Lub Ntev Keeb Kwm ntawm Nazi Salute thiab Asmeskas

Los ntawm David Swanson, Lub Kaum Hli 1, 2020

Yog tias koj ua lub vev xaib tshawb nrhiav cov duab ntawm "Nazi salute" koj pom cov duab qub los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab cov duab tsis ntev los no los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Tab sis yog tias koj tshawb nrhiav cov duab ntawm "Bellamy salute" koj pom cov duab dub-thiab-dawb suav tsis txheeb ntawm Asmeskas cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus nrog lawv txhais caj npab sab xis tsa ceg tawv rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lawv qhov uas yuav ntaus neeg feem coob raws li Nazi salute. Los ntawm thaum ntxov 1890s txog 1942 Tebchaws Meskas tau siv Bellamy salute los nrog cov lus sau los ntawm Francis Bellamy thiab hu ua Pledge of Allegiance. Xyoo 1942, US Congress tau hais kom cov neeg Amelikas tso lawv txhais tes hla lawv lub siab thaum cog lus rau tus chij, kom tsis txhob yuam kev rau Nazis.[I]

Jacques-Louis David's 1784 painting Lub Oath ntawm Horatii ntseeg tau tias tau pib lub zam uas kav ntev rau ntau pua xyoo ntawm kev piav qhia cov neeg Loos thaum ub ua ib qho kev taw qhia zoo ib yam li Bellamy lossis Nazi salute.[Ii]

Teb Chaws Asmeskas theem tsim khoom ntawm Ben Hur, thiab 1907 zaj duab xis version ntawm tib yam, tau siv cov lus taw qhia. Cov neeg siv nws nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yuav tau paub txog Bellamy salute thiab kev lig kev cai ntawm kev piav qhia txog "Roman salute" hauv neoclassical art. Raws li peb paub, "Roman salute" yeej tsis tau siv los ntawm cov neeg Loos thaum ub.

Tau kawg, nws yog ib qho yooj yim heev salute, tsis nyuaj rau xav txog; tsuas muaj ntau yam uas tib neeg ua tau nrog lawv txhais tes. Tab sis thaum Italian fascists khaws nws, nws tsis tau muaj sia nyob los ntawm Rome thaum ub los yog tsis tau tsim tshiab. Nws tau pom nyob rau hauv Ben Hur, thiab nyob rau hauv ob peb Italian films teem nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, nrog rau Cabiria (1914), sau los ntawm Gabriele D'Annunzio.

Los ntawm 1919 txog 1920 D'Annunzio tau ua nws tus kheej ua tus tswj hwm ntawm qee yam hu ua Italian Regency of Carnaro, uas yog qhov loj ntawm ib lub nroog me me. Nws tau tsim ntau yam kev coj ua uas Mussolini sai sai no yuav tsim nyog, suav nrog cov koom haum hauv lub xeev, pej xeem rituals, dub-shirt thugs, sam thiaj hais lus, thiab "Roman salute," uas nws yuav tau pom nyob rau hauv. Cabiria.

Los ntawm 1923, Nazis tau tuaj tos txais tos Hitler, xav tias luam cov neeg Italians. Hauv xyoo 1930s fascist txav mus rau lwm lub tebchaws thiab ntau lub tseemfwv thoob ntiaj teb tau khaws nws. Hitler nws tus kheej tau hais txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb German medieval rau kev qhuas, uas, raws li peb paub, tsis muaj tseeb ntxiv tias Roman keeb kwm yav dhau los lossis ib nrab ntawm cov khoom uas tawm ntawm Donald Trump lub qhov ncauj.[Iii] Hitler yeej paub txog Mussolini txoj kev siv lub salute thiab yuav luag yeej paub txog US siv. Txawm hais tias Asmeskas kev sib txuas tau txhawb nqa nws los ntawm kev qhuas los yog tsis, nws zoo li tsis tau cuam tshuam nws los ntawm kev txais kev qhuas.

Cov lus qhuas ntawm Olympics kuj zoo ib yam li lwm tus, txawm tias tsis tshua siv vim tib neeg tsis xav zoo li Nazis. Nws tau dav siv nyob rau hauv 1936 Olympics nyob rau hauv Berlin, thiab tsis meej pem ntau tus neeg thaum ntawd thiab puas tau txij li thaum txog rau leej twg yog saluting lub Olympics thiab leej twg yog saluting Hitler. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm los ntawm xyoo 1924 Olympics qhia txog kev qhuas nrog caj npab yuav luag ntsug. Ib daim duab los ntawm xyoo 1920 Olympics qhia tau hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis.

Zoo li ntau tus neeg muaj lub tswv yim zoo sib xws nyob ib puag ncig tib lub sijhawm, tej zaum cuam tshuam los ntawm ib leeg. Thiab zoo li Hitler tau muab lub tswv yim rau lub npe phem, ua rau txhua tus neeg poob, hloov kho, lossis txo qis nws los ntawm qhov ntawd mus tom ntej.

Nws ua qhov txawv li cas? Hitler tuaj yeem tsim qhov kev qhuas ntawd yam tsis muaj Tebchaws Meskas uas twb muaj lawm. Los yog nws tsis muaj peev xwm, nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib co salute uas yuav tsis zoo dua los yog phem dua. Yog lawm, tau kawg. Tab sis qhov teeb meem tsis yog qhov chaw ntawm caj npab. Qhov teeb meem yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ritual ntawm militarism thiab dig muag, servile obedience.

Nws tau nruj me ntsis hauv Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees kom muab lub salute hauv kev tos txais, nrog rau cov lus Hail Hitler! los yog Hail Victory! Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau ua thaum National Anthem lossis Nazi Party Anthem raug ntaus. Lub teb chaws anthem ua kev zoo siab rau German superiority, machismo, thiab ua tsov ua rog.[Iv] Cov nkauj Nazi ua kev zoo siab rau cov chij, Hitler, thiab kev ua tsov ua rog.[V]

Thaum Francis Bellamy tau tsim lub Pledge of Allegiance, nws tau nthuav tawm raws li ib feem ntawm cov kev pab cuam rau cov tsev kawm ntawv uas sib xyaw kev ntseeg, kev hlub, chij, kev mloog lus, kev cai dab qhuas, kev ua tsov ua rog, thiab heaps thiab heaps ntawm exceptionalism.[vi]

Yog lawm, cov lus cog tseg tam sim no txawv me ntsis los ntawm saum toj no thiab nyeem: "Kuv cog lus rau kev ncaj ncees rau tus chij ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, thiab rau cov koom pheej uas nws sawv, ib lub tebchaws nyob rau hauv Vajtswv, indivisible, nrog kev ywj pheej thiab kev ncaj ncees rau txhua tus. "[vii]

Nationalism, militarism, kev ntseeg, exceptionalism, thiab ib tug ritual oath ntawm loyalty rau ib daim ntaub: qhov no yog heev sib tov. Ua qhov no rau cov menyuam yaus yuav tsum yog ib txoj hauv kev phem tshaj plaws los npaj lawv tawm tsam fascism. Thaum koj tau cog lus tias koj txoj kev ntseeg siab rau tus chij, koj yuav ua li cas thaum ib tug yoj tus chij thiab qw tias cov neeg txawv teb chaws phem yuav tsum raug tua? Tsis tshua muaj yog tsoomfwv Meskas tus kws tshaj tawm lossis ua tsov rog qub tub rog kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb uas yuav tsis qhia koj tias lawv siv sijhawm ntau npaum li cas los sim deprogram lawv tus kheej ntawm txhua txoj kev hlub uas tau muab tso rau hauv lawv li menyuam yaus.

Qee tus neeg uas tuaj xyuas Tebchaws Meskas los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws xav tsis thoob thaum pom cov menyuam yaus sawv, siv qhov hloov pauv ntawm tes-ntawm-lub siab, thiab hais lus tsis txaus ntseeg rau "lub tebchaws nyob hauv Vajtswv." Nws zoo nkaus li tias kev hloov kho ntawm tes txoj haujlwm tsis tau ua tiav los tiv thaiv lawv zoo li Nazis.[viii]

Lub Nazi salute tsis tau tsuas yog tso tseg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees; nws tau txwv. Thaum Nazi chij thiab chants qee zaus tuaj yeem pom ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug hauv Tebchaws Meskas, lawv raug txwv hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes, qhov twg neo-Nazis qee zaum nthwv dej ntawm tus chij ntawm Confederate States of America raws li txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev ua tib yam.

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Tshaj tawm ntawm Tawm hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II Tom qab.

Tom ntej no lub lim tiam tau online pib ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tawm WWII qab:

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[I] Erin Blakemore, XNUMX lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! Smithsonian phau ntawv Magazine, "Txoj Cai Hais Txog Yuav Ua Li Cas Hais Txog Tebchaws Meskas Tus chij tuaj txog vim tsis muaj leej twg xav kom zoo li Nazi," Lub Yim Hli 12, 2016, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/rules-about-how-to- chaw nyob-peb-flag-tam-vim-vim-tsis muaj-ib-xav-zoo li-a-nazi-180960100

[Ii] Jessie Guy-Ryan, Atlas Obscura, "Yuav ua li cas cov Nazi Salute dhau los ua lub ntiaj teb kev ua phem tshaj plaws: Hitler tau tsim cov hauv paus hauv German rau kev txais tos-tab sis nws keeb kwm twb muaj kev dag ntxias," Lub Peb Hlis 12, 2016, https://www.atlasobscura .com/articles/how-the-nazi-salute-became-the-worlds-most-offensive-gesture

[Iii] Hitler's Table Talk: 1941-1944 (New York: Enigma Phau Ntawv, 2000), https://www.nationalists.org/pdf/hitler/hitlers-table-talk-roper.pdf  phab 179

[Iv] Wikipedia, “Deutschlandlied,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied

[V] Wikipedia, "Horst-Wessel-Lied," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied

[vi] The Youth's Companion, 65 (1892): 446–447. Tshaj tawm hauv Scot M. Guenter, Lub Tebchaws Asmeskas, 1777–1924: Kev Hloov Kho Kab lis kev cai (Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Press, 1990). Cuam tshuam los ntawm Cov Teeb Meem Keeb Kwm: Kev Tshawb Fawb Tebchaws Meskas hauv Web, George Mason University, "'Ib Lub Tebchaws! Ib Hom Lus! Ib Chij!' Qhov Kev Tsim Kho ntawm Kev Cai Asmeskas, "http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5762

[vii] US Code, Title 4, Tshooj 1, Tshooj 4, https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title4/chapter1&edition=prelim

[viii] "Ib daim ntawv teev npe ntawm txhua lub tebchaws uas cov menyuam yaus niaj hnub cog lus ua kev ntseeg siab rau tus chij yuav luv luv, thiab tsis suav nrog cov tebchaws Western uas muaj nyiaj ntau dua li Tebchaws Meskas. Txawm hais tias qee lub tebchaws muaj lus cog tseg rau cov tebchaws (Singapore) lossis cov neeg tswjfwm (North Kauslim), kuv tsuas pom tau ib lub tebchaws uas tsis yog Tebchaws Meskas uas ib tus neeg lees tias cov menyuam yaus niaj hnub cog lus rau tus chij: Mexico. Thiab kuv paub txog ob lub tebchaws uas muaj kev cog lus ntawm kev ua siab ncaj rau tus chij, txawm hais tias tsis zoo li siv nws li niaj zaus li Tebchaws Meskas. Ob qho tib si yog haiv neeg nyob rau hauv hnyav US kev cuam tshuam, thiab ob qho tib si kev cog lus yog qhov tshiab. Lub Philippines tau cog lus rau kev ntseeg txij li xyoo 1996, thiab Kaus Lim Qab Teb txij li xyoo 1972, tab sis nws tau cog lus tam sim no txij li xyoo 2007. " Los ntawm David Swanson, Curing Exceptionalism: Yuav Ua Li Cas Peb Xav Txog Tebchaws Meskas? Peb Yuav Ua Li Cas Txog Nws? (David Swanson, 2018).