Los ntawm David Swanson, Lub Kaum Hli 5, 2020
Tshaj tawm ntawm Tawm Hauv Ntiaj Teb Zaum II Zaum Qab
Hitler paub meej txog kev npaj ua tsov ua rog ntev ua ntej nws pib nws. Hitler hais txog lub Rhineland, ntxiv rau Austria, thiab hawv Czechoslovakia. Cov nom tswv qeb siab hauv German cov tub rog thiab "txoj kev ntse" tau tawm tsam. Tab sis Hitler tau txais koob meej nrog txhua kauj ruam nws coj, thiab tsis muaj ib qho kev tawm tsam los ntawm teb chaws Aas Kiv lossis Fabkis kev xav tsis thoob thiab poob ntsej muag ntawm cov kws lij choj. Tsoomfwv Askiv tau paub txog cov phiaj xwm kev tawm tsam thiab tau paub txog cov phiaj xwm kev ua tsov ua rog, tseem xaiv tsis txhawb cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm Nazis, tsis yog los txhawb nqa cov neeg tawm tsam, tsis txhob nkag mus ua rog, tsis hawv hem tias yuav nkag mus ua tsov rog, kom tsis txhob thaiv lub teb chaws Yelemees, kom tsis txhob mob siab rau kev tso tseg caj npab thiab muab khoom rau lub teb chaws Yelemees, tsis txhob tuav lub Kellogg-Briand Pact los ntawm kev hais plaub zoo li cov uas yuav tshwm sim tom qab tsov rog hauv Nuremberg tab sis tuaj yeem tshwm sim ua ntej tsov rog (tsawg kawg nrog cov neeg raug foob nyob rau hauv absentia) hla tebchaws Ltalis kev tawm tsam Ethiopia lossis German kev tawm tsam rau Czechoslovakia, tsis xav kom Tebchaws Asmeskas koom nrog Pab Koomtes Pab Koomtes, tsis xav kom lub Koom Haum Pab Koom Tes Pab Koom Tes, tsis txhob tshaj tawm German cov pej xeem hauv kev txhawb nqa kev tsis ncaj ncees, tsis yog kom khiav tawm cov uas tau hem tawm tsam kev tua neeg, tsis yog thov kom muaj kev sib tham sib haum xeeb thoob ntiaj teb los yog tsim lub tebchaws United Nations, thiab tsis txhob quav ntsej dab tsi txog lub sijhawm Soviet.
Lub Soviet Union tau thov kom muaj ntawv cog lus tawm tsam lub teb chaws Yelemees, kev pom zoo nrog Askiv thiab Fab Kis ua ke yog tias muaj neeg tawm tsam. Askiv thiab Fab Kis twb tsis xav mentsis. Lub tebchaws Soviet sim cov kauj ruam no rau xyoo thiab txawm koom nrog Pab Koomtes ntawm Koom Tes. Txawm tias Tebchaws Poland tsis xav paub txog. Lub Soviet Union yog tib lub tebchaws uas tau thov nkag mus thiab tawm tsam rau Czechoslovakia yog tias lub teb chaws Yelemees tau tawm tsam nws, tab sis Poland - uas yuav tsum tau paub tias nws tau tom ntej rau kab rau Nazi kev ua phem - tsis lees lub Soviets hla mus txog Czechoslovakia. Poland, tom qab ntawd tseem cuam tshuam los ntawm lub Soviet Union, tej zaum yuav muaj kev ntshai tias Soviet cov tub rog yuav tsis dhau los ntawm nws tab sis nyob hauv nws. Thaum Winston Churchill zoo li yuav luag zoo siab rau kev ua rog nrog lub tebchaws Yelemes, Neville Chamberlain tsis tsuas yog tsis kam koom tes nrog Soviet Union lossis yuav tsum ua txoj haujlwm tsis raug cai lossis tsis ua tus sawv cev ntawm Czechoslovakia, tabsis qhov tseeb tau thov kom Czechoslovakia tsis tawm tsam, thiab yeej tau tso Tus nqi Czechoslovakian hauv tebchaws Askiv rau Nazis. Chamberlain zoo li tau nyob rau sab ntawm Nazis dhau ntawm dab tsi yuav ua rau muaj kev txiav txim siab hauv kev ua kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb, qhov laj thawj uas cov lag luam nyiam nws feem ntau ua rau sawv cev tsis tau koom nrog kiag li. Rau nws feem, Churchill yog qhov kev qhuas ntawm fascism uas cov neeg keeb kwm xav tias nws ntawm tom qab tau xav txog kev txhim kho Nazi-kev txhawb siab rau Duke ntawm Windsor ua tus kav fab tswjfwm hauv tebchaws Askiv, tab sis Churchill qhov kev tsis txaus siab rau ntau xyoo lawm zoo li tau ua tsov rog tiv thaiv kev thaj yeeb.
Txoj hauj lwm ntawm feem ntau ntawm tsoomfwv British los ntawm xyoo 1919 txog rau kev nce siab ntawm Hitler thiab dhau ntawd tau txhawb kev ncaj ncees rau kev txhim kho tsoomfwv txoj cai tswj hwm hauv tebchaws Yelemes. Txhua yam uas yuav ua tau kom muaj kev sib nrug thiab cov sab laug tsis muaj hwj chim nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees tau txais kev txhawb nqa. Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Tebchaws Askiv Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws thiab Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Liberal Party David Lloyd George thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 22, 1933, hais tias: “Kuv paub tias muaj kev phem kev qias nyob hauv tebchaws Yelemes thiab peb txhua tus npau suav thiab rau txim rau lawv. Tab sis lub teb chaws dhau los ntawm kev tawm tsam yeej ib txwm muaj lub luag haujlwm vim tias kev tswj hwm kev ncaj ncees raug ntes ntawm no thiab muaj los ntawm tus neeg ntxeev siab. " Yog tias Allied lub hwj chim tshem tawm Nazism, Lloyd George tau ceeb toom tias, "kev sib fwm tshaj plaws" yuav los hloov chaw. Nws hais tias "Qhov tseeb tsis tuaj yeem yog peb lub hom phiaj."[I]
Yog li, qhov ntawd yog teebmeem nrog Nazism: ob peb lub txiv iab! Ib qho yuav tsum to taub thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev hloov pauv. Thiab, dua li, tus Askiv tau nkees rau kev tsov rog tom qab WWI. Tab sis qhov txaus luag tshaj plaws yog tias tam sim ntawd thaum xaus ntawm WWI, thaum tsis muaj leej twg yuav muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau dua nkees ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog vim WWI, ib qho kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim - ib qho nrog nws cov kev faib tawm ntawm cov txiv apples phem uas tuaj yeem tau txais lub zog loj: lub kiv puag ncig hauv Russia. Thaum Lavxias txoj kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim, Tebchaws Asmeskas, Tebchaws Askiv, Fabkis, thiab cov phoojywg tau xa nyiaj rau thawj zaug xyoo 1917, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tub rog xyoo 1918, mus rau hauv tebchaws Russia los txhawb kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam. Los ntawm xyoo 1920 cov kev nkag siab no thiab kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb rau cov tebchaws tau tawm tsam hauv tebchaws Russia kom ua tiav txoj haujlwm rhuav tshem tsoomfwv Lavxias. Thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog no tsis tshua nyiam ua rau phau ntawv nyeem hauv Asmeskas, Cov neeg Lavxias nyiam nco nws li qhov pib ntawm ntau dua ib puas xyoo ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab kev tawm tsam los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Western Europe, kev sib koom tes thaum WWII tsis muaj kev ntseeg.
Xyoo 1932, Cardinal Pacelli, uas thaum xyoo 1939 yuav yog Pope Pius XII, tau sau ib tsab ntawv rau tus niam ntawv Lub suab lossis Center Party, thib peb qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm pawg kasmoos hauv tebchaws Ntsaws Mes Nis. Lub Cardinal tau txhawj xeeb txog qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom tes hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, thiab tau hais rau Lub Chaw Pabcuam hauv Lub Tebchaws los pab ua Hitler tus thawj coj. Txij ntawd los tus Lub suab txhawb nqa Hitler.[Ii]
Thawj Tswj Hwm Herbert Hoover, tus neeg uas xiam Lavxias poob rau hauv Lavxias txoj kev hloov pauv, ntseeg tias lub tebchaws Soviet xav kom muaj kev sib tsoo.[Iii]
The Duke of Windsor, uas yog King of England xyoo 1936 mus txog thaum nws tso lub neej tseg rau kev sib yuav tsis pub dhau lub neej Wallis Simpson los ntawm Baltimore, muaj tshuaj yej nrog Hitler ntawm Hitler lub roob lub siab rov qab thaum xyoo 1937. Lub Tuam Txhab Duke thiab Duchess tau sib tham rau German cov chaw lag luam uas tau tsim riam phom hauv npaj rau WWII, thiab "tshawb xyuas" Nazi pab tub rog. Lawv tau noj mov nrog Goebbels, Göring, Tus Hais Lus, thiab Txawv Tebchaws Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. Xyoo 1966, tus Daws Dub rov hais tias, “[Hitler] ua rau kuv paub tias Red Russia yog tib tug yeeb ncuab xwb, thiab tias Great Britain thiab tag nrho Europe tau xav txhawb kom Lub Tebchaws Yelemees mus tawm tsam rau sab hnub tuaj thiab txhawm rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ib zaug thiab rau txhua tus Cov. Cov. Cov. Cov. Kuv tau xav tias peb tus kheej yuav tuaj yeem saib tau raws li tus Nazis thiab Reds yuav sib tua. "[Iv]
Puas yog "rov hais dua" qhov tsim nyog tshaj tawm rau tib neeg thiaj li xav txog ua neeg saib pom mus rau kev tua neeg?[V]
Muaj qhov qias neeg me zais zais hauv WWII, kev ua tsov rog qias neeg uas koj yuav tsis xav tias nws yuav muaj qhov qias neeg tsis pub lwm tus paub, tab sis nws yog qhov no: tus yeeb ncuab siab tshaj plaws ntawm Sab Hnub Poob ua ntej, thaum, thiab tom qab kev tsov rog yog Lavxias teb sab nplog. Cov. Dab tsi Chamberlain yog tom qab hauv Munich tsis yog kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Askiv xwb, tabsis tseem muaj kev tsov rog ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Soviet. Nws yog lub hom phiaj ntev dhau los, lub hom phiaj plausible, thiab lub hom phiaj uas yog qhov tseeb tau ua tiav. Cov Soviets sim ua ntawv sib cog lus nrog Tebchaws Askiv thiab Fabkis tab sis tau thim mus. Stalin xav tau cov tub rog Soviet hauv tebchaws Poland, uas teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab Fabkis (thiab Poland) tsis kam txais. Yog li, lub tebchaws Soviet tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus tsis tawm tsam nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees, tsis yog kev sib koom tes los koom ua tsov rog nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees, tab sis ib daim ntawv cog lus tsis xav tawm tsam ib leeg, thiab kev pom zoo los faib rau sab hnub tuaj Europe. Tab sis, tau kawg, Lub teb chaws Yelemees tsis tau txhais tias. Hitler tsuas yog xav kom nyob ib leeg tawm tsam Poland. Thiab yog li ntawd nws yog. Lub caij no cov Soviet tau nrhiav kev los tsim lub ntoob thiab nthuav lawv lub zog los ntawm kev tawm tsam cov xeev Baltic, Finland, thiab Poland.
Kev npau suav ntawm Sab Hnub Poob ntawm kev coj cia cov Lavxias teb sab nplog liab, thiab siv German lub neej los ua nws, zoo li nws tau nyob ze dua. Txij lub Cuaj Hlis Xyoo 1939 txog Lub Tsib Hlis xyoo 1940, Fab Kis thiab Askiv tau ua tsov rog nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees, tab sis tsis tau ntaus rog ntau. Lub sijhawm yog lub sijhawm paub rau cov keeb kwm zoo li "Phoney Tsov Rog." Qhov tseeb, Tebchaws Askiv thiab Fabkis tau tos rau Lub Tebchaws Yelemees los tawm tsam lub Soviet Union, uas nws tau ua, tab sis tsuas yog tom qab tawm tsam Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Fabkis, thiab Askiv. Lub teb chaws Yelemees tau tawm tsam WWII ntawm ob txoj kev sib tua, sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj, tab sis feem ntau sab hnub tuaj. Qee qhov 80% ntawm kev raug mob German raug nyob rau sab hnub tuaj pem hauv ntej. Cov neeg Lavxias poob, raws li Lavxias teb sab kev suav, 27 lab lub neej.[vi] Nom tswv nplog liab thiaj lis ciaj sia nyob mus li.
Thaum Lub Tebchaws Yelemes tuaj tawm tsam lub tebchaws Soviet Union thaum xyoo 1941, Tsoomfwv Meskas Senator Robert Taft tau hais txog qhov pom ntawm tsoomfwv thiab los ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv cov tub rog Asmeskas thaum nws hais tias Joseph Stalin yog "tus neeg phem tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb," thiab tau lees tias “Yeej ntawm nplog liab. Cov. Cov. yuav deb txaus ntshai tshaj li qhov yeej ntawm kev siab phem. "[vii]
Tus nom Senator Harry S Truman tau ua qhov kev txiav txim siab zoo, txawm tias tsis muaj kev sib luag ntawm lub neej thiab kev tuag: "Yog tias peb pom tias Lub Tebchaws Yelemees yeej peb yuav tsum pab Russia thiab yog tias Russia yeej peb yuav tsum pab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, thiab txoj kev ntawd cia. lawv tua ntau li ntau tau, txawm hais tias kuv tsis xav pom Hitler yeej nyob hauv ib qho xwm txheej twg. "[viii]
Raws li Truman txoj kev pom, thaum lub teb chaws Yelemees tsiv mus rau hauv lub tebchaws Soviet sai sai, Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt tau thov xa kev pab mus rau tom lub tebchaws Soviet, rau cov lus qhia uas nws tau txais kev tawm tsam hnyav los ntawm cov neeg ntawm txoj cai hauv Asmeskas kev tswj hwm, thiab kev tawm tsam los ntawm tsoomfwv Meskas.[ix] Tebchaws Asmeskas tau cog lus pab rau Soviets, tab sis peb feem plaub ntawm nws - tsawg kawg ntawm theem no - tsis tau tuaj txog.[X] Cov Soviets tau ua ntau qhov kev puas tsuaj rau Nazi tub rog tshaj li lwm lub tebchaws tau sib koom ua ke, tabsis tau muaj kev sib zog hauv kev sib zog. Hauv kev cog lus rau kev pab cog lus, lub xeev Soviet thov kev pom zoo kom ua raws, tom qab kev ua rog, thaj chaw uas nws tau txeeb hauv Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Tuaj. Tebchaws Askiv tau hais kom pom zoo rau Tebchaws Meskas, tabsis Tebchaws Meskas, txog rau tamsis no, tsis kam lees.[xi]
Nyob rau hauv kev cog lus ntawm kev pab pom zoo lossis thaj chaw tau ua tiav, Stalin tau thov thib peb ntawm Askiv thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1941. Nws yog qhov no: sib ntaus sib tua tsov rog! Stalin xav tau lub thib ob sab pem hauv ntej qhib tawm tsam Nazis nyob rau sab hnub poob, muaj kev nkag tebchaws Askiv rau Fab Kis, lossis lwm pawg tub rog Askiv xa mus pab rau sab hnub tuaj. Cov Soviets tau raug tsis pom zoo rau kev pab, thiab tau txhais txoj kev tsis kam no raws li lub siab xav pom lawv tsis muaj zog txaus. Thiab tsis muaj zog li lawv; tsis tau lawv yeej. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1941 thiab lub caij ntuj no tom qab, cov tub rog hauv Soviet tau tig los tiv thaiv Nazis nyob sab nraud ntawm Moscow. Lub zog swb German tau pib ua ntej Tebchaws Meskas tau nkag mus rau qhov kev ua rog, thiab ua ntej muaj kev tiv thaiv sab hnub poob ntawm Fabkis.[xii]
Txoj kev tawm tsam ntawd tau ntev thiab ntev nyob hauv cov tuaj. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis xyoo 1942 Soviet Minister Vwmslav Molotov tau ntsib nrog Roosevelt hauv Washington, thiab lawv tau tshaj tawm cov phiaj xwm qhib kev qhib sab hnub poob thaum lub caij ntuj sov. Tab sis nws tsis yuav. Churchill ntxias Roosevelt hloov chaw rau sab qaum teb Africa thiab Middle East qhov chaw uas cov Nazis tau hem txog tebchaws Askiv uas muaj neeg nyiam kav thiab nyiam siv roj.
Nco ntsoov tias, txawm li cas los xij, lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1942, kev tawm tsam Soviet tawm tsam Nazis tau txais kev tshaj tawm xov xwm zoo li no hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tias muaj ntau qhov kev nyiam los ntawm Asmeskas thiab Askiv qhib lub rooj zaum thib ob tam sim ntawd. Cov tsheb hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas tau nqa cov ntawv lo rau ntawv nyeem “Lub Hauv Ntej Tam Sim No.” Tab sis Tsoomfwv Meskas thiab tebchaws Askiv tsis quav ntsej qhov kev thov no. Lub sijhawm ntawd cov Soviets, tau thawb kom cov Nazis rov qab.[xiii]
Yog tias koj tau kawm txog WWII los ntawm Hollywood cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab cov neeg Asmeskas cov kab lis kev cai zoo, koj yuav tsis muaj lub tswv yim tias kev tawm tsam ntau ntawm cov neeg Nazis tau ua los ntawm lub Soviets, tias yog tias muaj tsov rog muaj yeej saum nws yeej yog lub tebchaws Soviet. Thiab koj yuav tsis paub tias cov neeg Yudais coob leej tau dim vim tias lawv tau tsiv mus nyob sab hnub tuaj hauv tebchaws Soviet ua ntej WWII lossis khiav dim sab hnub tuaj hauv lub tebchaws Soviet li Nazis tau txeeb los. Los ntawm xyoo 1943, ntawm tus nqi hnyav rau ob tog, cov neeg Lavxias tau thawb cov neeg German rov qab mus rau lub tebchaws Yelemes, tseem tsis muaj kev pab loj ntawm sab hnub poob. Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis xyoo 1943, hauv Tehran, Roosevelt thiab Churchill tau cog lus Stalin kev nkag tebchaws rau Fabkis xyoo tom qab lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, thiab Stalin tau cog lus tias yuav ntaus Nyij Pooj sai li sai tau thaum lub teb chaws German tau swb. Tseem, tsis tau txog lub Rau Hli 6, 1944, tias Allied cov tub rog tau tsaws ntawm Normandy. Los ntawm qhov ntawd, tus Soviets tau nyob hauv ntau ntawm Central Tebchaws Europe. Tsoomfwv Meskas thiab Tebchaws Askiv tau zoo siab rau Soviet pom feem ntau tua thiab tuag rau xyoo, tab sis tsis xav kom lub tebchaws Soviet tuaj txog hauv Berlin thiab tshaj tawm txoj kev yeej ib leeg.
Peb lub teb chaws pom zoo tias txhua tus neeg swb yuav tsum yog tag nrho thiab yuav tsum ua rau tag nrho peb ntawm lawv ua ke. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv tebchaws Ltalis, Tim Nkij teb chaws, Fab Kis, thiab lwm qhov ntawm Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Askiv tau txiav tawm hauv tebchaws Russia yuav luag tag nrho, txwv tsis pub muaj kev sib tua, kaw tawm ntawm cov neeg sab nraud mus rau lub tebchaws Nazis, thiab rov tswj tsoomfwv txoj cai uas cov neeg Italians Mussolini. ”[xiv] Tom qab ua tsov rog, mus rau xyoo 1950, Tebchaws Asmeskas, hauv "Kev Ua Haujlwm Gladio," yuav "tso tseg" cov tub soj xyuas thiab cov neeg phem thiab cov neeg sab nrauv nyob rau ntau lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe tau tawm tsam txhua tus neeg Communist.
Keeb kwm tau npaj rau thawj hnub ntawm Roosevelt thiab Churchill lub rooj sib tham nrog Stalin hauv Yalta, Asmeskas thiab Askiv tau tsoo lub nroog Dresden tiaj, rhuav tshem nws cov vaj tse thiab nws cov duab kos thiab nws cov pej xeem neeg, pom tias yog ib txoj hauv kev hem tsoomfwv Russia.[xv] Tebchaws Asmeskas tsim thiab siv nyob rau Nyij Pooj lub nroog nuclear foob pob, ib qho kev txiav txim siab uas tau tsav, ib feem, los ntawm kev xav pom tias Nyij Pooj rau Tebchaws Meskas ib leeg, tsis muaj lub npe Soviet, thiab los ntawm kev muaj lub siab los hem Soviet.[xvi]
Tam sim ntawv rau German kev swb, Winston Churchill tau tawm tswv yim siv Nazi cov tub rog ua ke nrog cov tub rog sib tua los tua lub Soviet Union, lub tebchaws uas nyuam qhuav ua tiav feem ntau ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov Nazis.[xvii] Qhov no tsis yog kev thov tawm ntawm-cuff. Tsoomfwv Meskas thiab Askiv tau tshawb nrhiav thiab ua tiav ib feem ntawm cov tub rog German, tau khaws cov tub rog German npaj thiab npaj, thiab muaj cov neeg German cov tub rog tau kawm txog kev kawm los ntawm lawv tsis ua txhaum cov neeg Lavxias. Kev tawm tsam cov neeg Lavxias sai dua li tom qab tau muaj kev saib pom zoo los ntawm General George Patton, thiab los ntawm Hitler hloov hloov Admiral Karl Donitz, tsis hais txog Allen Dulles thiab OSS. Dulles tau ua kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees hauv tebchaws Ltalis kom txiav tawm cov neeg Lavxias, thiab pib ua rau muaj kev ywj pheej nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe tam sim ntawd thiab muab lub zog qub rau Nazis hauv tebchaws Yelemes, ntxiv rau kev xa lawv mus rau Asmeskas cov tub rog kom tsom mus ua rog tiv thaiv Russia.[xviii]
Thaum cov tub rog Asmeskas thiab Soviet tau sib ntsib thawj zaug hauv tebchaws Ntsaws Mes Nis, lawv tsis tau hais tias lawv muaj tsov rog ua ke. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm Winston Churchill lawv tau. Tsis muaj peev xwm tsim kev kub ntxhov, nws thiab Truman thiab lwm tus tsim kev lag luam txias. Tebchaws Asmeskas tau ua haujlwm kom paub tseeb tias West German cov tuam txhab yuav rov tsim kho sai sai tab sis tsis them rov qab cov nyiaj them rov qab los rau lub tebchaws Soviet. Thaum cov Soviets tau thim tawm ntawm cov teb chaws zoo li Finland, lawv qhov kev thov rau lub sijhawm tsis txaus ntshai ntawm Lavxias thiab Tebchaws Europe lub zog thaum tsov rog txias zuj zus tuaj thiab suav nrog oxymoronic "nuclear diplomacy." Lub Cim Txias yog ib qho kev tsim kho tshiab tu siab, tab sis tuaj yeem ua rau mob ntau ntxiv. Thaum nws tsuas yog tus tswv tshaj plaws ntawm riam phom nuclear, Tsoomfwv Meskas tau coj los ntawm Truman, tau tsim cov phiaj xwm rau kev ua tsov rog tua hluav taws hauv Soviet Union, thiab tau pib tsim kev lag luam thiab khaws cov riam phom nuclear thiab B-29 kom xa lawv. Ua ntej 300 lub foob pob nuclear xav tau npaj, cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas zais cia cov foob pob zais ntsiag to rau lub tebchaws Soviet - qhov kev hloov uas tej zaum yuav ua tiav qhov uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais tias lawv xav tau, kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tua neeg ntau nrog kev lag luam.[xix] Cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no paub ntau ntxiv txog qhov yuav tshwm sim ntawm kev poob 300 lub foob pob nuclear, uas suav nrog lub caij ntuj no nuclear thiab kev tshaib plab heev rau tib neeg.
Kev ua yeeb ncuab, riam phom nuclear, npaj ua tsov rog, pab tub rog nyob hauv tebchaws Ntsaws Mes Nis, puav leej nyob tag nrho, thiab tam sim no muaj riam phom nyob rau sab Yus Luv sab Europe sab xis mus txog ciam teb ntawm Russia. Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob yog qhov kev tawm dag zog tsis txaus ntseeg, tsis tau txawm tias lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws los ntawm Soviet Union nws tau ua puas tsawg lossis tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau kev tawm tsam los tiv thaiv Soviet hauv Washington. Lub sijhawm tom qab ntawm lub tebchaws Soviet thiab qhov xaus ntawm kev sib txuas lus tau zoo ib yam li kev tsis lees paub txog kev sib ntxub thiab kev ua siab phem rau Russia.
Tshaj tawm ntawm Tawm Hauv Ntiaj Teb Zaum II Zaum Qab.
Ib rau-lub lim tiam online chav kawm ntawm cov ncauj lus no pib hnub no.
LUS CIM:
[I] FRASER, “Cov ntawv nyeem tag nrho ntawm Kev Ua Lag Luam thiab Nyiaj Txiag: Lub Cuaj Hlis 30, 1933, Vol. 137, Tsis tau. 3562, ”https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/commercial-fin financial-chronicle-1339/sept-30-1933-518572/fulltext
[Ii] Nicholson Baker, uas Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 32. XNUMX.
[Iii] Charles Higham, Kev Ua Lag Luam Nrog Tus Yeeb Yam: Kev Tawm Tsam ntawm Nazi-Asmeskas Nyiaj Tshav 1933-1949 (Dell Publishing Co., 1983) p. 152.
[Iv] Jacques R. Pauwels, The Myth of the War Tsov Rog Zoo: Asmeskas hauv Ntiaj Teb Thib Ob Kev Tsov Rog (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 45.
[V] cov New York Times muaj ib nplooj ntawv hais txog Kev Rov Tawm Tsam ntawm Nazis nrog cov neeg nyeem cov lus tawm mus tas li hauv qab nws (tsis muaj cov lus pom zoo ntxiv) uas tau hais tias cov lus qhia tsis tau kawm vim tias Vladimir Putin tau rov hais dua nyob rau Crimea xyoo 2014. Qhov tseeb hais tias cov neeg ntawm Crimea tau pov npav tsis txaus ntseeg kom rov los sib koom nrog Russia , nyob rau hauv ib feem vim lawv tau raug teeb meem los ntawm neo-Nazis, tsis tau hais nyob txhua qhov chaw: https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/30/sept-30-1938-hitler-granted-the-sudentenland-by-britain-france-and-italy
[vi] Wikipedia, "Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb II Muaj Kev Txiaj Ntsig," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties
[vii] John Moser, Ashbrook, Ashland University, "Cov Ntsiab Cai Tsis Muaj Kev Pab: Senator Robert A. Taft thiab Asmeskas Txoj Cai Tswjfwm Meskas," Lub Cuaj Hli 1, 2001, https://ashbrook.org/publications/dialogue-moser/#12
[viii] Lub sij hawm Magazine, "Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Tebchaws: Hnub Nco Txog," Hnub Monday, Lub Xya Hli 02, 1951, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,815031,00.html
[ix] Oliver Pob Zeb thiab Peter Kuznick, Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv Keeb Kwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 96.
[X] Oliver Pob Zeb thiab Peter Kuznick, Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv Keeb Kwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas (Simon & Schuster, 2012), pp. 97, 102.
[xi] Oliver Pob Zeb thiab Peter Kuznick, Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv Keeb Kwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 102.
[xii] Oliver Pob Zeb thiab Peter Kuznick, Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv Keeb Kwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 103.
[xiii] Oliver Pob Zeb thiab Peter Kuznick, Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv Keeb Kwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 104-108.
[xiv] Gaetano Salvamini thiab Giorgio La Piana, La sorte dell'Italia (1945).
[xv] Brett Wilkins, thiab Hom Npau Suav, “Lub Beasts thiab Kev Sib Hle: Rov xav txog Dresden, Lub Ob Hlis 1945,” Lub Ob Hlis 10, 2020, https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/02/10/beasts-and-bombings-reflecting-dresden-feb កុម្ភៈ- Xyoo 1945
[xvi] Saib Tshooj 14 ntawm Tawm Hauv Ntiaj Teb Zaum II Zaum Qab.
[xvii] Mas Hastings, Txhua Hnub Xa ntawv, "Kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo: Yuav ua li cas Churchill xav nrhiav cov tub rog Nazi tua yeej thiab tsav tebchaws Russia tawm ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Tebchaws Europe," Lub Yim Hli 26, 2009, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1209041/Operation-unthinkable-How- Churchill-xav tau-nrhiav-swb-Nazi-tub rog-tsav-Russia-Eastern-Europe.html
[xviii] Davi Talbot, Dabntxwnyoog Kev Ntseeg Chess Board: Allen Dulles, CIA, thiab Rise of America's Tsoomfwv zais cia, (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).
[xix] Dave Lindorff, "Rethinking Manhattan Project Spies thiab Tsov Rog Txias, MAD - thiab 75 xyoo ntawm tsis muaj kev ua tsov rog rau nuclear - tias lawv cov kev txhawb nqa peb," Lub Yim Hli 1, 2020, https://thiscantbehappening.net/rethinking-manhattan-project- cov neeg soj xyuas-thiab-tus-txias-kev ua tsov ua rog-npau taws-thiab-tus-75-xyoo ntawm tsis muaj tsis muaj nuclear-rog-uas-lawv-cov kev siv zog-tshaj lij-peb
