATO n'ihi ọchịchị ọchịchị ya nke ọtụtụ n'ime Europe, ọrụ ya na agha na ịchịisi, egwu egwu dị adị nke ọ na-eweta na ndụ mmadụ, yana n'ihi na ọ na-agbanwe ego site na ọrụ mmekọrịta dị mkpa, na-ebelata ndụ na US na ndị ọzọ mba.
William Faulkner dere na "oge gara aga anaghị anwụ anwụ, na ọ gaghịdị agafe," eziokwu nke na-egosi na ntuli aka Brexit. Anyị aghaghị ịbịakwute ụzọ anyị ugbu a na ọdịnihu site na ọdachi nke akụkọ ntolite. Etinyela mba ndị Etiti na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe tinyere Poland, ndị Lithuanians, ndị Sweden, ndị Jamanị, ndị Tatars, ndị Ottoman na ndị Rọshịa na-achịkwa ma na-emegbu emegbu. Na Poland bụbu ike nke alaeze ukwu na Ukraine.
N'iburu akụkọ ihe mere eme na nchebara echiche ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ara na-emebi mbibi nuklia iji mezuo oke ala n'oge ọ bụla. Dị ka anyị mụtara site na mkpebi nchekwa nchekwa nke Agha Nzuzo, ndụ anyị dabere na iche echiche nchebe ọdịnala. Enwere ike imeri esemokwu nke na-abịa site na njikọ ndị agha, agbụrụ ogwe aka, ogige ndị agha na ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha na ịhụ mba n'anya na nkwa ịkwanyere ibe ha ùgwù.
1913?
Oge a bụ oge yiri myirịta nke afọ ndị bu ụzọ tupu Agha Warwa Mbụ. Ihe ejiri mara uwa site na ịrị elu na idalata n'ike nke ijigide ma obu imewanye ikike na ike ha. Anyị nwere agbụrụ aka na teknụzụ ọhụrụ; mbịaghachi mba ọzọ, esemokwu mpaghara, asọmpi akụ na ụba, ndokwa njikọta siri ike, njikọta akụ na ụba na asọmpi, yana ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kaadị gụnyere onye ode akwụkwọ nchekwa nke US bụ onye na-akwadebe maka nzuko NATO site na iitatingomi ihe nkiri ndị omempụ site n'ịsị “try na-anwale ihe ọ bụla, ị na-aga gbaghara, ”5 tinyekwara ikike ikike n’aka nri gafere US na Europe, yana ndị okpukperechi na-egbu ọchụ.
Ndị agha NATO na ndị agha Russia na-ese okwu na-egbochi esemokwu ndị agha ruo n'ókè nke onye bụbu onye ode akwụkwọ nchekwa US Perry dọrọ aka ná ntị na agha nuklia dị ugbu a karịa n'oge agha oyi.6 Carl Conetta ziri ezi mgbe o dere “NATO si militaristic omume” Russia ke Ukraine “bụ ihe atụ zuru oke nke reflective edinam-mmeghachi omume cycles.” Moscow, ọ na-akọwa, enweghi "ọchịchọ igbu onwe ya… enweghị ebumnuche ịwakpo NATO."7 Ọnwa Anaconda-2016 nke ọnwa gara aga, gụnyere ndị agha 31,000 NATO - 14,000 n'ime ha nọ na Poland - na ndị agha sitere na mba 24 bụ egwuregwu egwuregwu kachasị ukwuu na Eastern Europe kemgbe Agha Nzuzo.8 Cheedị echiche mmeghachi omume Washington ma ọ bụrụ na Russia ma ọ bụ China mere egwuregwu egwuregwu yiri nke ahụ na ókèala Mexico.
Nyere mgbasawanye nke NATO na ókèala ya; isi ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ya na Poland na Romania; mmụba ndị agha ya na omume agha ndị ọzọ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ gafee Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe, mba Baltic, Scandinavia na Oké Osimiri Ojii, yana site na United States na-akwụ ụgwọ mmefu agha ya maka Europe, o kwesịghị iju anyị anya na Russia na-anwa "ịba ụba" NATO si rụpụta. Na, site na mgbochi agha mgbochi mbụ nke Washington na Romania na Poland na ịdị elu ya na ngwa agha, teknụzụ dị elu na ohere, anyị kwesịrị ịtụ ụjọ mana ọ gaghị eju anyị anya na Moscow na-atụkwasịkwu obi na ngwa agha nuklia.
Icheta nsonaazụ nke mgbọ nke egbe onye ogbu mmadụ gbara na Sarajevo otu narị afọ gara aga, anyị nwere ihe mere anyị ga-eji na-echegbu onwe anyị maka ihe nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na ndị agha US, ndị Russia ma ọ bụ ndị agha Poland ma ọ bụ ndị na-eme ihe ike na-atụ ụjọ, na-agbanyeghị oke ha, na iwe ma ọ bụ na mberede, gbara ogbunigwe ugbo elu nke na-agbadata US, NATO ma ọ bụ ụgbọ agha Russia ọzọ. Dika ndi mmadu nke European-Russian-US Deep Cuts Commission kwubiri “N’onodu nke enweghi ntụkwasị obi miri emi, mmụba nke ike agha na nso - na ike ikuku na ọrụ mmiri na mpaghara Baltic na Oké Osimiri Ojii - nwere ike ịkpata ihe agha ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ nke…. nwere ike iduga n'amaghị ihe na / ma ọ bụ ihe ọghọm ma na-esizi n'ụzọ ndị a na-atụghị anya ha. ”9 Ndi mmadu bu mmadu. Ihe ọghọm na-eme. E wuru usoro iji zaghachi - mgbe ụfọdụ na-akpaghị aka.
Njikọ aka nke Imperial
NATO bụ njikọ nke eze. N'ebe ebumnuche siri ike ịnwe USSR, NATO emeela ka o kwe omume itinye ndị ọchịchị Europe, akụnụba, ndị agha, teknụzụ na ọha mmadụ na usoro ndị US na-achịkwa. NATO emeela ka ndi United States nweta ebe ndi agha maka agha n’etiti Greater Middle East na Africa. Na, dika Michael T. Glennon dere, ya na agha 1999 megide Serbia, US na NATO “na obere mkparita uka na obere nkpari abandoned gbasoro iwu ochie nke UN Charter nke kwusi oke mmechi mba na esemokwu obodo… maka ihu oma ohuru usoro nke na-anabata nnabata ndị agha mana ọ nwere iwu ole na ole siri ike na ngwa ngwa. ” N'ihi ya ọ bụ ihe kwere nghọta na Putin nakweere okwu a "Iwu ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ iwu ọ bụla, na ntinye aka ya na nke mbụ.10
Kemgbe agha na Serbia, megidere UN Charter, US na NATO wakporo Afghanistan na Iraq, bibiri Libya, na mba asatọ NATO nọ ugbu a na agha na Syria. Mana anyi nwere obi uto nke ode akwukwo General NATO Stoltenberg na-ekwu na enweghi ike inwe ahia dika oburu na mbu rue mgbe Russia na-akwanyere iwu mba uwa ugwu.11
Cheta na odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ nke NATO, Lord Ismay kọwara na njikọ a mere "iji mee ka ndị Jamani ghara ịda, ndị Russia pụọ na ndị America nọ", nke abụghị ụzọ a ga-esi rụọ ụlọ obibi ndị Yurop niile. Emere ya tupu agha Warsaw, mgbe Russia ka na-adaghachi site na mbibi ndị Nazi. Na-ezighi ezi n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ, nkwekọrịta Yalta nke kewara Europe na mpaghara US na Soviet, ka ndị na-eme amụma US hụrụ dị ka ụgwọ a ga-akwụ maka Moscow ebe ọ dupụrụ ndị agha Hitler gafee ọwụwa anyanwụ na etiti Europe. Site na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Napoleon, ndị Kaiser na Hitler, ụlọ ọrụ US ghọtara na Stalin nwere ihe kpatara ịtụ egwu mbuso agha n'ọdịnihu site na West. US si otú a tinye aka na ọchịchị mmegbu nke Moscow nke mba Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe na mba Baltic.
Mgbe ụfọdụ ndị US "nchekwa mba" ndị ọkachamara na-ekwu eziokwu. Zbigniew Brzezinski, onye bụbu Onye isi ala Carter's National Security Advisor, bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ na-akọwa etu ihe ọ kpọrọ US "ọrụ ọchịchị nke US"12 ọrụ. Geostrategically, ọ kọwara, ịchịkwa ala ala Eurasia dị mkpa iji bụrụ onye na-achị ụwa. Iji rụpụta ike mmanye n'ime ala Eurasia, dị ka “ike agwaetiti” nke na-esighi na Eurasia, US chọrọ ijide aka na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ, ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ Eurasia. Ihe Brzezinski kpọrọ “ndị isi ọchịchị” ndị otu NATO, ga - eme ka ‘nwee mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America na ike ndị agha na mpaghara Eurasia.’ N'ihe banyere ntuli aka nke Brexit, ndị isi US na Europe ga-atụkwasịkwuru NATO ike na mbọ ha na-ejikọ Europe na ime ka mmetụta US sie ike.
E nwere ihe karịrị ijikọ ókèala Europe, akụrụngwa na teknụzụ na sistemụ ndị US na-achịkwa. Dị ka onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ nke War Rumsfeld si kwuo ya, na ọdịnala nke nkewa na mmeri, site na ịkpọ New (Eastern na Central) Europe megide Old Europe na West, Washington meriri nkwado French, German na Dutch maka agha ịchụpụ Saddam Hussein.
Na ihe ọbụlagodi New York Times kọwara dị ka "aka nri, mwakpo ịhụ mba n'anya na mgbasa ozi na ụlọ ikpe nke mba ahụ" yana "ịlaghachi n'ụkpụrụ isi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya" nke gọọmentị Kacynski na-atụ, US enweghị oge ọ bụla ịme Poland. ọwụwa anyanwụ nke NATO.13 Okwu Washington banyere nkwa ochichi onye kwuo uche ya na-akwado ya site na ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịkwado ndị ọchịchị aka ike na ọchịchị ndị na-emegide ọchịchị na Europe, ndị isi ọchịchị dị ka ndị Saudis, yana agha ya nke mmeri site na Philippines na Vietnam na Iraq na Libya.
Ogwe osisi nke Washington na Europe emeela ka njigide ya na mpaghara oke akụ nke Southern Eurasia sikwuo ike. Agha NATO na Afghanistan na Middle East na-agbaso ọdịnala nke European colonialism. Tupu ọgba aghara Ukraine, ụkpụrụ nduzi Pentagon14 nyere NATO aka ijide n'aka ijikwa akụ na ụba na azụmaahịa ebe ọ na-eme ka gburugburu China yana Russia sie ike.15 Ya mere, NATO nakweere Ozizi ya "na-adịghị arụ ọrụ mpaghara," na-eme ihe odeakwụkwọ Kerry kpọrọ "njem njem" n'Africa, Middle East, na karịa ebumnuche bụ isi nke njikọta ahụ.16
Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa na "enweghị mpaghara" bụ agha US drone gụnyere ndị Obama na-egbu ndepụta na US na NATO mmezi iwu ndị omekome, ọtụtụ n'ime ha egbuola ndụ ndị nkịtị. Nke a, n'aka nke ya, emeela ka ọ gbanwee kama ịkwụsị mkpochapụ na iyi ọha egwu. Mba iri na ise NATO na-esonye na Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) sistemụ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ site na ntọala NATO na Italytali, ya na Global Hawk killer drones nke sitere na Ramstein Air Base na Germany.17
Mgbasawanye Ukraine na NATO
Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị nyocha nke usoro US, gụnyere onye isi ọchịagha na Chief nke US Strategic Command General Lee Butler ekwuola na US mgbe Agha Nzuzo “mmeri,” na-emeso Russia dị ka “onye a chụpụrụ serf,” na mgbasawanye nke NATO na ndị ọrụ Russia n'agbanyeghị Nkwekọrịta Bush I-Gorbachev kpalitere ọgba aghara ndị agha taa na Russia.18 Russia agbasaghị nsogbu Ukraine. Mgbasawanye NATO ka ókèala Russia, nhọpụta Ukraine dị ka mba NATO "aspirant", na Kosovo na Iraq War nweela ọrụ ọ bụla.
Nke a apụtaghị na Putin adịghị ọcha ka ọ na-emegharị ọchịchị neo-Tsarist rụrụ arụ ma na-agbachitere iji weghachite mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Russia na "nso mba ofesi" na Europe n'onwe ya, yana ka ọ na-akụ akụ na ụba Russia na ndị agha na China. Mana, n'akụkụ anyị, anyị nwere Secretary Kerry's Orwellian doublespeak. Ọ katọrọ “omume ịkpa oke iwe nke Moscow” na Ukraine, na-ekwu na "ị gaghị eme omume na narị afọ nke 21 na ụdị nke narị afọ nke 19 site na ịwakpo mba ọzọ na ihe ngọpụ zuru oke."19 Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, na Libya kwụsịrị ịdị na ebe nchekwa ya!
Ike dị ukwuu etinyela aka na Ukraine ogologo oge, nke a bụ ihe gbasara agha Maidan. Na-eduga na ntuli aka ahụ, Washington na EU wụsara ọtụtụ ijeri dollar iji mepee ma na-azụlite ndị Ukraine jikọrọ aka iji mee ka mba Soviet mbụ pụọ na Moscow na West. Ọtụtụ na-echefu usoro iwu EU nye gọọmentị Yanukovych rụrụ arụ: Ukraine nwere ike ịme usoro ndị ọzọ maka ndị otu EU naanị site n'ọkụ okporo mmiri ya na Moscow, bụ nke agbakwunyere ọwụwa anyanwụ Ukraine kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ka esemokwu wuru na Kiev, CIA Director Brennan, osote onye ode akwụkwọ nke State Victoria Nuland –na-ama ama maka "iberibe EU" enweghị nsọpụrụ nke vassals Washington - na Senator McCain gara Maidan ịgba ume mgbanwe. Ma, ozugbo agbapụ ahụ malitere, US na EU enweghị ike ijide ndị ha na Ukraine jikọrọ aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta Geneva Geneva.
Eziokwu bụ na itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọdịda anyanwụ na njikọ Russia na Crimea mebiri Budapest Memorandum nke 1994, nke nyere ikike “ịkwanyere nnwere onwe, ọbụbụeze na ókèala ndị dị na Ukraine,” ùgwù20 nakwa “izere iyi egwu nke iji ike eme ihe megide nguzosi ike nke ókèala ma ọ bụ nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Ukraine.” Kedu ihe Hitler kwuru banyere nkwekọrịta bụ naanị iberibe akwụkwọ?
Kedụ ka ọchịchị aka ike na agha obodo butere anyị? Otu oligarchs rụrụ arụ dochie ọzọ.21 Ọnwụ na ahụhụ. Ndị agha Fascist sonyeere Hitler ugbu a bụ akụkụ nke ndị isi na-achị achị na Ukraine, na ndị isi ike na Washington, Moscow, na gafee Europe kwusiri ike.
Site na mbido, ụzọ nke ezi uche dị na ya bụ ihe e kere eke nke Ukraine na-anọpụ iche, nke metụtara EU na Russia n'ụzọ akụ na ụba.
NATO: Njikọ Aka Nuklia
Na mgbakwunye na ọgba aghara Ukraine, anyị nwere mkpọsa Washington na NATO iji kwụsị ọchịchị aka ike nke Assad na mgbochi ndị agha Russia na Syria iji mee ka ndị agha Middle East na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sikwuo ike. Russia agaghị ahapụ Assad, na ịmanye ndị "mba-ofufe" mpaghara na Hillary Clinton na-akwado na-achọ mbibi nke Russian mgbochi ugbo elu agha, risking agha escalation.
Ukraine na Syria na-echetara anyị na NATO bụ njikọta nuklia, na ihe egwu nke mgbanwe mgbanwe nuklia akwụsịghị na njedebe nke Agha Nzuzo. Ọzọkwa anyị na-anụ ara ahụ na "NATO agaghị enwe ike ịhapụ ihe na ngwa agha" na "Ihe ịtụnanya ga - egbochi ngwa agha nuklia…"22
Olee otu ọdachi nuklia dị? Putin gwara anyị na ya lere iji ojiji nuklia mee ka ike Russia na Crimea sikwuo ike. Na, Daniel Ellsberg kọrọ na ndị agha nuklia nke US na Russia nọ na njikere na mbido nke ọgba aghara Ukraine.23
Ndị enyi, a gwara anyị na a na-etinye ngwa agha nuklia nke US naanị igbochi mwakpo nuklia nwere ike. Mana, dị ka Bush the Lesser Pentagon si gwa ụwa, ebumnuche ha bụ igbochi mba ndị ọzọ ịme omume ndị na-emegide ọdịmma US.24 Kemgbe e mechara tinye ha, a na-eji ngwa agha ndị a eme ihe karịa igbochi gboo.
Onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ nke agha Harold Brown gbara akaebe na ha na-arụ ọrụ ọzọ. Iji ngwá agha nuklia, ọ gbara akaebe, ndị agha US ghọrọ “ngwa ọrụ bara uru nke ike ndị agha na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.” Noam Chomsky na-akọwa na nke a pụtara “anyị enweela ihe iyi egwu na-atụ onye ọ bụla nke nwere ike inye aka chebe ndị anyị kpebisiri ike ibuso ya agha.”25
Malite na nsogbu Iran nke 1946 - tupu Soviet Union abụghị ike nuklia - site na Bush-Obama "nhọrọ niile dị na tebụl" egwu megide Iran, ngwa agha nuklia na Europe arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị kachasị ikike nke US Middle East hegemony. Ejiri ngwa agha nuklia US na Europe tinye anya na mkpokọta nuklia Nixon "onye ara" ahụ iji menye ndị Vietnam, Russia na China ụjọ, ọ ga-abụ na ha nọ na nche mgbe agha ndị ọzọ na ọgba aghara Asia.26
Ngwá agha nuklia nke NATO na-arụkwa ọrụ ọzọ: na-egbochi “ịgbasapụ” site na United States. N'oge nzukọ 2010 Lisbon, iji belata oke nhọrọ ndị otu ndị otu NATO, "enwetara oke ibu ọrụ maka nkenye ọnọdụ na nkwado arụmọrụ" maka nkwadebe agha nuklia. Ọzọ, a kwusara na "Mgbanwe ọ bụla na amụma a, gụnyere nkesa oke ala nke mgbasa ozi nuklia NATO na Europe, kwesịrị… site na Alliance dị ka ihe niile na itinye ihe ize ndụ. ”27 Ma ugbu a, n'ehihie nke nzukọ NATO na ntinye nke ndị isi nuklia B-61-12 ọhụrụ na Europe, General Breedlove, ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya Onye isi nchịkwa NATO, siri ọnwụ na US ga-eme ka mmemme nuklia ya na ndị mmekọ NATO gosipụta “mkpebi na ikike” ha.28
Alternative Security Alternative na NATO
Ndị enyi, a kpaliri akụkọ ntolite ma gbanwee atumatu gọọmentị site na ike a ma ama sitere n'okpuru. Nke ahụ bụ otu anyị siri nweta ikike obodo karịa na US, duuru ndị omebe iwu iji kwụsị ego maka agha Vietnam, ma anyị niile manyere Reagan ịmalite mkparịta ụka mgbagha na Gorbachev. Ọ bụ etu esi tibie Mgbidi Berlin na ọchịchị Soviet weghachitere na ntụ ọka nke akụkọ ihe mere eme.
Ihe ịma aka anyị na-eche ihu bụ ịzaghachi ọchịchị nke NATO na ihe egwu na-arịwanye elu nke nnukwu ike agha na echiche na ịdị mkpa nke oge anyị. Ma Poland ma Russia ma Washington ma Moscow agaghị ebikọ ọnụ n'oge ọ bụla, mana Security Security na-enye ụzọ maka ọdịnihu dị otú ahụ.
Nkịtị na-ejikọ eziokwu oge ochie na mmadụ ma ọ bụ mba enweghị ike ịnọ ná ntụkwasị obi ma ọ bụrụ na omume ha na-eduga onye agbata obi ha ma ọ bụ ndị na-ama ha aka ịtụ egwu na enweghị ntụkwasị obi. Na oke oge Agha Nzuzo, mgbe 30,000 nuklia na-eyi egwu apocalypse, Prime Minista Sweden Palme chịkọtara na-eduga ndị US, European na Soviet iji chọpụta ụzọ isi laghachi azụ.29 Nchedo ndi mmadu bu azịza ha. O dugara na mkparịta ụka nke Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty, nke mechara rụọ Agha Nzuzo na 1987.
N’ezie, akụkụ nke ọ bụla kpọrọ ihe nke ọzọ na-eme nke na-ebute ụjọ na ụjọ. Onye nke abụọ na-emekwa otu ihe ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, na mkparịta ụka siri ike ndị nnọchianya na-achọpụta omume n'akụkụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịme iji belata ụjọ onye ọzọ na-enweghị imebi nchebe obodo ha. Dị ka Reiner Braun si kọwaa, ọ chọrọ ka “ọdịmma nke ndị ọzọ ka a hụrụ dị ka ihe ziri ezi ma bụrụ nke a ga-eburu n'uche n'ime mkpebi mkpebi nke mmadụ. ọ na-apụta idozi esemokwu n'udo. Enwere ike ị nweta nchekwa naanị site na nkwonkwo aka ma ọ bụ ọlị. "30
Kedu ihe Usoro Nchedo Na-adịkarị? Mkparịta ụka iji mepụta Ukraine na-anọpụ iche na nnwere onwe mpaghara maka mpaghara ya na njikọ akụ na ụba na Russia na West ga-akwụsị agha ahụ ma mepụta ntọala nwere nchekwa maka mmekọrịta ka mma n'etiti Europe na Russia yana n'etiti nnukwu ike. Deep Cuts Commission na-atụ aro ka ịbawanye ọrụ nke OSCE bụ “otu usoro ihe njikọ ọnụ maka ọtụtụ ihe nke a pụrụ iji malite mkparịta ụka maka nchedo nchekwa dị mkpa ma bụrụkwa nke a ga-amaliteghachi n'egbughị oge.”31 Ka oge na-aga, ọ ga-anọchi NATO. Ndị ọzọ Deep Cuts Commission na-atụ aro gụnyere:
- Inye ihe mkparita uka na mkparita uka nke US-Russia iji gbochie ma lebara oke agha agha na esemokwu agha na mpaghara Baltic.
- "[P] reventing [ing) agha agha ihe ize ndụ site guzosie ike kpọmkwem iwu nke omume… na ịtụte mkparịta nuklia n'ihe ize ndụ Mbelata jikoro."
- US na Russia na-etinye aka idozi esemokwu ha dị iche iche na nnabata na INF Treaty na iwepu ihe egwu dị egwu nke ngwa agha ngwa agha nuklia na ngwa agha.
- Na-ekwu okwu banyere ihe egwu na-arịwanye elu nke ngwa agha emeri-sonic.
Ma, ka Commission ahụ na-akpọ maka njide onwe ya na mmezi ngwa agha nuklia, n'ụzọ doro anya ebumnuche anyị kwesịrị ịbụ njedebe mmepe na ntinye nke ngwa ọgụ ndị a niile.
Site na mbelata mmefu agha, Security Security na-apụtakwa nchebe akụ na ụba ka ukwuu, yana ego maka ọrụ mmekọrịta dị mkpa, ịnwe ma gbanwee mbibi nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, na itinye ego na nrụpụta 21st narị afọ.
Anotherwa ọzọ ga-ekwe omume. Mba na NATO. Enweghị Agha! Njem njem puku kilomita anyị ga-amalite site n'otu nzọụkwụ anyị.
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1. http://www.npr.org/2016/06/28/483768326/obama-cautions-against-hysteria-over-brexit-vote
2. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Nnukwu Chessboard, Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ, New York: 1997.
3. Otu nọọrọ onwe ya na-ahụ maka ịkwaghasị na okwu nchekwa. Nchebe zuru oke: Blukpụrụ maka vlanahụ. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982. Kọmịshọna ahụ, nke Praim Minista Palme nke Sweden bidoro, chịkọtara ndị ama ama sitere na Soviet Union, Europe na United States n'oge Agha Nzuzo dị elu. Usoro nchekwa ha ọzọ nyere usoro nke dugara na mkparịta ụka nke Intermediate Nuclear Forces Agreement nke mechara rụọ Agha Nzuzo na 1987, tupu ọdịda nke Berlin Wall na implosion nke Soviet Union.
4. David Sanger. "Dịka ndị Russia wakpo, NATO enweghị usoro doro anya Cyberwar", New York Times, June 17, 2016
6. William J. Perry. Njem m na nuklia brink, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015.
7. Carl Connetta. Blog, "Na-ebuli ya elu"
8. Alex Dubal Smith. "Nato mba na-amalite kasị ibu agha egwuregwu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe ebe agha oyi." Onye nche, June 7, 2016
9. "Laghachi azụ: Bịaruo Mbelata na Mkparịta ụka n'etiti Russia na West", Brookings Institution: Washington, DC, June, 2016, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2016/06/russia-west-nato-restraint-dialogue
10. Michael J. Glennon. “Ọchịchọ maka Iwu Zuru Ezi International” Ofesi, May / June, 1999,https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1999-05-01/new-interventionism-search-just-international-law ;https://marknesop.wordpress.com/2014/12/07/new-rules-or-no-rules-putin-defies-the-newworld-order/
11. Carter na NATO vs. Russia: 'Try na-anwale ihe ọ bụla, ị ga-abụ nwute', PJ Media, June 1, 2016,https://pjmedia.com/news-and-politics/2016/06/01/carter-on-nato-vs-russia-you-try-anything-youre-going-to-be-sorry/
12. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Op ihe.
13. "Poland wepụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya" Nduzi onye isi, New York Times, Jenụwarị 13, 2016 /
14. John Pilger. Agha Worldwa na-Beckoning ”, Counterpunch, http://www.counterpunch.org/2014/05/14/a-world-war-is-beckoning
15. Suskwado US Global Leadership: Ibu ụzọ maka 21st Century Defense, Jenụwarị, 2012.http://www.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf
16. John Kerry. "Okwu si na kansul Atlantic 'Gakwuru Nzukọ Europe dum na nnwere onwe'", Eprel 29, 2014,http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/04/225380.htm
17. Nigel Chamberlain, "NATO Drones: '' ndị na-agbanwe egwuregwu" NATO Watch, Sept. 26, 2013.
18. https://www.publicintegrity.org/2016/05/27/19731/former-senior-us-general-again-calls-abolishing-nuclear-forces-he-once-commanded'Neil MacFarquhar. "Ndị na-ekwujọ, na-asọpụrụ, ma na-ama Russia aka ịgbagha", oge International New York, June 2. 18 http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/policy-budget/policy/2016/04/11/business-usual-russia-unlikely-nato-leader-says/82902184/
19. John Kerry. Kerry na Russia: “just chọghị” ịwakpo obodo ọzọ “na nkwupụta zuru oke”, Salon.com,http://www.salon.com/2014/03/02/kerry_on_russia_you_just_dont_invade_another_country_on_a_completely_trumped_up_pretext/
20. Jeffrey. "Ukraine na 1994 Budapest Memorandum", http://armscontrolwonk.com, 29 Eprel, 2014.
21. Andrew E. Karmer. “A họpụtara ya dị ka ndị ndozigharị, ndị ndu Ukraine na-agba mgba megide nrụrụ aka.” New York Times, June 7, 2016
22. Bern Riegert kwuru. Op Cit.
23. Daniel Ellsberg, na-ekwu okwu na Cambridge, Massachusetts, Mee 13, 2014. Ellsberg bụ onye isi agha agha nuklia nke US na ọchịchị Kennedy, Johnson na Nixon tupu ọ mee akụkọ nzuzo Pentagon nke mkpebi Vietnam War na-eme ọha.
24. Ngalaba Nchedo. Ozizi maka Ọrụ Nuclear Joint, Joint Publication 3-12, 15 March, 2015
25. Joseph Gerson, Op Cit. peeji nke. 31
26. Ibid. peeji nke 37-38
27. “NATO 2020: obi ike nche; njikọta siri ike ”, Mee 17, 2010, http://www.nato.int/strategic-concept/strategic-concept-report.html
28. Philip M. Breedlove. "Iwu nke ọzọ nke NATO: otu esi ejikwa Russia na Ihe iyi egwu ndị ọzọ", Ofesi, July / August, 2016
30. Reiner Braun. Nzukọ Mba Nile, 2014 World Conference megide Atomic & Hydrogen Bombs, Hiroshima, August 2, 2014.
31. "Laghachi site na mmiri" op. cit.
