Site David SwansonAnyị na-agụ Ulysses na Bloomsday ọ bụla na June 16th (ma ọ bụ na anyị kwesịrị ma ọ bụrụ na anyị emeghị) Echere m na ọ bụla na Disemba 7th ọ bụghị nanị na-echeta Nnukwu Iwu nke 1682 nke machibidoro agha na Pennsylvania kamakwa ịkọ Pearl Harbor, ọ bụghị site na ime obodo nke permawar nwere dị adị ruo afọ 73, mana site n'ịgụ ihe Oge Ọchịchị site na Gore Vidal ma na-ejikọta ya na ụfọdụ ndị Joybia na ọ bụ afọ ndụ ọlaedo na-egbu ndị mmadụ na-enweghị isi na-egbu onwe ha bụ ndị gbakwunyere ndụ nke nwa amaala ọ bụla nọ n'okpuru afọ 73.
Goldenbọchị Ọgbọ Ọchịchị kwesịrị ịgụnye ịgụ akwụkwọ ọha na eze nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Vidal na nkwado na-enye obi ụtọ nke ya Washington Post, New York Times Book Review, na akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla ọzọ na afọ 2000, nke a makwaara dị ka afọ 1 BWT (tupu agha na terra). Onweghi otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ahụ ọ bụla, ka m maara, bipụtara nkọwa doro anya banyere etu Onye isi ala Franklin D. Roosevelt siri mee ka United States banye Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ. Ma akwụkwọ akụkọ Vidal - nke egosiri dị ka akụkọ ifo, mana ọ dabere kpamkpam na ederede edere - na-akọ akụkọ ahụ na ịkwụwa aka ọtọ zuru oke, na n'ụzọ ụfọdụ usoro eji ma ọ bụ agbụrụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ nka edemede ya ma ọ bụ ogologo akwụkwọ ahụ (ọtụtụ peeji maka ndị isi editọ ka ha bụrụ nsogbu) nyere ya ikikere ikwu eziokwu.
N'ezie, ụfọdụ ndị na-agụ Oge Ọchịchị ma kwuo na ya adịghị mma, ma ọ ka na-abụ onye dị elu dị elu. Enwere m ike imebi ihe kpatara ya site n'iji ederede ederede gbasara ọdịnaya ya. Ụgha, nke m na-akwado mmadụ nile, bụ inye ma ọ bụ kwado akwụkwọ ahụ na ndị ọzọ -enweghị na-agwa ha ihe dị na ya.
N’agbanyeghi na onye ihe nkiri bu ihe bu isi n’akwukwo a, e mebeghi ya n’ime ihe nkiri, dika m siri mara - ma onodu puru iche nke iguta oha na eze n’ebe ndi mmadu no nwere ike ime ka nke ahu mee.
In The Golden Age, anyị na-esochi ọnụ ụzọ niile mechiri emechi, dị ka onye Britain na-agbanye aka maka agha United States na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, dị ka President Roosevelt na-eme nkwa nye Prime Minista Winston Churchill, ebe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-achịkwa mgbakọ Republican iji jide n'aka na ma ndị ọzọ na-ahọpụta ndị na-aga na 1940 dị njikere ịmalite ime udo mgbe ha na-eme atụmatụ agha, dị ka FDR dị ogologo iji gbaa ọsọ maka okwu atọ nke a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya dịka onye isi oche nke agha, ma ọ ghaghị inwe afọ ojuju na ịmalite ịgba akwụkwọ na ịlụ ọgụ dịka onye isi oche oge n'oge a na - na dị ka FDR na-arụ ọrụ iji kpasuo Japan ịbịakwute oge ọ chọrọ.
Ihe nkuzi a na-ama jijiji. Roosevelt na-agbasa ozi maka udo (“belụsọ ma ọ bụrụ na a wakpo ya”), dị ka Wilson, dị ka Johnson, dị ka Nixon, dị ka Obama, yana ndị otu ahụ nọ na Congress ka a họpụtara ka ha na-ajụ ma ọ bụ nye ikike na agha ugbu a. Roosevelt, tupu nhoputa ndi ochichi, tinye Henry Stimson dika onye ode akwukwo agha dika agha dika nke Ash Carter dika onye nochiri anya onye ode akwukwo nke “nchekwa”.
Mkparịta ụka nke Ụbọchị Golden Age nwere ike ịgụnye ụfọdụ ihe ndị a maara banyere ihe a:
Na Disemba 7, 1941, Onye isi ala Franklin Delano Roosevelt weputara nkwupụta agha na Japan na Germany, mana kpebiri na ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ wee soro Japan naanị ya. Germany, dịka a tụrụ anya ya, mere ngwa ngwa buso United States agha.
FDR agbalịwo ịgha ụgha nye ndị America banyere ụgbọ mmiri US gụnyere nke Greer na Kerny, bụ nke na-enyere ụgbọ elu ndị Britain aka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri German, ma nke Roosevelt mere ka a ghaghị wakpo ya.
Roosevelt ghaghakwala na o nwere ihe omimi nke Nazi nke na-achota mmeri nke South America, tinyere usoro nzuzo nke Nazi iji dochie okpukpe nile na Nazism.
N'ihe dị ka December 6, 1941, pasent 80 nke ọha na eze na United States megidere ịbanye agha. Ma, Roosevelt esetịpụla akwụkwọ ahụ, rụọ ọrụ na National Guard, kere nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na oké osimiri abụọ, na-ere ndị ochie na-ebibi England na-agbanwe maka nkwụsị nke ntọala ya na Caribbean na Bermuda, ma na nzuzo nyere iwu ka e mepụta ndepụta nke ọ bụla Japanese na Japanese-American onye nọ na United States.
N'April 28, 1941, Churchill degara ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ọchịchị ya akwụkwọ nzuzo: “Ọ nwere ike bụrụ ihe doro anya na mbata Japan ịbanye n'agha ahụ ga-esochi ịbanye United States n'akụkụ anyị ozugbo."
Na August 18, 1941, Churchill zutere ụlọ ọrụ ya na 10 Downing Street. Nzukọ ahụ nwere ihe yiri nke July 23, 2002, na-ezukọ n'otu adreesị ahụ, nkeji nke a bịara mara dị ka Downing Street Minutes. Nzukọ abụọ ahụ kpugheere ihe nzuzo nzuzo US iji gaa agha. Na nzukọ 1941, Churchill gwara ụlọ ọrụ ya, dị ka nkeji ole na ole ahụ si kwuo: "Onyeisi ahụ kwuru na ya ga-ebuso agha ma ọ bụghị ikwupụta ya." Tụkwasị na nke a, "A ghaghị ime ihe niile iji mee ka ihe kpatara ya."
Site na etiti 1930s ndị ọrụ udo nke US - ndị ahụ nwere oke iwe banyere agha US na - adịbeghị anya - na - aga imegide mmegide US nke Japan na US Navy atụmatụ maka agha na Japan - Machị 8, 1939, nke nke akọwapụtara "agha na-ewe iwe nke ogologo oge ”nke ga-ebibi ndị agha ma mebie ndụ akụ na ụba nke Japan.
Na Jenụwarị 1941, na Japan Advertiser gosipụtara iwe ya banyere Pearl Harbor na nchịkọta akụkọ, onye nnọchi anya US na Japan dere na akwụkwọ ndekọ ya: “Enwere ọtụtụ okwu gburugburu obodo na ndị Japan, ọ bụrụ na ha na United States ezumike, na-eme atụmatụ pụọ na mwakpo na mberede na Pearl Harbor. N'ezie agwara m gọọmentị m. ”
Na February 5, 1941, Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner degaara Secretary nke War Henry Stimson ka o dọọ aka ná ntị na o nwere ike ibuso m agha na Pearl Harbor.
N'ihe dị ka 1932 United States nọ na China na-ekwu okwu banyere inye ụgbọelu, ụgbọelu, na ọzụzụ maka agha ya na Japan. Na November 1940, Roosevelt nyere China otu narị nde dollar maka agha na Japan, mgbe ya na onye odeakwụkwọ British, US Treasury Henry Henry Morgenthau na-agba izu, o mere atụmatụ iji zipu ndị agha ụgbọ mmiri na ndị ọrụ US na-eji bọmbụ Tokyo na obodo Japan ndị ọzọ.
Na Disemba 21, 1940, Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ego TV bụ Soong na Colonel Claire Chennault, onye agha US Army lara ezumike nká na-arụ ọrụ maka ndị China ma na-agba ha ume ka ha jiri ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ elu America bombu Tokyo kemgbe opekata mpe na 1937, zutere na nri Henry Morgenthau. ime ụlọ ịhazi atụmatụ ọkụ Japan. Morgenthau kwuru na ya nwere ike ịhapụ ndị nwoke ka ha hapụ ọrụ na US Army Air Corps ma ọ bụrụ na ndị China nwere ike ịkwụ ha $ 1,000 kwa ọnwa. Soong kwenyere.
Na May 24, 1941, na New York Times kọrọ banyere ọzụzụ US nyere ndị agha ụgbọ elu ndị China, na inye “ọtụtụ ọgụ na ụgbọ elu bọmbụ” na China site na United States. “A Na-atụ Anya Ime Mgbapu Obodo Japan,” ka isiokwu nta ahụ na-agụ.
Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Julaị, thelọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Agha Na-ahụ Maka Nkwado kwadoro atụmatụ a na-akpọ JB 355 iji gbaa Japan ọkụ. Frontlọ ọrụ dị n'ihu ga-azụ ụgbọ elu America nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo America nke Chennault zụrụ wee kwụọ ụgwọ site n'aka ndị otu ọzọ. Roosevelt kwadoro, na ọkachamara China ya bụ Lauchlin Currie, n'okwu Nicholson Baker, "jiri Madame Chaing Kai-Shek na Claire Chennault ziga akwụkwọ ozi nke rịọrọ ka ndị nledo Japan gbochie ha." Ma ọ bụ na ọ bụ ya bụ isi okwu, nke a bụ akwụkwọ ozi ahụ: “Obi dị m ezigbo ụtọ na m ga-enwe ike ịkọ akụkọ taa Onye isi ala nyere iwu ka e nwee bọmbụ iri isii na isii na China n’afọ a na-ewepụta iri abụọ na anọ ozugbo. Ọ kwadoro usoro ọzụzụ ọzụzụ ndị China ebe a. Nkọwa site na ọwa nkịtị. Ezi ekele."
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Mmiri nke Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nwunye nke Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nwunye (China), nke a makwaara dị ka Flying Tigers, na-aga n'ihu na ọzụzụ na ọzụzụ ozugbo ma nye ha na China tupu Pearl Harbor.
Na May 31, 1941, na Keep America Out of War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin nyere ịdọ aka ná ntị jọgburu onwe ya: “Nchịkọta akụnụba zuru oke nke Japan, nkwụsị nke mbupụ mmanụ, ga-eme ka Japan banye n'aka ndị Axis. Agha akụ na ụba ga-abụ mmalite nke agha mmiri na agha. ”
Na July 24, 1941, Onye isi ala Roosevelt kwuru, sị, “Ọ bụrụ na anyị ebipụ mmanụ ahụ, [ndị Japan] nwere ike gbadara Dutch East Indies otu afọ gara aga, ị ga-enwekwa agha. Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa site n'echiche nke onwe anyị nke ịgbachitere iji gbochie agha ịmalite na South Pacific. Ya mere, iwu mba ọzọ anyị na-anwa ịkwụsị agha ka ọ ghara ịmalite. " Ndị nta akụkọ chọpụtara na Roosevelt kwuru na ọ "dị" karịa "ọ dị." N'echi ya, Roosevelt nyere iwu ka ndị Japan jupụta akụ ha. United States na Britain gbupụrụ mmanụ na ọla na Japan. Radhabinod Pal, onye ọka iwu India nke jere ozi n'ụlọ ikpe mpụ mpụ mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, kpọrọ mbubata ụgbọ mmiri ahụ "egwu doro anya ma dị egwu maka ịdị adị Japan," ma kwubie na United States kpasuru Japan iwe.
Na August 7, 1941, na Japan Times Advertiser dere, sị: "Na mbụ, e nwere ihe ndị e kere eke na Singapore, nke ndị agha Briten na Alaeze Ukwu kwadoro. Site na ulo a, e wuru nnukwu wiil ma jikọta ya na ebe ndị America na-etolite akwa ụda na nnukwu ebe n'ebe ndịda na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na Philippines site na Malaya na Burma, na njikọ ahụ gbajiri naanị n'ime ala dị na Thailand. Ugbu a, a na-atụ aro ka ị gụnyere narrows na gburugburu, nke na-aga Rangoon. "
Ka ọ na-erule September, ndị Japan na-ewe iwe iwe na United States amalitela iziga mmanụ tupu Japan eruo Russia. Japan, akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kwuru, na-anwụ ọnwụ ngwa ngwa site na "agha akụ na ụba."
N'ọnwa October, onye nledo US bụ Edgar Mower nọ na-arụ ọrụ maka Colonel William Donovan onye lere anya maka Roosevelt. Mower gwara otu nwoke bi na Manila aha ya bụ Ernest Johnson, onye so n'Òtù Maritime Commission, bụ onye kwuru na ọ tụrụ anya na "ndị Japs ga-eburu Manila tupu m apụ apụ." Mgbe Mower kwupụtara ihe ijuanya, Johnson zara "Ị ma Japan ụgbọ mmiri agafewo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ikekwe ịwakpo ụgbọ mmiri anyị na Pearl Harbor? "
Na Nọvemba 3, 1941, onye nnọchi anya mba US zigara ozi nke United States ogologo ọkwa nke ịdọ aka na ntị na mmachi akụ na ụba nwere ike ịmanye Japan ime "mba hara-kiri." O dere, sị: “Ọgụ a na-alụbu na United States nwere ike ịda na mberede ma dị egwu.”
Na Nọvemba 15, Onye isi ndị agha nke US George Marshall kọọrọ ndị nta akụkọ gbasara ihe anyị na-echetaghị dịka “Atụmatụ Marshall.” N'ezie anyị anaghị echeta ya ma ọlị. "Anyị na-akwado agha iwe megide Japan," ka Marshall kwuru, na-arịọ ndị nta akụkọ ka ha debe ya na nzuzo, nke m matara na ha mere n'ụzọ ziri ezi.
Bọchị iri ka nke odeakwụkwọ nke War Stimson dere n'akwụkwọ edemede ya na ya ga-ezute na Office Oval na Marshall, Onye isi ala Roosevelt, odeakwụkwọ nke Navy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, na odeakwụkwọ nke State Cordell Hull. Roosevelt gwara ha na ndị Japan nwere ike ịwakpo n'oge na-adịghị anya, ikekwe Mọnde na-esote.
Edere ya nke ọma na United States emebila koodu ndị Japan na Roosevelt nwere ike ịnweta ha. Ọ bụ site na intercept nke ozi akpọrọ Purple code Roosevelt chọpụtara atụmatụ Germany ịwakpo Russia. Ọ bụ Hull bụ onye kpughere ndị Japan mgbasa ozi, na-ebute na November 30, 1941, isiokwu bụ "Japanese May Strike Over Weekend."
Na Monday na-esote Disemba 1st, ụbọchị isii tupu ọgụ ahụ abịa n'ezie. "Ajụjụ ahụ," ka Stimson dere, "bụ otu anyị ga-esi duhie ha n'ọnọdụ nke ịgba egbe mbụ na-enweghị ikwe ka oke ihe egwu dịrị anyị. Ọ bụ okwu siri ike. ”
Bọchị mgbe ọgụ ahụ gasịrị, ndị omeiwu tozuru oke ịlụ agha. Nwa nwanyị Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.) Guzo naanị ya na ịme ntuli aka mba. Otu afọ mgbe ntuli aka ahụ gasịrị, na Disemba 8, 1942, Rankin tinyere okwu ogologo na Congressional Record na-akọwa mmegide ya. O zoro aka na ọrụ nke onye mgbasa ozi Britain nke rụrụ ụka na 1938 maka iji Japan mee ka United States banye agha ahụ. O hotara ntụaka nke Henry Luce na Life magazin na July 20, 1942, na "ndị China nke ndị United States nyefere na njedebe na Pearl Harbor." O gosipụtara ihe àmà na Nzukọ Atlantic na August 12, 1941, Roosevelt gwara Churchill na United States ga-eweta nrụgide akụ na ụba na Japan. "M kwuru, sị," Rankin mesịrị dee, "Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke State Department nke December 20, 1941, nke kpughere na na September 3 nkwurịta okwu ezigara Japan na-achọ ka ọ nakwere ụkpụrụ 'nondisturbance nke ọnọdụ quo na Pacific, 'bụ nke na-achọsi ike na-egosi na ndị mmadụ enweghị mmasị na alaeze ukwu ahụ dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa. "
Rankin choputara na Economic Economic Defense Board enwetala ikikere mmepe iwu na-erughị otu izu mgbe ogbako Atlantic. Na December 2, 1941, na New York Times ekwu eziokwu na Japan "ebipụla ihe dịka 75 pasent nke ahịa ya site na ngọngọ nke Allied." Rankin kwukwara okwu nke Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, na Saturday Saturday Post nke October 10, 1942, na November 28, 1941, ụbọchị itoolu tupu agha ahụ, Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., (ọ bụ okwu mkpọsa "Kwụsịa Japs! Kwụsị Japs!") nyere ya ntụziaka na ndị ọzọ "na-agba ihe ọ bụla anyị hụrụ na mbara igwe ma na-atụ bọmbụ ihe ọ bụla anyị hụrụ n'elu oké osimiri."
General George Marshall kwenyere na Congress na 1945: na koodu ahụ agbajiela, na United States ebutewo nkwekọrịta Anglo-Dutch-American maka imekọ ihe megide Japan ma tinye ha n'ọrụ tupu Pearl Harbor, nakwa na United States nwere bụrụ ndị isi nke ndị agha ya na China maka ọrụ agha n'ihu Pearl Harbor.
Onye isi oche Roosevelt na ndị isi ndị ọrụ ya mere ihe ncheta October 1940 nke Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum dere. Ọ kpọrọ oku maka omume asatọ McCollum buru n'amụma ga - eduga ndị Japan ịwakpo, gụnyere ịhazi maka iji ntọala Britain na Singapore na iji ntọala Dutch mee ihe ugbu a bụ Indonesia, na-enyere gọọmentị China aka, na-ezipụ nkewa nke ogologo oge ndị nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na Philippines ma ọ bụ Singapore, na-ezipụ abụọ nke ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri na "ndị Ọwụwa Anyanwụ," na-edebe isi ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na Hawaii, na-ekwusi ike na ndị Dutch agọnarị mmanụ Japanese, ma na-etinye Japan ahịa niile na mmekorita na Alaeze Ukwu Britain .
Thebọchị sochiri akwụkwọ ncheta McCollum, Ngalaba na-ahụ maka Ọchịchị gwara ndị America ka ha kwapụ mba ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, Roosevelt nyere iwu ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nọrọ na Hawaii n'ihi nnukwu nkwenye nke Admiral James O. Richardson bụ onye hotara Onye isi ala na-ekwu "N'oge na-adịghị anya ndị Japan ga-eme ihe imegide United States na mba ahụ ga-adị njikere ịbanye agha ahụ.
Ozi Admiral Harold Stark zigaara Admiral Husband Kimmel na Nọvemba 28, 1941, gụrụ, “Ọ B IFR IF NA IFB HGHOST OSTLỌ N’OSTBOSTGHOST REB RERPE CBOSTRANN N’ AVB UNGHAP AVBANRAP APB COMRM JAPAN NA-EME EME MBU.”
Joseph Rochefort, onye bụ isi nke ngalaba ọgụgụ isi nkwukọrịta nke ndị agha mmiri, bụ onye nyere aka n'ịghara ịgwa Pearl Harbor ihe na-abịa, ga-emesịa kwuo, sị: "Ọ bụ ọnụ ahịa dị ọnụ ala mara mma ịkwụ maka ijikọ mba ahụ."
N'abalị ahụ mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, Onye isi ala Roosevelt nwere onye mgbasa ozi CBS News bụ Edward R. Murrow na onye nhazi ozi nke Roosevelt William Donovan ga-eri nri abalị na White House, na Onye isi ala niile chọrọ ịma bụ ma ndị America ugbu a ga-anabata agha. Donovan na Murrow mesiri ya obi ike na ndị mmadụ ga-anabata agha ugbu a. Donovan mechara gwa onye na-enyere ya aka na ịtụnanya Roosevelt abụghị nke ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu, na ya onwe ya, Roosevelt, nabatara mwakpo ahụ. Murrow enweghị ike ihi ụra n'abalị ahụ wee nwee nsogbu na ndụ ya niile site na ihe ọ kpọrọ "akụkọ kachasị ukwuu nke ndụ m" nke ọ na-agwaghị.
Nwee Agebọchị Ọlaedo nke Nwere Nzube!
