By Hippolyte Eric Djoungup
December 6, 2020
Mgbapu na agha dị ogologo n'etiti gọọmentị nke Cameroon na ndị na-asụ Bekee na-akawanye njọ kemgbe October 1, 1961, ụbọchị nnwere onwe nke Southern Cameroon (Anglophone Cameroon). Ime ihe ike, mbibi, igbu ọchụ na ụjọ bụ ugbu a ndụ ndị bi na Southern Cameroon kwa ụbọchị. Ọnụọgụ nke afọ iri isii a a lụrụ agha obodo bụ na ọnweghị ọnụọgụgụ.
Enweghi enyemaka zuru oke site na mba ụwa, nke na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ihe ize ndụ nke izugbe n'ihi esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha, ndị agha mgbe niile na ebe ọ bụla ọzọ esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nke ọha na eze na nke nchekwa n'ime obodo a. Ikekwe enwere enyemaka ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na ndị na-eme udo na ndị na-eme udo gburugburu ụwa mara ihe karịa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke esemokwu a.
Site na okike nke steeti Cameroon rue mmalite nke obodo abụọ
The E “mebere Steeti Kamerun” n'okpuru nchekwa nchekwa ndị German na 1884, nsonaazụ nke ogbako Berlin na nkewa nke Africa n'etiti ndị chịburu achị. Emi odude ke Central Africa, ke ufọt Gulf of Guinea, Cameroon ekedi kiet ke otu n̄kponn̄kan ikpehe ke utịt isua 19th narị afọ. Obodo Buea, nke di na ukwu nke Ugwu Cameroon, bu isi obodo Cameroon site na 1901 rue 1909, mgbe ugwu mgbawa nke ugwu a mere ka ndi ochichi nke ndi German kpaliri isi obodo ya na Yaoundé, nke bu isi obodo ugbu a.
Njikọ nke Mba Ndị Ọchịchị manyere Germany ịhapụ ókèala mba ofesi ya na njedebe nke Agha Worldwa Mbụ. Cameroon na-achịkwa Cameroon na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ ya na England n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ya na-eso condominium Franco-British na njikọta nke ókèala ahụ na 1916. Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ sochiri okike nke United Nations na-ahapụ Cameroon naanị oge oyi, na-elekọta ya ma kenye ya n'otu ọnọdụ na n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ France na England.
Ka ifufe nnwere onwe na-efe n’Africa, a mụrụ steeti nwere onwe nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Kamerun nke Cameroon na Jenụwarị 1, 1960, ebe Anglophone West Cameroon ka bụ obodo ndị England na-achị. France na England jigidere usoro dị iche iche: enyere ndị obodo ikike ụfọdụ ikike kwụụrụ onwe ha na mpaghara ndị Britain, ebe obodo ukwu French na-eme otu usoro iwu a dịka nke ndị France ndị ọzọ.
Ndi mejuputara odida anyanwu Cameroon n’okpuru nlekọta nke ndi Britain: Northern Cameroon (mpaghara ugwu) na Southern Cameroon (mpaghara ndida). Otu ọ bụla nwere ndị nnọchi anya ya nọ ọdụ na nzuko omeiwu nke Lagos na Nigeria, obodo Britain ọzọ na-eketa oke nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1800 km na West Cameroon. Naịjirịa nwereere onwe ya n’abalị mbụ nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1, mana mba ndị ọdịda anyanwụ Kamerun nọrọ n’okpuru ọchịchị Briten na mba abụọ nweere onwe ha: Nigeria na Eastern Cameroon. Nigeria nwere ike ibido usoro icho ya site na ndi nnochi anya na akwukwo ozi edere n’aka onye ode akwukwo General nke United Nations na Queen nke England, mana West Cameroon enweghi ohere a. Ndị ọchịchị Britain na United Nations dị njikere iweta nnwere onwe na West Cameroon site na itinye ya na Nigeria ma ọ bụ na East Cameroon. Organizedtù UN mere ndokwa ka ọ bụrụ nnọkọ na February 1960, 11. Mpaghara ugwu (Northern Cameroon) tozuru oke itinye aka na Nigeria, ebe mpaghara ndịda (Southern Cameroon) họọrọ mgbakwunye na ọwụwa anyanwụ Cameroon. N'uhuruchi nke mkpọsa nsonaazụ nke votu nchịkọta ahụ malitere ogologo usoro, ka emebeghị, nke ịchọta ịdị n'otu mba n'ime ihe nketa nke ọsọ ọsọ abụọ gara aga.
Reunification ma ọ bụ dupe nkwekọrịta?
N'agbata June na August 1961, ogbako Bamenda zutere na Foumban na Yaoundé iji jikọta steeti abụọ ahụ, jikọta usoro nhazi na arụmọrụ, wee dee usoro iwu. Ememe nnwere onwe na njikọta nke mba ahụ mere na October 1, 1961 na Tiko, obodo dị na Southern Cameroon. Usoro a mere ka ndị ikike nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Cameroon bịa jiri ngwa agha buru ibu, na-achịkwa Southern Cameroon dum.
Ọbịbịa udo dịrị na mbụ mebiri ngwa ngwa n'ihi ọhụụ dịgasị iche na mmegide a na-ahụ anya n'etiti ndị isi nke steeti ndị gọọmentị, yana ebumnuche pụtara ìhè maka nnabata na nnabata nke ndị isi na-asụ French. Fọdụ ndị isi Anglophone gbara ume ka a gbanwee iwu ahụ. Nsogbu nke obi ike emeela ka esemokwu, usoro mwepu, na enweghị ịdị n'otu na ịdị n'otu mba.
Steeti nwara idozi nsogbu ya site n'ịgbanwe n'ụdị, bụrụ United Republic of Cameroon na 1972, wee bụrụ Republic of Cameroon na 1984, na-enwekarị ike na ikike ndị isi. Ntinye uche nke ike na otu nwoke meruru ochichi onye kwuo uche ya, n'enweghi ike ochichi, na nsogbu nsogbu aku na uba kpatara ndu nke onu ogugu ndi mmadu, mmebi iwu, ikike ndi mmadu nke ndi mmadu na ndi mmadu di iche n'etiti ndi ochichi Cameroon na ndi na-asụ Bekee.
Enweela mmetụta nke nchụpụ nke ndị Anglophones nwekwuru ike n'ihi ụkọ akụrụngwa na mpaghara ha, obere nnọchi anya nke ndị obodo ya na nchịkwa na n'ọkwá dị elu nke ọbụbụeze. Maka ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha, akọwapụtaghị ihe akọwapụtara na akụkọ ntolite ha na ụlọ ọrụ nke Republic na mpaghara mpaghara mpaghara dị na Central Africa. Ọnụnọ siri ike nke ndị isi na-asụ French na-anaghị asụ Bekee na agụmakwụkwọ Anglo-Saxon na usoro iwu n'okpuru iwu na-atụnye ụtụ dị ukwuu na imebi na ịkatọ nchịkwa n'etiti ndị mmadụ. Ọ bụ na ọnọdụ a na-emebi emebi ka echiche nke mkpebi onwe onye, ọbụlagodi nnwere onwe, nke ndị isi gbasasiri n'ọchịchị niile, ndị na-agbasasị na ndị otu ọha mmadụ na-eto eto.
Site na ndi nnupu isi choro ka agha agha puta
Enwetara ọtụtụ mmadụ na-esochi ngosipụta udo nke ndị ọka iwu na ndị nkuzi nke okpuru ala Anglo-Saxon na Nọvemba 19, 2016 na obodo Bamenda na-asụ Bekee. Kemgbe ahụ, n'okpuru nduzi nke ọha na eze na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na mba ndị ọzọ, anyị ahụla usoro nhazi na nke ukwuu na-agbasawanye na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze nke omume nnupụisi na mpaghara na-asụ Bekee. Mgbasa mgbasa ozi na-enye ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe aka igbochi mmegide na ịnọgide na-alụ ọgụ nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe karịa mgbochi nke gọọmentị nyere.
Ka gọọmentị na-akpọ oku maka mkparịtaụka, gọọmentị gara n'ihu nwudo ndị nwudoro ma bipụ ịntanetị na mpaghara niile na-asụ Bekee maka ụbọchị 94. Usoro ndị a mere ka ọnọdụ ka njọ. N'ịbụ ndị chere mgbochi a nọgidere na-ebi n'obodo niile na-asụ Bekee, gọọmentị mere ụfọdụ ohere iji kwe ka mbanye ndị ọka iwu na ndị odeakwụkwọ na-asụ Bekee, ndị ọrụ pụrụ iche karịrị ndị nkuzi asụsụ abụọ na 1500, ihe okike nke ngalaba ọgwụ na injinia na Anglo- Mahadum Saxon, okike nke kọmitii na-ahụ maka ịsụ asụsụ abụọ na ọtụtụ ọdịbendị, ịmaliteghachi ịntanetị na ịtọhapụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mma nke ndị ngagharị iwe na mbupụ maka mgbochi nke ndị isi nke ọha mmadụ na mpaghara a. Mana ndị ndu nke ngagharị iwe kwupụtara na October 1, 2017 nnwere onwe nke Southern Cameroon, weghaara Federal Republic of Ambazonia. Nke a bụ njedebe nke nsogbu ahụ.
Ọnọdụ ahụ ka dị njọ, na njide ejidere ya, mmegide nke ngwa agha na ntopute nke ọtụtụ ndị agha ji ngwa agha akpọrọ Ambazonia Defense Forces na-elekwasị anya ndị agha oge niile, ọ na-akawanye njọ site na njigide nke iyi ọha egwu na-ewe na mpaghara nke North North, yana nsogbu na-esote ntuli aka na 2018.
N'ịchọ azịza na-adịgide adịgide nke udo
Ọ ka nwere ike ịkwụsị ọbara ọgbụgba ma kwụsị agha a. Securitytù UN Security Council kwesịrị ịtụle iziga ndị agha nchekwa udo na-enweghị ngwa agha ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka udo ka ha wee nwee ike kparịta ụsọ ọkụ na mpaghara ndị a na-asụ Bekee wee bido mkparịta ụka gụnyere yana onye mmezi na ndị na-ahụ maka mba ụwa.
Ntọhapụ na ogwe aka nke ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-enyere aka. Ntughari ikike (mgbe afọ 39 gasịrị) na ntuli aka ndị nwere ike ịkwado mba a site na mgbapụta zuru oke, nke nwere ike imebi mpaghara mpaghara niile.
Ejikọtara agbụrụ na ịkpọasị na Cameroon iji bibie ohere nke ibikọ ọnụ. Mba ahụ esighi ike ịkwado n'ọnọdụ a. Principlekpụrụ nke ntụgharị n’onwe ya bụ ọdịdị ụwa. Ahụ ọ bụla, akụkụ ọ bụla, nzukọ mmekọrịta ọ bụla, usoro ọ bụla nke anaghị agagharị, nke na-adịghị na mmegharị nke mmeghari ohuru nwere mbibi na ọnwụ.
Hippolyte Eric Djounguep bụ Peace Peace na nyocha ihe banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka akwụkwọ akụkọ French bụ Le Point na onye nyere aka na BBC na Huffington Post. Ọ bụ onye edemede nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gụnyere Crise Anglophone au Cameroun. Guerre sauvage? (2020), Cameroun - crise anglophone: Essai d'analyse post coloniale (2019), Géoéconomie d'une Afrique émergente (2016), Perspective des conflits (2014) na Médias et Conflits (2012) n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Kemgbe afọ 2012 O meela ọtụtụ njem mmụta sayensị banyere mgbanwe nke esemokwu na mpaghara mpaghara Great Lakes nke Africa, na mpaghara Africa, na mpaghara Lake Chad na Ivory Coast.
