los ntawm David Swanson, Cia Sim Sim Kev ywj pheej, Lub yim hli ntuj 21, 2021
Tsoomfwv Meskas thiab lwm lub tseemfwv tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab tseem ceeb ntawm kev cawm tib neeg uas yuav muaj kev phom sij los ntawm Afghanistan uas cov neeg siv khoom ntawm Hollywood cov yeeb yaj kiab yuav xav txog qhov ua yog cov neeg uas yuav luag tuag rau neeg Yudais hauv Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees.
Tu siab, qhov tseeb hauv xyoo 1940s tsis txawv li niaj hnub no. Kev nqis peev loj tau mus rau hauv kev ua tsov rog, thiab Western cov thawj coj tsis xav kom muaj cov neeg tawg rog coob. Lawv tawm tsam lawv rau qhov qhib kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg, zoo ib yam li lawv tau ua haujlwm rau Fox News hauv 2021 tsuas yog qhov phem dua.
Yog tias tsuas yog Afghans niaj hnub no yog neeg Yudais rov qab los,. . . nws yuav tsis ua qhov txawv me ntsis damn. Txuag tib neeg txoj sia tsuas yog tsis nyob rau qib nrog tshem tawm tib neeg lub neej raws li lub tebchaws muaj txiaj ntsig - tsis yog ib tus neeg yuav tsum tau nco txog qhov ntawd thaum lub sij hawm npog COVID.
Yog tias koj tau mloog cov neeg ncaj qha WWII niaj hnub no, thiab siv WWII los nrhiav pov thawj tom qab 75 xyoo ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev npaj ua tsov rog, thawj qhov koj xav pom nyob rau hauv kev nyeem ntawv txog dab tsi WWII yeej yog kev ua rog los ntawm kev xav tau cawm cov neeg Yudais los ntawm kev tua neeg ntau. Yuav muaj cov duab tshaj xo nrog Txiv Yawg Sam tus taw tes ntiv tes, hais tias "Kuv xav kom koj cawm cov neeg Yudas!"
Nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag, Asmeskas thiab Askiv tsoomfwv koom tes rau xyoo nyob rau hauv kev tshaj tawm cov phiaj xwm los tsim kev txhawb nqa kev ua rog tab sis yeej tsis tau hais txog kev txuag cov neeg Yudais.[I] Thiab peb paub txaus txog kev sab laj tseem ceeb ntawm tsoomfwv los paub tias txuag cov neeg Yudais (lossis lwm tus neeg) tsis yog qhov kev txhawb siab tsis pub lwm tus neeg zais cia (thiab yog tias nws tau ua, yuav ua li cas kev ywj pheej yuav nyob hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua zoo rau kev ywj pheej?). Yog li, tam sim no peb tau ntsib teeb meem uas qhov kev nyiam tshaj plaws rau kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob tsis tau tsim kom txog thaum tom qab Tsov Rog Zaum Ob. Puas yog WWII puas yog kev ua tsov rog xwb? Puas yog nws raug cai los ntawm lwm yam uas tib neeg nkag siab thiab ua thaum lub sijhawm, tab sis qhov twg tau dhau los tsis meej pem hauv qhov rov hais dua? Cia peb khaws cov lus nug no nyob tom qab ntawm peb lub taub hau, thaum ua kom ntseeg tau tias peb nkag siab qhov tsis raug ntawm zaj dab neeg nrov.
Antisemitism yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv Asmeskas thiab Askiv kev coj noj coj ua thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob thiab ntau caum xyoo ua rau nws, suav nrog cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab cov thawj coj xaiv tsa. Franklin Roosevelt xyoo 1922 tau coj nws tus kheej los yaum kom Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm Harvard kom txo qis cov neeg Yudais uas tau mus kawm hauv Harvard University.[Ii] Winston Churchill xyoo 1920 tau sau tsab ntawv xov xwm ceeb toom txog "kev ua phem phem txhaum cai" ntawm cov neeg Yudais thoob ntiaj teb, uas nws hu ua "kev koom tes thoob ntiaj teb rau kev rhuav tshem kev vam meej thiab kev rov tsim kho lub zej zog los ntawm kev raug ntes txhim kho, ntawm kev khib siab phem , thiab tsis yooj yim sua. "[Iii] Churchill txheeb xyuas Karl Marx, ntawm lwm tus, ua tus sawv cev ntawm cov neeg Yudais kev hem thawj rau kev vam meej.
"Marxism sawv cev rau theem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg Yudais kev siv zog los tshem tawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej hauv txhua qhov ntawm tib neeg lub neej thiab hloov nws los ntawm cov lej muaj zog ntawm pawg neeg." Txoj kab ntawd los, tsis yog los ntawm Churchill, tab sis los ntawm phau ntawv xyoo 1925, Kuv Tawm Tsam, los ntawm Adolf Hitler.[Iv]
Tsoomfwv Meskas txoj cai nkag tebchaws, ua kom zoo los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tiv thaiv kev lag luam xws li Harry Laughlin - lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev tshoov siab rau Nazi eugenicists - ua rau muaj kev txwv tsis pub cov neeg Yudais nkag mus rau Tebchaws Meskas ua ntej thiab lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II.[V] Qee ntu ntawm Asmeskas cov pej xeem tau paub txog qhov no, Kuv tau pom. Tsev khaws puav pheej Holocaust Asmeskas lub vev xaib qhia rau cov neeg tuaj saib: "Txawm hais tias tsawg kawg 110,000 tus neeg tawg rog neeg Yudais tau khiav tawm hauv Tebchaws Meskas los ntawm thaj chaw Nazi nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1933 thiab 1941, ntau pua txhiab tus neeg thov nkag tebchaws thiab tsis ua tiav."[vi]
Tab sis tsawg tsawg, kuv tau pom, tau paub tias txoj cai ntawm Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau ntau xyoo yog mus caum cov neeg Yudais ntiab tawm, tsis yog lawv tua neeg, hais tias tsoomfwv hauv ntiaj teb tau muaj rooj sib tham pej xeem los tham txog leej twg yuav lees txais cov neeg Yudais, tias cov tseem fwv ntawd - rau qhov qhib thiab txaj muag vim li cas antisemitic - tsis kam lees txais Nazis cov neeg raug tsim txom yav tom ntej, thiab hais tias Hitler tau hais tawm suab tsis txaus ntseeg qhov kev tsis pom zoo raws li kev pom zoo nrog nws txoj kev xav loj thiab txhawb kom ua kom nws nce ntxiv.
Thaum kev daws teeb meem tau tshaj tawm hauv Asmeskas Senate hauv 1934 qhia txog "kev xav tsis thoob thiab mob" ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees qhov kev ua, thiab thov kom Lub Tebchaws Yelemees rov qab muaj cai rau cov neeg Yudais, Lub Xeev Lub Xeev tau txwv nws los ntawm kev tawm ntawm pawg neeg.[vii]
Txog xyoo 1937 Tebchaws Poland tau tsim txoj phiaj xwm xa cov neeg Yudais mus rau Madagascar, thiab Dominican koom pheej tseem muaj phiaj xwm txais lawv thiab. Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Neville Chamberlain ntawm Great Britain tau npaj txoj kev xa Tebchaws Yelemees cov neeg Yudais mus rau Tanganyika hauv Africa sab hnub tuaj. Tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov phiaj xwm no, lossis ntau lwm qhov, tuaj rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig.
Hauv Évian-les-Baines, Fab Kis, thaum Lub Xya Hli xyoo 1938, tau muaj kev rau siab ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb thaum ntxov, lossis tsawg kawg yog kev tawm tsam, txhawm rau txo qee yam uas tshwm sim ntau xyoo dhau los: teeb meem cov neeg tawg rog. Qhov teebmeem yog Nazi kho cov neeg Yudais. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm 32 haiv neeg thiab 63 lub koom haum, ntxiv rau qee tus 200 tus neeg sau xov xwm npog qhov xwm txheej, tau paub zoo txog Nazis txoj kev xav kom tshem tawm txhua tus neeg Yudais los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Austria, thiab paub me ntsis tias txoj hmoo uas tos lawv yog tias tsis raug ntiab tawm yuav zoo li yuav tuag. Qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub rooj sib tham yog qhov tseem ceeb kom tso cov neeg Yudais rau lawv txoj hmoo. (Tsuas yog Costa Rica thiab Dominican koom pheej nce lawv cov quota kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw.) Qhov kev txiav txim siab tso tseg cov neeg Yudais feem ntau yog los ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ntxub ntxaug, uas tau nthuav dav ntawm cov neeg sawv cev tuaj koom thiab ntawm cov pej xeem uas lawv sawv cev. Cov vis dis aus los ntawm lub rooj sib tham muaj nyob ntawm lub vev xaib ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Holocaust Asmeskas.[viii]
Cov tebchaws no tau sawv cev ntawm txoj Kev Sab Laj: Australia, Argentine Republic, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, United Kingdom, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican koom pheej, Ecuador, Fabkis, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Ireland, Mev, Tebchaws Mekas, Tebchaws New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Sweden, Switzerland, Tebchaws Asmeskas, Uruguay, thiab Venezuela. Ltalis tsis kam tuaj koom.
Australian delegate TW White hais, tsis tau nug cov neeg nyob hauv Australia: "raws li peb tsis muaj qhov teeb meem tiag tiag, peb tsis xav ntawm ib qho."[ix]
Tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Dominican Republic saib cov neeg Yudais yog haiv neeg ntxim nyiam, yog tias coj dawb los rau ib thaj av nrog ntau tus neeg African. Thaj av tau npaj tseg rau 100,000 cov neeg Yudais, tab sis tsawg dua 1,000 puas tau los txog.[X]
Hauv "Jewish Trail of Tears: The Évian Conference of July 1938," Dennis Ross Laffer xaus lus tias lub rooj sib tham tau teeb tsa kom tsis ua tiav thiab tso rau ua yeeb yam. Muaj tseeb nws tau thov los ntawm thiab ua tus thawj coj sawv cev ntawm Asmeskas Thawj Tswj Hwm Franklin Roosevelt uas tau xaiv tsis ua qhov kev tsim nyog los pab cov neeg tawg rog Jewish, ua ntej, thaum lub sijhawm, lossis tom qab lub rooj sib tham.[xi]
Lub Plaub Hlis Tim 1938, XNUMX, New York Times tus neeg sau xov xwm txawv teb chaws, tus sau xov xwm, thiab tus yeej khoom plig Pulitzer Anne O'Hare McCormick tau sau tias: “Lub hwj chim loj los ua yam tsis muaj ib yam uas tsis ua. . . . [Kuv] yuav tsis poob rau lub tebchaws no kom txuag tau cov tswv yim uas muaj nyob hauv Kev Tshaj Tawm; tsis yog los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, uas txuag tsis muaj dab tsi, daws tsis muaj dab tsi, tsuas yog, hauv cov lus ntawm Thomas Mann, 'tus neeg siab tawv khiav tawm ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb,'. . . los ntawm kev coj ua zoo thiab siv tau los daws cov teeb meem ntawm kev thaj yeeb. Tsoomfwv Meskas tabtom pib ua haujlwm los daws qhov teebmeem sai tshaj plaws ntawm cov teebmeem no. Ntawm kev caw ntawm Washington cov neeg sawv cev ntawm peb caug tsoomfwv yuav sib ntsib ntawm Evian hnub Wednesday. . . . Nws yog kev mob siab rau xav txog cov kab ntawm cov tib neeg xav tau nyob ib puag ncig peb cov chaw haujlwm hauv Vienna thiab lwm lub nroog, tos hauv qhov tsis txaus ntseeg rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Evian. Tab sis cov lus nug lawv tau sau tseg tsis yog tib neeg nkaus xwb. Nws tsis yog lus nug txog pes tsawg tus neeg poob haujlwm hauv lub tebchaws no tuaj yeem nyab xeeb ntxiv rau nws tus kheej tsis muaj haujlwm lab. Nws yog kev sim ntawm kev vam meej. Peb ntseeg tob npaum li cas hauv peb Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg? Xijpeem lwm haiv neeg ua, Asmeskas tuaj yeem nyob nrog nws tus kheej yog tias nws cia lub tebchaws Yelemes khiav tawm ntawm txoj cai tswjfwm kev tua neeg no. . . ? ”[xii]
Walter Mondale sau hais tias "Ntawm kev koom nrog ntawm werevian yog tib neeg lub neej-thiab kev ncaj ncees thiab kev hwm tus kheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev vam meej," sau Walter Mondale. "Yog tias txhua lub tebchaws ntawm ianvian tau pom zoo rau hnub ntawd kom coj 17,000 cov neeg Yudais ib zaug, txhua tus neeg Yudais hauv Reich tuaj yeem raug cawm."[xiii] Tau kawg, nrog kev nthuav dav German nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, cov neeg Yudais thiab cov tsis yog neeg Yudais raug tua los ntawm Nazis yuav loj hlob ntau dua 17,000 zaug 32 (rau 32 haiv neeg sawv cev ntawm Évian).
Ervin Birnbaum yog tus thawj coj ntawm Exodus 1947, lub nkoj uas nqa Holocaust muaj txoj sia nyob rau Palestine, tus xibfwb ntawm tsoomfwv hauv New York, Haifa, thiab Moscow University, thiab Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Haujlwm ntawm Ben Gurion Tsev Kawm Qib Siab ntawm Negev. Nws sau hais tias, "qhov tseeb tias Conferencevian Lub Rooj Sib Tham tsis dhau qhov kev txiav txim txim rau German kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg Yudais tau siv dav hauv Nazi kev tshaj tawm thiab ntxiv dag zog rau Hitler hauv nws kev ua phem rau European Jewry tawm hauv lawv thaum kawg raug Hitler's 'Kev Kawg Kawg rau Cov Neeg Yudais Lus Nug. '”[xiv] Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Rooj Sab Laj kuj ua tsis tiav qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo li no.
Hitler tau hais tias thaum Lub Rooj Sib Tham Suav Tebchaws hadvian tau hais tias: “Kuv tsuas muaj kev cia siab thiab cia siab tias lwm lub ntiaj teb, uas muaj kev hlub tshua rau cov neeg phem [neeg Yudas], yuav tsawg kawg yog lub siab dav los hloov txoj kev xav paub no rau hauv txoj kev pab tswv yim. Peb, ntawm peb tus, tau npaj txhij los muab txhua tus neeg phem no pov tseg rau ntawm lub tebchaws no, rau txhua qhov kuv saib xyuas, txawm tias nyob rau lub nkoj nplua nuj. "[xv]
Tom qab lub rooj sib tham, nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1938, Hitler txhawb nws txoj kev tawm tsam rau cov neeg Yudas Kristallnacht lossis Crystal Night-ib hmo tsaus ntuj lub xeev tau teeb tsa kev kub ntxhov, rhuav tshem thiab hlawv cov neeg Yudais cov khw thiab cov tsev teev ntuj, thaum lub sijhawm 25,000 tus neeg raug xa tawm mus rau cov chaw pw. Lub npe Kristallnacht xa mus rau qhov tawg ntawm lub qhov rais, ua rau muaj kev sib tw zoo ntawm kev tawm tsam, thiab yuav zoo li tau los ntawm Minister of Propaganda Paul Joseph Goebbels 'phau ntawv nyiam tshaj tawm, Austrian-American Edward Bernays' Crystallizing pej xeem kev xav.[xvi] Txhawm rau nws qhov txiaj ntsig, Bernays tsis kam ua nws tus kheej ua haujlwm sib raug zoo rau Nazis, tab sis Nazis tau ua, xyoo 1933, ntiav ib tus neeg tseem ceeb hauv New York pej xeem kev sib raug zoo, Carl Byoir & Associates, los piav qhia lawv hauv qhov pom kev zoo.[xvii]
Hais lus thaum Lub Ib Hlis 30, 1939, Hitler tau thov kev ncaj ncees rau nws cov kev ua los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm Conferencevian Conference:
"Nws yog qhov kev txaj muag ua rau pom tias lub ntiaj teb kev ywj pheej tag nrho ua kom pom qhov kev khuv leej rau cov neeg Yudais txom nyem, tab sis tseem muaj lub siab tawv thiab tsis pom zoo thaum nws los pab lawv - uas yog qhov tseeb, ntawm qhov pom ntawm nws tus yam ntxwv, txoj haujlwm pom tseeb Cov. Cov kev sib cav uas tau muab coj los ua kev zam txim rau tsis tau pab lawv tiag tiag hais lus rau peb cov neeg German thiab Italians. Rau qhov no yog qhov lawv hais tias:
“1. 'Peb,' uas yog cov neeg muaj kev ywj pheej, 'tsis yog nyob hauv txoj cai los coj hauv cov Neeg Yudais.' Tseem nyob rau cov tebchaw no tsis muaj txawm tias muaj kaum tus neeg mus rau square km. Thaum Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, nrog nws 135 tus neeg nyob rau lub voos xwmfab, yuav tsum muaj chaw rau lawv!
“2. Lawv cog lus rau peb: Peb tsis tuaj yeem coj lawv tshwj tsis yog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees npaj siab cia lawv qee qhov peev nyiaj coj mus nrog lawv ua neeg nkag tebchaws. "[xviii]
Qhov teeb meem ntawm Évian yog, tu siab, tsis paub txog ntawm Nazi cov txheej txheem, tab sis tsis ua ntej ua ntej tiv thaiv nws. Qhov no tseem yog teeb meem dhau los ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Nws yog ib qho teeb meem pom hauv ob tus nom tswv thiab hauv zej tsoom sawv daws. Xyoo 2018, Gallup lub tuam txhab pov npav tau saib rov qab thiab sim piav qhia nws tus kheej qhov kev xaiv tsa:
"[E] ven txawm hais tias yuav luag txhua tus neeg Amelikas tau txiav txim rau Nazi tsoomfwv kev ua phem rau cov neeg Yudais thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1938, tib lub limtiam ntawd, 72% ntawm cov neeg Amelikas hais tias 'Tsis yog' thaum Gallup nug: 'Peb puas yuav tsum tso cov neeg Yudais raug ntiab tawm hauv tebchaws Yelemes ntau dua? tuaj rau Tebchaws Meskas kom nyob? ' Tsuas yog 21% hais tias 'Yog.' . . . Kev ntxub ntxaug rau cov neeg Yudais hauv Asmeskas tau pom tseeb hauv ntau txoj hauv kev xyoo 1930s. Raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm Leonard Dinnerstein, ntau dua 100 lub koom haum tiv thaiv Semitic tshiab tau tsim nyob hauv Asmeskas nruab nrab xyoo 1933 thiab 1941. Ib tus muaj feem cuam tshuam tshaj plaws, Leej Txiv Charles Coughlin's National Union for Social Justice, nthuav tawm Nazi kev dag ntxias thiab liam txhua tus neeg Yudais tias yog cov koom txoos. Coughlin tshaj tawm cov tswv yim tawm tsam cov neeg Yudais rau ntau lab tus mloog hauv xov tooj cua, thov kom lawv "cog lus" nrog nws kom 'rov qab Asmeskas rau Asmeskas. Ntxiv mus rau qhov sib txawv, William Dudley Pelley's Silver Legion of America ('Silver Shirts') ua qauv rau lawv tus kheej tom qab Nazi Stormtroopers ('tsho xim av'). German American Bund ua kev zoo siab Nazism qhib, tsim Hitler Cov Hluas-zoo li lub caij ntuj sov nyob hauv cov zej zog thoob plaws Tebchaws Meskas, thiab vam tias yuav pom qhov kaj ntug ntawm kev nyiam kev ntseeg nyob hauv Asmeskas. Txawm hais tias Lub Hnab Nyiaj thiab Pob tsis tau sawv cev rau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, Gallup qhov kev xaiv tsa pom tias ntau tus neeg Asmeskas tau tuav lub tswv yim zoo li tsis ncaj ncees txog cov neeg Yudais. Kev soj ntsuam zoo tshaj plaws tau ua thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1938 pom tias ntau dua ib nrab ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas tau liam Europe cov neeg Yudais rau lawv tus kheej kev kho mob ntawm Nazis txhais tes. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau pom tias 54% ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas tau pom zoo tias 'kev tsim txom cov neeg Yudais hauv Tebchaws Europe tau yog ib feem ntawm lawv tus kheej ua txhaum,' nrog 11% ntseeg tias nws yog 'tag nrho' lawv tus kheej ua txhaum. Kev ua siab phem rau cov neeg tawg rog tau nkag siab tias tsuas yog ob lub hlis tom qab Kristallnacht, 67% ntawm cov neeg Amelikas tau tawm tsam tsab cai lij choj hauv US Congress xav kom lees txais cov menyuam tawg rog los ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes. Daim nqi yeej tsis tau ua rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm Congress rau kev pov npav. "[xix]
Gallup tej zaum yuav tau sau tseg qhov kev thov thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev nyiam kev ntseeg, uas ua tiav kev nom kev tswv zoo hauv Spain, Ltalis, thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, tab sis uas muaj cov neeg txhawb nqa tseem ceeb hauv lwm lub tebchaws, suav nrog Fabkis, qhov kev tawm tsam fascist yog qhov kev tshoov siab tshwj xeeb rau ib pab pawg ntawm Wall Street cov phiaj xwm leej twg nyob rau xyoo 1934 nrhiav kev ua tsis tiav los npaj kev tawm tsam fascist tawm tsam Roosevelt.[xx] Xyoo 1940, Cornelius Vanderbilt Jr. ceeb toom Eleanor Roosevelt mus rau lwm qhov phiaj xwm los ntawm New York tus thawj coj thiab cov tub rog.[xxi] Xyoo 1927, Winston Churchill tau tawm tswv yim txog nws kev mus ntsib Rome: "Kuv tsis tuaj yeem pab ua kom ntxim nyiam los ntawm Signor Mussolini lub cev hnyav thiab yooj yim, thiab los ntawm nws txoj kev nyob ntsiag to, tsis muaj teeb meem txawm tias muaj ntau lub nra thiab txaus ntshai." Churchill pom nyob rau hauv fascism "cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim nyog rau tus kab mob Lavxias."[xxii]
Tsib hnub tom qab Crystal Night, Thawj Tswj Hwm Franklin Roosevelt tau hais tias nws rov qab ua tus coj sawv cev rau lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab tias tsoomfwv txoj kev xav tau "txaus siab heev." Nws tsis tau siv lo lus "neeg Yudais." Ib tug kws sau xov xwm nug yog tias txhua qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb no yuav lees txais ntau cov neeg Yudais tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes. "Tsis muaj," hais Roosevelt. "Lub sijhawm tsis siav rau qhov ntawd." Lwm tus neeg sau xov xwm nug yog tias Roosevelt yuav so kev txwv kev nkag tebchaws rau cov neeg thoj nam Jewish Tus thawj coj teb hais tias "Qhov ntawd tsis yog kev xav txog," tus thawj tswj hwm tau teb.[xxiii] Roosevelt tsis kam txhawb nqa txoj cai lij choj menyuam yaus nyob rau xyoo 1939, uas yuav tso cai rau 20,000 tus neeg Yudais uas muaj hnub nyoog qis dua 14 xyoo nkag mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, thiab nws yeej tsis tau tawm hauv pawg haujlwm.[xxiv] v. Senator Robert Wagner (D., NY) tau hais tias, "Ntau txhiab leej neeg hauv tsev neeg Amelikas twb tau qhia lawm tias lawv txaus siab coj cov menyuam tawg rog mus rau hauv lawv lub tsev." Thawj Tus Poj Niam Eleanor Roosevelt tau tso tseg nws qhov kev tawm tsam los txhawb txoj cai, tab sis nws tus txiv tau thaiv nws tau ntau xyoo. Tebchaws Asmeskas tsis lees txais 1939 Wagner-Rogers daim nqi kom lees paub ntau tus neeg Yudais thiab tsis yog Aryan cov neeg tawg rog, tab sis dhau 1940 Hennings Bill kom tso cai txwv tsis pub muaj menyuam yaus Askiv ntseeg hauv Tebchaws Meskas.xov [xxv]
Thaum muaj coob leej nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas, zoo li lwm qhov, tau sim ua siab loj los cawm cov neeg Yudais los ntawm Nazis, suav nrog los ntawm kev ua haujlwm pab dawb coj lawv mus, feem ntau cov kev xav tsis tau nrog lawv. Hauv xyoo 2015, Gallup qhov kev xaiv tsa tau saib rov qab rau Lub Ib Hlis 1939 Tebchaws Asmeskas kev xaiv tsa:
"Cov lus nug yooj yim Gallup tau nug txog tshwj xeeb rau cov menyuam tawg rog: 'Nws tau thov tias tsoomfwv tau tso cai 10,000 tus menyuam yaus tawg rog los ntawm Tebchaws Yelemees coj tuaj rau hauv lub tebchaws no thiab saib xyuas hauv tsev Asmeskas. Koj puas nyiam txoj phiaj xwm no? ' Ib lo lus nug thib ob tau nug txog ntawm tus qauv sib txawv yog qhov zoo ib yam li saum toj no, tab sis suav nrog kab lus 'feem ntau ntawm lawv yog neeg Yudais' thiab xaus nrog, 'tsoomfwv yuav tsum tso cai rau cov menyuam no los? Nws tsis muaj teeb meem ntau npaum li cas lossis tsis yog cov menyuam tawg rog raug txheeb pom tias yog neeg Yudais. Feem coob pom tseeb, 67% neeg Asmeskas, tawm tsam lub tswv yim yooj yim, thiab qis dua 61% tau tawm tsam hauv kev teb rau lo lus nug uas suav nrog kab lus 'feem ntau ntawm lawv yog neeg Yudais.' . . . Ib qho lus nug Gallup sib cais thaum Lub Rau Hli 1940. . . nug yog tias cov neeg Asmeskas puas kam saib xyuas ib lossis ntau tus menyuam tawg rog los ntawm Askiv thiab Fab Kis hauv lawv lub tsev kom txog thaum tsov rog tas lawm. Cov cwj pwm hauv kev teb rau lo lus nug no tau sib xyaw ntau dua, tab sis tseem muaj ntau qhov me ntsis hais tias lawv tawm tsam - 46% tawm tsam, 41% nyiam. "sivai Tau kawg 46% tsis kam lees lawv tus kheej los ntawm tus menyuam los ntawm tebchaws Askiv lossis Fabkis yog qhov sib txawv los ntawm 67% lossis 61% tawm tsam ib tus neeg twg yog menyuam yaus los ntawm Tebchaws Yelemees.
Lub Rau Hli 1939, lub St. Louis, Lub nkoj dej hiav txwv German nqa ntau dua 900 tus neeg Yudais cov neeg tawg rog los ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes tau tig los ntawm Tebchaws Cuba. Lub nkoj tau caij nkoj hla Florida ntug dej hiav txwv, tom qab los ntawm US Coast Guard, uas tau xa los ntawm Tus Tuav Nyiaj Txiag ntawm Txhab Nyiaj Txiag Henry Morgenthau Jr. Tsoomfwv tsis tau yaum, lub nkoj rov qab mus rau Tebchaws Europe, thiab ntau dua 250 ntawm nws cov neeg caij tsheb tau ploj mus nyob rau hauv Holocaust.sivai
Raws li txoj hmoo ntawm cov neeg Yudais zuj zus nyob hauv Europe, qhib siab lees txais lawv mus rau Tebchaws Meskas tsis tau nce ntxiv. Ib qho laj thawj yog ntshai cov yeeb ncuab neeg soj xyuas. Raws li Lub sij hawm Magazine, saib rov qab los ntawm 2019, "Tom qab kev kov yeej German German sai ntawm Fabkis, kev txhawj xeeb thoob plaws txog Asmeskas kev nyab xeeb txhawb kev nyab xeeb thiab txaus ntshai ntawm kev xav; Roper Poll thaum Lub Rau Hli 1940 pom tias tsuas yog 2.7% ntawm cov neeg Amelikas xav tias tsoomfwv tau ua txaus los tawm tsam Nazi 'Fifth Column' ua haujlwm hauv Asmeskas German Cov Neeg Yudais tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev ua xyem xyav. Qee tus neeg Amelikas xav tias cov neeg Yudais tuaj yeem raug yuam ua tub sab rau lub tebchaws Yelemes raws li kev hem thawj rau lawv cov txheeb ze hauv tebchaws Yelemes; lwm tus, suav nrog yav dhau los tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub xeev, xav tias qhov tsis txaus ntseeg 'Jewish siab hlob' yuav ua rau cov neeg tawg rog thiab cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw mus ua haujlwm rau Nazi ua rau. Los ntawm nruab nrab-1941 Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Haujlwm tau hais kom cov neeg tsis kam lees vixaj mus rau cov neeg thov uas muaj cov txheeb ze nyob hauv lub tebchaws uas muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm Tebchaws Yelemees, Soviet Union, thiab Ltalis-thiab tom qab ntawd Congress tau tshaj tawm tsab cai tswj fwm txawv tebchaws kom tsis kam vixaj mus rau lwm tus neeg txawv tebchaws uas yuav tsim kev phom sij rau pej xeem kev nyab xeeb. "[xxviii].
Qhov tseeb, thaum Lub Rau Hli 1940, Tus Pabcuam US Secretary of State rau Kev Nkag Tebchaws Breckenridge Long tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv thov hais tias Tebchaws Meskas ncua sijhawm ncua sijhawm tsis pub cov neeg tuaj txawv tebchaws tuaj: xav tau pov thawj ntxiv thiab txhawm rau siv ntau yam khoom siv tswj hwm uas yuav ncua thiab ncua thiab ncua kev muab vixaj. " Kev txwv tsis pub Asmeskas cov lej, nrog ntau lab lub neej nyob hauv qhov sib npaug, yog ib yam, tab sis 90% ntawm qhov chaw tso cai tsis tau sau, txwv 190,000 tus neeg rau lawv txoj hmoo.[xxix]. Muaj ntau dua 300,000 tus neeg nyob hauv cov npe tos thaum ntxov xyoo 1939.[xxx]
Dick Cheney's thiab Liz Cheney phau ntawv 2015, Exceptional: Yog vim li cas lub ntiaj teb xav tau ib lub zog America, yog ib qho suav tsis txheeb ntawm Asmeskas kev ua tau zoo uas pom keeb kwm thiab kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm Tebchaws Meskas hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum II thiab sib piv rau Nazis.[xixi] | Qhov tshwj xeeb, zoo li feem ntau yog rooj plaub, yog kev tuag ntawm Anne Frank. Tsis muaj qhov hais txog qhov tseeb tias Anne Frank tsev neeg tau thov vixaj mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, dhia los ntawm ntau lub hoops, pom tib neeg los lees rau lawv, rub cov hlua nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog Asmeskas kev txhaj tshuaj loj, tsim cov nyiaj, ntawv, ntawv pov thawj, thiab cov ntawv pom zoo - thiab nws tsis txaus. Lawv daim ntawv thov vixaj raug tsis pom zoo.[xixi |
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1940, Adolf Eichmann, tus neeg npaj loj ntawm cov neeg tua tsiaj, npaj los xa tag nrho cov neeg Yudais mus rau Madagascar, uas tam sim no tau zwm rau lub teb chaws Yelemees, Fabkis tau kav. Cov nkoj yuav xav tau tos kom txog thaum Askiv, uas tam sim no txhais tau tias Winston Churchill, tau xaus lawv cov kev thaiv. Hnub ntawd yeej tsis tuaj ib zaug li.[xixi] | Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 25, 1940, Fab Kis tus kws lis haujlwm hauv tebchaws tau thov rau US Tus Tuav Haujlwm Hauv Xeev kom txiav txim siab lees txais cov neeg Yudais cov neeg Yudais tom qab ntawd hauv Fab Kis.[xxxiv] Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 21st, Tus Tuav Xam Xaj tsis kam lees.[xxxv] Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 19, 1941, yav dhau los Thawj Tswj Hwm Tebchaws Asmeskas Herbert Hoover, hauv kev hais lus hauv xov tooj cua, hais tias ntau dua 40 lab tus menyuam yaus hauv tebchaws German-kev tawm tsam kev ywj pheej tau tuag vim yog kev thaiv tebchaws Askiv. Nws tau liam nws li "kev puas tsuaj."[xxxvi]
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 25, 1941, Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Askiv Cov Ntaub Ntawv Xov Xwm tau tsim txoj cai siv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Nazi kev ua phem phem phem thiab tsuas yog hais txog cov neeg raug "tsis muaj kev sib cav". "Tsis yog nrog kev tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv nruj. Thiab tsis nrog cov neeg Yudais. "[xevvii]
Txog xyoo 1941, Nazis tau tuaj txog ntawm lawv qhov kev txiav txim siab tua cov neeg Yudais es tsis ntiab lawv tawm mus rau lub ntiaj teb uas yuav tsis coj lawv lossis txawm tso lawv tawm ntawm Europe. Lub sij hawm Magazine sau tseg tias "Txij thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1941 rau, [Lub Tebchaws Yelemees] raug txwv tsis pub tso cai ntawm cov neeg Yudais kev tsiv tebchaws los ntawm nws thaj chaw, thiab nws tau hu rau cov phoojywg thiab cov tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb kom hla lawv cov neeg Yudais. Feem ntau cov neeg Yudais German uas ua nws dhau los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas kev nyab xeeb nyuaj hauv Asmeskas tuaj ntawm cov tebchaws nruab nrab. "[xxxviii]
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 29, 1942, Eduard Schulte, tus thawj coj ntawm lub tuam txhab German mining, tau pheej hmoo nws lub neej kom paub txog kev tua neeg coob nyob hauv cov chaw German mus rau Switzerland kom nws mus rau hauv Gerhart Riegner ntawm World Jewish Congress. Rau Riegner kom nws mus rau tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm nws lub koom haum, Rabbi Stephen Wise, hauv New York, nws yuav tsum tau thov cov kws lis haujlwm hauv tebchaws Meskas hauv Bern xa nws mus. Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm, tsis qhia rau Wise lossis Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt. Tom qab ib hlis ncua, Wise tau txais tsab ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm tsoomfwv Askiv. Nws tshaj tawm tias Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau tua 2 lab tus neeg Yudais thiab tau ua haujlwm tua lwm tus. Cov New York Times muab zaj dab neeg ntawd rau nplooj 10.[xxxix]
Lub Chaw Haujlwm Pabcuam Tswv Yim (OSS, tus thawj coj ntawm CIA) muaj nws tus kheej cov peev txheej ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev sib tua hauv tib neeg, nrog rau muaj nyob hauv Schulte tsab ntawv ceeb toom. Ib lo lus raug cai los ntawm Lub Xeev Lub Xeev lossis OSS yuav tau hloov zaj dab neeg mus rau nplooj 1, tab sis tsis hais ib lo lus. Allen Dulles ntawm OSS - tus thawj coj yav tom ntej ntawm CIA - ntsib Schulte hauv Zurich thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1943 tab sis txaus siab kawm paub txog Nazis, tsis yog lawv cov neeg raug tsim txom. Thaum German tus thawj coj pabcuam txawv tebchaws Fritz Kolbe pheej hmoo nws lub neej ntau zaus coj Dulles cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Nazi kev ua phem txhaum cai, Dulles pheej tsis quav ntsej nws. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1944, Kolbe ceeb toom rau Dulles tias Hungary cov neeg Yudais tab tom yuav tsum tau sib sau ua ke thiab raug xa mus rau chaw tuag. Dulles tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawd tau xaus ntawm Roosevelt lub rooj tab sis tsis hais txog Hungary cov neeg Yudais lossis ntawm cov lus thov yaum los ntawm Schulte thiab lwm tus kom foob pob kab tsheb ciav hlau mus rau cov chaw pw lossis chaw pw lawv tus kheej.[xl]
Cov tub rog Asmeskas tau foob pob lwm lub hom phiaj kom ze rau Auschwitz tias cov neeg raug kaw pom lub dav hlau hla mus, thiab yuam kev xav tias lawv tab tom yuav raug foob pob. Cia siab tias yuav tsum nres txoj haujlwm ntawm cov chaw tuag ntawm tus nqi ntawm lawv tus kheej lub neej, cov neeg raug txim tau zoo siab rau cov foob pob uas tsis tau los. Cov tub rog Asmeskas tsis tau txiav txim siab hnyav rau kev tsim kho thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw pw lossis txhawb nqa lawv cov neeg raug tsim txom. Yav dhau los US Senator thiab tus thawj tswj hwm xaiv tsa George McGovern, uas yog tus tsav B-24 thaum ua tsov rog, thiab uas tau ya txoj haujlwm nyob ib puag ncig Auschwitz, ua tim khawv tias nws yuav yooj yim ntxiv rau lub yeej thiab txoj kab tsheb ciav hlau mus rau cov npe.[xli]
Jessie Wallace Hughan, tus tsim ntawm War Resisters League, tau txhawj xeeb heev hauv xyoo 1942 los ntawm cov dab neeg ntawm Nazi cov phiaj xwm, tsis tsom mus rau kev ntiab tawm cov neeg Yudais tab sis tig mus rau cov phiaj xwm tua lawv. Hughan ntseeg tias qhov kev txhim kho no tau tshwm sim "li qub, los ntawm lawv txoj kev xav," thiab hais tias nws yuav raug coj los ua yog tias Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb txuas ntxiv mus. Nws sau tias "Txoj kev nws tsuas yog txoj kev cawm seej ntau txhiab thiab tej zaum muaj tsheej plhom tus neeg European los ntawm kev rhuav tshem," yuav yog rau tsoomfwv tshaj tawm cov lus cog tseg "ntawm kev tawm tsam thaum cov neeg tsawg European tsis raug tsim txom ntxiv lawm. Cov. Cov. Cov. Nws yog qhov txaus ntshai heev yog li ntawm rau lub hlis txij tam sim no peb yuav tsum pom tias qhov kev hem thawj no tau muaj dhau los yam tsis muaj kev yoj tes los tiv thaiv nws. ” Thaum nws cov lus twv tau raug ua tiav ib yam nkaus thiab dhau los xyoo 1943, nws sau ntawv mus rau Asmeskas Lub Tsev Lis Haujlwm Feem Txawv Tebchaws thiab New York zaug: "Ob lab [Cov neeg Yudais] twb tuag lawm" thiab "ob lab ntxiv yuav raug tua thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog." Nws ceeb toom tias kev ua tub rog ua tiav rau lub tebchaws Yelemes tsuas yog ua rau cov neeg Yudais raug kev dag ntxias ntxiv. Nws tau sau tias "Kev yeej yuav tsis cawm lawv, vim cov txiv neej tuag tsis tuaj yeem dim," nws sau.[xlii]
Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Askiv Txawv Tebchaws Anthony Eden tau ntsib thaum Lub Peb Hlis 27, 1943, hauv Washington, DC, nrog Rabbi Wise thiab Joseph M. Proskauer, tus kws lij choj tseem ceeb thiab yav dhau los New York State Supreme Court Justice uas yog thaum ntawd yog Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Neeg Yudais Asmeskas. Txawj ntse thiab Proskauer tau thov kom Hitler tshem tawm cov neeg Yudais. Eden tsis lees paub lub tswv yim tias "ua tsis tau zoo kawg li."[xliii] Tab sis tib hnub ntawd, raws li Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Tsev Lis Haujlwm Feem Txawv Tebchaws, Eden hais rau Tus Tuav Haujlwm ntawm Lub Xeev Cordell Hull qee yam sib txawv:
"Hull tau nug cov lus nug txog ntawm 60 lossis 70 txhiab tus neeg Yudais uas nyob hauv Bulgaria thiab raug hem tias yuav muab tua pov tseg tshwj tsis yog tias peb tuaj yeem coj lawv tawm thiab, maj nrawm, nias Eden rau cov lus teb rau qhov teeb meem. Eden teb tias tag nrho cov teeb meem ntawm cov neeg Yudais hauv Europe yog qhov nyuaj heev thiab peb yuav tsum ua tib zoo ceev faj txog qhov uas yuav coj tag nrho cov neeg Yudais tawm ntawm ib lub teb chaws zoo li Bulgaria. Yog tias peb ua li ntawd, tom qab ntawd cov neeg Yudais hauv ntiaj teb yuav xav kom peb ua qhov zoo sib xws hauv tebchaws Poland thiab Yelemes. Tej zaum Hitler yuav coj peb mus cuag ib qho zoo li ntawd thiab nws tsuas muaj tsis tau muaj nkoj txaus thiab kev thauj mus los hauv ntiaj teb no los daws lawv. ”[xliv].
Churchill pom zoo. Nws sau ntawv teb rau ib tsab ntawv sau, "Nws txawm yog peb tau kev tso cai thim txhua tus neeg Yudais," kev thauj ib leeg mus yog ib qho teeb meem uas yuav daws teeb meem nyuaj. " Tsis txaus thauj thiab thauj? Ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Dunkirk, Tebchaws Askiv tau tawm mus ze li 340,000 tus txiv neej hauv tsuas yog cuaj hnub. Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Zog Cua tau ntau ntau ntau lub dav hlau tshiab. Lub sijhawm tawm tsam xwb, Asmeskas thiab Askiv muaj peev xwm thauj tau thiab thauj tau coob tus neeg tawg rog mus rau kev nyab xeeb.[xlv]
Tsis yog txhua tus neeg rau siab khwv los sib ntaus rog. Tshwj xeeb txij xyoo 1942 mus, ntau nyob hauv Asmeskas thiab Askiv tau thov kom qee yam ua. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 23, 1943, Archbishop ntawm Canterbury tau thov rau Lub Tsev ntawm Lords los pab cov neeg Yudais ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Yog li, tsoomfwv Askiv tau thov tawm rau tsoomfwv Meskas ntxiv lwm lub rooj sib tham rau pej xeem uas yuav los sib tham txog yam uas yuav ua kom tshem tau cov neeg Yudais ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj tebchaws. Tab sis Lub Chaw Lis Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tebchaws Askiv tau ntshai tias Nazis yuav koom tes nrog cov phiaj xwm ntawd txawm tias tsis tau hais kom ua, sau: ua ntej tsov rog ntawm lwm lub teb chaws txaj muag los ntawm nyab lawv nrog cov neeg txawv teb chaws nyiag chaw. "[xlvi]
Qhov kev txhawj xeeb ntawm no tsis yog nrog txuag lub neej kom ntau li ntau nrog kev zam qhov ua poob ntsej muag thiab tsis xis nyob ntawm kev txuag lub neej.
Tsoomfwv Meskas tsuas yog zaum ntawm qhov kev thov kom txog thaum cov thawj coj Yudais ua kev tawm tsam loj ntawm Madison Square Garden. Lub sijhawm ntawd, Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Haujlwm tau npaj rau Bermuda Lub Rooj Sib Tham thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 19-29, 1943, cov phiaj xwm uas ua kom nws yuav tsis muaj ntau tshaj li kev tshaj tawm. Tsis suav nrog cov neeg Yudais cov koomhaum, qhov chaw ua haujlwm kom tsis txhob muaj neeg nyob, lub rooj sib tham tau muab rau kom tsuas yog tawm tswv yim rau pawg neeg, thiab cov lus pom zoo tsis suav nrog kev nkag tebchaws coob ntxiv tuaj rau Tebchaws Meskas lossis Palestine. Lub Rooj Sib Tham Bermuda, thaum kawg, pom zoo tias "tsis muaj txoj hauv kev yuav ua rau Hitler rau kev tso cov neeg tawg rog tuaj." Kuj tseem muaj qee cov lus qhia los pab cov neeg tawg rog tawm hauv Spain, thiab tshaj tawm txog kev rov qab ua rog ntawm cov neeg tawg rog.[xlvii]
Raws li Rafael Medoff ntawm David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, "Txog thaum kev sib tham Bermuda, feem ntau cov neeg Yudais Asmeskas thiab cov tswvcuab feem coob tau lees txais FDR qhov 'cawm los ntawm kev yeej' txoj hauv kev - thov tias tsuas yog txoj hauv kev los pab cov neeg Yudais ntawm Tebchaws Europe tau kov yeej Nazis ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Lub tswv yim no ntev, qeeb uas suav nrog kev thaiv thiab kev tshaib kev nqhis-thiab ncua sijhawm D-Hnub kev ntxeem tau rau xyoo-rau txim loj rau lawv txoj hmoo thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo ib yam nrog rau tom qab Asmeskas kev coj ua ntawm kev nplua nyiaj txiag rau tag nrho cov tebchaws rau lub sijhawm ntev. . Tab sis tom qab Bermuda, muaj kev ntseeg ntau ntxiv tias los ntawm lub sijhawm ua tsov rog yeej, yuav tsis muaj cov neeg Yudais nyob sab Europe los cawm. " Kev ua haujlwm rau pej xeem tau nce ntau, mus rau qhov uas nws zoo li ua tau tias txawm tias US Congress tuaj yeem ua. Ua ntej nws tuaj yeem ua tau, Roosevelt tau tsim Pawg Neeg Tawm Tsam Tsov Rog, uas yuav cawm tau ntau txog 200,000 tus tib neeg nyob rau xyoo kawg thiab ib nrab ntawm kev ua tsov rog.[xlviii]
Thaum Tebchaws Meskas tsis tau cawm feem ntau ntawm cov neeg Yudais ntawm Tebchaws Europe, Tebchaws Askiv tsis kam tso cai rau lawv coob leej los nyob hauv Palestine. Muab tag nrho cov kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab kev ua phem tsim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim tsim los ntawm cov neeg Ixayees, thiab qhov tseeb tias qhov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb ntawm Askiv yog Arab kev tawm tsam, txoj cai yuav tsum tsis txhob raug txim yooj yim. Tab sis nws tau raug txim los ntawm cov neeg Yudais thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, thiab tsis muaj lus nug tias kev cog lus ntawm thaj av hauv Palestine, suav nrog nws tsis lees paub, thiab suav nrog kev ua tsis tiav ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsoom fwv ua raws los ntawm ntau lwm qhov chaw tuaj yeem mus rau cov neeg tawg rog , tsim kev txom nyem loj.
Xyoo 1942, lub nkoj me hu ua Struma tau caij nkoj los ntawm Romanian chaw nres nkoj ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub nrog 769 cov neeg tawg rog sim mus cuag Palestine. Tom qab mus txog Istanbul, lub nkoj tsis zoo li yuav mus ntxiv. Tab sis Turkey tsis kam lees cov neeg tawg rog tshwj tsis yog Britain yuav cog lus tias lawv tuaj yeem nkag mus rau Palestine. Tebchaws Askiv tsis kam. Qaib ntxhw tau rub lub nkoj tawm mus rau hiav txwv, qhov uas nws sib nrug. Muaj ib tus neeg dim.[xlix]
Kev tawm tsam kom muaj neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw coob tuaj rau Palestine tuaj tsis yog los ntawm cov neeg uas nyob ntawd, tab sis kuj yog los ntawm tus Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud, nws cov roj tseem ceeb rau Cov Phooj Ywg, thiab leej twg vam tias yuav tsim cov raj xa dej mus rau Mediterranean. Tus Vaj Ntxwv Saudi nyiam Sidon, Lebanon, mus rau Haifa, Palestine, ua qhov kawg-rau qhov xav tau cov raj xa dej.[l] Xyoo 1944, nws qhov kev tawm tsam rau cov neeg Yudais kev nkag tebchaws mus rau Palestine tau "paub zoo" raws li Asmeskas Tus Tuav Haujlwm Hauv Xeev Edward Reilly Stettinius Jr. uas thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 13, 1944, ceeb toom Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt tias cov lus hais txog Zionist tuaj yeem muaj "kev coj ncaj ncees rau yav tom ntej ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm Asmeskas cov roj hauv Saudi Arabia. "[lis]
Detractors ntawm Franklin Roosevelt liam nws rau qhov tsis ua ntau dua, sib cav tias nws tuaj yeem pom nws tias cov neeg Yudais pom thaj chaw nyab xeeb hauv Tebchaws Cuba lossis Virgin Islands lossis Santo Domingo lossis Alaska, lossis - yog tias cov neeg Yudais tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo li cov pej xeem dawb hauv Tebchaws Meskas - tom qab ntawd hauv cov neeg tawg rog. Tau kawg, tib qhov kev tsis txaus siab tuaj yeem raug foob tawm tsam Asmeskas Congress. Muaj 425,000 tus neeg German raug kaw hauv tebchaws Asmeskas thaum ua tsov rog, tab sis tsuas yog ib lub chaw rau cov neeg tawg rog, hauv Oswego, NY, uas tuav txog 1,000 tus neeg Yudais.[lii] Puas yog Nazi cov tub rog 425 zaug zoo siab tos txais cov neeg Yudais? Zoo, tej zaum hauv qee qhov kev nkag siab lawv yog. Cov neeg raug kaw hauv kev ua rog yog ib ntus thiab raug rho tawm. Nov yog qhov Gallup hais txog nws cov txiaj ntsig kev pov npav, txawm tias tom qab ua tsov rog, txawm tias tom qab kev paub thoob plaws ntawm qhov kev txaus ntshai uas yuav dhau los ua qhov zoo tshaj qhov rov qab los ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv kaum xyoo los ua raws:
"Tom qab kev ua tsov rog xaus, Gallup tau nug ob peb nqe lus nug txog cov neeg Yudais thiab lwm cov neeg tawg rog nyob sab Europe uas tau nyob hauv cov teb chaws Europe raug puas tsuaj tom qab tsov rog thiab nrhiav tsev nyob. Gallup pom qhov kev tawm tsam tsis zoo hauv kev teb rau txhua ntawm peb txoj hauv kev cov lus nug tau hais. Qhov kev tawm tsam tsawg tshaj plaws tau teb rau Lub Rau Hli 1946 cov lus nug Asmeskas yog tias lawv pom zoo lossis tsis pom zoo ntawm 'phiaj xwm xav kom txhua lub tebchaws yuav tsum tau txais cov neeg Yudais thiab lwm cov neeg tawg rog nyob sab Europe, raws li qhov loj me thiab cov pej xeem ntawm txhua lub tebchaws.' . . . Cov lus teb tau 40% pom zoo, 49% tawm tsam. . . . Thaum Lub Yim Hli, cov lus nug cais tau thov lub npe Thawj Tswj Hwm Harry Truman, hais tias tus thawj tswj hwm tau npaj siab thov Congress kom tso cai rau cov neeg Yudais thiab lwm cov neeg tawg rog nyob sab Europe tuaj rau Asmeskas nyob ua neej dua li tau tso cai raws txoj cai tam sim no. Lub tswv yim no tsis tau zaum zoo nrog cov pej xeem, qee tus 72% ntawm cov neeg uas hais tias lawv tsis pom zoo. Cov lus nug xyoo 1947 tau teeb tsa qhov teeb meem mus rau qib xeev, hais tias, 'Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Minnesota tau hais tias Middlewest tuaj yeem nqa ntau txhiab tus neeg tsis muaj neeg nyob (tsis muaj tsev nyob) los ntawm cov neeg tawg rog nyob hauv Europe,' thiab nug cov neeg teb yog tias lawv yuav pom zoo lossis tsis pom zoo. ntawm lawv tus kheej lub xeev noj txog 10,000 ntawm cov 'cov neeg tawg rog los ntawm Tebchaws Europe.' Feem coob, 57%, hais tias tsis yog - 24% yog, nrog rau qhov ua pov thawj tsis meej. "[liii]
Rau cov neeg xav paub ntau ntxiv txog Asmeskas txoj cai kev nkag tebchaws thiab Holocaust, muaj ib ntu ntawm lub vev xaib ntawm US Holocaust Museum.[liv].
Thaum kawg, cov uas tseem muaj txoj sia nyob hauv cov chaw siab tau dim - txawm hais tias feem ntau tsis sai heev, tsis zoo ib yam li qhov muaj feem thib 1946. Qee tus neeg raug kaw tau raug kaw nyob rau hauv cov chaw pw txaus ntshai tsawg kawg txog rau lub Cuaj Hli xyoo XNUMX. General George Patton hais tias tsis muaj leej twg yuav tsum "ntseeg tias tus neeg Displaced yog ib tug neeg, uas nws tsis yog, thiab qhov no siv tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg Yudais uas qis dua tsiaj. " Thawj Tswj Hwm Harry Truman tau lees thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tias "peb pom tias cov neeg Yudais tau coj zoo ib yam li Nazis, tsuas yog peb thiaj tsis tua lawv nkaus xwb."[lv]
Tau kawg, txawm tias qhov ntawd tsis yog kev tshaj tawm, tsis tua neeg yog qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb. Tebchaws Asmeskas muaj kev nyiam kev nyiam tab sis tsis swb rau lawv li lub tebchaws Yelemes. Tab sis tsis muaj ib qho peev txheej-R Tawm Tsam kev tawm tsam los cawm cov kev hem los ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug-tsis yog ntawm tsoomfwv Meskas, tsis yog ib feem ntawm Asmeskas lub hauv paus. Coob leej tau ua siab tawv ua haujlwm, nrog kev ua tiav tsawg, tab sis lawv nyob hauv cov neeg tsawg. Dr. Seuss cov duab tas luav pom ib tug poj niam nyeem nws cov menyuam zaj dab neeg hu ua "Adolf the Wolf." Cov ntawv sau yog: “. . . thiab hma tau zom cov menyuam thiab nto qaub ncaug rau lawv cov pob txha. . . Tab sis cov ntawd yog menyuam yaus txawv teb chaws thiab nws tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi. "[lvi]
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 2018, nrog kev xav tsis zoo rau kev nkag tebchaws tsis zoo tab sis tseem npau taws, tus hu nkauj Billy Joel tau hais rau New York Times, "Kuv txiv tsev neeg tau tawm hauv Tebchaws Yelemees xyoo '38, tom qab Kristallnacht, tab sis lawv tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau Tebchaws Meskas. Muaj qhov txwv rau cov neeg Yudais nyob sab Europe, thiab yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem nkag rau hauv no, koj tau xa rov qab, tom qab ntawd koj tau sib sau ua ke thiab xa mus rau Auschwitz - uas yog qhov tshwm sim rau kuv txiv tsev neeg. Lawv txhua tus raug tua ntawm Auschwitz, tshwj tsis yog kuv txiv thiab nws niam nws txiv. Yog li cov khoom tiv thaiv kev nkag tebchaws no ua rau lub suab tsaus nti nrog kuv. "[lvii]
Puas yog WWII tsuas yog kev ua tsov rog los ntawm kev sib tsoo vim nws tau xaus ua ntej txhua tus neeg Yudais raug tua? Qhov ntawd yog rooj plaub nyuaj los ua, txij li kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua tiav, ua ke nrog kev ua tsov rog lossis hloov nws, txhawm rau cawm ntau lab tus neeg tuag. Qhov tseeb, nws yuav tsis tau siv zog ntau, tsuas yog txaus siab hais "zoo siab txais tos" lossis, tej zaum yuav hais qee yam zoo li no:
"Muab koj nkees, koj pluag,
Koj pawg kev xav tau ua tsis taus pa,
Lub nkoj tsis lees ntawm koj cov ntug dej hiav txwv.
Xa cov no, tsis muaj tsev nyob, tsis muaj qhov cua daj cua dub rau kuv,
Kuv nqa kuv lub teeb nyob ib sab ntawm lub qhov rooj kub! ”
Tej zaum WWII yog kev ua tsov rog xwb; tab sis peb yuav tau nrhiav lwm qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas. Txoj kev xav ntawm kev ua tsov rog los cawm cov neeg Yudais yog cov ntawv tseeb. Qhov kev hloov pauv uas kev ua tsov ua rog yog qhov yooj yim vim tias cov yeeb ncuab tua cov neeg Yudais tsis muaj zog yog tias kev ua tsov rog tsis tau tsom mus rau nres qhov kev phem ntawd. Kev coj noj coj ua lossis kev tshaj tawm txoj cai ntawm cov neeg muaj tswv yim thiab kev nkag siab yuam kev tuaj yeem piav qhia yooj yim los ntawm ob peb qhov tseeb. Ua ntej, cov neeg raug tsim txom los ntawm Nazi cov chaw nyob ntsiag to thiab lwm yam txhob txwm tshaj tawm phiaj xwm tua neeg suav nrog tsawg kawg li ntau yam tsis yog neeg Yudais li neeg Yudais; lwm cov neeg raug tsim txom no tau tsom rau lwm qhov laj thawj, tseem qee zaum tsis hais lossis txiav txim siab.[lviii] Qhov thib ob, Hitler txoj kev ua tsov rog tau tsom mus tua thiab tua ntau tus neeg ntau dua li cov chaw pw tua. Qhov tseeb, ntau haiv neeg hauv ob sab Europe thiab Pacific kev tsov rog tau tua ntau tus neeg ntau dua li raug tua nyob hauv cov chaw pw, thiab kev ua tsov rog tag nrho tau tua ob peb zaug tus lej raug tua nyob hauv cov chaw pw, ua rau kev ua tsov rog tsis zoo rau tus kab mob genocide.[lix]
##
[I] Qhov tseeb tiag, British Ministry of Propaganda tau txiav txim siab kom tsis txhob hais txog cov neeg Yudas thaum tham txog cov neeg Nazis. Saib Walter Laqueuer, Lub Peem Txheeb Tsis Txaus Ntseeg: Kev Tshawb Pom Qhov Tseeb txog qhov tseeb ntawm Hitler “Txoj Kev Daws Zaum Kawg.” Boston: Me, Xim av, 1980, p. 91. Raug suav los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 368. XNUMX.
[Ii] Hais ncaj ncaj, Franklin D. Roosevelt: Kev Sib Tham Nrog Txoj Hmoo. Boston, Me ntsis, Brown, 1990, p. 296. Hais los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 9. XNUMX.
[Iii] Winston Churchill, "Zionism tiv thaiv Bolshevism," Piv txwv Hnub Sunday Herald, Lub Ob Hlis 8, 1920. Hais los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 6. XNUMX.
[Iv] Adolf Hitler, uas Mein Kampf, Ntu Ob - Lub Tebchaws Socialist Movement, Tshooj IV: Tus Kheej thiab Kev Xav ntawm Lub Xeev Folkish, http://www.hitler.org/writings/Mein_Kampf/mkv2ch04.html
[V] Harry Laughlin ua tim khawv hauv xyoo 1920 rau Pawg Neeg Thawj Coj ntawm Kev Nkag Tebchaws thiab Kev Nkag Tebchaws hauv tebchaws United States Congress tias kev nkag tebchaws ntawm cov neeg Yudais thiab cov neeg Italians tab tom ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam txog caj ces ntawm haiv neeg. "Peb qhov tsis ua tiav cov neeg nkag tebchaws vim muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yog lub teb chaws kev kub ntxhov," Laughlin ceeb toom. Pab Pawg Thawj Coj Albert Johnson tau ແຕ່ງ Laughlin los ua Pab Neeg Sawv Cev Tus Thawj Coj Tus Neeg Sawv Cev Eugenics. Laughlin txhawb txoj cai Johnson-Reed Immigration Act ntawm 1924, uas txwv kev nkag tebchaws hauv Asia thiab txwv kev nkag tebchaws los ntawm Yav Qab Teb thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Tebchaws Europe. Txoj cai no tau tsim kom muaj pes tsawg tus raws li 1890 Asmeskas pejxeem. Txij no mus, cov neeg nkag tebchaws tsis tuaj yeem tshwm rau ntawm Ellis Island xwb tabsis nws yuav tsum muaj daim ntawv hla tebchaws tom Xab Tham Thuj Asmeskas txawv tebchaws. Saib Rachel Gur-Arie, Tus Xov Xwm Encyclopedia, "Harry Hamilton Laughlin (1880-1943)," Kaum Ob Hlis 19, 2014, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/harry-hamilton-laughlin-1880-1943 Kuj tseem saib Andrew J. Skerritt, Tallahassee Democrat, "'Irresistible Tide' siv sijhawm los saib Amelikas txoj cai nkag tebchaws | Kev Rov Xyuas Phau Ntawv, ”Lub Yim Hli 1, 2020, https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/2020/08/01/irresistible-tais-takes-unflinching-look-americas-immigration-policy/5550977002 Zaj dab neeg no duav hauv PBS zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Asmeskas Kev Tshawb Fawb: Kev Tshaj Tawm Rau Eugenics," Lub Kaum Hlis 16, 2018, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/eugenics-crusade Txog qhov uas cuam tshuam rau Nazis, saib Tshooj 4 ntawm phau ntawv no.
[vi] Tebchaws Asmeskas Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia, "Kev nkag tebchaws rau Tebchaws Meskas, 1933-41," https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/immigration-to-the-united-states-1933-41
[vii] Howard Ziab, Ib Cov Neeg Keeb Kwm ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas (Harper Perennial, 1995), p 400. Hais los ntawm David Swanson, Kev Tsov Rog Yog Ib Tug Npe: Second Edition (Charlottesville: Tsuas Yog Phau Ntawv Ntiaj Teb, 2016), p. 32.
[viii] Tebchaws Asmeskas Holocaust Memorial Tsev khaws puav pheej, Holocaust Encyclopedia, "Evian Conference tsis pab cov neeg tawg rog," https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/film/evian-conference-fails-to-aid-refugees
[ix] Holocaust Educational Trust, 70 Voices: Cov Neeg Raug Tsim Txom, Tus Tsim Txom, thiab Tus Saib Xyuas, "Raws Li Peb Tsis Muaj Teeb Meem Kev Teeb Meem," Lub Ib Hlis 27, 2015, http://www.70voices.org.uk/content/day55
[X] Lauren Levy, Jewish Virtual Library, ib qhov haujlwm ntawm American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, "Dominican Republic Muab Sosua los ua Haven rau Cov Neeg Yudais Cov Neeg Thoj Nam," https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/dominican-Laj Huab Tais-as-haven-for-jewish -ffffaib neeg uas muaj Jason Margolis, Lub Ntiaj Teb, “Dominican Republic coj cov neeg thoj nam Yudas khiav tawm ntawm Hitler thaum 31 haiv neeg ntsia mus,” Kaum Ib Hlis 9, 2018, https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-11-09/ dominican-koom pheej-coj-nyiaj-cov neeg tawg rog-khiav-hitler-thaum-31-teb-ntsia
[xi] Dennis Ross Laffer, University of South Florida, Scholar Commons, Kawm Tiav Thesis thiab Dissertations, Kawm Tiav Tsev Kawm Ntawv, "Jewish Trail of Tears II: Cov Menyuam Refugee Bills ntawm 1939 thiab 1940," Lub Peb Hlis 2018, https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi /viewcontent.cgi?article=8383&context=etd
[xii] Anne O'Hare McCormick, Lub New York Times, "Cov Lus Nug Cov Neeg tawg rog raws li Kev Xeem ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees Hauv Tebchaws ntawm Kev Xaiv Tsis Zoo Plig ntawm Cov Neeg tawg rog Ib txoj hauv kev rau cem Reich," Lub Xya Hli 4, 1938, https://www.nytimes.com/1938/07/04/archives/europe- cov-neeg tawg rog-nug-raws li-a-xeem-ntawm-kev vam meej-lub teb chaws-of.html
[xiii] Kawm los ntawm Keeb Kwm, Online Module: Holocaust thiab Txoj Cai Tseem Ceeb, Doc. 11: Cov lus pom ntawm Evian Conference, http://learning-from-history.de/Online-Lernen/content/13338 Saib tag nrho cov chav kawm online ntawm conferencevian lub rooj sib tham: http://learning-from-history.de/Online-Lernen/content/13318
[xiv] Ervin Birnbaum, Crethi Plethi, "Evian: Lub Rooj Sib Tham Zoo Tshaj Plaws ntawm Txhua Lub Sijhawm hauv Keeb Kwm Yudais," http://www.crethiplethi.com/evian-the-most-fateful-conference-of-all-times-in-jewish-history/the-holocaust/2013
[xv] Ervin Birnbaum, "Evian: Lub Rooj Sib Tham Txaus Siab Txhua Hnub Txhua Lub Sijhawm hauv Cov Neeg Yudais Keeb Kwm," Ntu II, http://www.acpr.org.il/nativ/0902-birnbaum-E2.pdf
[xvi] Crystalizing pej xeem kev xav muaj nyob online ntawm http://www.gutenberg.org/files/61364/61364-h/61364-h.htm Hais txog Goebbels 'siv Bernays txoj haujlwm, saib Richard Gunderman, Kev Sib Tham, "Kev tswj hwm lub siab Asmeskas: Edward Bernays thiab yug los ntawm kev sib raug zoo rau pej xeem," Lub Xya Hli 9, 2015, https://theconversation.com/the-manipulation -of-the-american-mind-edward-bernays-and-the-birth-of-public-relations-44393
[xvii] Ronn Torossian, Tus Saib Xyuas, "Hitler's Nazi Germany Siv Asmeskas Lub Chaw Haujlwm PR," Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 22, 2014, https://observer.com/2014/12/hitlers-nazi-germany-used-an-american-pr-agency
[xviii] Zionism thiab Israel - Cov Phau Ntawv Txhais Lus Encyclopedic, “Evian Conference,” http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Evian_conference.htm
[xix] Daniel Greene thiab Frank Newport, Gallup Polling, "American Public Opinion and Holocaust," Plaub Hlis 23, 2018, https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/232949/american-public-opinion-holocaust.aspx
[xx] Jules Archer, uas Cov Phiaj Xwm Los Txais Lub Tsev Dawb: Zaj Dab Neeg Tseeb Tseeb ntawm Kev Koom Tes Los Txhim Kho FDR (Skyhorse Publishing, 2007).
[xxi] Cornelius Vanderbilt Jr. Tus txiv neej ntawm Ntiaj Teb: Kuv Lub Neej ntawm Tsib Lub Tebchaws (New York: Crown Publishers, 1959), p. 264. Hais los ntawm David Talbot, Dabntxwnyoog Kev Ntseeg Chess Board: Allen Dulles, CIA, thiab Rise of America's Tsoomfwv zais cia, (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 25.
[xxii] Winston Churchill, Ua tsaug Ua Ntej Hais Lus, vol. 4, phab 4125-26.
[xxiii] Franklin D. Roosevelt, Cov ntawv luam thiab chaw nyob ntawm Franklin D. Roosevelt, (New York: Russell & Russell, 1938-1950) vol. 7, pp. 597-98. Hais los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 101. XNUMX.
[xxiv] v. David S. Wyman, Phab Ntsa Ntsa: America thiab Kev Txom Nyem Rau Cov Neeg Thoj Nam, 1938-Xyoo 1941 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1968), p. 97. Raug suav los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 116. XNUMX.
xov [xxv] Dennis Ross Laffer, University of South Florida, Scholar Commons, Kawm Tiav Thesis thiab Dissertations, Kawm Tiav Tsev Kawm Ntawv, "Jewish Trail of Tears II: Cov Menyuam Refugee Bills ntawm 1939 thiab 1940," Lub Peb Hlis 2018, https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi /viewcontent.cgi?article=8383&context=etd
sivai Frank Newport, Gallup Polling, "Kev tshuaj xyuas keeb kwm: Neeg Asmeskas Saib Cov Neeg tawg rog tuaj rau Asmeskas," Kaum Ib Hlis 19, 2015, https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/186716/historical-review-americans-views -cov neeg tawg rog-tuaj.aspx
sivai Davi Talbot, Dabntxwnyoog Kev Ntseeg Chess Board: Allen Dulles, CIA, thiab Rise of America's Tsoomfwv zais cia, (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), phab 42-46.
[xxviii]. Cai Richard Breitman, lub sij hawm, "Cov Teeb Meem Keeb Kwm ntawm Yuav Ua Li Cas America Txoj Cai" Pej Xeem Xam Xaj "Txoj Cai Kev Nkag Tebchaws Nkag Mus Rau Cov Neeg Yudais Tawm Tsam Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees," Lub Kaum Hli 29, 2019, https://time.com/5712367/wwii-german-immigration-public-charge
[xxix]. Davi Talbot, Dabntxwnyoog Kev Ntseeg Chess Board: Allen Dulles, CIA, thiab Rise of America's Tsoomfwv zais cia, (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 45.
[xxx] Nyob Zoo, Washington Post, "Anne Frank thiab nws tsev neeg tseem raug txwv tsis pub nkag los ua neeg tawg rog rau Asmeskas," Kaum Ib Hlis 24, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/11/24/anne-frank-and -her-tsev neeg-tau-kuj-tsis pom zoo-nkag-raws-cov neeg tawg rog-rau-tus-peb/? utm_term = .f483423866ac
[xixi] | Dick Cheney thiab Liz Cheney, Exceptional: Yog vim li cas lub ntiaj teb xav tau ib lub zog America (Threshold Editions, 2016).
[xixi | Nyob Zoo, Washington Post, "Anne Frank thiab nws tsev neeg tseem raug txwv tsis pub nkag los ua neeg tawg rog rau Asmeskas," Kaum Ib Hlis 24, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/11/24/anne-frank-and -her-tsev neeg-tau-kuj-tsis pom zoo-nkag-raws-cov neeg tawg rog-rau-tus-peb/? utm_term = .f483423866ac
[xixi] | Christopher Browning, Tus Thawj Coj Txoj Kev mus rau Genocide (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), sab 18-19. Hais los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 233. XNUMX.
[xxxiv] Nicholson Baker, uas Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 257. XNUMX.
[xxxv] Nicholson Baker, uas Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg Phem. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, phab 267-268.
[xxxvi] Chicago Tribune, "'Feed Starving War Children,' Hoover Pleads," Lub Kaum Hli 20, 1941. Hais los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 411. XNUMX.
[xevvii] Walter Laqueuer, tus Lub Peem Txheeb Tsis Txaus Ntseeg: Kev Tshawb Pom Qhov Tseeb txog qhov tseeb ntawm Hitler “Txoj Kev Daws Zaum Kawg.” Boston: Me, Xim av, 1980, p. 91. Raug suav los ntawm Nicholson Baker, Tib neeg Kev Haus Luam Yeeb: Pib Thaum Xaus Txog Kev Tsim Neeg PhemCov. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 368. XNUMX.
[xxxviii] Cai Richard Breitman, lub sij hawm, "Cov Teeb Meem Keeb Kwm ntawm Yuav Ua Li Cas America Txoj Cai" Pej Xeem Xam Xaj "Txoj Cai Kev Nkag Tebchaws Nkag Mus Rau Cov Neeg Yudais Tawm Tsam Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees," Lub Kaum Hli 29, 2019, https://time.com/5712367/wwii-german-immigration-public-charge
[xxxix] Davi Talbot, Dabntxwnyoog Kev Ntseeg Chess Board: Allen Dulles, CIA, thiab Rise of America's Tsoomfwv zais cia, (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), pp. 50-52 ib. Tsis tas li, New York Times tshaj tawm ntau ntxiv txog cov ncauj lus no 40 xyoo tom qab: Lucy S. Dawidowicz, "American Jewish and Holocaust," New York Times, Lub Plaub Hlis 18, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/18/magazine/american-jews-and-the-holocaust.html
[xl] Davi Talbot, Dabntxwnyoog Kev Ntseeg Chess Board: Allen Dulles, CIA, thiab Rise of America's Tsoomfwv zais cia, (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), pp 52-55.
[xli] Mark Horowitz, uas Tshaj tawm cov ntawv xov xwm, "Lwm Zaj Keeb Kwm: Tshuaj xyuas 'Cov Neeg Yudais Yuav Tsum Nyob Ntsiag To' los ntawm Rafael Medoff," Lub Rau Hli 2020, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/mark-horowitz/fdr-jewish-leadership-and-holocaust
[xlii] Lawrence Wittner, Tus Thawj Coj Cov Neeg Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam Tsov Rog: Asmeskas Kev Thaj Yeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb 1933-1983, (Temple University Press: Revised Edition, 1984).
[xliii] Lucy S. Dawidowicz, "Neeg Asmeskas Asmeskas thiab Holocaust," New York Times, Lub Plaub Hlis 18, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/18/magazine/american-jews-and-the-holocaust.html
[xliv]. Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Meskas Feem Txawv Tebchaws, Chav Haujlwm Keeb Kwm, "Meem ntawm Kev Sib Tham, los ntawm Mr. Harry L. Hopkins, Tus Pabcuam Tshwj Xeeb rau Thawj Tswj Hwm Roosevelt 55," Lub Peb Hlis 27, 1943, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d23
[xlv] War Tsis Muaj Ntxiv: Peb Xyoo pua ntawm American Antiwar thiab Kev Sib Haum Xeeb, kho los ntawm Lawrence Rosendwald (Library of America, 2016).
[xlvi] PBS Asmeskas Kev Tshawb Fawb: “Kev Sab Laj Bermuda,” https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/holocaust-bermuda
[xlvii] PBS Asmeskas Kev Tshawb Fawb: “Kev Sab Laj Bermuda,” https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/holocaust-bermuda
[xlviii] Dr. Rafael Medoff, The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, "The Allies 'Refugee Conference – A' Cruel Mockery '," Plaub Hlis 2003, http://new.wymaninstitute.org/2003/04/the-allies-refugee-conference-a-cruel-mockery
[xlix] Lucy S. Dawidowicz, "Neeg Asmeskas Asmeskas thiab Holocaust," New York Times, Lub Plaub Hlis 18, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/18/magazine/american-jews-and-the-holocaust.html
[l] Charlotte Dennett, tus Crash ntawm Dav Hlau 3804: Tus Neeg Spy Poob, Tus Ntxhais Nrhiav, thiab Txoj Cai Tuag Ntawm Txoj Kev Ua Si Loj rau Roj (Chelsea Green Publishing, 2020), p. 16.
[lis] Kev Sib Tham Hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas, 1944, ntim V, Palestine, ed. ER Perkins, SE Gleason, JG Reid, li al. (Washington, DC: Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Chaw Haujlwm Luam Ntawv, 1965), daim ntawv 705. Hais los ntawm Charlotte Dennett, Crash ntawm Dav Hlau 3804: Tus Neeg Spy Poob, Tus Ntxhais Nrhiav, thiab Txoj Cai Tuag Ntawm Txoj Kev Ua Si Loj rau Roj (Chelsea Green Publishing, 2020), p. 23 lus.
[lii] Mark Horowitz, uas Tshaj tawm cov ntawv xov xwm, "Lwm Zaj Keeb Kwm: Tshuaj xyuas 'Cov Neeg Yudais Yuav Tsum Nyob Ntsiag To' los ntawm Rafael Medoff," Lub Rau Hli 2020, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/mark-horowitz/fdr-jewish-leadership-and-holocaust
[liii] Frank Newport, Gallup Polling, "Kev tshuaj xyuas keeb kwm: Neeg Asmeskas Saib Cov Neeg tawg rog tuaj rau Asmeskas," Kaum Ib Hlis 19, 2015, https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/186716/historical-review-americans-views -cov neeg tawg rog-tuaj.aspx
[liv]. Tebchaws Asmeskas Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia, "Kev nkag tebchaws rau Tebchaws Meskas, 1933-41," https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/immigration-to-the-united-states-1933-41
[lv] Jacques R. Pauwels, The Myth of the War Tsov Rog Zoo: Asmeskas hauv Ntiaj Teb Thib Ob Kev Tsov Rog (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 36.
[lvi] Independent Lens, “The Political Dr. Seuss,” https://www.pbs.org/independentns/politicaldrseuss/film.html
[lvii] Rob TannenbaumNew York Times, "Billy Joel Tau Txais Txoj Haujlwm Zoo thiab Hits Hauv Nws Lub Taub Hau," Lub Xya Hli 25, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/arts/music/billy-joel-100-shows-interview.html
[lviii] Wikipedia, "Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb II Muaj Kev Txiaj Ntsig," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties
[lix] Wikipedia, "Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb II Muaj Kev Txiaj Ntsig," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties
