Lub Nkoj Dawb Huv Roj Leak hauv Pearl Harbor

Los ntawm David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Kaum Ib Hlis 30, 2022

Stephen Dedalus ntseeg tias lub ntsej muag tawg ntawm ib tug tub qhe ua lub cim zoo ntawm Ireland. Yog tias koj yuav tsum sau lub cim ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, nws yuav ua li cas? Tus pej thuam ntawm Liberty? Cov txiv neej hauv ris tsho hauv qab ntawm crosses pem hauv ntej ntawm McDonald's? Kuv xav tias nws yuav yog qhov no: cov roj xau los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv Pearl Harbor. Lub nkoj no, Lub Arizona, ib qho ntawm ob tseem tso roj rau hauv Pearl Harbor, tseem tshuav nyob ntawd raws li kev tshaj tawm ua tsov rog, ua pov thawj tias lub ntiaj teb cov neeg muag riam phom saum toj kawg nkaus, cov tsim tsim sab saum toj, cov tub rog siv nyiaj, thiab cov tub rog sab saum toj yog cov neeg raug tsim txom dawb huv. Thiab cov roj raug tso cai mus rau ntawm cov pa taws rau tib lub laj thawj. Nws yog pov thawj ntawm kev phem ntawm Asmeskas cov yeeb ncuab, txawm tias cov yeeb ncuab tseem hloov pauv. Cov neeg los kua muag thiab xav tias tus chij waving nyob rau hauv lawv lub plab ntawm qhov chaw zoo nkauj ntawm cov roj, tso cai rau mus ua phem rau lub hiav txwv Pacific raws li pov thawj ntawm yuav ua li cas tiag thiab solemnly peb coj peb tsov rog propaganda. Ua tsov rog ntawd ib txoj kev loj nyob rau hauv uas peb rhuav tshem lub habitability ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tej zaum yuav los yog yuav tsis poob rau pilgrims mus rau lub site. Nov yog lub vev xaib tourism ntawm yuav ua li cas mus xyuas cov roj dawb huv:

“Nws yooj yim yog ib qhov chaw dawb ceev tshaj plaws hauv Asmeskas. . . . Xav txog nws li no: koj tab tom pom cov roj uas yuav tau muab rov qab rau hnub ua ntej qhov kev tawm tsam thiab tsuas muaj qee yam surreal txog qhov kev paub ntawd. Nws kuj yog ib qho nyuaj rau tsis hnov ​​​​lub cim ntawm lub kua muag dub ci ntsa iab thaum sawv ntsiag to ntawm lub cim nco txog - nws zoo li lub nkoj tseem tab tom quaj ntsuag los ntawm kev tawm tsam. "

"Tib neeg tham txog qhov zoo nkauj npaum li cas thaum pom cov roj ci ntsa iab saum cov dej thiab nws ua rau lawv nco txog lub neej ploj," hais tias lwm lub vev xaib.

“Tib neeg hu nws lub kua muag dub Arizona.' Koj tuaj yeem pom cov roj nce mus rau saum npoo, ua zaj sawv ntawm dej. Koj tseem tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​cov khoom. Ntawm qhov tam sim no tus nqi, roj yuav mus rau trickling tawm ntawm lub Arizona rau lwm 500 xyoo, yog tias lub nkoj tsis tawg tag nrho ua ntej ntawd. " —lwm daim ntawv qhia.

Yog tias koj nyob ze Pearl Harbor, muaj qab heev US Navy dav hlau roj hauv koj cov dej haus. Nws tsis yog los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis nws (thiab lwm yam kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig nyob rau tib qhov chaw) ua hais tias Tej zaum cov dej qias neeg yog qhov xav tau kawg ntawm nws tus kheej los ntawm Asmeskas tub rog, lossis tsawg kawg tias tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv tsis txaus siab.

Qee cov tib neeg uas tau ceeb toom txog qhov kev hem thawj dav hlau tshwj xeeb rau lub sijhawm ntev kuj tau ceeb toom txog qhov kev hem thawj loj heev uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov dab neeg uas tib neeg qhia rau ib leeg rau hnub Pearl Harbor Day thiab thaum mus xyuas lub thaj neeb dub. kua muag ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog fij tseg.

Yog tias koj nyob ze lub TV lossis computer, nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb, koj muaj kev pheej hmoo.

Ib hnub dawb huv tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo yog sai sai. Koj puas npaj txhij rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 7? Koj puas nco qab lub ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm Pearl Harbor Day?

Tsoomfwv Meskas tau npaj, npaj rau, thiab ua tsov rog nrog Nyij Pooj tau ntau xyoo, thiab tau muaj ntau txoj hauv kev ua tsov rog, tos rau Nyij Pooj tua thawj zaug, thaum Nyiv tawm tsam Philippines thiab Pearl Harbor. Dab tsi tau poob rau hauv cov lus nug ntawm leej twg paub tias dab tsi thaum hnub ua ntej cov kev tawm tsam, thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tsis muaj peev xwm thiab kev ntxub ntxaug tau tso cai rau lawv tshwm sim, yog qhov tseeb tias cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb tau coj mus rau kev ua tsov ua rog tab sis tsis muaj leej twg tau coj mus rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. . Thiab cov kauj ruam yooj yim yooj yim los ua kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tau ua tau.

Lub teb chaws Asia pivot ntawm Obama-Trump-Biden era muaj qhov ua ntej hauv lub xyoo ua ntej WWII, vim tias Tebchaws Meskas thiab Nyij Pooj tau tsim lawv cov tub rog nyob hauv Pacific. Tebchaws Asmeskas tau pab Tuam Tshoj hauv kev ua tsov rog tawm tsam Nyij Pooj thiab thaiv Nyij Pooj kom tshem tawm cov peev txheej tseem ceeb ua ntej Nyij Pooj tawm tsam Asmeskas cov tub rog thiab thaj chaw huab tais. Lub militarism ntawm lub tebchaws United States tsis tso Nyiv lub luag hauj lwm rau nws tus kheej militarism, los yog vice versa, tab sis lub tswvyim hais ua dabneeg ntawm cov neeg dawb huv los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev shockingly assaulted tawm ntawm xiav yog tsis muaj ntau tshaj li qhov tseeb. lus dab neeg hais txog kev ua rog kom cawm cov neeg Yudais.

Ua ntej Pearl Harbor, Teb Chaws Asmeskas tau tsim cov qauv, thiab pom cov kev tawm tsam loj, thiab kaw cov neeg tawm tsam hauv tsev loj cuj uas lawv tam sim ntawd pib kev tawm tsam tsis muaj kev sib cav sib ceg - tsim cov thawj coj, cov koom haum, thiab cov tswv yim uas yuav dhau los ua Txoj Cai Lij Choj, lub zog yug ua ntej Pearl Harbor.

Thaum kuv thov kom tib neeg ua pov thawj rau WWII, lawv ib txwm hais tias "Hitler," tab sis yog tias kev tsov rog nyob sab Europe tau yooj yim tsim nyog, vim li cas Tebchaws Meskas tsis tuaj koom ua ntej? Vim li cas cov pej xeem Meskas thiaj li tawm tsam US nkag mus rau hauv kev ua tsov rog mus txog thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 7, 1941? Vim li cas kev tsov rog nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees uas supposedly yuav tsum tau nkag mus yuav tsum tau piav raws li ib tug tiv thaiv kev sib ntaus sib tua los ntawm convoluted logic uas Nyiv tua thawj zaug txhaj tshuaj, yog li ntawd (xws li) ua tus (mythical) crusade kom xaus Holocaust nyob teb chaws Europe ib lo lus nug ntawm tus kheej tiv thaiv? Lub teb chaws Yelemees tshaj tawm ua tsov rog rau Tebchaws Meskas, vam tias Nyiv yuav pab lub teb chaws Yelemees hauv kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Soviet Union. Tab sis lub teb chaws Yelemees tsis tawm tsam Tebchaws Meskas.

Winston Churchill xav kom Tebchaws Meskas nkag mus rau WWII, ib yam li nws tau xav kom Tebchaws Meskas nkag mus rau WWI. Cov Lusitania tau tawm tsam los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees yam tsis tau ceeb toom, thaum lub sij hawm WWI, peb tau hais nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas cov ntawv nyeem, txawm tias lub teb chaws Yelemees tau sau cov lus ceeb toom nyob rau hauv New York cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntawv xov xwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tebchaws United States. Cov lus ceeb toom no tau luam tawm nyob ib sab ntawm kev tshaj tawm rau kev caij nkoj ntawm Lusitania thiab tau kos npe los ntawm German Embassy.[I] Cov ntawv xov xwm tau sau cov lus hais txog cov lus ceeb toom. Lub tuam txhab Cunard tau nug txog cov lus ceeb toom. Yav tas los tus thawj coj ntawm lub Lusitania twb tau tawm lawm - tshaj tawm vim muaj kev ntxhov siab ntawm kev caij nkoj los ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes tau tshaj tawm rau pej xeem thaj tsam ua tsov rog. Lub caij no Winston Churchill tau sau ntawv mus rau Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Tebchaws Askiv Pawg Thawj Coj Kev Lag Luam, "Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kom nyiam cov khoom xa tuaj nruab nrab rau peb cov ntug dej hauv kev cia siab tshwj xeeb ntawm kev koom nrog Tebchaws Meskas nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees."[Ii] Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws cov lus txib uas ib txwm British tub rog tiv thaiv tsis tau muab rau lub Lusitania, txawm tias Cunard tau hais tias nws tau suav rau qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawd. Tias tus Lusitania tau nqa riam phom thiab tub rog los pab cov neeg Askiv hauv kev ua tsov rog tawm tsam lub teb chaws Yelemees tau lees paub los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab los ntawm lwm cov neeg soj ntsuam, thiab yog qhov tseeb. Sinking lub Lusitania yog ib qho kev phem phem ntawm kev tua neeg, tab sis nws tsis yog kev ua phem rau kev ua phem tawm tsam kev ua siab dawb huv.

LUB 1930s

Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis xyoo 1932, Colonel Jack Jouett, tus tub rog qub tub rog Asmeskas tau pib qhia 80 tus tub rog ntawm lub tsev kawm ua tub rog tshiab hauv Suav teb.[Iii] Twb tau, tsov rog nyob saum huab cua. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 17, 1934, Eleanor Roosevelt tau hais tias: “Txhua tus uas xav, yuav tsum xav txog kev ua tsov rog tom ntej yog kev tua tus kheej. Peb ruam npaum li cas uas peb tuaj yeem kawm keeb kwm thiab ua neej nyob los ntawm qhov peb nyob dhau los, thiab txaus siab tso cai rau tib qho laj thawj ua rau peb hla dhau qhov qub dua. "[Iv] Thaum Thawj Tswj Hwm Franklin Roosevelt tau mus xyuas Pearl Harbor thaum Lub Xya Hli 28, 1934, General Kunishiga Tanaka tau sau rau hauv Nyiv Advertising, tawm tsam rau kev tsim kho ntawm Asmeskas cov nkoj thiab tsim cov hauv paus ntxiv hauv Alaska thiab Aleutian Islands: "Cov cwj pwm tsis zoo li no ua rau peb xav tsis thoob. Nws ua rau peb xav tias muaj kev cuam tshuam loj yog lub hom phiaj txhawb nqa hauv Pacific. Qhov no tu siab heev. "[V]

Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1934, George Seldes tau sau rau hauv Harper Magazine: "Nws yog txoj kev ntseeg uas cov haiv neeg tsis kam ua tsov rog tiamsis yog kev ua tsov ua rog." Seldes nug ib tug tub rog hauv Navy League:
"Koj puas kam txais cov tub rog caij nkoj uas koj npaj mus ntaus rog rog?"
Tus txiv neej teb tias "Yog."
"Koj puas xav txog kev sib ntaus nrog cov tub rog British?"
"Kiag li, tsis tau."
"Koj puas xav txog kev tsov rog nrog Nyiv?"
"Muaj."[vi]

Nyob rau hauv 1935 Smedley Butler, ob xyoos tom qab foiling ib tug coup tawm tsam Roosevelt, thiab plaub xyoos tom qab lub tsev hais plaub martialed rau recounting ib tug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv uas Benito Mussolini khiav hla ib tug ntxhais nrog nws lub tsheb.[vii], luam tawm rau kev vam meej loj ib phau ntawv luv hu ua Kev Tsov Rog Yog Ib Tug Neeg.[viii] Nws sau hais tias:

"Ntawm txhua qhov kev sib tham ntawm Congress lo lus nug ntawm ntxiv naval nyiaj txiag los txog. Tus neeg kav lub rooj zaum tsis qw hais tias "Peb xav tau ntau ntau cov kev sib ntaus sib tua ua tsov rog rau lub teb chaws los yog lub teb chaws no." Auj, tsis muaj. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, lawv cia nws paub tias Amelikas yog cov neeg ua haujlwm ua rog loj heev. Yuav luag txhua hnub, cov neeg qhuas no yuav qhia rau koj tias, lub nkoj loj ntawm cov tub rog no yuav raug rhuav tshem thiab ua kom peb cov neeg 125,000,000 tua. Cia li zoo li ntawd. Tom qab ntawd lawv pib quaj rau ib tug rog loj dua. Rau dab tsi? Mus tua tus yeeb ncuab? Huag kuv, tsis. Auj, tsis muaj. Rau kev tiv thaiv hom phiaj nkaus xwb. Tom qab ntawd, cov xwm txheej, lawv tshaj tawm maneuvers hauv Pacific. Kev tiv thaiv. Uh, huh.

“Lub Pacific yog lub hiav txwv loj loj. Peb muaj ntug hiav txwv dej loj heev hauv Pacific. Cov maneuvers puas yuav tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, ob lossis peb puas mais? Auj, tsis muaj. Lub maneuvers yuav yog ob txhiab, yog, tej zaum txawm peb caug-tsib puas mais, tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Cov neeg Nyij Pooj, cov neeg txaus siab, tau kawg yuav txaus siab dhau qhov kev qhia pom pom lub tebchaws United States nkoj ze ze ntawm Nippon cov ntug dej hiav txwv. Txawm tias zoo siab npaum li cov neeg nyob hauv California yog lawv pom qhov tsis pom kev, dhau los ntawm huab cua thaum sawv ntxov, cov nkoj Nyij Pooj ua si ntawm kev ua tsov rog tawm ntawm Los Angeles. "

Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1935, Roosevelt tau muab Wake Island rau US Navy thiab muab Pan Am Airways daim ntawv tso cai los tsim txoj kev khiav ntawm Wake Island, Midway Island, thiab Guam. Cov thawj coj tub rog Nyij Pooj tau tshaj tawm tias lawv tau cuam tshuam thiab saib cov kev khiav haujlwm no yog kev hem thawj. Yog li ntawd cov neeg tawm tsam kev thaj yeeb hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Los ntawm lub hli tom ntej, Roosevelt tau npaj ua tsov rog ua si thiab ua haujlwm ze ntawm Aleutian Islands thiab Midway Island. Los ntawm lub hli tom ntej, cov neeg tawm tsam kev thaj yeeb tau taug kev hauv New York tawm tsam kev phooj ywg nrog Nyij Pooj. Norman Thomas tau sau rau xyoo 1935: “Tus txiv neej los ntawm Mars uas pom tias cov txiv neej raug kev txom nyem thaum tsov rog kawg thiab lawv tab tom npaj rau kev tsov rog tom ntej, uas lawv paub tias yuav phem dua, yuav los txog qhov uas nws tab tom saib cov neeg phem. ntawm ib lub tsev vwm lunatic."

Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 18, 1935, kaum txhiab tus neeg taug kev mus txog Tsib Hlis Ntuj hauv New York nrog cov ntawv tshaj tawm thiab cov paib tawm tsam kev tsim ua rog nrog Nyij Pooj. Cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau rov ua ntau zaus hauv lub sijhawm no.[ix] Tib neeg ua rooj plaub rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, thaum tsoomfwv tau ua tub rog rau kev ua tsov ua rog, tsim lub hauv paus rau kev ua tsov ua rog, rov xyaum ua tsov rog nyob rau hauv Pacific, thiab xyaum tua hluav taws thiab tiv thaiv huab cua los npaj tib neeg ua tsov rog. US Navy tau tsim nws cov phiaj xwm rau kev ua tsov rog rau Nyiv. Lub Peb Hlis 8, 1939, cov qauv ntawm cov phiaj xwm no tau piav qhia txog "kev ua tsov rog tawm tsam ntev" uas yuav rhuav tshem cov tub rog thiab cuam tshuam kev lag luam lub neej ntawm Nyiv.

Cov tub rog Asmeskas txawm tau npaj rau kev tawm tsam Nyij Pooj rau Hawaii, uas nws xav tias yuav pib nrog kev kov yeej cov kob ntawm Ni'ihau, los ntawm kev ya davhlau yuav tawm mus rau lwm lub tebchaws. US Army Air Corp. Lt. Col. Gerald Brant mus cuag Robinson tsev neeg, uas yog Ni'ihau thiab tseem ua. Nws hais kom lawv plows furrows hla cov kob hauv ib daim phiaj, kom nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau lub dav hlau. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo 1933 thiab 1937, peb tus txiv neej Ni'ihau txiav cov plaub hau nrog plows rub los ntawm mules lossis cov nees. Raws li nws tau tshwm sim, cov neeg Nyij Pooj tsis tau npaj yuav siv Ni'ihau, tab sis thaum lub dav hlau Nyij Pooj uas nyuam qhuav yog ib feem ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Pearl Harbor yuav tsum tau tsaws thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, nws tau tsaws rau Ni'ihau txawm tias tag nrho cov kev siv zog los ntawm Pearl Harbor. cov mules thiab nees.

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 21, 1936, tag nrho cov ntawv xov xwm hauv Tokyo muaj tib lub ntsiab lus: Tsoomfwv Meskas tau qiv nyiaj rau Tuam Tshoj 100 lab yuan uas yuav yuav US riam phom.[X] Thaum Lub Yim Hli 5, 1937, tsoomfwv Nyij Pooj tau tshaj tawm tias nws muaj kev ntxhov siab tias 182 tus tub rog Asmeskas, txhua tus nrog ob tus kws kho tsheb yuav ya dav hlau hauv Suav teb.[xi]

Qee tus tub ceev xwm Asmeskas thiab Nyij Pooj, nrog rau ntau tus neeg tawm tsam kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, tau ua haujlwm rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev phooj ywg nyob rau xyoo no, thawb rov qab tawm tsam kev ua tsov rog. Qee qhov piv txwv yog ntawm qhov txuas.

1940

Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1940, Roosevelt tau qiv nyiaj rau Tuam Tshoj ib puas lab nyiaj rau kev ua tsov rog nrog Nyij Pooj, thiab tom qab sab laj nrog cov neeg Askiv, US Secretary of Treasury Henry Morgenthau tau npaj xa cov neeg foob pob suav nrog Asmeskas cov tub rog los siv hauv kev foob pob Tokyo thiab lwm lub nroog Nyij Pooj. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 21, 1940, Tuam Tshoj Tus Thawj Fwm Saib Xyuas Nyiaj Txiag TV Soong thiab Colonel Claire Chennault, tus tub rog so haujlwm US tub rog uas ua haujlwm rau Suav thiab tau hais kom lawv siv cov neeg tsav nkoj Asmeskas los foob pob Tokyo txij li xyoo 1937, tau ntsib hauv Morgenthau chav noj mov. los npaj lub foob pob hluav taws ntawm Nyiv. Morgenthau tau hais tias nws tuaj yeem tau txais cov txiv neej tso tawm ntawm lub luag haujlwm hauv US Army Air Corps yog tias Suav tuaj yeem them lawv $ 1,000 toj ib hlis. Soong pom zoo.[xii]

Xyoo 1939-1940, US Navy tau tsim lub hauv paus tshiab Pacific hauv Midway, Johnston, Palmyra, Wake, Guam, Samoa, thiab Hawaii.[xiii]

Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis, xyoo 1940, Nyiv, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, thiab Ltalis tau kos npe rau kev pom zoo los pab ib leeg hauv kev ua rog. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias yog Tebchaws Meskas ua tsov rog nrog ib tus ntawm lawv, nws yuav zoo li ua tsov rog nrog peb.

Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 7, 1940, tus thawj coj ntawm US Office of Naval Intelligence Far East Asia Section Arthur McCollum tau sau ib tsab ntawv sau cia.[xiv] Nws txhawj xeeb txog yav tom ntej Axis kev hem thawj rau British nkoj, rau lub tebchaws Askiv, thiab rau cov phoojywg muaj peev xwm los thaiv Tebchaws Europe. Nws kwv yees txog qhov theoretical yav tom ntej Axis nres rau Tebchaws Meskas. Nws ntseeg tias qhov kev txiav txim siab txiav txim siab tuaj yeem ua rau "thaum ntxov ntawm Nyij Pooj." Nws pom zoo ua tsov rog nrog Nyiv:

“Lub sijhawm. . . muaj tsawg uas Tebchaws Meskas tuaj yeem ua kom rov qab tau qhov xwm txheej hauv Tebchaws Europe tam sim ntawd, Tebchaws Meskas muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov kev ua phem rau Nyij Pooj, thiab ua nws yam tsis muaj kev pab cuam tsawg dua US cov khoom siv rau Great Britain.

". . . Nyob rau hauv lub Pacific lub tebchaws United States muaj ib tug muaj zog tiv thaiv txoj hauj lwm thiab ib tug navy thiab naval tub rog nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv tam sim no muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob deb deb. Muaj qee yam lwm yam uas nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no muaj zog hauv peb txoj kev nyiam, viz:

1. Philippine Islands tseem tuav los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas.
2. Tus phooj ywg thiab tejzaum nws yog tsoomfwv hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Dutch East Indies.
3. British tseem tuav Hong Kong thiab Singapore thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau peb.
4. Cov tub rog tseem ceeb Suav tseem nyob hauv thaj chaw hauv Suav teb tawm tsam Nyij Pooj.
5. Ib lub US Naval Force me me uas muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau Nyiv cov kev xa khoom sab qab teb uas twb muaj lawm hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
6. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm Dutch naval quab yuam yog nyob rau hauv Orient uas yuav muaj nuj nqis yog tias koom nrog US

"Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov lus hais saum toj no ua rau qhov kev txiav txim siab sai sai rau kev ua tub rog tawm tsam Nyij Pooj los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas yuav ua rau Nyij Pooj tsis muaj peev xwm them taus ib qho kev pab rau lub tebchaws Yelemes thiab Ltalis hauv lawv qhov kev tawm tsam rau Askiv thiab Nyiv nws tus kheej yuav ntsib nrog cov xwm txheej uas. nws cov tub rog tuaj yeem raug yuam kom tawm tsam ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo feem ntau lossis lees txais kev sib tsoo thaum ntxov ntawm lub tebchaws los ntawm kev quab yuam ntawm kev thaiv. Kev tshaj tawm sai thiab ntxov ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog tom qab nkag mus rau hauv cov kev npaj tsim nyog nrog Askiv thiab Holland, yuav ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev ua kom lub zog ntawm Nyiv thaum ntxov thiab yog li tshem tawm peb cov yeeb ncuab hauv pacific ua ntej lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Ltalis tuaj yeem tawm tsam peb tau zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshem tawm Nyij Pooj yuav tsum muaj tseeb ntxiv dag zog rau Britain txoj haujlwm tawm tsam lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Ltalis thiab, ntxiv rau, qhov kev ua no yuav ua rau muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab txhawb nqa ntawm txhua haiv neeg uas nyiam ua phooj ywg rau peb.

"Nws tsis ntseeg tias nyob rau hauv lub xeev tam sim no ntawm kev xav nom tswv lub tebchaws United States tsoom fwv muaj peev xwm tshaj tawm ua tsov rog tawm tsam Nyij Pooj tsis muaj ado ntxiv; thiab nws tsis tshua muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog ntawm peb feem yuav ua rau cov neeg Nyij Pooj hloov lawv tus cwj pwm. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem hauv qab no tau pom zoo:

1. Ua ib qho kev npaj nrog Britain rau kev siv British hauv paus hauv Pacific, tshwj xeeb yog Singapore.
2. Ua ib qho kev npaj nrog Holland rau kev siv cov chaw hauv paus thiab nrhiav tau cov khoom siv hauv Dutch East Indies.
3. Muab tag nrho cov kev pab cuam rau Suav tsoom fwv ntawm Chiang-Kai-Shek.
4. Xa ib pab pawg ntawm cov neeg caij nkoj ntev ntev mus rau Orient, Philippines, lossis Singapore.
5. Xa ob chav submarines mus rau Orient.
6. Khaws lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm US fleet tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub Pacific nyob ib ncig ntawm lub Hawaiian Islands tuaj.
7. Hais tias Dutch tsis kam tso cai rau Nyij Pooj xav tau kev pom zoo nyiaj txiag tsis raug, tshwj xeeb yog roj.
8. Ua tiav embargo tag nrho Teb Chaws Asmeskas kev lag luam nrog Nyiv, koom tes nrog ib tug zoo xws li embargo imposed los ntawm lub British faj tim teb chaws.

"Yog hais tias los ntawm cov no txhais tau tias Nyiv tuaj yeem raug coj los ua kev ua tsov rog loj heev, ntau qhov zoo dua. Ntawm txhua qhov xwm txheej peb yuav tsum tau npaj txhij los lees txais kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua tsov rog. "

Raws li Asmeskas tub rog tub rog keeb kwm Conrad Crane, "Kev nyeem ze [ntawm cov ntawv sau saum toj no] qhia tau tias nws cov lus pom zoo yuav tsum tau txwv thiab muaj Nyij Pooj, thaum zoo dua npaj Tebchaws Meskas rau kev tsis sib haum xeeb yav tom ntej hauv Pacific. Muaj cov lus hais tawm tsis txaus ntseeg tias qhov kev ua tsov rog Nyij Pooj tau ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau kev txhawb nqa pej xeem rau kev tawm tsam Nyij Pooj, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv lub hom phiaj tsis yog los xyuas kom meej tias qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim. "[xv]

Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv no thiab cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws yog qhov hloov maj mam. Tsis muaj leej twg ntseeg tias tsab ntawv sau tseg saum toj no yog tsom rau kev sib tham txog kev sib haum xeeb lossis kev tshem riam phom lossis tsim kom muaj kev cai lij choj ntawm kev ua phem. Qee tus xav tias lub hom phiaj yog kom pib ua tsov rog tab sis tuaj yeem liam rau Nyiv. Lwm tus xav tias lub hom phiaj yog npaj txhij rau kev ua tsov rog pib, thiab ua cov kauj ruam uas yuav ua rau Nyij Pooj pib ib qho, tab sis tej zaum yuav hloov - nws tsuas yog ua tau xwb - ntshai Nyiv tawm ntawm nws txoj kev ua tub rog. Qhov kev sib cav sib ceg no hloov lub qhov rais Overton mus rau hauv lub qhov tseem ceeb. Nws yog qhov kev sib cav uas tseem tau ua rau kev tsom mus rau seb ib qho ntawm yim cov lus pom zoo saum toj no - ib qho hais txog kev khaws lub nkoj hauv Hawaii - yog ib feem ntawm cov phiaj xwm tsis zoo kom tau txais ntau lub nkoj puas tsuaj hauv kev tawm tsam (tsis yog ib qho kev vam meej tshwj xeeb. , tsuas yog ob lub nkoj tau raug puas tsuaj tas mus li).

Tsis yog ib qho taw qhia - uas yog qhov tseem ceeb nrog lossis tsis muaj lub phiaj xwm - tab sis tag nrho yim cov lus pom zoo ua nyob rau hauv memo lossis tsawg kawg cov kauj ruam zoo li lawv tau ua raws. Cov kauj ruam no yog tsom rau txhob txwm los yog yuam kev (qhov sib txawv yog qhov zoo) pib ua tsov rog, thiab lawv zoo li tau ua haujlwm. Ua hauj lwm ntawm cov lus pom zoo, coincidentally los yog tsis, pib thaum Lub Kaum Hli 8, 1940, hnub tom qab ntawd tom qab sau memo. Hnub ntawd, US State Department tau hais kom cov neeg Amelikas khiav tawm sab hnub tuaj Asia. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hnub ntawd, Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt tau hais kom lub nkoj khaws cia hauv Hawaii. Admiral James O. Richardson tau sau tom qab ntawd tias nws tau tawm tsam tawm tsam qhov kev thov thiab nws lub hom phiaj. "Tsis ntev los sis tom qab," nws hais txog Roosevelt uas tau hais tias, "cov neeg Nyij Pooj yuav ua ib qho kev tawm tsam rau Tebchaws Meskas thiab lub tebchaws yuav txaus siab los ua tsov rog."[xvi]

Thaum ntxov xyoo 1941

Richardson tau raug tshem tawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1, 1941, yog li tej zaum nws tau dag txog Roosevelt ua ib tus neeg ua haujlwm tsis txaus siab. Los yog tej zaum tau tawm ntawm cov dej num hauv Pacific nyob rau hnub ntawd yog ib qho kev nyiam los ntawm cov neeg uas tuaj yeem pom tias yuav los. Admiral Chester Nimitz tsis kam hais kom Pacific Fleet. Nws tus tub, Chester Nimitz Jr. tom qab ntawd hais rau Keeb Kwm Channel tias nws txiv txoj kev xav tau ua raws li hauv qab no: “Nws yog kuv qhov kev kwv yees tias cov neeg Nyij Pooj yuav tawm tsam peb hauv kev tawm tsam. Yuav muaj kev tawm tsam hauv lub tebchaws tawm tsam txhua tus neeg nyob hauv hiav txwv, thiab lawv yuav raug hloov los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, thiab kuv xav nyob rau ntug hiav txwv, thiab tsis nyob hauv hiav txwv, thaum ntawd tshwm sim. "[xvii]

Thaum xyoo 1941, cov tub rog Asmeskas thiab Askiv tau sib ntsib los npaj lawv lub tswv yim rau kev yeej lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab tom qab ntawd Nyij Pooj, ib zaug Tebchaws Meskas tau ua tsov rog. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis, Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt tau pib muaj US cov nkoj qhia rau cov tub rog Askiv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm German U-boats thiab dav hlau. Tom qab ntawd nws pib tso cai xa khoom xa tuaj rau cov tub rog Askiv hauv North Africa. Lub teb chaws Yelemees liam Roosevelt ntawm "kev mob siab rau txhua txoj hauv kev ntawm nws qhov kev pov tseg kom ua rau muaj xwm txheej rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua phem rau cov neeg Asmeskas ua tsov rog."[xviii]

Nyob rau Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj 1941, the Nyiv Advertising tau hais tawm nws qhov kev npau taws rau Asmeskas kev tsim tub rog ntawm Pearl Harbor hauv kev sau ntawv, thiab US Ambassador rau Nyij Pooj tau sau rau hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe: "Muaj ntau tham nyob ib puag ncig lub nroog rau qhov cuam tshuam rau cov neeg Nyij Pooj, yog tias muaj kev so nrog. Tebchaws Asmeskas, tab tom npaj yuav tawm mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam loj ntawm Pearl Harbor. Tau kawg kuv tau qhia rau kuv tsoomfwv. "[xix] Nyob rau Lub Ob Hlis 5, 1941, Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner tau sau ntawv mus rau Secretary of War Henry Stimson ceeb toom txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Pearl Harbor.

Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 28, 1941, Churchill tau sau ib tsab ntawv qhia tsis pub lwm tus paub rau nws lub txee ua tsov rog: "Nws yuav luag paub tseeb tias kev nkag tebchaws Nyij Pooj mus rau hauv kev ua tsov ua rog yuav ua raws li kev nkag mus rau Tebchaws Meskas ntawm peb sab." Lub Tsib Hlis 24, 1941, lub New York Times tshaj tawm txog Asmeskas kev cob qhia ntawm Suav tub rog huab cua, thiab muab "ntau lub dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua thiab foob pob" rau Tuam Tshoj los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Tebchaws Askiv. "Lub Bombing ntawm Nyij Pooj Lub Zos xav tau" nyeem cov kab ntawv sub.[xx] Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 31, 1941, ntawm qhov khaws cia America Tawm ntawm Tsov Rog Congress, William Henry Chamberlin tau ceeb toom: “Tag nrho kev ua lag luam ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Nyij Pooj, qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm kev xa khoom roj, yuav thawb Nyij Pooj rau hauv caj npab Axis. Kev lag luam hauv kev ua tsov ua rog yuav yog thawj coj rau kev ua tub rog ntawm tub rog thiab tub rog. ”[xxi]

Lub Xya Hli 7, 1941, Asmeskas cov tub rog nyob Iceland.

Thaum Lub Xya Hli, 1941, Pawg Thawj Coj Tub Rog-Navy tau pom zoo ib txoj kev npaj hu ua JB 355 rau foob pob Nyiv. Ib lub koom haum pem hauv ntej yuav yuav cov dav hlau Asmeskas kom ya los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm pabcuam Asmeskas. Roosevelt tau pom zoo, thiab nws tus kws tshaj lij Tuam Tshoj Lauchlin Currie, hauv cov lus ntawm Nicholson Baker, "wired Madame Chiang Kai-Shek thiab Claire Chennault ib tsab ntawv uas tau thov ncaj ncees rau kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov neeg soj xyuas Nyij Pooj." 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) ntawm Tuam Tshoj Air Force, tseem hu ua Flying Tigers, tau mus ua ntej nrog kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm thiab kev cob qhia tam sim ntawd, tau muab rau Tuam Tshoj ua ntej Pearl Harbor, thiab thawj zaug pom kev sib ntaus sib tua rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 20, 1941.[xxii]

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 9, 1941, Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt tau hais kom cov tub rog Asmeskas cov tub rog saum toj kawg nkaus los kos cov phiaj xwm ua tsov rog rau lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab nws cov phooj ywg thiab ntawm Nyij Pooj. Nws tsab ntawv ua qhov no tau hais tag nrho hauv tsab xov xwm tshaj tawm rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 4, 1941 - uas yog thawj zaug uas pej xeem Asmeskas hnov ​​​​dab tsi txog nws. Saib Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 4, 1941, hauv qab no.

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 24, 1941, Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt tau hais tias, “Yog tias peb txiav cov roj, [cov neeg Nyij Pooj] tej zaum yuav poob mus rau Dutch East Indies ib xyoos dhau los, thiab koj yuav muaj kev tsov rog. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev los ntawm peb tus kheej lub tswv yim ntawm kev tiv thaiv los tiv thaiv kev ua tsov rog los ntawm kev pib hauv South Pacific. Yog li peb txoj cai txawv teb chaws tau sim txwv tsis pub ua tsov rog los ntawm qhov ntawd. "[xxiii] Cov neeg sau xov xwm pom tias Roosevelt tau hais tias "yog" es tsis yog "yog." Hnub tom qab, Roosevelt tau tshaj tawm tsab cai tswjfwm kom khov cov cuab yeej cuab tam Japanese. Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Tebchaws Askiv tau txiav cov roj thiab cov khoom seem rau Nyiv. Radhabinod Pal, tus kws lij choj Indian uas tau ua haujlwm hauv lub tsev hais plaub ua txhaum cai tom qab tsov rog, pom qhov kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev hem thawj rau Nyij Pooj.[xxiv] v.

Lub yim hli ntuj 7, 1941, tus Nyij Zaj Tshaj Tawm Lub Advertiser wrote: "Ua ntej no yog qhov kev tsim ntawm ib tug superbase nyob rau hauv Singapore, hnyav hnyav los ntawm British thiab tsoom fwv teb chaws tub rog. Los ntawm lub hub no lub cav loj tau tsim thiab txuas nrog American bases los ua ib lub suab nrov zoo nkauj nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub poob ntawm lub Philippines los ntawm Malaya thiab Burma, nrog txoj txuas tawg hauv Thaib teb ceg av qab teb. Tam sim no nws yog npaj siab nrog rau cov narrows nyob rau hauv lub encirclement, uas tau mus rau Rangoon. "xov [xxv]

Thaum Lub Yim Hli 12, 1941, Roosevelt tau ntsib tsis pub leej twg paub nrog Churchill hauv Newfoundland (thaum tsis quav ntsej cov lus thov los ntawm Nyiv Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws rau lub rooj sib tham) thiab kos lub Atlantic Charter, uas tau teeb tsa lub hom phiaj rau kev ua tsov rog uas Tebchaws Meskas tseem tsis tau ua tiav. nyob rau hauv. Churchill thov Roosevelt koom ua rog tam sim ntawd, tab sis nws tsis kam. Tom qab lub rooj sib tham zais cia no, thaum Lub Yim Hli 18^th, Churchill tau ntsib nrog nws lub txee rov qab ntawm 10 Downing Street hauv London. Churchill tau hais rau nws pawg thawj coj, raws li cov lus hais tias: “Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws [US] tau hais tias nws yuav ua rog tab sis tsis tshaj tawm, thiab nws yuav ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntau dua. Yog tias cov Germans tsis nyiam nws, lawv tuaj yeem tua cov tub rog Asmeskas. Txhua yam yuav tsum tau ua kom yuam kev 'qhov xwm txheej' uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsov rog. "sivai

Churchill tom qab ntawd (Lub Ib Hlis 1942) tau hais hauv Tsev Hais Plaub: “Nws tau yog txoj cai ntawm Pawg Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm txhua tus nqi kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog Nyij Pooj mus txog thaum peb paub tseeb tias Tebchaws Meskas tseem yuav koom nrog. . . Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov tshwm sim, txij li Lub Rooj Sib Tham Atlantic uas kuv tau tham txog cov teeb meem no nrog Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt, tias United Slates, txawm tias tsis yog nws tus kheej tawm tsam, yuav los ua tsov rog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, thiab yog li ua kom yeej qhov kawg, zoo li daws qee qhov kev ntxhov siab thiab qhov kev cia siab tsis tau raug dag los ntawm cov xwm txheej. "

Cov kws tshaj lij Askiv kuj tau sib cav txij li tsawg kawg 1938 rau kev siv Nyij Pooj los coj Tebchaws Meskas los ua tsov rog.sivai Ntawm Atlantic Conference thaum Lub Yim Hli 12, 1941, Roosevelt tau lees paub Churchill tias Tebchaws Meskas yuav ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov rau Nyiv.[xxviii]. Tsis pub dhau ib lub lim tiam, qhov tseeb, Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Lag Luam tau pib kev nplua nyiaj txiag.[xxix]. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 3, 1941, Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg tau xa mus rau Nyij Pooj tias nws lees txais lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej nyob hauv Pacific," txhais tau tias tsis txhob hloov European cov cheeb tsam mus rau hauv Nyij Pooj.[xxx] Thaum lub Cuaj hlis 1941 cov lus Nyij Pooj tau hais tias Tsoomfwv Meskas tau pib xa roj tsheb mus yav dhau los Nyij Pooj mus txog tim Nkij teb chaws. Nyiv, nws cov ntawv xov xwm tau hais tias, tab tom raug tuag qeeb ntawm "kev tsov kev nyiaj txiag."[xixi] | Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis, xyoo 1941, Roosevelt tau tshaj tawm txoj cai "tshem tawm ntawm qhov pom" rau txhua lub nkoj German lossis Italian hauv Asmeskas dej.

A WAR SALES PITCH

Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 27, 1941, Roosevelt tau hais lus[xixi |:

"Tsib lub hlis dhau los hmo no kuv tau tshaj tawm rau cov neeg Amelikas txog kev muaj xwm txheej ceev tsis txwv. Txij thaum ntawd los muaj ntau yam tshwm sim. Peb cov tub rog thiab Navy yog ib ntus hauv Iceland hauv kev tiv thaiv sab hnub poob Hemisphere. Hitler tau tawm tsam kev xa khoom hauv thaj chaw ze rau Asmeskas hauv North thiab South Atlantic. Ntau lub nkoj tub lag luam Asmeskas tau poob rau hauv hiav txwv siab. Ib lub nkoj tua neeg Asmeskas tau tawm tsam thaum lub Cuaj Hlis plaub. Lwm tus neeg tua hluav taws tau tawm tsam thiab ntaus rau lub Kaum Hlis kaum xya. Kaum ib tug neeg siab tawv thiab ncaj ncees ntawm peb Navy raug tua los ntawm Nazis. Peb tau xav kom tsis txhob tua. Tab sis kev tua tau pib. Thiab keeb kwm tau sau tseg tias leej twg tua thawj zaug. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, txawm li cas los xij, txhua yam uas yuav muaj teeb meem yog leej twg raug rho tawm haujlwm kawg. America tau tawm tsam. Cov USS Kearny tsis yog ib lub nkoj navy xwb. Nws belongs rau txhua tus txiv neej, poj niam thiab menyuam yaus hauv lub tebchaws no. Illinois, Alabama, California, North Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Arkansas, New York, Virginia - cov no yog lub tsev ntawm cov neeg tuag thiab raug mob ntawm lub tsev. Kearny. Hitler lub torpedo tau qhia rau txhua tus neeg Asmeskas txawm nws nyob ntawm peb lub hiav txwv ntug dej hiav txwv los yog nyob rau hauv lub innermost ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws, nyob deb ntawm lub hiav txwv thiab deb ntawm cov phom thiab tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm lub marching hordes ntawm yuav conquerors ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Lub hom phiaj ntawm Hitler qhov kev tawm tsam yog kom ntshai cov neeg Amelikas tawm ntawm ntug hiav txwv siab - kom yuam kom peb ua kom muaj kev tawm tsam. Qhov no tsis yog thawj zaug uas nws tau txiav txim siab rau Asmeskas tus ntsuj plig. Tus ntsuj plig ntawd tam sim no tau txhawb nqa. "

Lub nkoj poob rau lub Cuaj Hlis 4th yog lub Greer. Tus Thawj Coj ntawm US Naval Operations Harold Stark ua tim khawv ua ntej Senate Naval Affairs Committee hais tias Greer tau taug qab ib tug German submarine thiab relaying nws qhov chaw mus rau ib tug British dav hlau, uas tau poob nqi qhov tob ntawm submarine tsis muaj kev vam meej. Tom qab cov sij hawm tau taug qab los ntawm cov Greer, lub submarine tig thiab raug rho tawm haujlwm.

Lub nkoj tau poob rau lub Kaum Hlis 17th, lub Kearny, yog replay ntawm lub Greer. Tej zaum nws yuav muaj mystically koom nrog tus ntsuj plig ntawm txhua tus neeg Asmeskas thiab lwm yam, tab sis nws tsis yog dawb huv. Nws tau koom nrog hauv kev ua tsov rog uas Tebchaws Meskas tsis tau nkag mus, uas cov pej xeem Asmeskas tau tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg nkag mus, tab sis hais tias Asmeskas tus thawj tswj hwm tau mob siab rau mus nrog. Tus thawj tswj hwm ntawd hais ntxiv tias:

"Yog tias peb txoj cai tswjfwm hauv tebchaws yuav raug tswj hwm los ntawm kev ntshai ntawm kev tua, tag nrho peb cov nkoj thiab cov ntawm peb cov viv ncaus Republics yuav tsum tau muab khi rau hauv cov chaw nres nkoj hauv tsev. Peb Navy yuav tsum nyob twj ywm-ua tsis ncaj ncees-tom qab kab uas Hitler yuav txiav txim siab rau ib qho dej hiav txwv raws li nws tus kheej dictated version ntawm nws tus kheej ua tsov rog. Lawm, peb tsis lees paub qhov kev xav tsis zoo thiab kev thuam. Peb tsis kam lees vim peb tus kheej nyiam, vim peb tus kheej hwm, vim, feem ntau ntawm peb tus kheej txoj kev ntseeg zoo. Kev ywj pheej ntawm hiav txwv yog tam sim no, raws li nws ib txwm ua, txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm koj tsoomfwv thiab kuv tus kheej. "

Qhov kev sib cav strawman nyob ntawm qhov ua tsis ncaj tias cov nkoj dawb huv tsis koom nrog hauv kev ua tsov rog raug tawm tsam, thiab qhov kev hwm ntawm ib tus nyob ntawm kev xa nkoj ua rog thoob ntiaj teb cov dej hiav txwv. Nws yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev siv dag zog los tswj cov pej xeem, uas Roosevelt tiag tiag yuav tsum tau them cov nuj nqis rau cov neeg tshaj tawm ntawm WWI. Tam sim no peb tuaj rau qhov kev thov tias Thawj Tswj Hwm zoo li tau xav tias yuav clinch nws rooj plaub rau kev ua tsov ua rog. Nws yog ib rooj plaub uas yuav luag muaj tseeb ntawm kev dag ntxias Askiv, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau tias Roosevelt yeej ntseeg qhov nws tau hais:

"Hitler feem ntau tau tawm tsam tias nws txoj kev npaj rau kev kov yeej tsis txuas ntxiv hla dej hiav txwv Atlantic. Tab sis nws submarines thiab raiders ua pov thawj lwm yam. Yog li ntawd tag nrho cov tsim ntawm nws lub ntiaj teb tshiab kev txiav txim. Piv txwv li, kuv muaj nyob rau hauv kuv muaj ib daim ntawv qhia zais cia ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm Hitler tsoom fwv - los ntawm cov neeg npaj ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kev txiav txim tshiab. Nws yog ib daim ntawv qhia ntawm South America thiab ib feem ntawm Central America, raws li Hitler tau hais kom rov txhim kho nws. Niaj hnub no hauv cheeb tsam no muaj kaum plaub lub teb chaws txawv. Cov kws paub txog thaj chaw ntawm Berlin, txawm li cas los xij, tau ruthlessly obliterated tag nrho cov ciam teb kab uas twb muaj lawm; thiab tau faib South America ua tsib lub xeev vassal, coj tag nrho cov teb chaws nyob rau hauv lawv cov domination. Thiab lawv kuj tau npaj nws tias thaj chaw ntawm ib lub xeev tshiab no muaj xws li Republic of Panama thiab peb txoj kev ua neej zoo - Panama Canal. Qhov ntawd yog nws txoj kev npaj. Nws yeej yuav tsis mus siv. Daim duab qhia no qhia meej txog Nazi tsim tsis yog tawm tsam South America tab sis tawm tsam Tebchaws Meskas nws tus kheej. "

Roosevelt tau kho qhov kev hais lus no kom tshem tawm qhov kev lees paub raws li daim ntawv qhia qhov tseeb. Nws tsis kam qhia daim ntawv qhia rau cov xov xwm lossis cov pej xeem. Nws tsis tau hais tias daim ntawv qhia los ntawm qhov twg, nws txuas rau Hitler li cas, lossis nws piav qhia txog kev tsim tawm tsam Tebchaws Meskas, lossis - rau qhov teeb meem - yuav ua li cas ib tug yuav tau hlais Latin America thiab tsis suav nrog Panama.

Thaum nws tau los ua Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws hauv xyoo 1940, Churchill tau teeb tsa lub chaw haujlwm hu ua British Security Coordination (BSC) nrog rau lub luag haujlwm los siv txhua yam kev qias neeg uas tsim nyog kom ua rau Tebchaws Meskas mus ua rog. BSC tau khiav tawm ntawm peb lub tsev ntawm Rockefeller Center hauv New York los ntawm Canadian npe William Stephenson - tus qauv rau James Bond, raws li Ian Fleming. Nws tau khiav nws lub chaw xov tooj cua, WRUL, thiab lub chaw haujlwm xov xwm, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Xov Xwm Hauv Tebchaws (ONA). Ntau pua lossis ntau txhiab tus neeg ua haujlwm BSC, tom qab ntawd suav nrog Roald Dahl, tseem tsis khoom xa tawm mus rau Asmeskas xov xwm, tsim cov kws tshawb fawb los kwv yees Hitler txoj kev tuag, thiab tsim cov lus xaiv cuav ntawm cov riam phom Askiv muaj zog tshiab. Roosevelt tau paub zoo txog BSC txoj haujlwm, ib yam li FBI.

Raws li William Boyd, tus kws sau ntawv tshiab uas tau tshawb xyuas lub koom haum, "BSC tau hloov kho qhov kev ua si prankish hu ua 'Vik' - 'kev nyiam ua yeeb yam tshiab rau cov neeg nyiam kev ywj pheej'. Pab pawg ntawm Vik cov neeg ua si thoob plaws Tebchaws Meskas tau qhab nia nyob ntawm qib ntawm kev txaj muag thiab kev chim siab uas lawv ua rau Nazi cov neeg saib xyuas. Cov neeg ua si raug nquahu kom ua raws li kev tsim txom me me - tsis tu ncua 'tus lej tsis raug' hu rau hmo ntuj; cov nas tuag poob rau hauv lub tank dej; xaj khoom plig cumbersome kom xa, nyiaj ntsuab thaum xa khoom, mus rau qhov chaw nyob; deflating lub log tsheb ntawm lub tsheb; ntiav cov kws ntaus nkauj hauv txoj kev ua si 'Vajtswv cawm Vajntxwv' sab nraum Nazi cov neeg muaj kev hlub tshua, thiab lwm yam. "[xixi] |

Ivar Bryce, uas yog Walter Lippman tus tij laug thiab Ian Fleming tus phooj ywg, ua haujlwm rau BSC, thiab xyoo 1975 tau luam tawm ib tsab ntawv sau tseg tias tau tsim muaj thawj cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm Roosevelt's phony Nazi daim ntawv qhia, uas tau pom zoo los ntawm Stephenson thiab npaj kom tau txais los ntawm tsoomfwv Meskas nrog cov dab neeg tsis tseeb raws li nws lub hauv paus chiv keeb.[xxxiv] Txawm hais tias FBI thiab/lossis Roosevelt nyob rau hauv qhov kev dag yog tsis meej. Ntawm tag nrho cov pranks rub los ntawm "kev txawj ntse" cov neeg ua haujlwm xyoo dhau los, qhov no yog ib qho ua tau zoo dua, thiab tseem tsawg tshaj plaws, raws li cov neeg Askiv yuav tsum yog Asmeskas cov phooj ywg. Cov neeg nyeem phau ntawv Asmeskas thiab cov neeg nyiam ua yeeb yaj kiab tom qab ntawd yuav pov tseg cov hmoov zoo rau kev qhuas James Bond, txawm tias nws tus qauv hauv lub neej tiag tiag tau sim ntxias lawv mus rau hauv kev ua tsov rog phem tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb tau pom.

Tau kawg, lub teb chaws Yelemees tau tawm tsam hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Soviet Union, thiab tsis tau tuaj yeem txeeb rau Askiv. Kev tswj hwm South America yuav tsis tshwm sim. Tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg ntawm daim ntawv qhia phony tau dhau los hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes, thiab kev cia siab tias qee qhov yuav muaj qee qhov duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm qhov tseeb rau nws zoo li tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntu txuas ntxiv ntawm Roosevelt cov lus, uas nws tau thov kom muaj lwm cov ntaub ntawv uas. nws kuj tsis tau qhia leej twg thiab tej zaum yuav tsis muaj nyob, thiab cov ntsiab lus uas tsis yog qhov tseeb:

"Koj tsoom fwv muaj nyob rau hauv nws muaj lwm yam ntaub ntawv ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm Hitler tsoom fwv. Nws yog ib txoj kev npaj kom ntxaws, uas, rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb, Nazis tsis xav thiab tsis xav tshaj tawm tam sim no, tab sis qhov uas lawv tau npaj ua - me ntsis tom qab - ntawm lub ntiaj teb tswj hwm - yog Hitler yeej. Nws yog txoj kev npaj tshem tawm tag nrho cov kev ntseeg uas twb muaj lawm - Protestant, Catholic, Mohammedan, Hindu, Buddhist, thiab Jewish ib yam. Cov cuab yeej ntawm txhua pawg ntseeg yuav raug txeeb los ntawm Reich thiab nws cov menyuam roj hmab. Tus ntoo khaub lig thiab tag nrho lwm cov cim ntawm kev ntseeg yuav tsum txwv. Cov txiv plig yuav tsum nyob ntsiag to mus ib txhis nyob rau hauv lub txim ntawm lub concentration camps, qhov twg txawm tam sim no muaj coob tus txiv neej tsis ntshai raug tsim txom vim lawv tau tso Vajtswv saum Hitler. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm pawg ntseeg ntawm peb kev vam meej, yuav tsum tau teeb tsa lub Koom Txoos Nazi International - lub tsev teev ntuj uas yuav tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm cov neeg hais lus xa tawm los ntawm tsoomfwv Nazi. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm Vajluskub, cov lus ntawm Mein Kampf yuav raug yuam thiab ua raws li Vajluskub. Thiab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm Tswv Yexus yuav muab ob lub cim - lub swastika thiab rab ntaj liab qab. Ib tug Vajtswv uas muaj ntshav thiab hlau yuav muab qhov chaw ntawm Vajtswv txoj kev hlub thiab kev hlub tshua. Cia peb ua tib zoo xav txog cov lus uas kuv tau hais hmo no. "

Needless hais, qhov no tsis yog raws li qhov tseeb; Kev ntseeg tau qhib siab coj los siv rau hauv cov tebchaws uas tswj hwm Nazi, qee qhov tau rov qab los tshiab tom qab Soviet-txiav txim siab tsis ntseeg Vajtswv, thiab cov khoom plig uas Nazis muab rau lawv cov neeg txhawb nqa loj tshaj plaws tau zoo li tus ntoo khaub lig. Tab sis lub suab nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau kev hlub thiab kev hlub tshua yog ib qho zoo kov. Hnub tom qab, tus neeg sau xov xwm nug kom pom Roosevelt daim ntawv qhia thiab raug muab tso tseg. Raws li kuv paub, tsis muaj leej twg txawm nug kom pom lwm daim ntawv no. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias tib neeg nkag siab qhov no tsis yog ib qho kev thov kom muaj cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag, tab sis yog kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev ntseeg dawb huv tawm tsam kev phem - tsis yog ib yam uas yuav tsum tau nug nrog kev tsis ntseeg lossis kev mob hnyav. Roosevelt txuas ntxiv:

"Cov lus tseeb uas kuv tau hais rau koj txog tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej cov phiaj xwm ntawm Hitlerism yuav raug tsis lees paub rau hmo no thiab tag kis hauv xov xwm tswj hwm thiab xov tooj cua ntawm Axis Powers. Thiab qee tus neeg Amelikas - tsis muaj ntau - yuav txuas ntxiv hais tias Hitler cov phiaj xwm yuav tsum tsis txhob txhawj xeeb rau peb - ​​thiab peb yuav tsum tsis txhob txhawj txog peb tus kheej nrog txhua yam uas dhau mus dhau ntawm rab phom tua ntawm peb tus kheej shores. Cov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg Amelikas no - ob peb tus lej - yuav, raws li ib txwm muaj, yuav ua rau muaj kev qhuas los ntawm Axis xovxwm thiab xov tooj cua nyob rau ob peb hnub tom ntej no, hauv kev rau siab rau lub ntiaj teb tias feem coob ntawm cov neeg Amelikas tau tawm tsam lawv txoj kev xaiv. Tsoom fwv, thiab hauv kev muaj tiag tsuas yog tos kom dhia ntawm Hitler lub tsheb kauj vab thaum nws los txog li no. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas no tsis yog qhov teeb meem. "

Tsis yog, lub ntsiab lus zoo li tau txwv tib neeg rau ob txoj kev xaiv thiab ua rau muaj kev tsov rog.

"Qhov tseeb yog tias Nazi kev tshaj tawm txuas ntxiv mus rau qhov kev xav ua kom txeeb tau raws li cov lus sib cais ua pov thawj ntawm Asmeskas kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Cov Nazis tau tsim lawv tus kheej cov npe ntawm cov neeg Amelikas niaj hnub no. Nws yog, hmoov zoo, ib daim ntawv luv luv. Kuv zoo siab tias nws tsis muaj kuv lub npe. Peb txhua tus neeg Amelikas, ntawm txhua qhov kev xav, tau ntsib nrog kev xaiv ntawm lub ntiaj teb uas peb xav nyob hauv thiab lub ntiaj teb uas Hitler thiab nws cov hordes yuav ua rau peb. Tsis muaj leej twg ntawm peb xav burrow hauv av thiab nyob hauv qhov tsaus ntuj zoo li lub mole xis. Lub peb hlis ntuj tom ntej ntawm Hitler thiab ntawm Hitlerism tuaj yeem nres - thiab nws yuav tsum nres. Yooj yim heev thiab bluntly - peb tau cog lus tias yuav rub peb tus kheej oar hauv kev puas tsuaj ntawm Hitlerism. Thiab thaum peb tau pab daws qhov kev foom phem ntawm Hitlerism peb yuav pab tsim kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tshiab uas yuav ua rau cov neeg ncaj ncees nyob txhua qhov chaw muaj txoj hauv kev zoo dua los ua neej nyob thiab vam meej hauv kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ywj pheej thiab kev ntseeg. Txhua hnub uas dhau mus peb tab tom tsim thiab muab ntau thiab ntau caj npab rau cov txiv neej uas tawm tsam ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tiag tiag. Nov yog peb lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Thiab nws yog lub teb chaws lub siab nyiam uas cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb thiab khoom siv ntawm txhua yam yuav tsum tsis txhob raug kaw hauv Asmeskas chaw nres nkoj lossis xa mus rau hauv qab hiav txwv. Nws yog lub teb chaws lub siab nyiam uas Asmeskas yuav xa cov khoom. Hauv kev tawm tsam qhov kev xav ntawd, peb cov nkoj tau poob thiab peb cov neeg tsav nkoj tau raug tua. "

Ntawm no Roosevelt lees paub tias Asmeskas cov nkoj poob los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees tau koom nrog kev txhawb nqa kev ua rog tawm tsam lub teb chaws Yelemees. Nws tsuas yog zoo li ntseeg tias nws tseem ceeb dua kom ntseeg tau cov pej xeem Asmeskas tias nws twb nyob rau hauv kev ua tsov ua rog dua li txuas ntxiv nrog kev thov tias cov nkoj tau tawm tsam yog dawb huv tag nrho.

TUG 1941

Thaum lub Kaum Hlis, 1941, Asmeskas neeg soj xyuas Edgar Mowrer tau tham nrog ib tug txiv neej hauv Manila npe hu ua Ernest Johnson, tus tswv cuab ntawm Maritime Commission, uas tau hais tias nws xav tias "Japs yuav coj Manila ua ntej kuv tawm mus." Thaum Mowrer qhia kev xav tsis thoob, Johnson teb tias "Koj puas tsis paub tias lub nkoj Jap tau tsiv mus rau sab hnub tuaj, xav tias yuav tawm tsam peb lub nkoj ntawm Pearl Harbor?"[xxxv]

Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 3, 1941, Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Meskas rau Nyij Pooj, Yauxej Grew, sim - tsis yog thawj zaug - los sib txuas lus rau nws tsoomfwv, tsoomfwv uas tsis muaj peev xwm nkag siab, lossis ua rau muaj kev sib cav sib ceg, lossis ob qho tib si. , tab sis qhov tseeb tsis yog txawm xav ua haujlwm rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Grew tau xa xov tooj ntev mus rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm tau ceeb toom tias kev nplua nyiaj txiag los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tuaj yeem yuam Nyij Pooj los ua "lub tebchaws hara-kiri." Nws tau sau tias: "Ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Tebchaws Meskas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij thiab muaj kev kub ntxhov sai heev."[xxxvi]

Hauv phau ntawv 2022 Diplomats & Admirals, Dale A. Jenkins cov ntaub ntawv rov ua dua, kev sim siab los ntawm Nyij Pooj Thawj Kav Tebchaws Fumimaro Koj kom tau txais kev sib tham hauv-tus neeg, ib-rau-ib lub rooj sib tham nrog FDR los sib tham txog kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb raws li tsoomfwv Nyij Pooj thiab tub rog yuav tsum lees txais. Jenkins hais ib tsab ntawv los ntawm Grew qhia nws txoj kev ntseeg tias qhov no yuav ua haujlwm tau, yog tias Asmeskas tau pom zoo rau lub rooj sib tham. Jenkins kuj tau sau tseg tias Asmeskas cov pej xeem (Hull, Stimson, Knowx), tsis zoo li Asmeskas cov thawj coj tub rog, ntseeg tias kev ua tsov rog nrog Nyij Pooj yuav nrawm thiab ua rau muaj kev yeej yooj yim. Jenkins tseem qhia tau hais tias Hull tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab Tebchaws Askiv tawm tsam lwm yam tshaj li kev tawm tsam thiab kev kub ntxhov rau Nyiv.

Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 6, 1941, Nyiv tau thov kev pom zoo nrog Tebchaws Meskas uas suav nrog ib nrab ntawm Nyij Pooj tshem tawm ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Tebchaws Meskas tsis kam lees qhov kev thov rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 14^th.[xevvii]

Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 15, 1941, US Army Chief of Staff George Marshall tau tshaj tawm xov xwm ntawm ib yam dab tsi uas peb tsis nco qab yog "Marshall Plan." Qhov tseeb peb tsis nco qab nws kiag li. Marshall tau hais tias "Peb tab tom npaj ua tsov rog tawm tsam Nyij Pooj," hais kom cov neeg sau xov xwm khaws cia tsis pub leej twg paub, raws li kuv paub tias lawv tau ua txhaum cai.[xxxviii] Marshall hais rau Congress hauv xyoo 1945 tias Tebchaws Meskas tau pib cov lus cog tseg Anglo-Dutch-American rau kev sib koom ua ke tawm tsam Nyij Pooj thiab muab lawv siv ua ntej Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 7.^th.[xxxix]

Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 20, 1941, Nyiv tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv cog lus tshiab nrog Tebchaws Meskas rau kev thaj yeeb thiab kev koom tes ntawm ob lub tebchaws.[xl]

Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 25, 1941, Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv ntawm Tsov Rog Henry Stimson tau sau rau hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe tias nws tau ntsib hauv Oval Office nrog Marshall, Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt, Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv ntawm Navy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, thiab Secretary of State Cordell Hull. Roosevelt tau hais rau lawv tias cov neeg Nyij Pooj yuav tuaj yeem tawm tsam sai sai, tej zaum yog hnub Monday tom ntej, Kaum Ob Hlis 1, 1941. "Cov lus nug," Stimson tau sau tias, "yog li cas peb yuav tsum coj lawv mus rau hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tua thawj zaug yam tsis muaj kev phom sij ntau dhau. rau peb tus kheej. Nws yog ib qho kev tawm tsam nyuaj. "

Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 26, 1941, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau tawm tsam rau Nyij Pooj cov lus pom zoo ntawm rau hnub ua ntej.[xli] Hauv qhov kev thov no, qee zaum hu ua Hull Note, qee zaum Hull Ultimatum, Tebchaws Meskas yuav tsum tau ua tiav Nyij Pooj tshem tawm ntawm Tuam Tshoj, tab sis tsis muaj US tshem tawm ntawm Philippines lossis lwm qhov hauv Pacific. Cov neeg Nyij Pooj tsis kam lees qhov kev thov. Tsis yog lub teb chaws, zoo li, tau nqis peev nyob deb ntawm cov peev txheej rau hauv cov kev sib tham no uas lawv tau npaj ua tsov rog. Henry Luce xa mus rau hauv Lub neej magazine rau Lub Xya Hli 20, 1942, rau "cov neeg Suav uas Asmeskas tau xa cov lus kawg uas tau coj los rau Pearl Harbor."[xlii]

"Lub Kaum Ib Hlis Ntuj lig," raws li Gallup kev xaiv tsa, 52% ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas hais rau Gallup cov neeg pov npav tias Tebchaws Meskas yuav ua rog nrog Nyij Pooj "qee zaum nyob rau yav tom ntej."[xliii] Kev tsov rog tsis yog yuav ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob rau ntau dua ib nrab lub tebchaws, lossis rau tsoomfwv Meskas.

Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 27, 1941, Rear Admiral Royal Ingersoll tau xa lus ceeb toom ntawm kev ua tsov rog nrog Nyij Pooj mus rau plaub txoj cai naval. Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 28, Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark tau xa rov qab nrog cov lus qhia ntxiv: "Yog tias kev sib koom ua ke tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua tsis tuaj yeem zam lub tebchaws United States xav tau uas Nyij Pooj tau ua thawj zaug ua ntej."[xliv]. Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 28, 1941, Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., tau hais qhia kom "tua txhua yam uas peb pom saum ntuj thiab foob txhua yam uas peb pom saum hiav txwv."[xlv] Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 30, 1941, lub Honolulu Advertiser nqa cov xov xwm "Japanese May Strike Over Weekend."[xlvi] Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2, 1941, lub New York Times tshaj tawm tias Nyiv tau raug txiav tawm ntawm kwv yees li 75 feem pua ​​​​ntawm nws qhov kev lag luam ib txwm muaj los ntawm Allied blockade.[xlvii] Nyob rau hauv 20-nplooj ntawv memo rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 4, 1941, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Txawj Ntse tau ceeb toom tias, "Nyob rau hauv kev cia siab tias yuav qhib kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog lub teb chaws no, Nyiv tau siv zog siv txhua lub koom haum uas muaj los tiv thaiv tub rog, tub rog thiab cov ntaub ntawv lag luam, ua tib zoo saib xyuas. West ntug dej hiav txwv, Panama Canal, thiab thaj chaw ntawm Hawaii. "[xlviii]

Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1, 1941, Admiral Harold Stark Admiral Harold Stark, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Naval Operations, xa xov tooj cua rau Admiral Thomas C. Hart, Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm ntawm US Asiatic Fleet nyob rau hauv Manila, Philippines: “Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws tau hais qhia tias yuav ua raws li qhov ua tau sai sai thiab tsis pub dhau ob hnub yog tias ua tau tom qab tau txais qhov DESPATCH no. CHARTER Peb lub nkoj me me los tsim cov lus hais txog kev tiv thaiv PATROL UNQUOTE. Yam tsawg kawg yuav tsum tau tsim kom muaj tus kheej raws li United States Cov txiv neej-ntawm-kev ua tsov ua rog yog cov lus txib los ntawm ib tug tub ceev xwm NAVAL thiab los tsa ib rab phom me me thiab ib rab phom tshuab yuav txaus. FILIPINO CREWS tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog tsawg kawg ntawm NAVAL ratings kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj uas yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam thiab tshaj tawm los ntawm xov tooj cua JAPANESE txav mus rau sab hnub poob CHINA Hiav Txwv thiab GULF ntawm SIAM. IB TUG NTXHAIS KAWM NTAWV NTAWM HAINAN THIAB HUE IB LUB VESSEL tawm ntawm INDO-CHINA ntug dej hiav txwv BETWEEN CAMRANH BAY thiab CAPE ST. JACQUES thiab ib lub nkoj tawm ntawm POINTE DE CAMAU. Siv OF Isabel CEEB TOOM los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ua ib qho ntawm peb lub nkoj tab sis tsis yog lwm lub nkoj NAVAL. NYEEM NTXIV ME NYUAM UA HAUJ LWM NTAWM PRESIDENTS VIEWS. Tib lub sijhawm qhia rau kuv paub txog qhov kev ntsuas RECONNAISSANCE tau ua haujlwm li cas ntawm Hiav Txwv los ntawm ob qho tib si tub rog thiab tub rog txawm tias los ntawm huab cua nkoj nkoj lossis nkoj nkoj thiab koj qhov kev xav. TOP SECRET.”

Ib qho ntawm cov nkoj tau muab cov haujlwm saum toj no, lub Lanikai, yog tus thawj coj los ntawm ib tug txiv neej hu ua Kemp Tolley, uas tom qab ntawd tau sau ib phau ntawv nthuav qhia cov pov thawj tias FDR tau npaj cov nkoj no ua ib qho cuab yeej, vam tias yuav tau txais lawv los ntawm Nyiv. (Lub Lanikai tab tom npaj ua raws li kev txiav txim thaum Nyiv tawm tsam Pearl Harbor.) Tolley thov tias Admiral Hart tsis tsuas yog pom zoo nrog nws tab sis thov kom muaj peev xwm ua pov thawj. Retired Rear Admiral Tolley tuag nyob rau hauv 2000. Los ntawm 1949 txog 1952, nws tau ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev txawj ntse division ntawm Armed Forces Staff College hauv Norfolk, Virginia. Nyob rau hauv 1992, nws tau raug coj mus rau hauv Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg ntawm Lub Koobtsheej hauv Washington. Xyoo 1993, nws tau txais koob meej ntawm Tsev Dawb Rose Garden los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Bill Clinton. Ib tug tooj liab bust ntawm Admiral Tolley tau tsa nyob rau hauv lub US Naval Academy nyob rau hauv nws hwm. Koj tuaj yeem pom tag nrho cov no hais txog ntawm Wikipedia, tsis muaj ib qho lus qhia uas Tolley tau hais ib lo lus hais txog kev raug xa mus rau kev tua tus kheej los pab pib WWII. Txawm li cas los, nws obituaries nyob rau hauv lub Baltimore Sun thiab cov Washington Post ob qho tib si tshaj tawm nws qhov kev lees paub yam tsis tau ntxiv ib lo lus ntawm seb qhov tseeb txhawb nws. Rau ntau lo lus ntawm lo lus nug no, kuv xav kom Tolley phau ntawv, luam tawm los ntawm Naval Institute Press hauv Annapolis, Maryland, Cruise of the Lanikai: Incimentation to War.

Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 4, 1941, cov ntawv xov xwm, suav nrog Chicago Tribune, luam tawm FDR txoj kev npaj rau kev yeej tsov rog. Kuv tau sau cov phau ntawv thiab cov lus hais txog lub ntsiab lus no tau ntau xyoo ua ntej kuv dawm hla nqe lus no hauv Andrew Cockburn phau ntawv 2021, Lub Spoils ntawm Tsov Rog: "

"[T] ua tsaug rau qhov xau uas ua rau qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm Edward Snowden tshwm sim tsis tseem ceeb los ntawm kev sib piv, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm 'Kev Npaj Yeej Yeej' tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab xub ntiag ntawm tus neeg cais tawm. Chicago Tribune tsuas yog hnub ua ntej kev tawm tsam Japanese. Kev ua xyem xyav tau poob rau ntawm Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm kev iab liam German sympathies. Tab sis lub TribuneWashington bureau tus thawj coj ntawm lub sijhawm, Walter Trojan, hais rau kuv ntau xyoo dhau los nws yog Air Corps tus thawj coj, Gen. Henry “Hap” Arnold, uas tau dhau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ib tus neeg sawv cev tsis sib haum xeeb. Arnold ntseeg tias txoj kev npaj tseem tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev faib cov peev txheej rau nws qhov kev pabcuam, thiab yog li tsom mus rau kev lees paub nws thaum yug los. "

Cov duab tsib no muaj cov Tribune Tshooj:

Txoj kev npaj yeej, raws li tau tshaj tawm thiab hais tawm ntawm no, feem ntau yog hais txog lub tebchaws Yelemes: ncig nws nrog 5 lab Asmeskas cov tub rog, tej zaum muaj ntau ntxiv, sib ntaus sib tua tsawg kawg 2 xyoos. Nyiv yog theem nrab, tab sis cov phiaj xwm suav nrog kev thaiv thiab kev tawm tsam huab cua. Cov Tribune quotes nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub Xya hli ntuj 9, 1941, tsab ntawv los ntawm Roosevelt hais saum toj no. Txoj haujlwm yeej suav nrog Asmeskas kev ua tsov ua rog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txhawb nqa lub tebchaws Askiv thiab tiv thaiv kev nthuav dav ntawm lub tebchaws Nyij Pooj. Lo lus "Cov Neeg Yudais" tsis tshwm sim. Kev ua tsov rog Asmeskas hauv Tebchaws Europe tau npaj rau lub Plaub Hlis 1942, raws li "qhov chaw ntseeg tau" ntawm Tribune. cov Tribune tawm tsam tsov rog thiab nyiam kev thaj yeeb. Nws tiv thaiv Charles Lindbergh tawm tsam kev foob ntawm Nazi kev khuv leej, uas nws muaj tiag tiag. Tab sis tsis muaj leej twg, raws li kuv tuaj yeem qhia tau, tsis tau nug txog qhov tseeb ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm kev npaj ua ntej Pearl Harbor rau US waging ntawm WWII.

Quote los ntawm Muaj Thiab Muaj Tsis los ntawm Jonathan Marshall: "Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 5, Cov Tub Ceev Xwm Tub Ceev Xwm Askiv tau ceeb toom rau Sir Robert Brooke-Pophham, tus thawj coj ntawm Royal Air Force hauv Malaya, tias Tebchaws Meskas tau cog lus rau kev txhawb nqa tub rog yog tias Nyij Pooj tawm tsam British thaj chaw lossis Netherlands East Indies; tib qhov kev cog lus yuav tsum tau ua raws li Askiv yuav tsum ua raws li cov phiaj xwm xwm txheej ceev MATADOR. Cov phiaj xwm kawg tau muab rau kev tawm tsam British preemptive mus txeeb Kra Isthmus nyob rau hauv rooj plaub Nyiv tau tawm tsam tej ib feem ntawm Thaib teb. Hnub tom qab Capt. John Creighton, US naval attaché ntawm Singapore, cabled Admiral Hart, tus thawj coj ntawm US Asiatic Fleet, qhia nws txog cov xov xwm no: "Brooke-Pophham tau txais hnub Saturday los ntawm War Department London Quote Peb muaj. tam sim no tau txais kev lees paub los ntawm Asmeskas kev txhawb nqa tub rog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no: a) peb yuav tsum ua kom tiav peb cov phiaj xwm txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau Japs tsaws Isthmus ntawm Kra lossis ua haujlwm hauv teb rau Nips ntxeem tau lwm qhov ntawm Siam XX b) yog Dutch Indies raug tawm tsam thiab peb mus rau lawv cov kev tiv thaiv XX c) yog Japs tawm tsam peb cov British XX Yog li tsis muaj kev siv rau London muab txoj kev npaj ua ntej yog tias thawj zaug koj muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo Jap ntoj ke mus ua ntej nrog qhov pom tseeb ntawm kev tsaws hauv Kra thib ob yog Nips ua txhaum ib feem ntawm Thaib Teb Para Yog tias NEI raug tawm tsam muab tso rau hauv cov phiaj xwm ua haujlwm tau pom zoo los ntawm British thiab Dutch. Unquote. " Marshall hais tias: “PHA Hearings, X, 5082-5083,” txhais tau hais tias Congressional rooj sib hais txog Pearl Harbor Attack. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov no zoo nkaus li meej: cov neeg Askiv ntseeg tias lawv tau lees paub tias Asmeskas koom ua tsov rog hauv Nyij Pooj tawm tsam Asmeskas lossis yog tias Nyij Pooj tawm tsam cov neeg Askiv lossis Nyij Pooj tawm tsam Dutch lossis yog tias Askiv tawm tsam Nyij Pooj.

Raws li lub Kaum Ob Hlis 6, 1941, tsis muaj kev xaiv tsa tau pom feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem Asmeskas txhawb rau kev nkag mus rau hauv tsov rog.[xlix] Tab sis Roosevelt twb tau tsim cov qauv tsim, qhib lub National Guard, tsim ib lub nkoj loj loj hauv ob lub hiav txwv, pauv cov neeg tua hluav taws qub mus rau Askiv hauv kev sib pauv rau kev xauj ntawm nws cov hauv paus hauv Caribbean thiab Bermuda, muab cov dav hlau thiab cov kws qhia thiab cov kws tsav dav hlau mus rau Tuam Tshoj. Kev nplua hnyav rau Nyij Pooj, qhia rau Asmeskas cov tub rog tias kev ua tsov rog nrog Nyij Pooj tau pib, thiab - tsuas yog 11 hnub ua ntej kev tawm tsam Nyij Pooj - tsis pub leej twg paub txog kev tsim cov npe ntawm txhua tus neeg Nyij Pooj thiab Asmeskas-Asmeskas hauv Tebchaws Meskas. (Hurray rau IBM thev naus laus zis!)

Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 7, 1941, tom qab kev tawm tsam Nyij Pooj, Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt tau tshaj tawm kev ua tsov rog tawm tsam Nyij Pooj thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, tab sis txiav txim siab tias nws yuav tsis ua haujlwm thiab mus nrog Nyij Pooj ib leeg. Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 8^th, Congress tau pov npav rau kev ua rog tawm tsam Nyij Pooj, nrog Jeanette Rankin pov npav nkaus xwb tsis muaj kev pov npav.

Kev sib cav sib ceg thiab tsis muaj

Robert Stinnett cov Hnub Txo: Qhov tseeb txog FDR thiab Pearl Harbor yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm, suav nrog hauv nws cov lus thov txog Asmeskas kev paub txog Japanese cov lej thiab kev sib txuas lus Japanese coded. Txawm li cas los xij, kuv tsis xav tias ob qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no yuav tsum muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb:

1. Cov ntaub ntawv kuv tau hais los saum toj no yog ntau tshaj qhov txaus los lees paub tias Tebchaws Meskas tsis yog ib tus neeg dawb huv uas tau tawm tsam tawm ntawm xiav lossis ib pawg neeg koom nrog ua txhua yam rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab ruaj khov.
2. Stinnett yog txoj cai kom muaj kev siv zog nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem pej xeem, thiab txoj cai uas tsis tuaj yeem zam txim rau National Security Agency txuas ntxiv khaws cov neeg coob coob ntawm Japanese naval intercepts zais cia hauv 1941 US Navy cov ntaub ntawv.[l]

Thaum Stinnett ntseeg tias nws qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tsuas yog ua rau hauv 2000 daim ntawv rov qab ntawm nws phau ntawv, New York Times tshuaj xyuas los ntawm Richard Bernstein ntawm 1999 hardcover yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov nqaim npaum li cas nws txhais cov lus nug uas tseem tsis ntseeg:[lis]

"Cov neeg keeb kwm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum II feem ntau pom zoo tias Roosevelt ntseeg tias kev ua tsov rog nrog Nyij Pooj yog qhov tsis muaj thiab nws xav kom Nyiv tua thawj zaug. Dab tsi Stinnett tau ua, tshem tawm ntawm lub tswv yim ntawd, yog sau cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau qhov tshwm sim uas Roosevelt, kom ntseeg tau tias qhov kev txhaj tshuaj thawj zaug yuav muaj kev puas tsuaj, txhob txwm ua rau cov neeg Amelikas tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv. . . .

"Stinnett qhov kev sib cav uas muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev ntxhov siab feem ntau cuam tshuam txog ib qho ntawm cov qauv piav qhia rau Nyiv txoj kev vam meej hauv kev ua kom lub Pearl Harbor tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsis pub leej twg paub: uas yog lub dav hlau thauj neeg ua hauj lwm uas unleashed nws tswj nruj xov tooj cua silence rau tag nrho peb lub lis piam mus txog rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis. 7 thiab yog li zam kom tsis txhob raug ntes. Qhov tseeb, Stinnett sau, cov neeg Nyij Pooj tsis tu ncua hauv xov tooj cua silence txawm tias cov neeg Amelikas, siv xov tooj cua kev qhia nrhiav cov tswv yim, muaj peev xwm ua raws li Japanese nkoj raws li nws tau mus rau Hawaii. . . .

“Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias Stinnett tej zaum yuav yog hais txog qhov no; yeej yog cov khoom uas nws tau unearthed yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas los ntawm lwm cov historians. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev txawj ntse tsuas yog tsis muaj pov thawj tias kev txawj ntse tau ua nws txoj hauv kev rau hauv tes kom raug lossis tias nws yuav tau nrawm thiab txhais tau raug.

"Gaddis Smith, tus kws sau keeb kwm ntawm Yale University, tau hais hauv qhov kev sib txuas no ntawm kev ua tsis tiav los tiv thaiv Philippines tawm tsam Nyij Pooj, txawm tias muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias qhov kev tawm tsam no tuaj. Tsis muaj leej twg, tsis yog Stinnett, ntseeg tias muaj kev txhob txwm txiav tawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Asmeskas tus thawj coj hauv Philippines, Douglas MacArthur. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau qee qhov laj thawj tsuas yog tsis muab tso rau siv.

"Hauv nws phau ntawv xyoo 1962, Pearl Harbor: Ceeb Toom thiab Kev Txiav Txim, tus kws sau keeb kwm Roberta Wohlstetter siv lo lus zoo li qub los txheeb xyuas qhov tsis meej pem, qhov tsis sib xws, tag nrho qhov tsis paub tseeb uas cuam tshuam txog kev txawj ntse sib sau ua ntej ua tsov rog. Thaum Stinnett xav tias feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv uas tam sim no zoo li tseem ceeb yuav tau txais kev saib xyuas sai thaum lub sijhawm, Wohlstetter pom yog tias muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev ntawm cov pov thawj, ntau txhiab cov ntaub ntawv txhua hnub, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg thiab ua haujlwm ntau dhau ntawm kev txawj ntse tej zaum yuav tsis yooj yim. tau txhais nws kom raug thaum lub sijhawm. "

Kev tsis muaj peev xwm lossis kev ua phem? Kev sib cav ib txwm. Puas yog tsoomfwv Meskas tsis paub cov ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam tom ntej vim nws tsis muaj peev xwm lossis vim nws tsis xav paub lawv, lossis tsis xav kom qee qhov ntawm tsoomfwv paub lawv? Nws yog ib lo lus nug nthuav, thiab nws yog ib qho yooj yim heev rau underestimate incompetence, thiab tag nrho reassuring rau underestimate txiv neej. Tab sis tsis muaj lus nug uas tsoomfwv Meskas paub txog cov ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm kev tawm tsam tom ntej thiab tau paub txog kev ua yeeb yam rau ntau xyoo hauv txoj hauv kev uas ua rau nws muaj feem ntau.

LUB PHILIPPINE

Raws li phau ntawv tshuaj xyuas saum toj no tau hais, tib lo lus nug txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev paub dhau los thiab tib yam tsis muaj lus nug txog cov ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm nws siv rau Philippines raws li Pearl Harbor.

Qhov tseeb, rooj plaub rau kev txhob txwm ua ntawm kev ntxeev siab yuav yooj yim dua rau cov neeg keeb kwm los kwv yees txog kev hais txog Philippines dua li hais txog Hawaii, yog tias lawv xav li ntawd. "Pearl Harbor" yog qhov txawv txav. Teev tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm Pearl Harbor - nyob rau tib hnub tab sis technically lub Kaum Ob Hlis 8^th vim yog International Date Line, thiab ncua rau 3 teev los ntawm huab cua - cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau tawm tsam Asmeskas cov tub rog nyob hauv Asmeskas thaj tsam ntawm Philippines, tag nrho cia siab tias yuav muaj kev nyuaj siab dua, vim tias qhov xav tsis thoob yuav tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov tseeb, Douglas MacArthur tau txais xov tooj thaum 40:18 teev sawv ntxov Philippines ceeb toom nws txog kev tawm tsam ntawm Pearl Harbor thiab qhov yuav tsum tau npaj. Hauv cuaj teev uas dhau mus ntawm qhov kev hu xov tooj thiab kev tawm tsam rau Philippines, MacArthur tsis ua dab tsi. Nws tawm hauv Asmeskas cov dav hlau tau npaj thiab tos, zoo li cov nkoj tau nyob hauv Pearl Harbor. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam rau Philippines yog, raws li Asmeskas tub rog, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev rau Hawaii. Tebchaws Meskas tau poob 35 ntawm 17 B-90s ntxiv rau XNUMX lub dav hlau lwm yam, thiab ntau yam puas tsuaj.[lii] Nyob rau hauv sib piv, nyob rau hauv Pearl Harbor, txawm lub tswvyim hais ua dabneeg hais tias yim battleships sunk, qhov tseeb yog hais tias tsis muaj ib tug yuav sunk nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug ntiav chaw nres nkoj, ob tug tau ua inoperable, thiab rau raug kho thiab mus tua nyob rau hauv WWII.[liii]

Nyob rau tib hnub ntawm lub Kaum Ob Hlis 7^th / 8^th - nyob ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm International Date Line - Nyiv tau tawm tsam Asmeskas cov cheeb tsam ntawm Philippines thiab Guam, ntxiv rau Asmeskas thaj chaw ntawm Hawaii, Midway, thiab Wake, nrog rau cov tebchaws Askiv ntawm Malaya, Singapore, Honk Kong, thiab lub teb chaws ywj pheej ntawm Thaib teb. Thaum qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Hawaii yog ib qho kev tawm tsam thiab tawm tsam, hauv lwm qhov chaw, Nyiv tau tawm tsam ntau zaus, thiab qee kis tau tawm tsam thiab kov yeej. Kev poob rau hauv Nyij Pooj tswj hwm nyob rau lub asthiv tom ntej yuav yog Philippines, Guam, Wake, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, thiab sab hnub poob ntawm Alaska. Hauv tebchaws Philippines, 16 lab tus neeg Amelikas tau poob rau hauv kev ua phem rau Nyij Pooj. Ua ntej lawv ua, Asmeskas txoj haujlwm tau cuam tshuam cov neeg Nyij Pooj, ib yam li tau ua hauv Tebchaws Meskas.[liv].

Tam sim ntawd tom qab kev tawm tsam, Asmeskas cov xov xwm tsis paub tias nws yuav tsum xa mus rau lawv txhua tus nrog lub luv luv ntawm "Pearl Harbor," thiab siv ntau lub npe thiab cov lus piav qhia. Nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm ntawm nws "hnub ntawm infamy" hais lus, Roosevelt tau xa mus rau Hawaii thiab Philippines. Hauv nws 2019 Yuav ua li cas Nkaum lub teb chaws Ottoman, Daniel Immerwahr sib cav tias Roosevelt tau ua txhua yam los piav txog kev tawm tsam raws li kev tawm tsam hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Thaum cov neeg ntawm Philippines thiab Guam tiag tiag yog pej xeem ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, lawv yog cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Lub Philippines feem ntau tau pom tias yog dawb tsis txaus rau lub xeev thiab ntawm txoj kev mus rau kev ywj pheej. Hawaii tau dawb dua, thiab tseem ze dua, thiab muaj peev xwm sib tw rau lub xeev yav tom ntej. Roosevelt thaum kawg tau xaiv kom tshem tawm Philippines los ntawm qhov ntawm nws cov lus hais, tshem tawm mus rau ib yam khoom hauv cov npe tom qab uas suav nrog cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv, thiab piav qhia txog qhov kev tawm tsam uas tau tshwm sim ntawm "American Island of Oahu" - ib kob uas nws yog neeg Amelikas. yog, ntawm chav kawm, muaj kev sib cav txog niaj hnub no los ntawm ntau haiv neeg Hawaii. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb tau khaws cia rau ntawm Pearl Harbor txij thaum ntawd los, txawm tias los ntawm cov neeg txaus siab los ntawm kev ua tsis ncaj los yog npaj tawm tom qab kev tawm tsam.[lv]

TXOJ HAUJ LWM HAUJ LWM

Nws tsis yog nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam uas yuav ua tau txawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo thiab lub hlis ua rau US nkag mus rau hauv WWII, los yog txawm coj mus rau thawj sparks ntawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv Asia los yog Europe. Nws tseem yooj yim dua los piav txog tej yam uas tuaj yeem ua tau txawv yog tias ib tus rov qab mus rau yav dhau los me ntsis ntxiv. Tej yam yuav ua tau txawv ntawm txhua lub tseem fwv thiab tub rog koom nrog, thiab txhua tus yog lub luag haujlwm rau nws qhov kev phem. Tab sis kuv xav hais txog qee yam uas tsoomfwv Meskas tuaj yeem ua tau txawv, vim kuv tab tom sim tawm tsam lub tswv yim tias tsoomfwv Meskas raug yuam tsis kam ua tsov rog uas tsuas yog lwm tus xaiv.

Tebchaws Meskas tuaj yeem xaiv William Jennings Bryan tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm William McKinley uas tau ua tiav los ntawm nws tus lwm thawj, Teddy Roosevelt. Bryan tau tawm tsam tiv thaiv lub teb chaws Ottoman, McKinley pom zoo rau nws. Rau ntau, lwm yam teeb meem zoo li tseem ceeb dua thaum lub sijhawm; nws tsis meej tias lawv yuav tsum muaj.

Teddy Roosevelt tsis ua dab tsi ib nrab. Qhov ntawd tau mus ua tsov rog, imperialism, thiab nws yav dhau los tau sau tseg kev ntseeg hauv kev xav txog Aryan "haiv neeg." TR txhawb nqa kev tsim txom thiab txawm tias tua cov Neeg Qhab Asmeskas, cov neeg tuaj txawv teb chaws Suav, Cubans, Filipinos, thiab Asians thiab Central Americans ntawm yuav luag txhua yam. Nws ntseeg tsuas yog cov neeg dawb uas muaj peev xwm tswj hwm tus kheej (uas yog xov xwm tsis zoo rau Cubans thaum lawv cov neeg ywj pheej hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas pom qee tus neeg dub). Nws tau tsim ib qho yeeb yam ntawm cov neeg Filipinos rau St. Louis Ntiaj Teb Kev Ncaj Ncees uas piav txog lawv li cov neeg siab phem uas tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm cov txiv neej dawb.[lvi] Nws ua haujlwm kom cov neeg Suav tuaj txawv teb chaws tawm hauv Tebchaws Meskas.

James Bradley phau ntawv 2009, Lub Imperial Cruise: Ib tug Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm ntawm Empire thiab War, qhia zaj dab neeg hauv qab no.[lvii] Kuv tab tom tso tawm ib feem ntawm phau ntawv uas tau muaj kev tsis ntseeg txog lawv.

Xyoo 1614 Nyiv tau txiav nws tus kheej tawm ntawm sab hnub poob, ua rau ntau pua xyoo ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev vam meej thiab kev tawg paj ntawm Japanese kos duab thiab kab lis kev cai. Xyoo 1853 US Navy tau yuam Nyij Pooj qhib rau Asmeskas cov tub lag luam, cov tub txib, thiab kev ua tub rog. Cov keeb kwm Asmeskas hu Commodore Matthew Perry txoj kev mus rau Nyij Pooj "diplomatic" txawm hais tias lawv siv cov nkoj ua rog rog los yuam Nyij Pooj kom pom zoo rau kev sib raug zoo uas nws tawm tsam. Xyoo tom qab ntawd, cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau kawm txog Asmeskas kev ntxub ntxaug thiab tau siv lub tswv yim los daws nws. Lawv nrhiav kev westernize lawv tus kheej thiab qhia lawv tus kheej raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias haiv neeg superior rau tus so ntawm Asians. Lawv tau los ua neeg hwm Aryans. Tsis muaj ib tug vajtswv lossis ib tug vajtswv ntawm kev kov yeej, lawv tau tsim ib tus huab tais los saum ntuj los, qiv nyiaj ntau los ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Lawv hnav khaub ncaws thiab noj mov zoo li Asmeskas thiab xa lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm mus kawm hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Cov neeg Nyij Pooj feem ntau raug xa mus rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas raws li "Yankees ntawm Far East." Xyoo 1872 cov tub rog Asmeskas tau pib cob qhia cov neeg Nyij Pooj kom kov yeej lwm haiv neeg, nrog rau qhov muag ntawm Taiwan.

Charles LeGendre, ib tug neeg Amelikas qhia dav dav rau cov neeg Nyij Pooj hauv txoj kev ua tsov rog, tau hais tias lawv tau txais txoj cai Monroe Lus Qhuab Qhia rau Asia, uas yog txoj cai tswj hwm Asia raws li lub tebchaws United States dominated nws hemisphere. Nyiv tau tsim lub Bureau of Savage Affairs thiab tsim cov lus tshiab zoo li koronii (colony). Tham hauv Nyij Pooj pib tsom mus rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg Nyij Pooj kom ua neeg vam meej. Xyoo 1873, Nyiv Nyij Pooj tau tawm tsam Taiwan nrog Asmeskas cov kws pab tswv yim tub rog. Kaus lim qab teb.

Kauslim thiab Nyij Pooj tau paub kev thaj yeeb rau ntau pua xyoo. Thaum cov neeg Nyij Pooj tuaj txog nrog Asmeskas cov nkoj, hnav khaub ncaws Asmeskas, tham txog lawv tus huab tais saum ntuj los, thiab thov kev cog lus ntawm "kev phooj ywg," cov neeg Kauslim xav tias cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau poob siab, thiab hais kom lawv poob, paub tias Tuam Tshoj nyob ntawd. Kaus lim qab teb. Tab sis cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau hais rau Tuam Tshoj kom tso cai rau Kaus Lim Kauslim kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus, yam tsis tau piav qhia rau Suav lossis Kaus Lim Kaus Lim tias qhov kev cog lus txhais li cas hauv nws cov lus Askiv.

Xyoo 1894 Nyiv tshaj tawm ua tsov rog rau Tuam Tshoj, kev ua tsov rog uas Asmeskas riam phom, ntawm Nyij Pooj, nqa hnub. Tuam Tshoj muab Taiwan thiab Liaodong Peninsula, them nyiaj ntau, tshaj tawm Kaus Lim Kauslim muaj kev ywj pheej, thiab muab Nyij Pooj rau tib txoj cai kev lag luam hauv Suav teb uas Asmeskas thiab European lub teb chaws muaj. Nyiv yeej muaj yeej, mus txog rau thaum Tuam Tshoj tau yaum Russia, Fabkis, thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees tawm tsam Nyiv tus tswv ntawm Liaodong. Nyiv muab nws thiab Russia tuav nws. Nyiv tau ntxeev siab los ntawm cov ntseeg dawb, thiab tsis yog lub sijhawm kawg.

Nyob rau hauv 1904, Teddy Roosevelt txaus siab heev nrog ib tug Japanese surprise nres rau Lavxias teb sab ships. Raws li cov neeg Nyij Pooj rov ua tsov rog rau Asia raws li tus neeg hwm Aryans, Roosevelt tsis pub leej twg paub thiab txiav txim siab tsis ncaj ncees nrog lawv, pom zoo rau Monroe Lus Qhuab Qhia rau Nyij Pooj hauv Asia. Nyob rau xyoo 1930, Nyiv tau hais kom qhib kev lag luam rau Tebchaws Meskas hauv nws lub tebchaws imperial yog tias Tebchaws Meskas yuav ua ib yam rau Nyiv hauv Latin America. Tsoomfwv Meskas tau hais tias tsis muaj.

Tuam Tshoj

Tebchaws Askiv tsis yog tsoomfwv txawv tebchaws uas muaj chaw tshaj tawm xov xwm hauv New York City coj mus rau WWII. Suav kuj nyob ntawd thiab.

Tsoomfwv Meskas tau hloov pauv li cas los ntawm nws txoj kev koom tes thiab kev txheeb xyuas nrog Nyij Pooj mus rau ib qho nrog Tuam Tshoj thiab tawm tsam Nyij Pooj (thiab tom qab ntawd rov qab mus rau lwm txoj kev tom qab WWII)? Thawj feem ntawm cov lus teb tau ua nrog Suav kev tshaj tawm thiab nws txoj kev siv kev ntseeg ntau dua li haiv neeg, thiab nrog rau qhov sib txawv ntawm Roosevelt rau hauv Tsev Dawb. James Bradley phau ntawv 2016, Tuam Tshoj Mirage: Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm ntawm Asmeskas Kev Puas Tsuaj Hauv Suav Teb tells zaj dab neeg no.[lviii]

Tau ntau xyoo dhau los txog Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib XNUMX, Tuam Tshoj Chaw Ua Haujlwm Hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau yaum cov pej xeem Asmeskas, thiab ntau tus thawj coj hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, tias cov neeg Suav xav los ua cov ntseeg, tias Chiang Kai-shek yog lawv cov thawj coj kev ywj pheej es tsis yog ib qho kev poob siab. fascist, hais tias Mao Zedong yog ib tug insignificant tsis muaj leej twg mus qhov twg, thiab hais tias lub tebchaws United States muaj peev xwm nyiaj txiag Chiang Kai-shek thiab nws yuav siv tag nrho nws mus tua cov Nyiv, as opposed rau siv nws mus tua Mao.

Cov duab ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab cov neeg nyob hauv Suav teb tau tsav los ntawm cov neeg zoo li Trinity (tom qab Duke) thiab Vanderbilt tau qhia Charlie Soong, nws cov ntxhais Ailing, Chingling, thiab Mayling, thiab tus tub Tse-ven (TV), nrog rau Mayling tus txiv Chiang. Kai-shek, Henry Luce uas pib Lub sij hawm magazine tom qab yug los nyob rau hauv ib tug tub txib colony nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, thiab Pearl Buck uas tau sau Lub ntiaj teb zoo tom qab tib yam me nyuam yaus. TV Soong tau ntiav cov tub rog Asmeskas Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Jack Jouett thiab los ntawm 1932 tau nkag mus rau txhua qhov kev txawj ntse ntawm US Army Air Corps thiab muaj cuaj tus kws qhia, tus kws phais dav hlau, plaub tus kws kho tsheb, thiab tus tuav ntaub ntawv, tag nrho US Air Corps tau kawm tab sis tam sim no ua haujlwm. rau Suav teb. Nws tsuas yog qhov pib ntawm Asmeskas kev pab tub rog rau Tuam Tshoj uas tau tshaj tawm xov xwm hauv Tebchaws Meskas tsawg dua li nws tau ua hauv Nyij Pooj.

Xyoo 1938, nrog Nyij Pooj tawm tsam Suav nroog, thiab Chiang nyuam qhuav tawm tsam rov qab, Chiang tau qhia nws tus thawj coj tshaj tawm Hollington Tong, yav dhau los Columbia University cov tub ntxhais kawm sau ntawv xov xwm, xa cov neeg sawv cev mus rau Tebchaws Meskas kom nrhiav tub txib Asmeskas thiab muab pov thawj ntawm Japanese kev ua phem rau lawv, ntiav Frank Price (Mayling tus nyiam tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo), thiab nrhiav neeg Asmeskas cov neeg sau xov xwm thiab cov kws sau ntawv los sau cov ntawv zoo thiab cov phau ntawv. Frank Price thiab nws tus tij laug Harry Price tau yug los hauv Suav teb, tsis tau ntsib Suav ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Cov kwv tij Nqe tau teeb tsa lub khw hauv New York City, qhov twg ob peb lub tswv yim lawv ua haujlwm rau pawg Soong-Chiang. Mayling thiab Tong tau txib lawv los yaum cov neeg Amelikas tias tus yuam sij rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb hauv Suav teb yog kev cuam tshuam rau Nyiv. Lawv tau tsim Pawg Neeg Asmeskas rau Kev Tsis Koom Tes Hauv Nyij Pooj. Bradley sau hais tias "Cov pej xeem yeej tsis paub," hais tias Manhattan cov tub txib mob siab rau ua haujlwm ntawm East Fortieth Street kom cawm cov Noble Peasants tau them nyiaj rau Tuam Tshoj Lobby cov neeg sawv cev koom nrog qhov ua txhaum cai thiab kev ntxeev siab.

Kuv coj Bradley lub ntsiab lus tsis yog tias Suav cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis tas yuav muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab tsis yog tias Nyij Pooj tsis ua txhaum ntawm kev ua phem, tab sis hais tias kev tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm tau lees paub cov neeg Asmeskas feem ntau tias Nyiv yuav tsis tawm tsam Tebchaws Meskas yog tias Tebchaws Meskas txiav cov roj thiab hlau rau Nyiv - uas yog cuav nyob rau hauv kev pom ntawm cov neeg soj ntsuam paub thiab yuav ua pov thawj tsis tseeb nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm cov xwm txheej.

Yav dhau los Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws thiab yav tom ntej Secretary of War Henry Stimson tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Asmeskas rau Kev Tsis Koom Tes Hauv Nyij Pooj, uas tau ntxiv cov thawj coj ntawm Harvard, Union Theological Seminary, Lub Koom Txoos Kev Ncaj Ncees, Lub Ntiaj Teb Alliance for International Friendship, Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Pawg Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos hauv Asmeskas, Pawg Neeg Koom Tes ntawm Cov Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Christian hauv Suav teb, thiab lwm yam Stimson thiab pawg neeg raug them los ntawm Tuam Tshoj los thov Nyij Pooj yuav tsis tawm tsam Tebchaws Meskas yog embargoed, qhov tseeb yuav hloov mus rau kev ywj pheej hauv teb - a thov tso tawm los ntawm cov neeg paub hauv Xeev Lub Tsev Haujlwm thiab Tsev Dawb. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1940, Bradley sau, 75% ntawm cov neeg Amelikas tau txhawb nqa Nyij Pooj. Thiab cov neeg Asmeskas feem ntau, tau kawg, tsis xav ua tsov rog. Lawv tau yuav Tuam Tshoj Lobby txoj kev tshaj tawm.

Franklin Roosevelt niam tais yawm txiv tau txais kev nplua nuj muag tshuaj yeeb nyob hauv Suav teb, thiab Franklin niam tau nyob hauv Suav teb thaum tseem yog menyuam yaus. Nws tau los ua tus thawj tswj hwm hwm ntawm Tuam Tshoj Aid Council thiab Pawg Neeg Asmeskas rau Suav Tsov Rog Cov Me Nyuam. Franklin tus poj niam Eleanor yog tus thawj tswj hwm hwm ntawm Pearl Buck's China Emergency Relief Committee. Ob txhiab US cov koom haum ua haujlwm txhawb nqa kev lag luam rau Nyij Pooj. Thawj tus kws tshaj lij kev lag luam rau Asmeskas tus thawj tswj hwm, Lauchlin Currie, ua haujlwm rau tsoomfwv Meskas thiab Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab Nyiaj Txiag ib txhij. Cov neeg sau xov xwm sau thiab Roosevelt tus txheeb ze Joe Alsop tau txais nyiaj los ntawm TV Soong ua "tus kws pab tswv yim" txawm tias nws ua nws txoj haujlwm ua tus neeg sau xov xwm. Bradley sau hais tias "Tsis muaj tus neeg Askiv, Lavxias, Fabkis, lossis Nyij Pooj," yuav tau ntseeg tias Chiang tuaj yeem dhau los ua New Deal liberal. Tab sis Franklin Roosevelt tej zaum yuav tau ntseeg nws. Nws sib txuas lus nrog Chiang thiab Mayling tsis pub leej twg paub, mus ncig nws lub Xeev Lub Tsev Haujlwm.

Txawm li cas los xij Franklin Roosevelt ntseeg tias yog tias tsis muaj kev txwv, Nyiv yuav tawm tsam Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tsov rog thoob ntiaj teb. Morgenthau, nyob rau hauv Bradley cov lus qhia, pheej sim hla dhau tag nrho embargo rau roj av rau Nyiv, thaum Roosevelt tawm tsam rau ib lub sij hawm. Roosevelt tau ua txhaum ib feem ntawm kev lag luam aviation-roj thiab seem. Nws tau qiv nyiaj rau Chiang. Nws tau muab cov dav hlau, cov kws qhia, thiab cov kws tsav dav hlau. Thaum Roosevelt nug nws tus kws pab tswv yim Tommy Corcoran los tshuaj xyuas tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog tshiab no, yav dhau los US Air Corps tus thawj coj Claire Chennault, nws yuav tsis paub tias nws tab tom thov ib tus neeg them nyiaj ntawm TV Soong los qhia nws rau lwm tus hauv lub them TV Soong.

Txawm hais tias cov neeg Askiv lossis Suav cov neeg tshaj tawm ua haujlwm hauv New York tau txav mus rau tsoomfwv Meskas qhov twg nws tsis tau xav mus yog cov lus nug qhib.

##

[I] C-Span, “Tsev Ntawv Ceeb Toom Ceeb Toom thiab Lusitania,” Plaub Hlis Ntuj 22, 2015, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4535149/newspaper-warning-notice-lusitania

[Ii] Lusitania Resource, "Kev koom tes lossis Foul-Up?" https://www.rmslusitania.info/controversies/conspiracy-or-foul-up

[Iii] William M. Leary, “Wings for China: The Jouett Lub Hom Phiaj, 1932-35,” Pacific Historical Review 38, nr. 4 (November 1969). Hais los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 32. XNUMX.

[Iv] Associated Press Lub Ib Hlis 17, luam tawm hauv New York Times, "'Ua tsov rog UTTER FUTILITY," hais MRS. ROOSEVELT; Thawj Tswj Hwm Tus Poj Niam Qhia Txog Kev Ncaj Ncees Tib Neeg Yuav Tsum Xav Txog Kev Tsov Rog yog Kev tua tus kheej,” Lub Ib Hlis 18, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/01/18/archives/-war-utter-futility-says-mrs-roosevelt-presidents-wife-tells-peace-.html Hais los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 46. XNUMX.

[V] New York Times, “JAPANESE GENERAL pom peb 'inSOLENT'; Tanaka Decries Roosevelt's 'Hloov' Qhuas Peb Naval Tsim Hauv Hawaii. DEMANDS ARMS EQUALITY Nws hais tias Tokyo Yuav Tsis Flinch Los Ntawm Kev cuam tshuam London Parley yog Kev Thov Tsis Pom Zoo, "Lub Yim Hli 5, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/08/05/archives/japanese-general-finds-us-insolent-tanaka-decries-roosevelts-loud.html Hais los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 51. XNUMX.

[vi] George Seldes, Harper's Magazine, "Lub New Propaganda for War," Lub Kaum Hli 1934, https://harpers.org/archive/1934/10/the-new-propaganda-for-war Cited los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 52. XNUMX.

[vii] Davi Talbot, Dab Ntxwg Nyoog: Zaj Dab Neeg Zoo Tshaj Plaws ntawm Tus Txiv Neej Uas Txuag Tebchaws Asmeskas, (Simon & Schuster, 2010).

[viii] Thawj Tswj Hwm Smedley Butler, Kev Tsov Rog yog Racket, https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/warisaracket.html

[ix] Nicholson Baker, uas Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 56. XNUMX.

[X] Nicholson Baker, uas Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 63. XNUMX.

[xi] Nicholson Baker, uas Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 71. XNUMX.

[xii] Nicholson Baker, uas Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 266. XNUMX.

[xiii] US Navy Department, "Tsim Navy's Bases nyob rau hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II," Volume I (Part I) Tshooj V Kev Muag Khoom thiab Kev Lag Luam rau Kev Ua Ntej, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading- room/title-list-alphabetically/b/building-the-navys-bases/building-the-navys-bases-vol-1.html#1-5

[xiv] Arthur H. McCollum, “Memorandum for the Director: Estimate of the Situation in the Pacific and Recommendations for Action by the United States,” Kaum Hli Ntuj 7, 1940, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum

[xv] Conrad Crane, Parameters, US Army War College, “Book Reviews: Day of Deceit,” Spring 2001. Cited by Wikipedia, “McCollum memo,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-15

[xvi] Robert B. Stinnett, Hnub Deceit: Qhov Tseeb Txog FDR thiab Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 11.

[xvii] Kev xam phaj rau Keeb Kwm Channel Program "Admiral Chester Nimitz, Thunder of the Pacific." Tshaj tawm los ntawm Wikipedia, "McCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-13

[xviii] Oliver Pob Zeb thiab Peter Kuznick, Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv Keeb Kwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 98.

[xix] Joseph C. Grew, Kaum xyoo nyob rau hauv Nyiv, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 568. Muab los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 282. XNUMX.

[xx] New York Times, “Suav HUAB TAIS HUAB TAIS los ua txhaum; Kev Bombing ntawm Nyiv Lub Nroog Yuav Tsum Tau Los Ntawm Kev Pom Tshiab ntawm Chungking,” Tsib Hlis 24, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/24/archives/chinese-air-force-to-take-offensive-bombing-of-japanese-cities-is.html Hais los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 331. XNUMX.

[xxi] New York Times, “Kev zam txim ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog tau nrawm raws li peb lub hom phiaj; Cov neeg hais lus ntawm Roundtable Talks ntawm Washington Cov Rooj Sib Tham Nug Revised Foreign Policy, "Lub Rau Hli 1, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/01/archives/avoidance-of-war-urged-as-us-aim-speakers-at-roundtable-talks-at.html Hais los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 333. XNUMX.

[xxii] Nicholson Baker, uas Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 365. XNUMX.

[xxiii] Mount Holyoke College, “Cov Lus Qhia Tsis Raws Li Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt rau Pawg Neeg Ua Haujlwm Pabcuam Kev Koom Tes ntawm Vim Li Cas Roj Exports Mus Rau Nyiv, Washington, Lub Xya Hli 24, 1941,” https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/fdr25.htm

[xxiv] v. Kev Txiav Txim Tsis Txaus Siab ntawm RB Pal, Tokyo Tribunal, Ntu 8, http://www.cwporter.com/pal8.htm

xov [xxv] Otto D. Tolischus, New York Times, “Nyiv NYIAJ INsist peb thiab Britain ERR rau Thaib teb; Kev ceeb toom los ntawm Hull thiab Eden tuav 'Zaj rau Kev Nkag Siab' hauv Saib ntawm Tokyo Txoj Cai, "Lub Yim Hli 8, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/08/08/archives/japanese-insist-us-and-britain -err-on-thailand-warnings-by-hull-and.html Cited los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 375. XNUMX.

sivai Oliver Pob Zeb thiab Peter Kuznick, Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv Keeb Kwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 98.

sivai Tshaj tawm los ntawm Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin hauv Congressional Record, Kaum Ob Hlis 7, 1942.

[xxviii]. Tshaj tawm los ntawm Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin hauv Congressional Record, Kaum Ob Hlis 7, 1942.

[xxix]. Tshaj tawm los ntawm Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin hauv Congressional Record, Kaum Ob Hlis 7, 1942.

[xxx] Tshaj tawm los ntawm Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin hauv Congressional Record, Kaum Ob Hlis 7, 1942.

[xixi] | Hais los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg Phem. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 387 ib

[xixi | Video ntawm ib nqe lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus yog nyob ntawm no: https://archive.org/details/FranklinD.RooseveltsDeceptiveSpeechOctober271941 Cov ntsiab lus tag nrho ntawm cov lus hais nyob ntawm no: New York Times, “Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt's Navy Day Address on World Affairs,” Kaum Hli Ntuj 28, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/10/28/archives/president-roosevelts-navy-day-address-on-world-affairs .html

[xixi] | William Boyd, Txhua Hnub Xa ntawv, "Hitler daim ntawv qhia zoo kawg nkaus uas ua rau Amelikas tawm tsam Nazis: Tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg sau xov xwm zoo tshaj plaws txog yuav ua li cas cov neeg soj xyuas Askiv hauv Asmeskas tau ua kev tawm tsam uas pab rub Roosevelt mus ua rog," Lub Rau Hli 28, 2014, https://www.dailymail.co.uk /news/article-2673298/Hitlers-amazing-map-turned-America-against-Nazis-A-leading-novelists-brilliant-account-British-spies-US-staged-coup-helped-drag-Roosevelt-war.html

[xxxiv] Ivar Bryce, ib. Koj Nyob Ib Leeg (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984).

[xxxv] Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil: Keeb Kwm Ntawm Peb Lub Sijhawm (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1968), pp. 323, 325. Cited los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 415. XNUMX.

[xxxvi] Joseph C. Grew, Kaum xyoo nyob rau hauv Nyiv, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 468, 470. Cited los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 425. XNUMX.

[xevvii] Wikipedia, “Hull Note,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_note

[xxxviii] Nicholson Baker, uas Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 431. XNUMX.

[xxxix] John Toland, Infamy: Pearl Harbor thiab Nws Tom Qab (Ob Hnub, 1982), p. 166.

[xl] Japanese Proposal (Plan B) ntawm 20 Kaum Ib Hlis 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xli] American Counter-Proposal to Japanese Plan B — Kaum Ib Hlis 26, 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xlii] Tshaj tawm los ntawm Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin hauv Congressional Record, Kaum Ob Hlis 7, 1942.

[xliii] Lydia Saad, Gallup Polling, "Gallup Vault: Ib Lub Tebchaws Kev Koom Tes Tom Qab Pearl Harbor," Kaum Ob Hlis 5, 2016, https://news.gallup.com/vault/199049/gallup-vault-country-unified-pearl-harbor.aspx

[xliv]. Robert B. Stinnett, Hnub Deceit: Qhov Tseeb Txog FDR thiab Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) pp. 171-172.

[xlv] Nqe lus ntawm Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, hauv Saturday Evening Post Lub Kaum Hli 10, 1942, hais los ntawm Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin hauv Congressional Record, Kaum Ob Hlis 7, 1942.

[xlvi] Al Hemingway, ib Charlotte Sun, "Kev ceeb toom ntxov ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Pearl Harbor tau sau tseg," Kaum Ob Hlis 7, 2016, https://www.newsherald.com/news/20161207/early-warning-of-attack-on-pearl-harbor-documented

[xlvii] Tshaj tawm los ntawm Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin hauv Congressional Record, Kaum Ob Hlis 7, 1942.

[xlviii] Paul Bedard, Xov Xwm Asmeskas & Xov Xwm Ntiaj Teb, "Declassified Memo Hinted of 1941 Hawaii Attack: Blockbuster book kuj qhia FDR scuttled war tshaj tawm tawm tsam axis powers," Kaum Ib Hlis 29, 2011, https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/11/29 /declassified-memo-hinted-of-1941-hawaii-tawm-

[xlix] Tebchaws Asmeskas Holocaust Memorial Tsev khaws puav pheej, Neeg Asmeskas thiab Holocaust: "Puas muaj kev xav li cas txog kev nkag mus rau Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II Hloov Ntawm 1939 thiab 1941?" Tsab ntawv xov xwm no tshwm sim thawj zaug https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/us-public-opinion-world-war-II-1939-1941

[l] Robert B. Stinnett, Hnub Deceit: Qhov Tseeb Txog FDR thiab Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 263.

[lis] Richard Bernstein, New York Times, “'Hnub Kev dag ntxias': Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 7, Peb Puas Paub Peb Paub? Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 15, 1999, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/12/12/daily/121599stinnett-book-review.html

[lii] Daniel Immerwahr Yuav Ua Li Cas Ncua Lub Tebchaws: Keeb Kwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, (Farrar, Straus, thiab Giroux, 2019).

[liii] Richard K. Neumann Jr., Keeb Kwm Xov Xwm Network, George Washington University, "Lub Myth That 'Eight Battleships Were Sunk' Ntawm Pearl Harbor," https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/32489

[liv]. Daniel Immerwahr Yuav Ua Li Cas Ncua Lub Tebchaws: Keeb Kwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, (Farrar, Straus, thiab Giroux, 2019).

[lv] Daniel Immerwahr Yuav Ua Li Cas Ncua Lub Tebchaws: Keeb Kwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, (Farrar, Straus, thiab Giroux, 2019).

[lvi] "Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Philippine Reservation," https://ds-carbonite.haverford.edu/spectacle-14/exhibits/show/vantagepoints_1904wfphilippine/_overview_

[lvii] James Bradley, Lub Imperial Cruise: Ib tug Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm ntawm Empire thiab War (Back Bay Books, 2010).

[lviii] James Bradley, Tuam Tshoj Mirage: Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm ntawm Asmeskas Kev Puas Tsuaj Hauv Asia (Little, Brown, and Company, 2015).