Los ntawm Pat Elder, Plaub Hlis Ntuj 25, 2019
Ib zaj dab neeg ntawm feathers, wax, unheeded lus ceeb toom, thiab lub perils ntawm niaj hnub-hnub chemical engineering
Nyob rau hauv Greek mythology, zaj dab neeg ntawm Daedalus thiab Icarus qhia ib zaj lus qhia uas tib neeg tsis tau kawm dua. Daedalaus thiab nws tus tub, Icarus tau raug kaw hauv ib tug pej thuam. Yuav kom dim, Daedalus tsim tis los ntawm feathers thiab wax. Daedalus ceeb toom nws tus tub kom tsis txhob ya mus ze rau lub hnub kom ntshai tias cov ciab yuav yaj. Icarus coj tawm, exhilarated nrog cov invention, thiab so rau exuberantly rau lub hnub. Nws tis poob sib nrauj, thiab Icarus poob rau nws txoj kev tuag.
Cov tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws khiav tawm ntawm peb txoj kev tswj hwm thiab kev puas tsuaj noob neej. Ob lub tswv yim astonishing hauv 1938 zoo li Daedalus 'fastening ntawm tis rau wax: splitting ntawm uranium atom los ntawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab cov foundations ntawm ib thiab poly fluoroalkyl tshuaj (PFAS) los ntawm Dupont chemists hauv New Jersey.
Albert Einstein pom tau hais tias Nazis yuav tsim nuclear weaponry thiab nws coj nws mus pab txhawb tsim America lub zog nuclear arsenal. Thaum nws lig dhau lawm, nws nyuaj heev rau nws txoj hauj lwm hauv kev tsim kev dag zog yuam. "Lub unleashed zog ntawm lub atom tau hloov txhua yam tsuas yog peb hom kev xav, thiab peb li drift rau unparalleled catastrophes," nws hais.
Tib yam siv rau niaj hnub chemical engineering.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub ntiaj teb tau pom qhov kev tshawb nrhiav qhov kev huam yuaj ntawm PFAS compound hu ua polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Zoo li cais cov tshuaj uranium atom, qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tshawb pom nyob hauv txhua tus neeg keeb kwm. PTFE tau nrhiav tau los ntawm Roy J. Plunkett ntawm Dupont Company's Jackson Laboratory hauv Deepwater, New Jersey.
Lub tshuab yog me ntsis ntau nyuab tshaj lub ciab thiab plaub Daedalus fashioned, tab sis lub ntsiab, zoo li splitting lub atom. muaj lub peev xwm rau ob qho tib si pab thiab rhuav tshem tib neeg.
Plunkett tau tsim ib phaus tetrafluoroethylene roj (TFE) thiab muab rau hauv cov thooj voos kheej kheej ntawm qhuav dej thooj ua ntej chlorinating nws. Thaum nws npaj ib lub voj voos rau kev siv, tsis muaj roj hlawv tawm-tseem lub cylinder weighed tib yam li ua ntej. Plunkett qhib Pandora lub tog raj kheej thiab pom cov hmoov dawb dawb uas yog inert rau zoo rau txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg thiab yog suav tias yog cov khoom nplua tshaj plaws hauv hav zoov - thiab feem ntau cov kev kub tiv taus.
Nws tau siv los tsim Teflon cov khoom lag luam thiab cov hloov pauv hloov los ua cov nquag muaj hluav taws kub nyob rau hauv kev tua hluav taws thaum lub sij hawm kev xyaum hluav taws ntawm cov chaw tub rog thiab cov tshav dav hlau. Lub tebchaw zoo kawg yog siv rau hauv cov xim stain- thiab dej tshuaj pleev cov plaub hau, polishes, waxes, xim tsev, khoom noj khoom haus, hniav txha hniav, ntxuav cov khoom lag luam, chrome plating, kev tsim hluav taws xob, thiab roj rov qab, rau npe qee cov ntawv thov. Cov kev no - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev siv PFAS ua hluav taws kub ua npuas dej uas xau rau hauv av - tso cai rau cov carcinogens nkag rau tib neeg lub cev uas khaws cia. mus ib txhisCov. Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Tebchaws Xyoo 2015 los ntawm Asmeskas Lub Tebchaws Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Kev Ntsuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv tau tshawb pom PFASs hauv 97 feem pua ntawm kev kuaj ntshav tib neeg. Txij li ntau txog 5,000 tus tib neeg cov tshuaj fluorinated tshuaj lom neeg tau raug tsim los txij thaum pib tshawb pom. PFAS yog qhov kev tawm tsam niaj hnub no ntawm Pandora lub thawv, lwm zaj dab neeg Greek.
Thaj, Zeus tseem ua pauj rau Prometheus thiab txhua tus ntawm tib neeg rau kev nyiag khoom hluav taws los ntawm saum ntuj ceeb tsheej. Zeus nthuav Pandora rau Prometheus 'tus tij laug Epimetheus. Pandora nqa lub thawv uas cov vaj tswv hais tias muaj khoom plig tshwj xeeb los ntawm lawv, tab sis nws tsis raug tso cai qhib lub thawv ntawd. Txawm hais tias muaj lus ceeb toom, Pandora qhib lub thawv uas muaj kev mob kev nkeeg, kev tuag thiab tus tswv tsev ntawm cov kev phem uas tau tso tawm mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb. Pandora tau ntshai, vim tias nws pom txhua tus ntsuj plig phem tawm los thiab sim kaw lub thawv kom nrawm li sai tau, kaw Cia Siab sab hauv!
Tag nrho 5,000 PFAS cov quav tshuaj yog ntseeg tau tias yuav lom.
Cov kev mob tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj no muaj xws li nquag siv miscarriages thiab lwm cov kev xeeb me nyuam hnyav heev. Lawv kis tib neeg cov kua mis thiab cov mis uas muaj kua mis pub rau menyuam. Ib thiab poly fluoroalkyls pab ua rau daim siab puas, mob raum, mob ntshav siab, muaj kev phom sij ntawm cov thyroid ntau ntxiv, nrog rau cov kab mob qog ntshav, micro-noov, thiab tsawg phev suav hauv cov txiv neej.
Lub caij no, lub EPA tsis kam tswj cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Nws yog lub qus west thiab tus tub ceev xwm tsis pom qhov twg lawm. Lub koom haum rudderless tau xaiv los tsim kom muaj 70 ppt Lifetime Health Tawm tswv yim (LHA) rau dej haus. Cov lus qhia tsis tas yuav tsum muaj.
Ib qho LHA yog qhov tshuaj lom nyob hauv cov dej haus uas tsis xav tias yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau noncarcinogenic rau lub neej raug. LHA raws li muaj 70- kg neeg laus haus 2 liv dej nyob rau ib hnub.
Thaum tsis muaj hauj lwm EPA, New Jersey, qhov chaw yug ntawm ib thiab cov tshuaj fluoroalkyl, tau nyuam qhuav ua raws li lub teb chaws tus nyom haus thiab cov dej hauv av ntawm 10 ppt rau PFAS thiab 10 ppt rau PFOA. Ib puag ncig pawg tau thov kom muaj qhov txwv ntawm 5 ppt rau txhua yam tshuaj. Philippe Grandjean thiab cov npoj yaig ntawm Harvard TH Chan Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv hais tias kev sib kis ntawm 1 ppt hauv cov dej haus tsis zoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
New Jersey cov qauv tshiab yuav tsis siv rau DoD kev teeb tsa zoo ib yam li qub Trenton Naval Air Warfare Center uas tau kaw xyoo 1997. Qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam tsis ntev los no pom tau hais tias lub Nkoj tau ua kom cov dej hauv av nrog 27,800 ppt ntawm PFAS thaum Joint Base McGuireDix-Lakehurst tau ua rau muaj tshuaj lom hauv av nrog 1,688 ppt ntawm cov tshuaj. Muaj ntau ntau yam kev tiv thaiv hauv lub xeev uas tsis nyob hauv a DoD tsab ntawv ceeb toom rau ntawm PFAS ntau thoob plaws, tab sis lawv paub yog siv cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw.
Tebchaws Askiv Lub Tebchaws Tub Rog Lub Zog hauv Alexandria Louisiana, lub chaw kaw thaum xyoo 1992, tsis ntev los no tau pom tias muaj 10,900,000 ppt ntawm cov tshuaj rau hauv av. Qee cov neeg nyob ze ntawm lub hauv paus tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm cov dej zoo. Tsis zoo li New Jersey, Louisiana tsis tau ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv nws cov pej xeem. Louisiana thaj yog pom cov ntsiab lus nrog tseem hwv tseem hwv ntawm PFAS.
Lub EPA nyuam qhuav tso tawm Per- thiab Polyfluoroalkyl Cov Khoom (PFAS) Kev Npaj Ua tsis ua raws li cov kev txwv rau kev tswj hwm PFAS thiab tsis tseem ceeb rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg. Lub tuam txhab tub rog thiab cov pa phem tuaj yeem ua pa kom zoo siab thaum lawv txuas ntxiv rau tshuaj lom cov pej xeem.
Nws yog phem heev. PFAS tuaj yeem hloov tau zoo li cas cov neeg muaj peev xwm teb tau mus rau kis kab mob. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias raug PFAS tuaj yeem hloov lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua rau cov kab mob kis tau yooj yim dua. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias PFAS raug cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov hauv kev qhia txog 52 noob koom tes hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev loj hlob. Hauv ntej, PFAS muaj peev xwm ua kom lub cev tsis muaj zog. Nrog luag txhua tus tib neeg uas muaj cov co toxins no, peb yuav tsum muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntxiv.
Txawm hais tias EPA tsis nyob rau qhov no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom meej meej PFAS nyob rau hauv cov poj niam cev xeeb tub rau cov kev tshwm sim hauv lawv cov menyuam:
- Txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsawg dua los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kho cov kab mob kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov menyuam yaus thaum ntxov.
- Tsawg dua antibodies tiv thaiv rubella nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv.
- Tus naj npawb ntawm cov mob khaub thuas ntau hauv cov me nyuam,
- Gastroenteritis nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam.
- Muaj cov kab mob ntsws ntau ntxiv hauv thawj xyoo 10 lub neej.
Icarus poob rau nws qhov kev tuag, tsis nkag siab txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm nws txiv qhov thev naus laus zis. Peb tau ua Icarus. Tib neeg txoj kev nce qib zoo kawg yuav tsum tau saib xyuas cov neeg muaj lub siab zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv peb txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb. Tu siab ntau, qhov no tsis yog peb qhov kev muaj tiag.
"Yog tias peb yuav nyob nrog kev sib luag nrog cov tshuaj no, noj thiab haus lawv, coj lawv rau hauv cov hlwb pob txha - peb tau paub zoo dua txog lawv qhov thiab lawv lub zog."
- Rachel Carson, Caij Nplooj Hlis
