Site n'aka David Vine, Patterson Deppen, na Leah Bolger, World BEYOND War, September 20, 2021
Nchịkọta onye isi
N'agbanyeghị mwepu nke US agha bases na ndị agha si Afghanistan, United States na-aga n'ihu na-edobe gburugburu 750 agha bases ná mba ọzọ na 80 mba ọzọ na colonies (mpaghara). Ntọala ndị a na-efu ọnụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: ego, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebe ndị US na ala mba ọzọ na-ebutekarị esemokwu geopolitical, na-akwado ọchịchị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ma na-eje ozi dị ka ngwa ọrụ maka ndị otu na-alụ ọgụ megide ọnụnọ US na gọọmentị ọnụnọ ya na-akwado. N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, a na-eji ntọala ndị mba ọzọ eme ihe ma mee ka ọ dịrị United States mfe ịmalite ma gbuo agha ọjọọ, gụnyere ndị dị na Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia, na Libya. N'ofe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche na ọbụna n'ime ndị agha US, a na-amata na ọtụtụ ntọala esenidụt kwesịrị ka emechie ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga, mana inertia na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ezighị ezi emeela ka ha meghee.
N'ime "Nlebaanya Nlebaanya zuru ụwa ọnụ," nchịkwa Biden nwere ohere akụkọ ihe mere eme iji mechie narị narị ndị agha na-enweghị isi na mba ọzọ ma melite nchekwa obodo na mba na usoro a.
Pentagon, kemgbe afọ mmefu ego 2018, ebipụtala ndepụta nke ntọala US nke mbụ ya na mba ofesi. Dịka anyị siri mara, nkenke a na-enye nkọwapụta ọha zuru oke nke ntọala US na ọdụ ndị agha n'ụwa niile. Ndepụta na maapụ ndị a gụnyere na akụkọ a na-egosi ọtụtụ nsogbu metụtara ntọala ndị a na esenidụt, na-enye ngwá ọrụ nwere ike inyere ndị na-eme iwu aka ịhazi mmechi ntọala dị ngwa ngwa.
Eziokwu ngwa ngwa na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha US na mba ofesi
• Enwere ihe dị ka saịtị ndị agha US 750 na mba ofesi na mba 80 na mpaghara mba ọzọ.
• United States nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu atọ karịa ntọala mba ofesi (750) dị ka ndị nnọchi anya US, consulates, na ndị ozi n'ụwa niile (276).
• Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ihe dị ka ọkara nrụnye dị ka na njedebe Agha Nzuzo, US bases agbasawo ugboro abụọ karịa mba na ógbè (site na 40 ruo 80) n'otu oge, na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na Middle East, East Asia. , akụkụ nke Europe, na Africa.
• United States nwere opekata mpe okpukpu atọ karịa ntọala mba ofesi ka mba ndị ọzọ jikọtara ọnụ.
• Ebe ndị US na mba ofesi na-efu ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi ihe ruru ijeri $55 kwa afọ.
• Mwube akụrụngwa agha na mba ofesi akwụwo ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi dịkarịa ala ijeri $70 kemgbe 2000, ma nwee ike ịgbakọta nke ọma karịa ijeri $100.
• Ebe ntọala mba ọzọ enyerela United States aka ịmalite agha na ọgụ ọgụ ndị ọzọ na opekata mpe mba 25 kemgbe 2001.
• A na-ahụ nrụnye US na opekata mpe obodo 38 na-abụghị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.
Nsogbu nke ọdụ ndị agha US na mba ọzọ
N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na mmalite oge nke Agha Nzuzo, United States wuru usoro agha a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya n'ala ọzọ. Afọ iri atọ ka njedebe Agha Nzuzo gasịrị, a ka nwere saịtị ntọala 119 na Germany yana 119 ọzọ na Japan, dị ka Pentagon si kwuo. Na South Korea e nwere 73. Ndị ọzọ US bases dokwara mbara ala site Aruba ruo Australia, Kenya ruo Qatar, Romania ruo Singapore, na gafee.
Anyị na-eme atụmatụ na United States na-edobe ihe dị ka saịtị ntọala 750 na mba 80 na ógbè (mpaghara). Atụmatụ a sitere n'ihe anyị kwenyere na ọ bụ ndepụta zuru oke nke ebe ndị agha US na mba ofesi dị (lee ihe odide ntụkwasị). N'agbata afọ mmefu ego 1976 na 2018, Pentagon bipụtara ndepụta ntọala kwa afọ nke ama ama maka mmejọ ya na mpụ ya; kemgbe 2018, Pentagon akwụsịla ịhapụ ndepụta. Anyị wuru ndepụta anyị gburugburu akụkọ 2018, ndepụta David Vine nke 2021 nke ọha dị na mba ofesi, yana akụkọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na akụkọ ndị ọzọ.1
N'ofe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụdịdị dị iche iche na ọbụna n'ime ndị agha US a na-arị elu amara na ọtụtụ US bases ná mba ọzọ kwesịrị imechi ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga. "Echere m na anyị nwere nnukwu akụrụngwa na mba ofesi," onye isi ọkwa kachasị elu na ndị agha US, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chair Mark Milley, kwetara n'oge okwu ọha na Disemba 2020. agbachitere United States?" Milley kpọrọ oku maka "ile anya siri ike" na ntọala ndị mba ọzọ, na-ekwupụta na ọtụtụ " sitere na ebe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ biri."2
Iji tinye ọdụ ndị agha US 750 na mba ofesi, enwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu atọ karịa saịtị ndị agha dị ka enwere ndị nnọchi anya US, consulates, na ndị ozi n'ụwa niile - 276.3 Ma ha nwere ihe karịrị okpukpu atọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọdụ ụgbọ ala mba ofesi nke ndị ọzọ niile nwere. ndị agha jikọtara ọnụ. A kọrọ na United Kingdom nwere saịtị ntọala mba ọzọ 145 Ndị agha ụwa ndị ọzọ jikọtara ọnụ na-achịkwa 4–50 ọzọ, gụnyere ọdụ mba ofesi abụọ ruo iri na abụọ nke Russia na China ise (gbakwunyere ntọala na Tibet).75
A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa ụlọ, ịrụ ọrụ na idowe ọdụ ndị agha US na mba ọzọ dị $ 55 ijeri kwa afọ (afọ 2021) .6 Ndị agha ọdụ na ndị ọrụ nkịtị na ntọala mba ọzọ dị oke ọnụ karịa idobe ha na ntọala ụlọ: $ 10,000- $ 40,000 karịa kwa kwa. onye kwa afọ na nkezi.7 Ịgbakwunye ụgwọ nke ndị ọrụ nọ na mba ofesi na-eme ka ọnụ ahịa ụlọ ọrụ mba ofesi na-eri ihe ruru ijeri $80 ma ọ bụ karịa.8 Ndị a bụ atụmatụ mgbanwe, n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike ikpokọta ọnụ ahịa zoro ezo.
N'ihe banyere mmefu ihe owuwu ndị agha naanị - ego a kwadoro iji wuo ma gbasaa ntọala esenidụt - ọchịchị US mefuru n'etiti $ 70 ijeri na $ 182 ijeri n'etiti afọ mmefu ego 2000 na 2021. Ọnụ ego a na-emefu dị nnọọ ukwuu n'ihi na Congress kwadoro $ 132 ijeri n'ime afọ ndị a maka agha. na-ewu na "ebe ndị a na-akọwaghị" n'ụwa nile, na mgbakwunye na ijeri $ 34 e mefuru na mba ofesi n'ụzọ doro anya. Omume mmefu ego a na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe omume ịtụle ego ole n'ime mmefu a ekewapụtara gara wuo na ịgbasa ntọala na mba ofesi. Atụmatụ mgbanwe nke pasent 15 ga-ewepụta ijeri $20 ọzọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ "ebe ndị a na-akọwaghị" nwere ike ịbụ esenidụt. Ijeri $16 ọzọ pụtara na mmefu ego agha “ mberede”.9
E wezụga ụgwọ mmefu ego ha, yana n'ụzọ na-emegiderịta onwe ya, ntọala mba ọzọ na-emebi nchekwa n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Ọnụnọ nke ntọala US na mba ofesi na-ebutekarị esemokwu geopolitical, na-akpalite enweghị mmasị n'ebe United States nọ, ma na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ewe ndị otu agha dị ka al Qaeda.10
Ntọala mba ọzọ emewokwa ka ọ dịrị United States mfe itinye aka na ọtụtụ agha ike ike nke nhọrọ, site na agha na Vietnam na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia ruo afọ 20 nke "agha ebighị ebi" kemgbe 2001 wakporo Afghanistan. Kemgbe 1980, ejirila ntọala US na Middle East ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro 25 iji malite agha ma ọ bụ ọgụ ọgụ ndị ọzọ na opekata mpe mba 15 na mpaghara ahụ naanị. Kemgbe 2001, ndị agha US etinyela aka na ọgụ na mba 25 opekata mpe n'ụwa niile.11
Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ na-ekwu kemgbe Agha Nzuzo na ntọala mba ofesi na-enyere aka ịgbasa ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ọ na-adịkarị ka ọ na-adị iche. A na-ahụ nrụnye US na opekata mpe obodo 19 nwere ikike, mba asatọ nwere obere ikike, na mpaghara iri na otu (lee Ihe Odide Ntụkwasị). N'okwu ndị a, ntọala US na-enye nkwado ziri ezi maka ọchịchị ndị na-akwadoghị ọchịchị na ndị na-enwekarị mmegide dịka ndị na-achị na Turkey, Niger, Honduras, na steeti Gulf Persian. N'otu aka ahụ, ntọala na mpaghara US fọdụrụnụ - US "ókèala" Puerto Rico, Guam, Commonwealth nke Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, na US Virgin Islands - enyerela aka ịnọgide na-enwe mmekọrịta colonial na ndị ọzọ nke United States. na klaasị nke abụọ nke ndị ha bụ amaala US.11
Dị ka kọlụm "Mmetụta Dị Mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi" dị na Tebụl 1 nke Mgbakwunye na-egosi, ọtụtụ n'ime saịtị ndị dị na mba ọzọ nwere ndekọ nke imebi gburugburu ebe obibi site na nsị nsị, ihe mberede, mkpofu ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, iwu ntọala, na ọzụzụ gụnyere ihe ndị dị ize ndụ. N'ebe ndị a na mba ofesi, Pentagon n'ozuzu anaghị erube isi n'ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi US ma na-arụkwa ọrụ ugboro ugboro n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke Agreements nke na-enye ndị agha ohere ịgbanarị iwu gburugburu ebe obibi mba ndị ọbịa.13
N'iburu ụdị mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi naanị na eziokwu dị mfe nke ndị agha mba ọzọ na-ebi n'ala eze, ọ bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya na ntọala mba ọzọ na-ebute mmegide fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla a chọtara ha (lee kọlụm "Mkpesa" na Tebụl 1). Ihe mberede na mpụ na-egbu egbu nke ndị ọrụ agha US mere na nrụnye esenidụt, gụnyere ndina n'ike na igbu ọchụ, na-enwekarị ikpe ziri ezi ma ọ bụ aza ajụjụ na mpaghara, na-ebutekwa mkpesa kwere nghọta ma mebie aha United States.
Na-edepụta ntọala
Pentagon enweela ogologo oge inye ozi zuru oke maka Congress na ọha mmadụ iji nyochaa ntọala esenidụt na ntinye ndị agha - akụkụ bụ isi nke amụma mba ofesi US. Usoro nleba anya ugbu a ezughi oke maka Congress na ọha mmadụ iji nweta njikwa nkịtị nke ọma na nrụnye na ọrụ ndị agha na mba ofesi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ndị agha anọ nwụrụ n'agha na Niger n'afọ 2017, ọ tụrụ ọtụtụ ndị òtù Congress anya ịhụ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị agha 1,000 na mba ahụ. 14 Ọnọdụ ndị isi ndị agha na-adịghị adị ka ọ bụ na ọ bụrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ ala dị na mba ofesi, ọ ga-abarịrị uru. Congress na-adịkarịghị amanye ndị agha nyocha ma ọ bụ gosipụta uru nchekwa obodo nke ntọala ndị mba ọzọ.
Malite na ọ dịkarịa ala 1976, Congress malitere ịchọ Pentagon ka ọ mepụta ndekọ ego kwa afọ nke "ebe ndị agha, nrụnye, na akụrụngwa," gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na nha ha.16 Ruo Fiscal Year 2018, Pentagon mepụtara ma bipụta akụkọ kwa afọ na dị ka iwu US.17 Ọbụlagodi mgbe o wepụtara akụkọ a, Pentagon nyere data ezughị ezu ma ọ bụ ezighi ezi, na-agaghị edekọ ọtụtụ nrụnye a ma ama. . Ma nnyocha na-egosi na e nwere ugbu a gburugburu 18 nrụnye nke iche iche nha na kọntinent; Otu onye ọrụ ndị agha kwetara nrụnye 40 na 46
O kwere omume na Pentagon amaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ nrụnye n'ezie na mba ọzọ. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọmụmụ ihe ndị agha US nwetara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya banyere ntọala US dabere na ndepụta ntọala David Vine nke 2015, karịa ndepụta Pentagon.20
Nkenke a bụ akụkụ nke mgbalị iji mee ka nghọta dịkwuo elu ma mee ka nlekọta dị mma nke ọrụ Pentagon na mmefu ego, na-enye aka na mgbalị siri ike iji kpochapụ mmefu agha na-efunahụ ma wepụ ihe ọjọọ mpụga nke ntọala US na mba ọzọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ntọala na nzuzo na enweghị nghọta nke netwọk ntọala na-eme ka ndepụta zuru ezu ghara ikwe omume; ọdịda Pentagon na nso nso a ịhapụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ntọala na-eme ndepụta ziri ezi ọbụna sie ike karịa n'afọ ndị gara aga. Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, usoro anyị na-adabere na 2018 Base Structure Report na isi mmalite na nke abụọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya; Achịkọtara ndị a na David Vine's 2021 nhazi data na "Ebe ndị agha US ná mba ọzọ, 1776-2021."
Kedu ihe bụ "base"?
Nzọụkwụ mbụ n'imepụta ndepụta ntọala na mba ofesi na-akọwa ihe bụ "isi." Nkọwa na-emecha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-enwekarị mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ugboro Pentagon na gọọmentị US, yana mba ndị ọbịa, na-achọ igosipụta ọnụnọ US dị ka “ọ bụghị ntọala US” iji zere echiche na United States na-emebi ikike ọchịchị mba ọbịa (nke, n'ezie, ọ bụ) . Iji zere arụmụka ndị a dị ka o kwere mee, anyị na-eji Pentagon's Fiscal Year 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) na okwu ya "saịtị ntọala" dị ka mmalite maka ndepụta anyị. Iji okwu a pụtara na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, nrụnye a na-akpọkarị otu ntọala, dị ka Aviano Air Base na Italy, nwere ọtụtụ saịtị ntọala - n'ọnọdụ Aviano, ọ dịkarịa ala asatọ. Ịgụ saịtị ntọala ọ bụla nwere ezi uche n'ihi na saịtị ndị nwere otu aha na-anọkarị n'ebe dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, saịtị asatọ nke Aviano dị n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke obodo Aviano. Na mkpokọta, kwa, saịtị ntọala ọ bụla na-egosipụta oke nzụkọ ọgbakọ maka ego ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi. Nke a na-akọwa ihe kpatara aha ma ọ bụ ebe ụfọdụ isi pụtara ọtụtụ oge na ndepụta zuru ezu jikọtara na Ihe Odide.
Ebe ntọala dị n'ogo site na nrụnye nke obodo nwere ọtụtụ iri puku ndị agha na ndị òtù ezinụlọ ruo obere radar na nrụnye onyunyo, ọdụ ụgbọ elu drone, na ọbụna ebe a na-eli ozu ndị agha ole na ole. Pentagon's BSR na-ekwu na ọ nwere naanị 30 "nnukwu nrụnye" ná mba ọzọ. Ụfọdụ nwere ike na-atụ aro na ọnụ ọgụgụ anyị nke saịtị ntọala 750 na mba ọzọ bụ ikwubiga okwu ókè nke akụrụngwa US si mba ofesi. Otú ọ dị, ezigbo mbipụta nke BSR na-egosi na Pentagon na-akọwa "obere" dị ka inwe ọnụ ahịa akọrọ ruru ihe ruru ijeri $ 1.015 Ọzọkwa, ntinye nke ọbụna saịtị ndị kacha nta na-eme ka nrụnye adịghị etinye na ndepụta anyị n'ihi na nzuzo gbara ọtụtụ ntọala gburugburu. ná mba ọzọ. Ya mere, anyị na-akọwa mkpokọta anyị "ihe dịka 21" dịka atụmatụ kacha mma.
Anyị na-agụnye ntọala na mpaghara US (mpaghara) na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ntọala mba ofesi n'ihi na ebe ndị a enweghị njikọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche zuru ezu na United States. Pentagon na-ekewakwa ebe ndị a dị ka "mba ofesi." (Washington, DC enweghị ikike ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, mana enyere ya na ọ bụ isi obodo, anyị na-atụle ntọala Washington dị ka ụlọ.)
Mara: Maapụ 2020 a na-egosi ihe ruru ntọala US 800 n'ụwa niile. N'ihi mmechi na nso nso a, gụnyere na Afghanistan, anyị agbakọgharịrị wee degharịa atụmatụ anyị gbadaa ruo 750 maka nkenke a.
ntọala mmechi
Imechi ntọala mba ofesi dị mfe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma e jiri ya tụnyere imechi nrụnye ụlọ. N'adịghị ka usoro ngbanwe ntọala na mmechi maka akụrụngwa dị na United States, Congress adịghị mkpa itinye aka na mmechi nke mba ofesi. Ndị isi George HW Bush, Bill Clinton, na George W. Bush mechiri ọtụtụ narị ntọala na-enweghị isi na Europe na Eshia na 1990 na 2000. Ọchịchị Trump mechiri ụfọdụ ntọala na Afghanistan, Iraq na Syria. Onye isi ala Biden emeela ezigbo mmalite site n'iwepụ ndị agha US na ntọala ndị dị na Afghanistan. Atụmatụ anyị gara aga, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka 2020, bụ na United States nwere ntọala 800 na mba ọzọ (lee Map 1). N'ihi mmechi na nso nso a, anyị agbakọgharịrị wee degharịa ala ruo 750.
Onye isi ala Biden ekwupụtala “Nlebaanya Nlebaanya zuru ụwa ọnụ” na-aga n'ihu ma nyefee nchịkwa ya iji hụ na ibuga ndị agha US gburugburu ụwa “dakọtara nke ọma na amụma mba ofesi anyị na ihe nchekwa mba anyị kacha mkpa.”22 Ya mere, ọchịchị Biden nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme. ohere imechi ọtụtụ narị ndị agha ọzọ na-enweghị isi na mba ọzọ ma melite nchekwa obodo na nke mba na usoro ahụ. N'adịghị ka onye isi ala mbụ Donald Trump ji ngwa ngwa wepụrụ ntọala na ndị agha si Syria na mbọ ya ịta Germany ahụhụ site na iwepu nrụnye ebe ahụ, Onye isi ala Biden nwere ike mechie ntọala nke ọma na n'ụzọ ziri ezi, na-emesi ndị mmekọ obi ike ma na-echekwa nnukwu ego ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi.
Maka ebumnuche parochial naanị, ndị otu Congress kwesịrị ịkwado nrụnye mmechi na mba ofesi iji weghachi puku kwuru puku ndị ọrụ na ndị ezinaụlọ - na ụgwọ ọnwa ha - na mpaghara na steeti ha. Enwere ikike ngafe edekọ nke ọma maka ndị agha na ezinụlọ na-alọta na ntọala ụlọ.23
Ọchịchị Biden kwesịrị ịṅa ntị n'ọchịchọ na-eto eto n'ofe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji mechie ntọala esenidụt ma gbasoo usoro nke iweda ọnọdụ ndị agha US na mba ọzọ, na-ebute ndị agha n'ụlọ, na iwulite ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na njikọ aka nke obodo.
Odide Ntụkwasị
| Tebụl 1. Mba ndị nwere ebe ndị agha US (nchịkọta data zuru ezu Ebe a) | ||||||
| Aha Mba | Mgbakọta # nke saịtị ntọala | Ụdị ọchịchị | Ndị ọrụ Est. | Ego owuwu ndị agha (FY2000-19) | Mkpesa | Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa |
| AMERICA SAMOA | 1 | Ọchịchị US | 309 | $ 19.5 | Mba | Ee |
| ARUBA | 1 | Obodo Dutch | 225 | $ 27.124 | Ee | Mba |
| Ịrịgoro Agwaetiti | 1 | Ọchịchị Britain | 800 | $ 2.2 | Mba | Ee |
| AUSTRALIA | 7 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 1,736 | $ 116 | Ee | Ee |
| BAHAMAS, NKE | 6 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 56 | $ 31.1 | Mba | Ee |
| BAHRAIN | 12 | Onye edemede | 4,603 | $ 732.3 | Mba | Ee |
| BELGIUM | 11 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 1,869 | $ 430.1 | Ee | Ee |
| Botswana | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 16 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| BULGARIA | 4 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 2,500 | $ 80.2 | Mba | Mba |
| Burkina Faso | 1 | Onye edemede | 16 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| CAMBODIA | 1 | Onye edemede | 15 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| CAMEROON | 2 | Onye edemede | 10 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| CANADA | 3 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 161 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Ee |
| Chad | 1 | Onye edemede | 20 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| Chile | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 35 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| COLOMBIA | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 84 | $ 43 | Ee | Mba |
| Costa Rica | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 16 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| Cuba | 1 | Onye edemede25 | 1,004 | $ 538 | Ee | Ee |
| CURAÇAO | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke26 | 225 | $ 27.1 | Mba | Mba |
| CYPRUS | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 10 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| DIEGO GARCIA | 2 | Ọchịchị Britain | 3,000 | $ 210.4 | Ee | Ee |
| Djibouti | 2 | Onye edemede | 126 | $ 480.5 | Mba | Ee |
| n'Ijipt | 1 | Onye edemede | 259 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| EL SALVADOR | 1 | Ọchịchị ngwakọ | 70 | $ 22.7 | Mba | Mba |
| ESTONIA | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 17 | $ 60.8 | Mba | Mba |
| GABON | 1 | Onye edemede | 10 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| Georgia | 1 | Ọchịchị ngwakọ | 29 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| GERMANY | 119 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 46,562 | $ 5.8 ijeri | Ee | Ee |
| GHANA | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 19 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| GRIS | 8 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 446 | $ 179.1 | Ee | Ee |
| GREENLAND | 1 | Ọchịchị Danish | 147 | $ 168.9 | Ee | Ee |
| GUAM | 54 | Ọchịchị US | 11,295 | $ 2 ijeri | Ee | Ee |
| Honduras | 2 | Ọchịchị ngwakọ | 371 | $ 39.1 | Ee | Ee |
| Hungary | 2 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 82 | $ 55.4 | Mba | Mba |
| Iceland | 2 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 3 | $ 51.5 | Ee | Mba |
| Iraq | 6 | Onye edemede | 2,500 | $ 895.4 | Ee | Ee |
| IRELAND | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 8 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| ISRAEL | 6 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 127 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| ITALY | 44 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 14,756 | $ 1.7 ijeri | Ee | Ee |
| JAPAN | 119 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 63,690 | $ 2.1 ijeri | Ee | Ee |
| JOHNSTON ATOLL | 1 | Ọchịchị US | 0 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Ee |
| JORDAN | 2 | Onye edemede | 211 | $ 255 | Ee | Mba |
| KENYA | 3 | Ọchịchị ngwakọ | 59 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| KOREA, REPUBLIC NKE | 76 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 28,503 | $ 2.3 ijeri | Ee | Ee |
| KOSOVO | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ* | 18 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Ee |
| Kuwait | 10 | Onye edemede | 2,054 | $ 156 | Ee | Ee |
| LATVIA | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 14 | $ 14.6 | Mba | Mba |
| LUXEMBOURG | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 21 | $ 67.4 | Mba | Mba |
| Mali | 1 | Onye edemede | 20 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| MARSHALL ISLANDS | 12 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke* | 96 | $ 230.3 | Ee | Ee |
| NETHERLANDS | 6 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 641 | $ 11.4 | Ee | Ee |
| Niger | 8 | Onye edemede | 21 | $ 50 | Ee | Mba |
| N. MARIANA ISLAND | 5 | Ọchịchị US | 45 | $ 2.1 ijeri | Ee | Ee |
| Norway | 7 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 167 | $ 24.1 | Ee | Mba |
| Oman | 6 | Onye edemede | 25 | $ 39.2 | Mba | Ee |
| PALAU, Republic of | 3 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke* | 12 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| PANAMA | 11 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 35 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| PERU | 2 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 51 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| Philippines | 8 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 155 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| POLAND | 4 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 226 | $ 395.4 | Mba | Mba |
| Portugal | 21 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 256 | $ 87.2 | Mba | Ee |
| PUERTO RICO | 34 | Ọchịchị US | 13,571 | $ 788.8 | Ee | Ee |
| Qatar | 3 | Onye edemede | 501 | $ 559.5 | Mba | Ee |
| Romania | 6 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 165 | $ 363.7 | Mba | Mba |
| SAUDI ARABIA | 11 | Onye edemede | 693 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Ee |
| Senegal | 1 | Ọchịchị ngwakọ | 15 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| SINGAPORE | 2 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 374 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| SLOVAKIA | 2 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 12 | $ 118.7 | Mba | Mba |
| SOMALIA | 5 | Ọchịchị ngwakọ* | 71 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| Spain | 4 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 3,353 | $ 292.2 | Mba | Ee |
| Suriname | 2 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 2 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| Siria | 4 | Onye edemede | 900 | EKWESNDR. | Ee | Mba |
| THAILAND | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 115 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| Tunisia | 1 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ | 26 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| TORO TORO | 13 | Ọchịchị ngwakọ | 1,758 | $ 63.8 | Ee | Ee |
| UGANDA | 1 | Ọchịchị ngwakọ | 14 | EKWESNDR. | Mba | Mba |
| UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | 3 | Onye edemede | 215 | $ 35.4 | Mba | Ee |
| UNITED KINGDOM | 25 | Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke | 10,770 | $ 1.9 ijeri | Ee | Ee |
| VIRGIN ISLANDS, US | 6 | Ọchịchị US | 787 | $ 72.3 | Mba | Ee |
| WAKE Island | 1 | Ọchịchị US | 5 | $ 70.1 | Mba | Ee |
Ihe ndetu na tebụl 1
Saịtị ntọala: Akwụkwọ akụkọ Pentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report na-akọwa ntọala “saịtị” dị ka “ọnọdụ mpaghara akọwapụtara nke nwere ngwugwu ala ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa ekenyere ya… Akụkụ n'aha United States."27
Ụdị ọchịchị: A kọwapụtara ụdị gọọmentị obodo dị ka "ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru oke," "ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ntụpọ," "ọchịchị ngwakọ," ma ọ bụ "ndị ikike." Achịkọtara ndị a site na Economist Intelligence Unit's 2020 “Democracy Index” ọ gwụla ma ejiri akara nrịbama egosipụtara uzọ ọzọ (nke enwere ike ịhụ ya na nhazi data zuru oke).
Ego owuwu ndị agha: Ekwesịrị ịtụle ọnụọgụ ndị a dị ka nke kacha nta. Ihe omuma a sitere na akwukwo mmefu ego Pentagon nke edobere na Congress maka owuwu agha. Ngụkọta ahụ anaghị agụnye ego ndị ọzọ na agha ("ọrụ nchekwa mba ofesi") mmefu ego, mmefu ego nkewa, na ebe ndị ọzọ na-emefu ego bụ, mgbe ụfọdụ, anaghị ekpughere Congress (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ndị agha na-eji ego akwadoro maka otu nzube maka iwu agha). ).28 Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ịrịba ama nke ego iwu ụlọ agha kwa afọ na-aga "ebe ndị a na-akọwaghị," na-eme ka ọ sie ike karị ịmata ego ole gọọmentị US na-etinye na ọdụ ndị agha na mba ọzọ.
Atụmatụ ndị ọrụ: Atụmatụ ndị a gụnyere ndị agha na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ndị nche obodo na ndị agha nchekwa, na ndị nkịtị Pentagon. A na-enweta atụmatụ sitere na Defence Manpower Data Center (emelitere Machị 31, 2021; na June 30, 2021 maka Australia), ọ gwụla ma ejiri akara nrịbama ama ama (ntụgharị aka nke enwere ike ịchọta ya na nhazi data zuru oke). Ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ kwesịrị iburu n'obi na ndị agha na-enyekarị data ndị ọrụ na-ezighi ezi iji gbanwee ọdịdị na nha nke ntinye.
Atụmatụ ala (dị na nhazi data zuru ezu): Ndị a na-enweta site na Pentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) ma edepụtara ya na acres. BSR na-enye atụmatụ ezughị ezu yana saịtị ntọala ndị etinyeghị na akara "anaghị ekpughere."
Mkpesa na-adịbeghị anya/ na-aga n'ihu: Nke a na-ezo aka na mmemme nnukwu ngagharị iwe ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ steeti, ndị mmadụ, ma ọ bụ nzukọ. Naanị ngagharị iwe megidere ọdụ ndị agha US ma ọ bụ ọnụnọ ndị agha US n'ozuzu ka akara “ee”. Mba ọ bụla akara "ee" na-egosi ma kwado ya site na akụkọ mgbasa ozi abụọ kemgbe 2018. Mba ndị ahụ na-enweghị mkpesa na-adịbeghị anya ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu na-akara "mba."
Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa: Otu a na-ezo aka na mmetọ ikuku, mmetọ ala, mmetọ mmiri, mmetọ mkpọtụ, na/ma ọ bụ ihe egwu osisi ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ejikọtara na ọnụnọ nke ọdụ ndị agha US. Ebe ndị agha na-adị, n'enweghị ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ha na-echekwa ha na iji ihe ndị dị ize ndụ eme ihe mgbe nile, kemikal na-egbu egbu, ngwa agha dị ize ndụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ. ya mere, anyị na-eche na nnukwu ntọala ọ bụla ebutela ụfọdụ mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebe akara “mba” apụtaghị na ntọala emebibeghị gburugburu ebe obibi kama na enweghị ike ịchọta akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ na echere na mmebi ahụ pere mpe.
Nkweta
Ndị otu ndị a na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ndị bụ akụkụ nke Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition, nyere aka n'echiche, nyocha, na ide ihe na maka akụkọ a: Mgbasa Ozi maka Udo, Ntupu na Nchekwa nkịtị; Codepink; Kansụl Maka Ụwa Dị Ndụ; Mmekọrịta amụma mba ofesi; Ụlọ ọrụ maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara amụma / amụma mba ọzọ na-elekwasị anya; Andrew Bacevich; Media Benjamin; John Feffer; Sam Fraser; Josef Gerson; Barry Klein; Jessica Rosenblum; Lora Lumpe; Catherine Lutz; David Swanson; John Tierney; Allan Vogel; na Lawrence Wilkerson.
Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition (OBRACC) bụ otu sara mbara nke ndị nyocha agha, ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị nkwado na ndị ọkachamara ntọala agha ndị ọzọ sitere n'ofe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-akwado imechi ọdụ ndị agha US na mba ofesi. Maka ozi ọzọ, hụ www.overseasbases.net.
David Vine bụ Prọfesọ nke Anthropology na Mahadum America dị na Washington, DC. David bụ onye dere akwụkwọ atọ gbasara ntọala agha na agha, gụnyere nke ewepụtara ọhụrụ The United States of War: A Global History of America's Endless Conflicts, site na Columbus ruo Islamic State (Mahadum California Press, 2020), nke bụ onye ikpeazụ. maka akwụkwọ nrite akwụkwọ LA Times 2020 maka akụkọ ihe mere eme. Akwụkwọ David bu ụzọ bụ mba Base: Kedu ka US Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt, 2015) na Island of Shame: The Secret History of the US Military on Diego Garcia (Princeton University Press, 2009). David bụ onye so na Overseas Base Realignment and closure Coalition.
Patterson Deppen bụ onye nyocha maka World BEYOND War, ebe ọ chịkọtara akụkọ a zuru ndepụta nke ọdụ ndị agha US na mba ofesi. Ọ na-eje ozi na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ na E-International Relations ebe ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka edemede ụmụ akwụkwọ. Edemede ya apụtala na E-International Relations, Tom Dispatch, na The Progressive. Edemede ya kacha ọhụrụ na TomDispatch, “America dị ka mba mba ọzọ elegharịgoro anya,” na-enye nlele anya na ọdụ ndị agha US na mba ofesi na ọnụnọ eze ukwu ha zuru ụwa ọnụ taa. Ọ natara nna ukwu ya na mmepe na nchekwa na Mahadum Bristol. Ọ bụ onye so na Overseas Base Realignment and closure Coalition.
Leah Bolger lara ezumike nká na 2000 site na ndị agha mmiri US n'ọkwa nke ọchịagha mgbe afọ 20 nke ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike. A họpụtara ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ onye isi oche nke Veterans For Peace (VFP) na 2012, na 2013 a họpụtara ya ka ọ weta Ava Helen na Linus Pauling Memorial Peace Lecture na Mahadum Oregon State. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka President nke World BEYOND War, otu mba ụwa raara onwe ya nye maka mkpochapụ agha. Lia bụ onye otu n'ime ngbanwe ntọala na mmechi nke mba ofesi.
World BEYOND War bụ ihe na-emeghị eme n'ụwa niile iji kwụsị agha ma guzobe udo na-adịgide adịgide. World BEYOND War tọrọ ntọala na Jenụwarị 1st, 2014, mgbe ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ David Hartsough na David Swanson malitere ịmepụta òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ iji kpochapụ ụlọ ọrụ agha n'onwe ya, ọ bụghị nanị "agha nke ụbọchị ahụ." Ọ bụrụ na a ga-akwụsị agha, mgbe ahụ, a ga-ewepụ ya na tebụl ka ọ bụrụ nhọrọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Dị nnọọ ka ọ dịghị ihe dị ka "ezigbo" ma ọ bụ ịgba ohu dị mkpa, ọ dịghị ihe dị ka "ezigbo" ma ọ bụ agha dị mkpa. Ụlọ ọrụ abụọ a na-asọ oyi ma ọ dịghị mgbe a na-anabata ya, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ. Yabụ, ọ bụrụ na anyị enweghị ike iji agha dozie esemokwu mba ụwa, gịnị ka anyị ga-eme? Ịchọta ụzọ isi gbanwee gaa na usoro nchebe zuru ụwa ọnụ nke iwu mba ụwa kwadoro, diplomacy, mmekorita, na ikike mmadụ, na ịgbachitere ihe ndị ahụ na-emeghị ihe ọ bụla kama iyi egwu nke ime ihe ike, bụ obi WBW. Ọrụ anyị gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ nke na-achụpụ akụkọ ifo, dị ka "Agha bụ ihe okike" ma ọ bụ "Anyị na-enwekarị agha," ma na-egosi ndị mmadụ ọ bụghị nanị na agha kwesịrị ịkwụsị, kamakwa na ọ nwere ike ịbụ n'ezie. Ọrụ anyị na-agụnye ụdị mmemme ọ bụla na-adịghị eme ihe ike na-akpali ụwa n'ụzọ nke ịkwụsị agha niile.
Ihe odide ala:
1 Ngalaba nchekwa nke United States. “Akụkọ Nhazi Ntọala—Akụkọ gbasara mmefu ego nke afọ 2018: Nchịkọta nke Data Ndepụta Ngwongwo Ezigbo Ihe.” Ọfịs nke onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ nchekwa maka nkwado, 2018.
https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/BSI/BEI_Library.html;see also Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021.” American University Digital Research Archive, 2021.https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.
2 Ọkụ, Robert. "Milley na-agba ume ka ọ laghachi azụ na ntọala ndị agha na-adịgide adịgide na mba ofesi." Associated Press, Disemba 3, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/persian-gulf-tensions-south-korea-united-states-5949185a8cbf2843eac27535a599d022.
3 “Nkwenye mmefu ego nzuko omebe iwu—Ngalaba steeti, ọrụ ndị mba ofesi, na mmemme metụtara, afọ mmefu ego 2022.” Ngalaba Ọchịchị United States. 2021. ii.
4 Nzuzo na oke nghọta gbara gburugburu ntọala US bụ ntọala mba ọzọ nke mba ndị ọzọ gosipụtara. Atụmatụ ndị gara aga tụrụ aro na ndị agha ụwa ndị ọzọ nwere gburugburu 60–100 ntọala mba ofesi. Akụkọ ọhụrụ na-egosi na United Kingdom nwere 145. Lee Miller, Phil. "Ekpughere: Netwọk ndị agha UK si mba ofesi gụnyere saịtị 145 na mba 42." Ekewapụtara UK, Nọvemba 20, 2020.
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-24-revealed-the-uk-militarys-overseas-base-network-involves-145-sites-in-42-countries/). As we discuss in our “What Isa Base?” section, the definition of a “base” is also a perennial challenge, making cross-national comparison even more difficult.
5 Lee, dịka, Jacobs, Frank. "Alaeze ndị agha ise nke ụwa." BigThink.com, Julaị 10, 2017.
http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires;Sharkov, Damien. “Russia’s Military Compared to the U.S.” Newsweek, June 8, 2018.
http://www.newsweek.com/russias-military-compared-us-which-country-has-more-military-bases-across-954328.
6 Ngalaba nchekwa "Akụkọ ọnụ ahịa mba ofesi" (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ngalaba nchekwa US. "Ọrụ na
Nleba anya nlekọta, atụmatụ mmefu ego nke afọ 2021." N'okpuru odeakwụkwọ nchekwa (Comptroller), February 2020. 186-189), nke edobere na akwụkwọ mmefu ego ya kwa afọ, na-enye ozi dị oke ọnụ banyere nrụnye na ụfọdụ mana ọ bụghị mba niile ebe ndị agha na-edobe ntọala. Data akụkọ a na-abụkarị nke ezughi oke yana ọ naghị adị maka ọtụtụ mba. N'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri, DoD akọpụtala mkpokọta ọnụ ahịa kwa afọ na nrụnye esenidụt nke ihe ruru ijeri $20. David Vine na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu na mba Base: ka ndị agha US si na mba ofesi merụọ America na ụwa. New York. Akwụkwọ ndị mepere emepe, 2015. 195-214. Vine ji otu usoro ahụ emelite atụmatụ a maka afọ mmefu ego nke 2019, ewepu ego ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe nchekwa karịa maka ihe egwu nke ọnụ ahịa ọnụọgụ abụọ. Anyị melitere atụmatụ ahụ nke ijeri $51.5 ruo ugbu a site n'iji Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation Calculator,https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
7 Lostumbo, Michael J, et al. Overseas Basing of USMilitary Forces: Ntụle nke ọnụ ahịa ndị ikwu na uru atụmatụ Santa Monica. Ụlọ ọrụ RAND, 2013. xxv.
8 Anyị na-atụle ọnụ ahịa ndị ọrụ site n'iche, n'ụzọ nchekwa ọzọ, ọnụ ahịa onye ọ bụla ruru $115,000 (ndị ọzọ na-eji $125,000) yana ihe dị ka ndị agha 230,000 na ndị ọrụ nkịtị nọ na mba ofesi ugbu a. Anyị na-enweta $115,000 maka onye ọ bụla atụmatụ site n'ịgbanwe atụmatụ nke $107,106 maka ndị ọrụ nọ na mba ofesi na n'ụlọ (Blakeley, Katherine. "Ndị agha agha." Center for Strategic and Budgetary Analysis, August 15, 2017, https://csbaonline.org/ akụkọ/ndị ọrụ agha), nyere $10,000–$40,000 maka onye ọ bụla na ụgwọ mgbakwunye maka ndị ọrụ esenidụt (lee Lostumbo.Overseas Basingof US Military Forces).
9 Jordan Cheney, Mahadum America kwadebere ngụkọta ihe owuwu ndị agha maka akụkọ a, na-eji akwụkwọ mmefu ego Pentagon kwa afọ nyefere na Congress maka owuwu agha (mmemme C-1). Mkpokọta mmefu ndị agha na-emefu na mba ofesi ka dị elu n'ihi ego agbakwunyere na mmefu agha (“ọrụ nchekwa mba ofesi”) mmefu ego. N'etiti mmefu ego afọ 2004 na 2011, naanị, agha ewu na Afghanistan, Iraq, na ndị ọzọ agha zones totaled $9.4 ijeri (Belasco, Amy. "The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and other Global War on Terror Operations since 9/11." Congressional Ọrụ nyocha, Maachị 29, 2011. 33). N'iji ọkwa nke mmefu a dị ka ntuziaka ($ 9.4 na mmefu ndị agha na-emefu maka afọ mmefu ego 2004-2011 nọchiri anya .85% nke ngụkọta mmefu ego agha ndị agha maka otu oge ahụ), anyị na-atụle mmefu ego mmefu agha agha maka afọ mmefu ego 2001- 2019 na ngụkọta gburugburu $16 ijeri na Pentagon's $1.835 trillion na mmefu agha (McGarry, Brendan W. na Emily M. Morgenstern. "Overseas Contingency Ọrụ Ego: ndabere na ọnọdụ." Congressional Research Service, September 6, 2019. 2). Ngụkọta anyị anaghị agụnye ego agbakwunyere na mmefu ego nkewa yana isi mmalite mmefu ego ndị ọzọ, mgbe ụfọdụ, anaghị ekpughere ya na Congress (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ndị agha na-eji ego akwadoro maka ebumnuche owuwu na-abụghị nke agha). Lee Vine. Mba isi. Isi nke 13, maka mkparịta ụka gbasara ego iwu ụlọ agha.
10 Vine, David. United States of War: A Global History of America's Endless Conflicts, site na Columbus ruo Islamic State.Oakland. Mahadum California Press, 2020.248; Glain, Stephen. "Ihe kpaliri Osama bin Laden n'ezie." Akụkọ US & Akụkọ ụwa, Mee 3, 2011.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/stephen-glain/2011/05/03/what-actually-motivated-osama-bin-laden;
Bowman, Bradley L. “Mgbe Iraq gachara.”Washington nkeji iri na ise, vol. 31, mba. 2. 2008. 85.
11 Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen. Hụ Savell, Stephanie, na 5W Infographics. "Map a na-egosi ebe ụwa ndị agha US na-alụso iyi ọha egwu ọgụ." Akwụkwọ akụkọ Smithsonian, Jenụwarị 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick, na Sean D. Naylor. "Ekpughere: Ọrụ ndị agha US nke 36 akpọrọ aha na Africa." Akụkọ Yahoo, Eprel 17, 2019.https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-the-us-militarys-36-codenamed-operations-in-africa-090000841.html.
12 Lee, dịka, Vine.Base Mba. Isi nke 4. Ndị mmadụ nọ na Samoa America nwere obere klaasị nke ịbụ nwa amaala n'ihi na ha abụghị ụmụ amaala US ozugbo site na ọmụmụ.
13 Vine.Base Mba.138–139.
14 Volcovici, Valerie. "Ndị omebe iwu US na-achọ azịza maka ọnụnọ US na Niger mgbe mgbochi gasịrị."Reuters, October 22, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-usa-idUSKBN1CR0NG.
15 Otu n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ Congressional na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ntọala US na ọnụnọ mba ofesi gosiri na “Ozugbo ndị America na mba ofesi hiwere isi, ọ na-ewere ndụ nke ya…. Ozi ndị mbụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbe ochie, mana a na-emepụta ọrụ ọhụrụ ọ bụghị naanị n'ebumnobi idobe ihe owuwu ahụ, mana ọtụtụ mgbe iji gbasaa ya. " United States Senate. "Nkwekọrịta Nchebe United States na Nkwenye ná Mba Ọzọ." Ntị n'ihu Kọmiti nke Sineti na nkwekọrịta nchekwa na ntinye aka ná mba ọzọ nke kọmitii na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba ofesi. Ụlọ ọgbakọ iri itoolu na otu, Vol. 2, 2017. Nnyocha ndị ọzọ na-adịbeghị anya kwadoro nchọpụta a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Glaser, John. "Ịwepụ na ntọala mba ofesi: Gịnị kpatara ọnọdụ agha na-ebuga n'ihu ji adịghị mkpa, oge ochie, na ihe ize ndụ." Nyocha amụma 816, Ụlọ ọrụ CATO, July 18, 2017; Johnson, Chalmers. Mwute nke Alaeze Ukwu: Militarism, Nzuzo, na Ọgwụgwụ nke Republic. New York. Obodo ukwu,2004; Vine. Mba isi.
16 Iwu Ọhaneze 94-361, nkeji. 302.
17 US Code 10, nkeji. 2721, "Edekọ ihe onwunwe n'ezie." Na mbụ, lee US Code 10, sec. 115 na US Code 10, sk. 138 (c). O doghị anya ma Pentagon bipụtara akụkọ ahụ n'afọ ọ bụla n'etiti 1976 na 2018, mana enwere ike ị nweta akụkọ ntanetị kemgbe 1999 wee yie ka enyere ya Congress site na ọtụtụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị oge a niile.
18 Turse, Nick. "Ntọala, ntọala, ebe ọ bụla… belụsọ na mkpesa Pentagon." TomDispatch.com, Jenụwarị 8, 2019. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_knows_how_many_to_go/#more; Vine.Base Mba.3-5; David Vine. "Ndepụta nke ntọala ndị agha US ná mba ọzọ, 1776-2021."
19 Turse, Nick. "Ndị agha US na-ekwu na ọ nwere 'ụkwụ dị mfe' na Africa. Akwụkwọ ndị a na-egosi nnukwu netwọkụ nke ntọala. " The Intercept, Disemba 1, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/us-military-say-it-has-a-light-footprint-in-africa-these-documents-show-a- nnukwu netwọk-nke-ndabere /; Savell, Stephanie, na 5W Infographics. "Map a na-egosi ebe n'ụwa ndị agha US na-alụso iyi ọha egwu ọgụ." Akwụkwọ akụkọ Smithsonian, Jenụwarị 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick. "Akara ukwu America na-alụ ọgụ n'Africa Nzuzo akwụkwọ agha US na-ekpughe otu ìgwè nke ebe ndị agha America na-agafe na kọntinent ahụ." TomDispatch.com, Eprel 27, 2017. https://tomdispatch.com/nick-turse-the-us-military-moves-deeper-into-africa/
20 O'Mahony, Angela, Miranda Priebe, Bryan Frederick, Jennifer Kavanagh, Matthew Lane, Trevor Johnston, Thomas S. Szayna, Jakub P. Hlávka, Stephen Watts, na Matthew Povlock. "Ọnọdụ US na ihe kpatara esemokwu." Ụlọ ọrụ RAND CORP. Santa Monica, 2018.
21 Ngalaba Nchebe nke United States. "Akụkọ nhazi ntọala - Afọ mmefu ego nke 2018." 18.
22 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. “Okwu sitere n’aka Onye isi ala Biden banyere ọnọdụ America n’ụwa.” Febụwarị 4, 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/.
23 "Ngalaba nke ikike akụrụngwa nchekwa." Ngalaba Nchebe nke United States. Ọktoba 2017,
https://fas.org/man/eprint/infrastructure.pdf.
24 Ego maka owuwu na Aruba na Curacao jikọtara ya na ego Pentagon. Anyị kewara mkpokọta na
ekesara ọkara n'ebe ọ bụla.
25 Anyị na-eji Economist Intelligence Unit categorization nke Cuba dị ka ikike, n'agbanyeghị na isi na Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, nwere ike ekewa ya dị ka ógbè nke United States n'ihi na ọchịchị Cuba enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị agha US n'okpuru usoro nkwekọrịta nke ndị ọrụ US. etinyere na Cuba na 1930. Lee Vine.The United States of War. 23-24.
26 Ego maka owuwu na Aruba na Curacao jikọtara ya na ego Pentagon. Anyị kewara mkpokọta na
ekesara ọkara n'ebe ọ bụla.
27 United States Department of Defence.Base StructureReport —Afọ mmefu ego 2018. 4.
28 Lee Vine. Mba isi. Isi nke 13.
29 Maka nkọwapụta, lee Vine. Mba isi. Isi nke 7.
