Na
Na 1974, bọmbụ napalm gburu nwanne m nwoke tọrọ Nhi: N'ịchọsi ike imeri ndị inyom okpuru ọchịchị nke National Liberation Front (NLF), ARVN kwụsịrị napalm n'akụkụ abụọ, na-akpọ onye ọ bụla ọkụ, gụnyere nwanne m nwoke. Mgbe nne m bịara ịchịkọta ozu Nhi kpọrọ nkụ, ọ bụ naanị ezé ya ka a ga-eji mata ha.
Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, agara m Amerịka ka m gụọ akwụkwọ. Ụmụnne m anọ na ezinụlọ ha ji ụgbọ mmiri bịa US n’agbata afọ 1975 na 1981.
Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ kacha elu na Gia Định Province, enwetara m ụlọ ọrụ US Agency for International Development scholarship na-agụ akwụkwọ na San Jose State University na 1968. Mgbe m rutere California, m kwadoro na mbụ ma n'oge na-adịghị anya, m megidere agha ahụ mgbe m mụsịrị akụkọ ihe mere eme Vietnamese ma gụọ "Beyond Vietnam” mgbe e gbuchara Martin Luther King, Jr. Mgbe ahụ, na 1972, mụ na mmadụ 30 ndị ọzọ hiwere Union of Vietnamese na US (UVUS) mgbe ezigbo enyi m na nwa akwụkwọ mgbochi agha, Nguyễn Thái Bình, gbagburu site n'aka onye ọrụ nchekwa US na-eyi uwe ọcha n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Tân Sơn Nhat. ọdụ ụgbọ elu mgbe a na-ebuga ya Vietnam. Ọnwụ Bình kpalitere nnukwu ọgbaghara na Sàigón. Ndị otu UVUS niile kwuru okwu megide agha ahụ, n'akụkụ ya na Vietnam Veterans Against War site na 1972 ruo 1975.
M na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ma na-ebuli nsogbu nke Agent Orange n'etiti ndị Vietnamese - ma na Vietnam na na US - na ndị agha Vietnam. Nke kachasị mkpa bụ mmetụta nke Agent Orange, nke nwere dioxin (otu n'ime kemịkalụ kachasị egbu egbu mara sayensị) nwere n'ahụ ụmụaka na ụmụ ụmụ ndị ekpughere na ịgbasa US n'oge agha. Ọtụtụ narị puku ụmụ ha na-enwezi nkwarụ dị egwu nke ịmụ nwa na ọrịa kansa. Gọọmenti US, ebe ọ malitere inye aka ihicha Agent Orange nke na-anọgide na ala na Vietnam, enyebeghị aka ndị na-eto eto nke Agent Orange metụtara, ma na Vietnam ma ọ bụ na US na Vietnamese America (ma ndị America abụọ). ARVN na ndị nkịtị) ndị Agent Orange metụtara enwetabeghị nkwado ma ọ bụ enyemaka. Gọọmenti US na ndị na-emepụta kemịkalụ, ndị isi Dow na Monsanto, emebeghị ihe ziri ezi ma rụzuo ọrụ ha n'aka ndị ihe metụtara!
Usoro PBS "Agha Vietnam" bụ nnukwu mmụba karịa akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị gara aga banyere agha ahụ, na-eme ka olu ma ndị US na ndị Vietnam na-egosipụta ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke agha ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ịkpọ agha ahụ "agha Vietnam," pụtara na Vietnam na-ahụ maka ya, mgbe ọ bụ French na mgbe ahụ US malitere ma gbasaa ya. N'ezie, ọ bụ "agha US na Vietnam."
N'agbanyeghị ike ya, ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ adịghị ike, nke m ga-atụle atọ:
Nke mbụ, ọrụ nke mgbochi agha Vietnamese na US site na mmalite '70s na-efu kpamkpam na fim ahụ. Ihe mkpuchi nke mgbochi agha na mpaghara ndịda Vietnam dị ntakịrị.
Nke abụọ, ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kwuru banyere Agent Orange na-agafe ọtụtụ oge, ọ na-eleghara nsonaazụ ahụike na-agbawa obi maka ma ndị Vietnamese na ndị US na ụmụ ha na ụmụ ụmụ ha site na 1975 ruo ugbu a. Nke a bụ okwu nke ọtụtụ nde ezinụlọ na-eche banyere ya ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro ngbanwe nke ihe nkiri ahụ na-ebuli elu.
Nwanyị omeiwu Barbara Lee akwadola HR 334, The Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act nke 2017, ibido ọrụ gọọmentị US iji gboo mkpa a.
Nke atọ, a na-anụbeghị olu nke ndị Vietnamese America na-eto eto, yana ndị ogbo ha Cambodia na Laotian, ndị ezinụlọ ha ka na-enwe mmetụta nke nchụpụ na mmerụ ahụ.
Agha adịghị akwụsị mgbe bọmbụ na-akwụsị ịda ma kwụsị ọgụ. Nbibi ahụ na-aga n'ihu ogologo oge, na ala na n'uche na ahụ nke ndị emetụtara. Nke a bụ eziokwu na Vietnam, na US n'etiti ndị agha Vietnam, ndị Vietnamese-, Cambodia- na Lao-American, na karịsịa n'etiti ndị ọdụdụ nke agha ahụ ka na-ata ahụhụ site na nkwarụ metụtara Agent Orange.
-
Dr. Ngô Thanh Nhàn bụ onye otu ibe na onye isi otu onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Center for Vietnamese Philosophy, Culture & Society of Temple University. Ọ bụ onye otu bọọdụ nke Institute for Vietnamese Culture & Education, yana Mekong NYC (na-ahazi obodo indochinese na NYC). Ọ bụ onye guzobere Peeling Banana n'oge gara aga yana Mekong Arts & Music, New York Asian American na-eme ihe ngosi nka.
Dr. Nhàn bụ onye guzobere Union of Vietnamese na US, na-emegide agha US na Vietnam (1972-1977), onye nchoputa na onye ndu nke Association of Patriotic Vietnamese na US, na-akwado udo na-adịgide adịgide na Vietnam (1977-1981). ), na onye nchoputa nke Association of Vietnamese na US, maka US-Vietnam normalization nke mmekọrịta (1981-1995). Ọ bụ ugbu a onye nhazi na onye nchoputa nke Mgbasa Ozi Enyemaka na Ikike Orange nke Vietnam.
Akụkọ a bụ akụkụ nke usoro ihe mere na-enyocha ka United States, afọ iri anọ ka e mesịrị, ka na-ahazi Agha Vietnam. Iji mụtakwuo maka isiokwu a, lelee akwụkwọ akụkọ nke akụkụ 10 nke Ken Burns na Lynn Novicks "Agha Vietnam." Ihe mere ndị otu ga-esi gbasaa ohere ịnweta usoro site na GỊNỊ mere paspọtụ site na njedebe nke 2017.
