Site na Robert Alvarez, September 11, 2017, Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Atomic Scientists.
Debanyere December 1, 2017
Oge eruola ịchọta ụzọ iji kwụsị agha Korea nke dị afọ 67. Dika egwu nke agha agha na-aputa, ndi ochichi America amaghi nke oma banyere agha di nkpa banyere agha kachasi agha nke America na otu n’ime uwa kachasi agha. Nkwekorita nkwekọrịta nke 1953 nke Onye isi ala Eisenhower rụpụtara - ịkwụsị “ọrụ ndị uwe ojii” nke were afọ atọ nke kpatara nde mmadụ abụọ na nde anọ na nde anọ - echefuola ogologo oge. Ndị isi agha nke North Korea, United States, South Korea, na ndị otu jikọrọ United Nations na-akụda ha ọgụ iji kwụsị ọgụ, nkwekọrịta udo anaghị esochi ogwe aka ahụ iji kwụsị esemokwu a n'oge Agha Nzuzo.
Otu onye ọrụ gọọmentị nke Ngalaba chetaara m ọnọdụ ọnọdụ a na-enweghị nsogbu tupu m agaa na saịtị nuklia Youngbyon na Nọvemba 1994 iji nyere aka chekwaa plutonium na-ebu mmanụ mmanụ ọkụ dị ka akụkụ nke Agreed Framework n'etiti United States na North Korea. Agwara m na anyị ga-ewe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ na ebe a na-echekwa mmanụ ọkụ, ka anyị wee nye ndị North Korea ọrụ ga-arụ ọrụ n'oge oyi iji tinye mkpịsị ikuku redio dị ukwuu na arịa, ebe ha nwere ike ịnọ n'okpuru International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA) nchebe. Onye ọrụ gọọmentị nke United States were iwe. Ọbụna afọ 40 mgbe agha ahụ bisịrị, a machibidoro anyị ịkasi onye iro ahụ nkasi obi ọ bụla, n'agbanyeghị ajọ oyi na-egbochi ọrụ ha na nke anyị.
Kedu otu Ụkpụrụ Akpọrọgwụ daa. N'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge ọkọchị nke 1994, United States nọ na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na North Korea maka mbọ ọ na-agba iji mepụta plutonium iji mee ka ngwa agha nuklia mbụ ya. Daalụ nke ukwuu na mmekọrịta nke onye isi ala Jimmy Carter, onye zutere ihu na ihu Kim Il Sung, onye guzobere Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), ụwa wepụrụ site na njedebe. Site na mgbalị a ka e si nweta usoro izugbe nke Agreed Framework, nke a bịanyere aka na October 12, 1994. Ọ ka bụ naanị nkwekọrịta gọọmentị-gọọmentị mere n'etiti United States na North Korea.
Agkpụrụ Agreed bụ nkwekọrịta nke na-enweghị mmụba nke mba ọzọ nke meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka njedebe nke agha Korea. North Korea kwenyere ịhapụ ihe omume plutonium ya maka mgbanwe mmanụ mmanụ dị ukwuu, mmekọrịta akụ na ụba, na iwu nke ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ nuklia abụọ nke oge a. Ka oge na-aga, ụlọ ọrụ nuklia dị ugbu a na North Korea ga-ebibi ma wepụ mmanụ ọkụ a na-emefu ná mba ahụ. South Korea rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'inyere aka kwadebe maka owuwu nke ihe abụọ ahụ. N'ime oge nke abụọ ya n'ọfịs, ọchịchị Clinton na-aga n'ihu ịmalite mmekọrịta mmekọrịta kwesịrị ekwesị na North. Onye ndụmọdụ onye isi ala bụ Wendy Sherman kọwara nkwekọrịta ya na North Korea iji kpochapụ ogbunigwe ya na ogologo oge dịka "na-emechi ọnụ" tupu mkparịta ụka ntuli aka nke 2000 meriri.
Mana usoro ahụ megidere ọtụtụ ndị Republicans, na mgbe GOP weghaara Congress na 1995, ọ tụbara ụzọ n'ụzọ, na-egbochi mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri na North Korea na ịchekwa ihe na-ebu plutonium dị n'ebe ahụ. Mgbe a họpụtara George W. Bush ịbụ onye isi ala, a gbanwere mbọ gọọmentị nke Clinton na amụma doro anya nke mgbanwe ọchịchị. N’okwu o biri na State of Union na Jenụwarị 2002, Bush kwupụtara na North Korea bụ onye otu ndebanye “ikike nke ihe ọjọọ.” Na Septemba, Bush kwuru hoo haa North Korea na iwu nchedo mba nke na-achọ maka mbuso agha megidere mba na-emepụta ngwá agha nke mbibi.
Nke a setịpụrụ ntọala maka nzukọ nke abụọ na October 2002, n'oge nke onye odeakwụkwọ nke State James Kelly rịọrọ ka North Korea kwụsị mmemme mmechi uranium "nzuzo" ma ọ bụ chee nsonaazụ dị egwu. Agbanyeghi na gọọmentị Bush ekwuputeghị mmemme mmemme ahụ, ọ bụ ihe ọha na eze mara — na Congress na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi — site na 1999. North Korea agbasoro usoro Agreed Framework, na-emepụta plutonium na-egbochi afọ asatọ. Echebela nchedo uranium na-abaghị uru nkwekọrịta ruo mgbe enwere ọganihu zuru oke na mmepe nke ndị ọrụ mmiri ọkụ; mana ma ọ bụrụ na ọhụụ ahụ dị egwu, enwere ike imezi nkwekọrịta ahụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe Sullivan gasịrị, North Korea kwụsịrị usoro nchebe maka iji ọkụ nuklia mee ihe ma malite ikewapụ plutonium ma mepụta ngwá agha nuklia-na-ekpuchi ọgba aghara, dị nnọọ ka ochichi Bush na-achọ ịwakpo Iraq.
Na njedebe, mgbalị ndị nlekọta Bush na-eme iji dozie nsogbu nuklia nke nuklia North Korea-aka na nkwurịta okwu nke isii-dabere na United States 'nkwado siri ike maka mgbanwe ọchịchị na North Korea na ịnọgide "ihe niile ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla" chọrọ maka mkpochapu kpamkpam nke usoro nuklia nke North tupu mkparita uka buru ibu puru ime. Nakwa, na ntuli aka nhoputa ndi ochichi nke United States, ndi North Koreans chetara otua esi kpochapu plọp n'elu Agreed Framework mgbe nhoputa 2000.
Site na oge President Obama weghaara ulo oru, North Korea bu nke oma n'igoro ibu agha nke agha nuklia ma neru uzo nke ule onu ogugu ndi ozo. N'ịbụ nke a kọwara dịka "ndidi nchịkwa," iwu Obama na-emetụta oke mmepe nke mmepụta nuklia na mmepụta agha, karịsịa dịka Kim Jong-un, nwa nwa ahụ guzobere, rigoro n'ike. N'okpuru ochichi nke Obama, iwu ndi oru aku na uba na oge ndi agha na-eme ka ndi mmadu megharia. Ugbu a, n'okpuru nchịkwa ụda ọgba aghara, United States, South Korea na Japan-nke a chọrọ iji gosipụta "ọkụ na iwe" nke nwere ike ibibi ọchịchị DPRK-na-egosi na ọ bụ naanị mee ka ọnụma ahụ North Korea gbagoro. eme ka ugbua na ugbo agha nke agha di ike karia.
Na-eme ihe banyere ngwá agha nuklia nke North Korea. A kụrụ mkpụrụ maka DPRK nuklia na-agha nuklia mgbe United States kwụsịrị 1953 Armistice Agreement. Malite na 1957, United States mebiri ihe dị mkpa nke nkwekọrịta ahụ (paragraf 13d), nke gbochiri mmeghe nke ngwá agha ndị ọzọ na-ebibi ihe na mpaghara Korea, site na na-emetụta ọtụtụ puku ngwá agha nuklia na South Korea, gụnyere ogbunigwe ogbunigwe, ogbunigwe ogbunigwe na ogbunigwe, mgbọ “bazooka” atom na mbibi ọgbaghara (kilo kilogram 20 “back-pack”). Na 1991, Onye isi ala George HW Bush wepụrụ nukes niile. Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ 34 na-abata, United States wepụtara agbụrụ nuklia — n'etiti alaka nke ndị agha nke ya na Korea Peninsula! Nnukwu nrụpụta nuklia a na South nyere nnukwu ume maka North Korea iji zipu-gbasaa nnukwu ogbunigwe nke nwere ike ibibi Seoul.
Ugbu a, ụfọdụ ndị agha ndị agha South Korea na-akpọ maka nnyeghachi nke ngwá agha nuklia nke US na mba ahụ, nke ga-eme ihe ọ bụla ma mee ka nsogbu nke nsogbu a na-enwe na nuklia North Korea. Ọnụnọ nke ngwá agha nuklia nke United States adịghị egbochi North Korea na mwakpo na 1960s na 1970s, oge a maara dịka "Agha Korea nke Abụọ," bụ mgbe e gburu ihe karịrị 1,000 South Korea na ndị agha 75 America. N'ime ihe ndị ọzọ, ndị agha Korea North wakpoo ma jide Pueblo, arịa ụgbọ mmiri US Naval, na 1968, na-egbu onye otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ ma jide 82 ndị ọzọ. Erubeghị ụgbọ mmiri ahụ.
North Korea emeela ogologo oge maka mkparịta ụka nke mba abụọ ga-eduga na nkwekọrịta mmegide na United States. Gọọmentị United States na-eleghara arịrịọ ya anya maka nkwekọrịta udo n'ihi na a na-ahụta ha dị ka aghụghọ iji belata ọnụnọ ndị agha US na South Korea, na-enye ohere ka ndị North mekwuo iwe. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Washington Post nke Jackson Diehl kwupụtara echiche a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na-ekwusi nke ahụ North Korea adịghị enwe mmasị n'ezie na mkpebi udo. Ka o na-ede aka na nkwupụta nke North Korean Deputy UN Ambassador Kim In Ryong na mba ya "agaghi eme ka nchedo onwe ya na-agbachitere onwe ya na nuclear na-etinye aka na table mkparita uka," Diehl kwuputara na Ryong's mkpa caveat: "Ọ bụrụhaala na US anọgide na-eyi ya egwu."
N'ime afọ 15 gara aga, mmemme agha na njikere maka agha na North Korea abawanyela n'ogo na ogologo oge. Na nso nso a, Trevor Noah, onye ọbịa nke Comedy Central nke ukwuu lere Ngosipụta Ụbọchị, jụrụ Christopher Hill, onyeisi ndị nnọchiteanya United States maka mkparịta ụka isii na-ekwu okwu n'oge George W. Bush afọ, banyere ihe omume agha; Hill kwuru na "Ọ dịbeghị mgbe anyị zubere ịwakpo" North Korea. Hill ama ma ọ bụ na-amaghị ma ọ bụ yiri. Na Washington Post kọrọ na mmega agha na March 2016 dabeere na atụmatụ, United States na South Korea kwetara, nke gụnyere "ịmalite ịlụ agha" na "ịwakpo ndị agha" site na ndị agha pụrụ iche na-akwado nduzi North. " Washington Post isiokwu, ọkachamara agha nke United States anaghị emegide atụmatụ ahụ kama ọ sịrị na enwere ike ịbụ na e mejuputara ya.
N'agbanyeghị agbanyeghị ka a ga-esi tinye ha n'ọrụ, atụmatụ a na-eme kwa afọ nke oge agha na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke na North Korea na-edu ndị ya, bụ ndị na-atụ egwu mgbe niile maka agha. N'oge nleta anyị na North Korea, anyị hụrụ otú ọchịchị ahụ si mee ka ụmụ amaala ya na-echetara ndị mmadụ banyere mgbukpọ nke napalm nke ụgbọelu US kwụsịrị n'oge agha ahụ. Site na 1953, bọmbụ US na-ebibi ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nile dị na North Korea. Dean Rusk, odeakwụkwọ nke State n'oge ọchịchị Kennedy na Johnson, kwuru ọtụtụ afọ mgbe e mesịrị na bọmbụ ndị ahụ dabara na "ihe niile kpaliri na North Korea, brik niile na-eguzo n'elu onye ọzọ." N'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ọchịchị North Korean amalitelarị ọtụtụ usoro n'okpuruala n'okporo ala ji mee ihe mgbe niile.
O yikarịrị ka ị ga-atụ anya na DPRK ịhapụ ngwá agha nuklia ya. E bibiri akwa mmiri ahụ mgbe a tụfuru ụkpụrụ a kwadoro na nchụso nke mgbanwe ọchịchị, nchụso nke na-enyeghị ihe mkpali dị ike kamakwa oge zuru ezu maka DPRK iji kpokọta ngwa agha nuklia. Onye odeakwụkwọ nke State Tillerson kwuru n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na "anyị anaghị achọ mgbanwe ọchịchị, anyị anaghị achọ ọdịda nke ọchịchị ahụ." O di nwute na, Tillerson ejiriwo ndi isi ochichi na ndi isi ochichi nke ndi isi agha na ndi mmadu mara ya.
Na njedebe, mkpebi udo na ọnọdụ nuklia nke North Korea ga-agụnye mkparịta ụka kpọmkwem na mmegharị nke ezi okwukwe n'akụkụ abụọ, dịka mmebi ma ọ bụ kwụsị ọrụ agha site n'aka United States, South Korea, na Japan, na mmeghachi omume moratorium na ngwá agha nuklia na nyocha ugbo agha nke bomistic site na DPRK. Nzọụkwụ dị otú a ga-eme ka ndị ọrụ nchebe nke United States na-emegide anyị n'ụzọ siri ike bụ ndị kwenyere na agha na agha bụ nanị ụdị ntinye nke ga-arụ ọrụ megide ọchịchị North Korean. Ma ngalaba a na-atụ aro na ọdịda ya na-enye ihe dị mkpa banyere nsogbu nke ịchụso ọchịchị. Ugbu a, nkwekọrịta nchịkwa agha nuklia nwere ike ịbụ naanị ụzọ isi mee ka nke a dị ogologo oge nke Agha Nzuzo gaa n'udo dị nso. O siri ike ime ka mmadụ mee ihe, ọ bụrụ na ọ maara na ị na-eme atụmatụ igbu ya, n'agbanyeghị ihe ọ na-eme.
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Robert Alvarez bụ ọkachamara gụrụ akwụkwọ na Institute for Policy Studies, Robert Alvarez jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu na odeakwụkwọ nke ngalaba Energy na osote osote odeakwụkwọ maka nchekwa mba na gburugburu ebe obibi site na 1993 ruo 1999. N'ime oge a, ọ duru ndị otu na North Korea ịmalite ịchịkwa nke ngwa agha nuklia. Ọ chịkọtakwara atụmatụ atụmatụ ngwa agha nuklia nke ngalaba ngalaba Energy wee guzobe mmemme mmemme ngwa ahịa ngalaba ahụ. Tupu ọ banye na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ike, Alvarez rụrụ ọrụ afọ ise dị ka onye isi nyocha maka Kọmitii Senate nke United States na Ọchịchị, nke Sen. John Glenn duziri, yana otu n'ime ndị isi ndị isi na Senate na mmemme ngwa agha nuklia nke US. Na 1975, Alvarez nyere aka chọta ma duzie Institutelọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, nzukọ a na-akwanyere ùgwù maka ọha na eze. O nyekwara aka ịhazi ikpe na-aga nke ọma n'aha ezinụlọ Karen Silkwood, onye ọrụ nuklia na onye otu nọ n'ọrụ nke e gburu n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị omimi na 1974. Alvarez ebipụtala isiokwu na Science, na Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Technology Review, na The Washington Post. E gosiputara ya na mmemme telivishọn dịka NOVA na 60 Nkeji.
