Site na John Scales Avery, May 21, 2019
Na Monday, 13 May 2019, akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times dere otu isiokwu na isiokwu bụ "Ụlọ White House na-ekwu na ndị agha na-emegide Iran. na Echoes nke Iraq agha ". E wezụga ụgbọelu ụgbọ elu na ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ ndị ọzọ ezigara na Gulf Persia, atụmatụ gụnyere iziga ọtụtụ dị ka ndị agha 120,000 US nọ n'ógbè ahụ. E nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ na ọgụ nke agha na Iran nwere ike ịmalite site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Gulf-of-Tonkin-dị ka ihe atụ ụgha nke metụtara ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri nke Saudi.
Na Sunday, 19 May, Donald Trump tweeted: "Ọ bụrụ na Iran chọrọ ịlụ agha, nke ahụ ga-abụ njedebe ọchịchị Iran. Echela mba United States ọzọ! "Ọ kọwaghị otú ma ọ bụ mgbe Iran meghaara US.
Gini mere o ji sie ike ibuso agha agha na Iran nke kacha wute gi? Agha dị otú a ga-eme ka Middle East kwụsịrịrị. Na Pakistan, enweghị mmasị nke njikọ US-Israel-Saudi, yana icheta ọtụtụ arụrụala, nwere ike iduga ịkwatu ọchịchị gọọmentị na-adịchaghị ala na Pakistan, na-etinye ngwa agha nuklia Pakistan n'aka ndị na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị. Russia na China, ndị ha na Iran jikọrọ aka ogologo oge, nwekwara ike ịdaba na esemokwu ahụ. A ga - enwe nnukwu ihe egwu nke ịbawanye na agha nuklia zuru oke.
Iran bụ mba udo ma a na-awakpo ya mgbe mgbe
Iran nwere mmepeanya mgbe ochie ma mara mma nke malitere na 7000 BC, mgbe e guzobere obodo Susa. Offọdụ n'ime edemede mbụ nke anyị maara banyere ya, sitere na ihe dịka 3,000 BC, bụ ndị obodo Elamite dị nso na Susa. Ndị Iran nke oge a nwere ọgụgụ isi na ọgụgụ isi nke ukwuu, ma ama maka ile ọbịa, mmesapụ aka na obiọma nke ndị bịara abịa. Kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, ndị Iran enyela ọtụtụ onyinye na sayensị, nka na akwụkwọ, na ọtụtụ narị afọ ha ebusoghị ndị agbata obi ha agha. Ka o sina dị, na narị afọ gara aga, ha abụwo ndị mwakpo na mbuso agha si mba ọzọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na akụ na mmanụ nke Iran. Nke mbụ n'ime ndị a mere na oge 1921-1925, mgbe ndị Britain na-akwado ọchịchị kwaturu usoro ndị eze Qajar ma dochie ya Reza Shah.
Reza Shah (1878-1944) malitere ọrụ ya dika Reza Khan, onye isi agha. N'ihi ọgụgụ isi ya, o biliri ngwa ngwa ịghọ ọchịagha nke Tabriz Brigade nke Cossacks Peasia. Na 1921, General Edmond Ironside, onye nyere iwu ka ndị agha 6,000 na-alụ ọgụ megide ndị Bolshevik nọ n'ebe ugwu Peshia, na-eme ka agha (Britain) kwadoro ebe Reza Khan na-edu 15,000 Cossacks na isi obodo. O kwaturu gọọmentị, wee ghọọ onye ozi agha. Ndị ọchịchị Britain kwadoro aka a n'ihi na ọ kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa ka onye ndú dị ike na Iran guzogide ndị Bolsheviks. Na 1923, Reza Khan kwaturu usoro usoro nke Qajar, na 1925, ọ bụ okpueze dị ka Reza Shah, na-akpọ aha Pahlavi.
Reza Shah kwenyere na ya nwere ozi iji mee ka Iran dị ọhụrụ, n'otu ụzọ ahụ Kamil Ata Turk si mee ka Turkey dị ọhụrụ. N'ime afọ iri na isii ọ chịrị na Iran, e wuru ọtụtụ okporo ụzọ, wuru Trans-Iranian Railway, e zigara ọtụtụ ndị Iran ka ha gụọ na West, Mahadum Tehran mepere, wee mee usoro mbụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Agbanyeghị, usoro Reza Shah siri ike mgbe ụfọdụ.
Na 1941, mgbe Germany wakporo Russia, Iran nọpụrụ iche, ikekwe na-adabere ntakịrị n'akụkụ Germany. Agbanyeghị, Reza Shah katọrọ Hitler nke ukwuu iji nye ndị Iran gbara ọsọ ndụ nchekwa na Iran. Tụ egwu na ndị Jamani ga-eweghara mmanụ mmanụ Abadan, na na-achọ iji Trans-Iranian Railway butere ihe enyemaka na Russia, Britain wakporo Iran site na ndịda n'August 25, 1941. N'otu oge, ndị agha Russia wakporo mba ahụ site na ugwu. Reza Shah rịọrọ Roosevelt maka enyemaka, na-ekwu nnọpụiche nke Iran, mana ọ nweghị isi. Na Septemba 17, 1941, a manyere ya ije biri n'ala ọzọ, nwa ya nwoke, Crown Prince Mohammed Reza Pahlavi nọchiri ya. Ma Britain ma Russia kwere nkwa ịhapụ Iran ozugbo agha ahụ gwụrụ. N'oge Agha Worldwa nke Abụọ, ọ bụ ezie na Shah ọhụrụ bụ onye a na-akpọ onye na-achị Iran, ndị agha na-achịkwa mba ahụ na-achịkwa mba ahụ.
Reza Shah, nwere echiche siri ike nke ije ozi, ma chee na ọ bụ ọrụ ya iji mee ka Iran dị ọcha. Ọ gafere nwa ya, nke a bụ nwa Shah Shah Reza Pahlavi. Nsogbu na-egbu mgbu nke ịda ogbenye na-apụta ìhè n'ebe niile, ma Reza Shah na nwa ya nwoke hụrụ ka asụsụ Iran dị dịka nanị ụzọ isi kwụsị ịda ogbenye.
Na 1951, Mohammad Mosaddegh ghọrọ Prime Minista nke Iran site na nhoputa ndi ochichi. O sitere na ndi mmadu nwere otutu ndi ozo wee nwee ike ichoputa ndi nna nna ya n'azu ndi agha nke Qaja. Otu n'ime ọtụtụ mgbanwe Mosaddegh mere bụ mba mba Anglo-Iranian Oilization Ihe ụlọ ọrụ nwere na Iran. Maka nke a, AIOC (nke mechara bụrụ British Petroleum), mere ka gọọmentị Britain kwenye ịkwado ọchịchị nzuzo nke ga-akwatu Mosaddegh. Ndị Britain rịọrọ Onye isi ala US Eisenhower na CIA ka ha sonyere M16 na-ebu agha ahụ, na-azọrọ na Mosaddegh nọchitere anya iyi egwu ndị Kọmunist (arụmụka na-enweghị isi, na-atụle mbido usoro Mosaddegh). Eisenhower kwetara inyere Britain aka na ntigbu ahụ, o mere na 1953. Ya mere, ndị Shah nwetara ikike zuru oke na Iran.
Ebumnuche nke ịmara Iran na igbu ogbenye ka a nabatara dịka ihe dị nsọ site na nwa okorobịa Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara White White na 1963, mgbe ọtụtụ ala nke ndị nwe ala na okpueze ahụ e kesara ndị obodo na-enweghị ebe obibi. Otú ọ dị, White Revolution kpaliri ma ụlọ akwụkwọ ọdịnala na ndị ụkọchukwu, ọ kpụkwara mmegide kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ. N'imeso mmegide a, ụzọ Shahs siri ike, dịka nna ya hà. N'ihi na ndi mmadu mebiri ya site na mmegbu ya, na n'ihi ike ndi iro ya, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi bu kwatuo na mgbanwe Iranian nke 1979. Mgbanwe nke 1979 bụ nke ụfọdụ ndị British-American coup of 1953 kpatara.
Otu onye nwekwara ike ikwu na oge ọdịda anyanwụ, nke Shah Reza na nwa ya nwoke chọrọ, mepụtara mmeghachi omume ọdịda anyanwụ n'etiti ndị na-achọghị mgbanwe nke ọha mmadụ Iran. Iran “dara n’agbata oche abụọ”, n’aka ọdịbendị ọdịda anyanwụ ma n’aka nke ọzọ ọdịnala ọdịnala nke mba ahụ. Ọ dị ka ọkara n'etiti, na-abụghị nke abụọ. N'ikpeazụ na 1979 ndị ụkọchukwu Alakụba meriri na Iran họọrọ ọdịnala.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, na 1963 ndị US ji nzuzo zoo aka agha ndị agha na Iraq mere ka Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party nwee ike. Na 1979, mgbe a kwaturu Shah nke Iran nke ọdịda anyanwụ na-akwado, United States lere ọchịchị onye isi ala Shi'ite anya nke nọchiri ya dị ka iyi egwu ịnye mmanụ si Saudi Arabia. Washington hụrụ Saddam Iraq dị ka ihe nchebe megide ọchịchị Shi'ite nke Iran nke a na-eche na ọ na-eyi egwu mmanụ sitere na steeti ndị America dịka Kuwait na Saudi Arabia.
Na 1980, gbara ume ime nke a site n'eziokwu ahụ na Iran adaberela na US nkwado, ọchịchị Saddam Hussein wakporo Iran. Nke a bụ mmalite nke agha nke na-egbu egbu na nke na-ebibi ihe ruo afọ asatọ, na-egbu ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ abụọ na mba abụọ ahụ. Iraq ji orard gas na akwara akwara Tabun na Sarin megide Iran, mebie Geneva Protocol.
Mwakpo ndị a na-eme ugbu a na Iran, ma nke dị adị ma nke egwu, nwere myirịta na agha a na-ebuso Iraq nke United States bidoro na 2003. Na 2003, mwakpo a na-akpali site na iyi egwu na a ga-emepụta ngwá agha nuklia, mana ezigbo ebumnobi metụtara ihe na ọchịchọ ịchịkwa na erigbu mmanụ mmanụ nke Iraq, yana oke ụjọ nke Israel na inwe onye agbata obi dị ike ma dịtụ njọ. N'otu aka ahụ, enwere ike ịhụ oke oke mmanụ na mmanụ nke Iran dị ka otu isi ihe kpatara United States ji agba mmụọ Iran ugbu a, nke a jikọtara ya na ụjọ Israel na-atụ ụjọ nke Iran buru ibu ma dị ike. N’ileghachi anya azụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị “nke gara nke ọma” 1953 megide Mosaddegh, Israel na United States nwere ike iche na mmachi, iyi egwu, igbu ọchụ na nrụgide ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime ka mgbanwe ọchịchị nke ga-eweta gọọmentị na-ekwenye ekwenye na Iran - gọọmentị nke ga-anabata US hegemony. Mana okwu ike, iyi egwu na iwe nwere ike ịbawanye na agha zuru oke.
Achọghị m ka m gosipụta nkwado nke ọchịchị ọchịchị ọchịchị Iran dị ugbu a. Agbanyeghị, ndị ọbịa, ndị omenaala na ndị enyi na enyi kwesịrị ekwesighi agha. Ha ekwesighi ka ahụhụ nke a dakwasịrị ha. Ọzọkwa, iji ihe ike eme ihe megide Iran ga-abụ onye nzuzu na onye omekome. Gini mere ara? N'ihi na akụnụba nke US na ụwa ugbu a enweghị ike ịkwado esemokwu ọzọ; n'ihi na Middle East bụworị mpaghara nwere nnukwu nsogbu; na n'ihi na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkọ oke agha nke, ọ bụrụ na ọ malitere ozugbo, nwere ike ịmalite Agha Worldwa nke Atọ, n'ihi eziokwu ahụ Iran nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na Russia na China. Gịnị kpatara mpụ? N'ihi na ime ihe ike dị otú ahụ ga-emebi ma UN Charter ma urekpụrụ Nuremberg. Enweghị olile anya ma ọlị maka ọdịnihu belụsọ na anyị na-arụ ọrụ maka ụwa udo, nke iwu mba ụwa na-achịkwa, kama ụwa na-atụ egwu ebe ike obi ọjọọ na-achịkwa.
References
- Sir Percy Sykes, A History of Persia - mbipụta nke abụọ, MacMillan, (2).
- Paula K. Byers, Reza Shah Pahlavi, Encyclopedia of World Biography (1998).
- Roger Hoffman, Origins of Iranian Revolution, International Af56 / 4, 673-7, (Mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1980).
- Daniel Yergin, Ihe Nrite: Nchọgharị Epic maka Mmanụ, Ego na Ike, Simon na Schuster, (1991).
- A. Sampson, Ndị Nwanyị Asaa: Ụlọọrụ Mmanụ Mmanụ nke Ụwa na otú e si kee ha, Hodder na Staughton, London, (1988).
- James Risen, Nzuzo nke History: CIA na Iran, New York Oge, April 16, (2000).
- Mark Gasiorowski na Malcolm Byrne, Mohammad Mosaddegh na 1953 daa na Iran, Archive National Archive, June 22, (2004).
- K. Roosevelt, Countercoup: Mgbalị maka ịchịkwa Iran, McGraw-Hill, New York, (1979).
- E. Abraham, Iran N'etiti mgbanwe abụọ, Princeton University Pịa, Princeton, (1982).
- MT Klare, Agha Agha: Ihe Odide Ọhụrụ nke Nsogbu Ụwa, Owl Books reprint edition, New York, (2002).
- JM Blair, Nchịkwa Mmanụ, Ụlọ Nanị, New York, (1976).
