Los ntawm David Vine, Patterson Deppen, thiab Leah Bolger, World BEYOND War, Cuaj hlis 20, 2021
Executive Summary
Txawm hais tias kev tshem tawm ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog los ntawm Afghanistan, Tebchaws Meskas tseem muaj nyob ib puag ncig 750 tub rog nyob txawv teb chaws hauv 80 lub teb chaws txawv teb chaws thiab cov cheeb tsam (cov cheeb tsam). Cov hauv paus no raug nqi ntau hauv ntau txoj hauv kev: nyiaj txiag, kev nom kev tswv, kev sib raug zoo, thiab ib puag ncig. Teb Chaws Asmeskas cov hauv paus nyob txawv teb chaws feem ntau tsa qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm thaj chaw, txhawb cov kev tswj hwm tsis muaj kev ywj pheej, thiab ua haujlwm rau cov neeg nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm rau cov tub rog uas tawm tsam Tebchaws Meskas thiab tsoomfwv nws qhov kev txhawb nqa. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, cov chaw txawv teb chaws tau raug siv thiab tau ua kom yooj yim rau Tebchaws Meskas los tsim thiab ua tsov rog kev puas tsuaj, suav nrog cov neeg hauv Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia, thiab Libya. Thoob plaws hauv kev nom kev tswv thiab txawm nyob hauv Asmeskas tub rog muaj kev lees paub tias ntau lub hauv paus txawv teb chaws yuav tsum raug kaw ntau xyoo dhau los, tab sis bureaucratic inertia thiab tsis ncaj ncees lawm kev nom kev tswv tau ua rau lawv qhib.
Nyob rau ntawm qhov txuas ntxiv "Kev Tshawb Fawb Ntiaj Teb," Biden cov thawj coj muaj lub sijhawm keeb kwm los kaw ntau pua lub chaw tub rog tsis tsim nyog nyob txawv teb chaws thiab txhim kho kev nyab xeeb hauv tebchaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb hauv cov txheej txheem.
Lub Pentagon, txij li Xyoo Nyiaj Txiag 2018, tsis tau tshaj tawm nws cov npe txhua xyoo dhau los ntawm Asmeskas cov chaw nyob txawv teb chaws. Raws li peb paub, cov lus qhia luv luv no nthuav qhia txog kev suav pej xeem tag nrho ntawm Asmeskas cov hauv paus thiab cov tub rog tawm tsam thoob ntiaj teb. Cov npe thiab daim ntawv qhia suav nrog hauv daim ntawv tshaj tawm no piav qhia ntau yam teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog cov hauv paus hauv tebchaws no, muab cov cuab yeej uas tuaj yeem pab cov tsim cai tsim phiaj xwm xav tau kaw qhov chaw sai.
Cov ntaub ntawv ceev ceev ntawm cov tub rog Asmeskas tawm tsam txawv teb chaws
• Muaj kwv yees li 750 tus tub rog Asmeskas hauv paus chaw nyob txawv tebchaws hauv 80 lub tebchaws txawv tebchaws thiab cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig.
• Tebchaws Meskas muaj ze li peb npaug ntawm ntau lub hauv paus nyob txawv tebchaws (750) raws li Asmeskas cov chaw lis haujlwm, chaw nyob, thiab lub luag haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb (276).
• Thaum muaj kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm ntau qhov kev teeb tsa raws li Kev Tsov Rog Txias kawg, Asmeskas cov hauv paus tau nthuav tawm mus rau ntau dua ob lub tebchaws thiab ib cheeb tsam (los ntawm 40 txog 80) nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nrog rau ntau qhov chaw nyob hauv Middle East, Sab Hnub Tuaj Asia , ib feem ntawm Europe, thiab Africa.
• Tebchaws Meskas muaj tsawg kawg peb zaug ntau dua li cov hauv paus txawv teb chaws zoo li txhua lub tebchaws sib koom ua ke.
• Tebchaws Asmeskas cov hauv paus txawv teb chaws raug nqi cov neeg them se kwv yees li $ 55 nphom txhua xyoo.
• Kev tsim kho cov tub rog kev tsim vaj tsev nyob sab nrauv tau them tus nqi them tsawg kawg $ 70 nphom txij li xyoo 2000, thiab tuaj yeem ua tau zoo dua $ 100 nphom.
• Cov hauv paus nyob txawv teb chaws tau pab Tebchaws Meskas pib ua tsov rog thiab lwm yam kev sib ntaus hauv tsawg kawg 25 lub tebchaws txij li xyoo 2001.
• Kev teeb tsa hauv Asmeskas tau pom nyob hauv tsawg kawg 38 lub tebchaws tsis muaj kev ywj pheej thiab ib cheeb tsam.
Qhov teeb meem ntawm US tub rog nyob txawv teb chaws
Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II thiab thaum ntxov ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Txias, Tebchaws Meskas tau tsim ib qho kev tsis tau pom dua ntawm cov tub rog hauv tebchaws txawv tebchaws. Peb xyoos tom qab Tsov Rog Txias Kawg, tseem muaj 119 lub hauv paus chaw nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab lwm 119 hauv Nyij Pooj, raws li Pentagon. Hauv Kaus Lim Qab Teb muaj 73. Lwm lub hauv paus hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas dot lub ntiaj teb los ntawm Aruba mus rau Australia, Kenya mus rau Qatar, Romania mus rau Singapore, thiab tshaj.
Peb kwv yees tias tam sim no Tebchaws Meskas muaj kwv yees li 750 lub hauv paus chaw nyob hauv 80 txawv teb chaws thiab cov cheeb tsam (cov cheeb tsam). Qhov kev kwv yees no yog los ntawm qhov peb ntseeg tias yog cov npe uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog nyob txawv teb chaws muaj (saib Cov Ntawv Ntxiv). Nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo nyiaj txiag xyoo 1976 thiab 2018, Pentagon tau tshaj tawm cov npe txhua xyoo ntawm cov hauv paus uas tseem ceeb rau nws qhov ua yuam kev thiab tsis ua haujlwm; txij li xyoo 2018, Pentagon tau ua tsis tiav tso npe. Peb tau tsim peb cov npe nyob ib ncig ntawm 2018 tsab ntawv ceeb toom, David Vine's 2021 tshaj tawm cov npe ntawm cov chaw nyob txawv teb chaws, thiab cov xov xwm txhim khu kev qha thiab lwm cov ntawv ceeb toom.1
Thoob plaws hauv kev nom kev tswv thiab txawm nyob hauv Asmeskas tub rog muaj kev lees paub tias ntau lub hauv paus hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas yuav tsum tau kaw ntau xyoo dhau los. "Kuv xav tias peb muaj ntau qhov chaw nyob txawv teb chaws," tus tub ceev xwm siab tshaj plaws hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas tub rog, Tus Thawj Coj Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Ua Haujlwm Mark Milley, tau lees paub thaum hais lus rau pej xeem thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2020. "Puas yog txhua tus ntawm cov [hauv paus] qhov tsim nyog tsim nyog rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm Tebchaws Meskas?" Milley tau hu rau "ib qho nyuaj, saib xyuas" ntawm cov hauv paus nyob txawv teb chaws, sau tseg tias ntau yog "qhov twg los ntawm qhov twg Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II xaus."
Txhawm rau muab 750 Teb Chaws Asmeskas cov tub rog nyob txawv teb chaws nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav, muaj ze li peb npaug ntawm ntau qhov chaw tub rog hauv paus vim muaj US embassies, consulates, thiab missions thoob ntiaj teb - 276.3 Thiab lawv suav nrog ntau tshaj peb npaug ntawm cov chaw nyob txawv teb chaws tuav los ntawm txhua lwm yam. tub rog ua ke. Lub tebchaws United Kingdom tau tshaj tawm tias muaj 145 qhov chaw txawv teb chaws.4 Lub ntiaj teb cov tub rog ua ke tuaj yeem tswj tau 50-75 ntxiv, suav nrog Russia ob mus rau peb lub teb chaws txawv teb chaws thiab Tuam Tshoj tsib (ntxiv rau hauv paus hauv Tibet).5
Tus nqi ntawm kev tsim, kev khiav hauj lwm, thiab kev tswj xyuas cov tub rog Asmeskas cov tub rog nyob txawv teb chaws yog kwv yees li ntawm $ 55 billion ib xyoos ib zaug (nyiaj xyoo 2021).6 Chaw nres tsheb cov tub rog thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm pej xeem nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus nyob txawv teb chaws yog kim kim tshaj li kev tswj hwm lawv hauv tsev: $ 10,000– $ 40,000 ntxiv rau ib tus neeg nyob rau ib xyoos nyob rau nruab nrab.7 Ntxiv cov nqi ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob txawv teb chaws tsav tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov chaw txawv teb chaws mus rau ib ncig ntawm $ 80 billion los yog ntau tshaj.8 Cov no yog cov kev kwv yees, muab qhov nyuaj ntawm kev sib sau ua ke cov nqi zais.
Hais txog kev siv tub rog siv ib leeg - cov nyiaj tsim nyog los tsim thiab nthuav cov hauv paus txawv teb chaws - Tsoomfwv Meskas tau siv nyiaj nruab nrab ntawm $ 70 billion thiab $ 182 billion ntawm xyoo nyiaj txiag xyoo 2000 thiab 2021. Kev siv nyiaj ntau heev vim tias Congress tsim nyog $ 132 nphom hauv cov xyoo no rau cov tub rog. kev tsim kho ntawm "qhov chaw tsis tau teev tseg" thoob ntiaj teb, ntxiv rau $ 34 nphom tau siv rau txawv teb chaws. Qhov kev siv nyiaj txiag no ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas seb qhov kev siv nyiaj faib tawm no mus rau kev tsim thiab nthuav cov hauv paus rau txawv teb chaws. Kev saib xyuas kev kwv yees ntawm 15 feem pua yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig ntxiv $ 20 nphom, txawm hais tias feem ntau ntawm "qhov chaw tsis tau teev tseg" tuaj yeem nyob txawv teb chaws. $ 16 nphom ntxiv tau tshwm sim hauv "kev kub ntxhov" nyiaj txiag ua tsov rog.9
Tshaj li lawv cov nqi nyiaj txiag, thiab qee qhov counterintuitively, lub hauv paus txawv teb chaws cuam tshuam kev ruaj ntseg hauv ntau txoj hauv kev. Lub xub ntiag ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas cov chaw nyob txawv teb chaws feem ntau ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm thaj chaw, ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam dav dav rau Tebchaws Meskas, thiab ua haujlwm rau cov cuab yeej nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm rau pab pawg tub rog zoo li al Qaeda.10
Lub hauv paus txawv teb chaws kuj tau ua kom yooj yim rau Tebchaws Meskas los koom nrog ntau yam kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm kev xaiv, los ntawm kev tsov rog hauv Nyab Laj thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Asia mus txog 20 xyoo ntawm "kev ua tsov rog mus ib txhis" txij li xyoo 2001 ntxeem tau ntawm Afghanistan. Txij li xyoo 1980, Asmeskas cov hauv paus hauv Middle East tau siv tsawg kawg 25 zaug los ua tsov rog lossis lwm yam kev tawm tsam hauv tsawg kawg 15 lub teb chaws hauv cheeb tsam ntawd ib leeg. Txij li xyoo 2001, cov tub rog Asmeskas tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv tsawg kawg 25 lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb.11
Txawm hais tias qee tus tau thov txij li Tsov Rog Txias uas nyob txawv teb chaws tau pab nthuav tawm kev ywj pheej, qhov kev tawm tsam feem ntau tshwm sim. Teb Chaws Asmeskas kev teeb tsa muaj nyob hauv tsawg kawg 19 lub teb chaws tus thawj tswj hwm, yim lub teb chaws ib nrab ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm, thiab 11 thaj chaw (saib Daim Ntawv Ntxiv). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, US lub hauv paus muab de facto txhawb rau undemocratic thiab feem ntau repressive tsoom fwv xws li cov uas tswj nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, Niger, Honduras, thiab lub Persian Gulf xeev. Hais txog, cov hauv paus nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas cov cheeb tsam uas tseem tshuav - Tebchaws Asmeskas "chaw nyob" ntawm Puerto Rico, Guam, Lub Tebchaws ntawm Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, thiab US Virgin Islands - tau pab txhawb lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm tus hauv Tebchaws Meskas. thiab lawv haiv neeg thib ob yog US citizenship.12
Raws li "Kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig tseem ceeb" hauv kab lus 1 ntawm Daim Ntawv Ntxiv Ntxiv qhia, ntau lub hauv paus chaw nyob txawv teb chaws muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig hauv zos los ntawm cov dej xau, kev sib tsoo, kev pov tseg ntawm cov pov tseg pov tseg, kev tsim kho hauv paus, thiab kev cob qhia uas muaj cov khoom phom sij. Ntawm cov chaw nyob txawv teb chaws no, Pentagon feem ntau tsis ua raws li US cov qauv ib puag ncig thiab nquag ua haujlwm raws li Kev Pom Zoo ntawm Cov Tub Rog uas tso cai rau cov tub rog khiav tawm ntawm lub teb chaws ib puag ncig cov cai thiab.13
Muab qhov kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig ib leeg thiab qhov tseeb yooj yim ntawm cov tub rog txawv teb chaws nyob hauv thaj av sovereign, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov chaw nyob txawv teb chaws tsim kev tawm tsam yuav luag txhua qhov chaw lawv pom (saib "Kev Tawm Tsam" kem hauv Table 1). Cov xwm txheej tuag thiab kev ua phem ua phem los ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog hauv kev teeb tsa txawv teb chaws, suav nrog kev tsim txom thiab tua neeg, feem ntau tsis muaj kev ncaj ncees hauv zos lossis kev lav phib xaub, kuj ua rau muaj kev nkag siab tsis txaus ntseeg thiab ua rau lub koob npe nrov ntawm Tebchaws Meskas.
Sau cov hauv paus
Lub Pentagon tau ua tsis tiav ntev los muab cov ntaub ntawv txaus rau Congress thiab cov pej xeem los ntsuas cov chaw nyob txawv teb chaws thiab kev xa tub rog - ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm US txoj cai txawv teb chaws. Cov txheej txheem saib xyuas tam sim no tsis txaus rau Congress thiab cov pej xeem siv kev tswj xyuas pej xeem kom raug rau cov tub rog kev teeb tsa thiab kev ua ub no txawv teb chaws. Piv txwv li, thaum plaub tus tub rog tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv Niger xyoo 2017, ntau tus tswvcuab ntawm Congress tau xav tsis thoob thaum paub tias muaj kwv yees li 1,000 tus tub rog nyob hauv lub tebchaws ntawd.14 Lub hauv paus txawv teb chaws nyuaj kaw ib zaug, feem ntau yog vim muaj kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm bureaucratic. 15 Cov thawj coj ua tub rog zoo li yog qhov chaw nyob txawv teb chaws, nws yuav tsum muaj txiaj ntsig. Congress tsis tshua yuam cov tub rog los tshuaj xyuas lossis ua kom pom cov txiaj ntsig kev nyab xeeb hauv tebchaws ntawm cov chaw nyob txawv teb chaws.
Pib txij li xyoo 1976, Congress pib xav kom Pentagon los tsim ib qho kev suav nyiaj txhua xyoo ntawm nws "cov tub rog hauv paus, kev teeb tsa, thiab cov chaw," suav nrog lawv cov naj npawb thiab qhov loj.16 Txog rau Xyoo Nyiaj Txiag 2018, Pentagon tau tsim thiab luam tawm ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm txhua xyoo hauv Raws li US txoj cai.17 Txawm tias thaum nws tsim tsab ntawv ceeb toom no, lub Pentagon muab cov ntaub ntawv tsis tiav lossis tsis raug, ua tsis tiav cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntau qhov kev teeb tsa zoo.18 Piv txwv li, Pentagon tau thov ntev ntev nws tsuas muaj ib lub hauv paus hauv Africa - hauv Djibouti . Tab sis kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias tam sim no muaj nyob ib ncig ntawm 40 kev teeb tsa ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov teb chaws; ib tug tub rog tub ceev xwm lees paub 46 kev teeb tsa hauv 2017.19
Nws yog qhov ua tau tias Pentagon tsis paub tus naj npawb tseeb ntawm kev teeb tsa txawv teb chaws. Qhia, tsis ntev los no US Army-nyiaj kawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm Asmeskas cov hauv paus tau tso siab rau David Vine's 2015 cov npe ntawm cov hauv paus, tsis yog Pentagon cov npe.20
Cov lus luv luv no yog ib feem ntawm kev siv zog los ua kom pom tseeb thiab ua kom muaj kev saib xyuas zoo dua ntawm Pentagon cov dej num thiab kev siv nyiaj, pab txhawb rau kev siv zog tseem ceeb los tshem tawm cov kev siv nyiaj tub rog tsis zoo thiab cuam tshuam qhov tsis zoo sab nraud ntawm Asmeskas cov chaw nyob txawv teb chaws. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov hauv paus thiab qhov zais cia thiab tsis muaj pob tshab ntawm lub hauv paus network ua kom tiav cov npe ua tsis tau; Lub Pentagon tsis ntev los no tsis tau tso tawm Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Tus Qauv Ua Haujlwm ua rau cov npe tseeb txawm tias nyuaj dua li xyoo dhau los. Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, peb cov txheej txheem cia siab rau 2018 Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Cov Qauv Txheej Txheem thiab txhim khu kev qha thawj thiab theem nrab; cov no tau muab tso ua ke hauv David Vine's 2021 cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa ntawm "US Military Bases Abroad, 1776-2021."
"base" yog dab tsi?
Thawj kauj ruam hauv kev tsim cov npe ntawm cov hauv paus nyob txawv teb chaws yog txhais qhov twg ua "hauv paus." Cov lus txhais yog qhov kawg ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab feem ntau yog kev nom kev tswv. Feem ntau lub Pentagon thiab US tsoom fwv, nrog rau cov tswv teb chaws, nrhiav kev qhia txog lub hauv paus hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas yog "tsis yog US lub hauv paus" kom tsis txhob muaj kev nkag siab tias Tebchaws Meskas tau ua txhaum rau lub teb chaws tus tswv tswj hwm (uas, qhov tseeb, nws yog) . Txhawm rau zam cov kev sib cav no kom ntau li ntau tau, peb siv Pentagon's Fiscal Year 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) thiab nws lo lus "pem hauv paus" yog qhov pib rau peb cov npe. Kev siv lo lus no txhais tau hais tias qee qhov kev teeb tsa feem ntau hu ua ib lub hauv paus, xws li Aviano Air Base hauv ltalis, muaj ntau lub hauv paus chaw - hauv Aviano cov ntaub ntawv, tsawg kawg yim. Kev suav txhua qhov chaw hauv paus ua rau kev nkag siab vim tias cov chaw uas muaj tib lub npe feem ntau nyob hauv thaj chaw sib txawv. Piv txwv li, Aviano lub yim qhov chaw nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog Aviano. Feem ntau, ib yam nkaus, txhua qhov chaw hauv paus qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg tswj hwm kev tsim nyog ntawm cov nyiaj them se. Qhov no piav qhia vim li cas qee lub npe lossis cov chaw nyob tshwm sim ob peb zaug ntawm cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txuas hauv Cov Ntawv Ntxiv.
Lub hauv paus muaj ntau qhov loj los ntawm lub nroog loj nrog ntau txhiab tus tub rog thiab cov neeg hauv tsev neeg mus rau me me radar thiab kev soj ntsuam kev teeb tsa, drone airfields, thiab txawm tias ob peb lub toj ntxas tub rog. Lub Pentagon's BSR hais tias nws tsuas muaj 30 "kev teeb tsa loj" txawv teb chaws. Qee tus yuav hais tias peb suav ntawm 750 lub hauv paus chaw nyob txawv teb chaws yog li qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm US txawv teb chaws infrastructure. Txawm li cas los xij, BSR cov ntawv sau zoo qhia tau hais tias Pentagon txhais "me" raws li tau tshaj tawm tus nqi txog li $ 1.015 billion.21 Ntxiv mus, qhov kev suav nrog txawm tias qhov chaw me tshaj plaws offsets kev teeb tsa tsis suav nrog peb cov npe vim muaj kev zais cia nyob ib puag ncig ntau lub hauv paus. txawv teb chaws. Yog li, peb piav qhia peb tag nrho ntawm "kwv yees li 750" raws li qhov kwv yees zoo tshaj plaws.
Peb suav nrog cov hauv paus hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas cov cheeb tsam (cov cheeb tsam) hauv suav cov hauv paus nyob txawv teb chaws vim tias cov chaw no tsis muaj kev ywj pheej tag nrho hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Lub Pentagon kuj tau faib cov chaw no ua "ntseeg txawv teb chaws." (Washington, DC tsis muaj tag nrho cov cai ywj pheej, tab sis vim tias nws yog lub teb chaws lub peev, peb xav txog Washington hauv paus hauv tebchaws.)
Nco tseg: Daim duab qhia xyoo 2020 no piav txog kwv yees li 800 Asmeskas lub hauv paus thoob ntiaj teb. Vim muaj kev kaw tsis ntev los no, suav nrog hauv Afghanistan, peb tau suav rov qab thiab kho peb qhov kwv yees qis qis rau 750 rau qhov luv luv no.
Kaw cov hauv paus
Kaw lub hauv paus txawv teb chaws yog kev nom kev tswv yooj yim piv rau kev kaw hauv tsev. Tsis zoo li cov txheej txheem rov qab los thiab kaw rau cov chaw hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Congress tsis tas yuav koom nrog kev kaw txawv teb chaws. Thawj Tswj Hwm George HW Bush, Bill Clinton, thiab George W. Bush tau kaw ntau pua lub hauv paus tsis tsim nyog hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Asia hauv 1990s thiab 2000s. Trump cov thawj coj kaw qee lub hauv paus hauv Afghanistan, Iraq, thiab Syria. Thawj Tswj Hwm Biden tau pib zoo los ntawm kev tshem US cov tub rog los ntawm cov hauv paus hauv Afghanistan. Peb qhov kev kwv yees yav dhau los, tsis ntev los no xyoo 2020, yog tias Tebchaws Meskas tau tuav 800 lub hauv paus txawv teb chaws (saib Daim Ntawv Qhia 1). Raws li kev kaw tsis ntev los no, peb tau suav rov qab thiab kho dua qis dua rau 750.
Thawj Tswj Hwm Biden tau tshaj tawm qhov txuas ntxiv "Kev Tshawb Fawb Ntiaj Teb" thiab cog lus rau nws txoj kev tswj hwm kom ntseeg tau tias kev xa cov tub rog Asmeskas cov tub rog thoob ntiaj teb "ua raws li peb txoj cai txawv teb chaws thiab kev ruaj ntseg hauv tebchaws." 22 Yog li, Biden cov thawj coj muaj keeb kwm. lub sijhawm los kaw ntau pua lub chaw tub rog ntxiv uas tsis tsim nyog nyob txawv teb chaws thiab txhim kho kev nyab xeeb hauv tebchaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb hauv cov txheej txheem. Hauv kev sib piv rau yav dhau los Thawj Tswj Hwm Donald Trump qhov kev tshem tawm sai sai ntawm lub hauv paus thiab cov tub rog los ntawm Syria thiab nws txoj kev sim rau txim rau lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov chaw nyob ntawd, Thawj Tswj Hwm Biden tuaj yeem kaw cov hauv paus kom zoo thiab muaj lub luag haujlwm, rov ua kom cov phooj ywg thaum txuag nyiaj ntau ntawm cov neeg them se.
Rau qhov laj thawj parochial ib leeg, cov tswvcuab ntawm Congress yuav tsum txhawb nqa kev kaw haujlwm txawv teb chaws kom rov qab ntau txhiab tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab tsev neeg - thiab lawv cov nyiaj them poob haujlwm - rau lawv cov cheeb tsam thiab xeev. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj qhov muaj peev xwm rov qab los pab tub rog thiab tsev neeg ntawm cov hauv paus hauv tsev.23
Biden cov thawj coj yuav tsum ua raws li cov kev xav tau loj hlob thoob plaws qhov kev nom kev tswv kom kaw cov chaw txawv teb chaws thiab ua raws li lub tswv yim ntawm kev nqis tes ua tub rog Asmeskas nyob txawv teb chaws, nqa cov tub rog los tsev, thiab txhim kho lub teb chaws txoj kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev sib koom tes.
Lus Qhia Ntxiv
| Table 1. Lub teb chaws nrog Asmeskas Tub Rog Base (cov ntaub ntawv tag nrho no) | ||||||
| Lub Npe Lub Tebchaws | Tag nrho # ntawm Base Sites | Hom nom tswv | Cov neeg ua haujlwm Est. | Kev Tsim Kho Tub Rog (FY2000-19) | Tawm tsam | Kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig tseem ceeb |
| AMERICAN SAMOA | 1 | Tebchaws Meskas | 309 | $ 19.5 lab | Tsis yog | Yog |
| ARUBA | 1 | Dutch colony | 225 | $ 27.1 lab24 | Yog | Tsis yog |
| ASCENSION Island | 1 | Tebchaws Askiv | 800 | $ 2.2 lab | Tsis yog | Yog |
| AUSTRALIA | 7 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 1,736 | $ 116 lab | Yog | Yog |
| BAHAMAS, THE | 6 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 56 | $ 31.1 lab | Tsis yog | Yog |
| BAHRAIN | 12 | Authoritarian | 4,603 | $ 732.3 lab | Tsis yog | Yog |
| BELGIUM | 11 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 1,869 | $ 430.1 lab | Yog | Yog |
| Botswana | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 16 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| BULGARIA | 4 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 2,500 | $ 80.2 lab | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| Burkina Faso | 1 | Authoritarian | 16 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| CAMBODIA | 1 | Authoritarian | 15 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| CAMEROON | 2 | Authoritarian | 10 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| Canada | 3 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 161 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Yog |
| Chad | 1 | Authoritarian | 20 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| Chile | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 35 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| COLOMBIA | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 84 | $ 43 lab | Yog | Tsis yog |
| Costa Rica | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 16 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| Teb chaws Cuba | 1 | Authoritarian25 | 1,004 | $ 538 lab | Yog | Yog |
| CURAÇAO | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej26 | 225 | $ 27.1 lab | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| KOOM TSEV | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 10 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| DIEGO GARCIA UA | 2 | Tebchaws Askiv | 3,000 | $ 210.4 lab | Yog | Yog |
| Djibouti | 2 | Authoritarian | 126 | $ 480.5 lab | Tsis yog | Yog |
| Tim lyiv teb chaws | 1 | Authoritarian | 259 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| EL SALVADOR | 1 | Hybrid regime | 70 | $ 22.7 lab | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| ESTONIA | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 17 | $ 60.8 lab | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| Gabon | 1 | Authoritarian | 10 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| Georgia | 1 | Hybrid regime | 29 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| LUB TEB CHAWS YELEMEES | 119 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 46,562 | $ 5.8 billion | Yog | Yog |
| GHANA | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 19 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| TIM NKIJ TEB CHAWS | 8 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 446 | $ 179.1 lab | Yog | Yog |
| GREENLAND | 1 | Danish colony | 147 | $ 168.9 lab | Yog | Yog |
| HAIS | 54 | Tebchaws Meskas | 11,295 | $ 2 billion | Yog | Yog |
| Honduras | 2 | Hybrid regime | 371 | $ 39.1 lab | Yog | Yog |
| Hungary | 2 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 82 | $ 55.4 lab | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| Iceland | 2 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 3 | $ 51.5 lab | Yog | Tsis yog |
| IRAQ | 6 | Authoritarian | 2,500 | $ 895.4 lab | Yog | Yog |
| IRELAND | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 8 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| IXAYEES | 6 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 127 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| LTALIS | 44 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 14,756 | $ 1.7 billion | Yog | Yog |
| Nyiv | 119 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 63,690 | $ 2.1 billion | Yog | Yog |
| JOHNSTON ATOLL | 1 | Tebchaws Meskas | 0 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Yog |
| KOJ | 2 | Authoritarian | 211 | $ 255 lab | Yog | Tsis yog |
| Kenya | 3 | Hybrid regime | 59 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| KOREA, REPUBLIC OF | 76 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 28,503 | $ 2.3 billion | Yog | Yog |
| KOSOVO | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej * | 18 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Yog |
| Kuwait | 10 | Authoritarian | 2,054 | $ 156 lab | Yog | Yog |
| LATVIA | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 14 | $ 14.6 lab | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| LUXEMBOURG | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 21 | $ 67.4 lab | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| MALI | 1 | Authoritarian | 20 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| MARSHALL ISLANDS | 12 | Kev ywj pheej puv * | 96 | $ 230.3 lab | Yog | Yog |
| NETHERLANDS | 6 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 641 | $ 11.4 lab | Yog | Yog |
| Niger | 8 | Authoritarian | 21 | $ 50 lab | Yog | Tsis yog |
| N. MARIANA ISLANDS | 5 | Tebchaws Meskas | 45 | $ 2.1 billion | Yog | Yog |
| Norway | 7 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 167 | $ 24.1 lab | Yog | Tsis yog |
| Oman | 6 | Authoritarian | 25 | $ 39.2 lab | Tsis yog | Yog |
| PALAU, REPUBLIC OF | 3 | Kev ywj pheej puv * | 12 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| PANAMA | 11 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 35 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| PERU | 2 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 51 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| PHILIPPINES | 8 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 155 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| POLAND | 4 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 226 | $ 395.4 lab | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| Portugal | 21 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 256 | $ 87.2 lab | Tsis yog | Yog |
| PUERTO RICO | 34 | Tebchaws Meskas | 13,571 | $ 788.8 lab | Yog | Yog |
| Qatar | 3 | Authoritarian | 501 | $ 559.5 lab | Tsis yog | Yog |
| ROMANIA | 6 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 165 | $ 363.7 lab | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| Saudi Arabia | 11 | Authoritarian | 693 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Yog |
| Senegal | 1 | Hybrid regime | 15 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| SINGAPORE | 2 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 374 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| SLOVAKIA | 2 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 12 | $ 118.7 lab | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| SOMALIA | 5 | Hybrid tswj * | 71 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| SPAIN | 4 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 3,353 | $ 292.2 lab | Tsis yog | Yog |
| Suriname | 2 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 2 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| Syria | 4 | Authoritarian | 900 | TSIS TAU | Yog | Tsis yog |
| Thaib teb | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 115 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| Tunisia | 1 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 26 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| QAIB NTXHW | 13 | Hybrid regime | 1,758 | $ 63.8 lab | Yog | Yog |
| Uganda | 1 | Hybrid regime | 14 | TSIS TAU | Tsis yog | Tsis yog |
| Teb chaws As Emirates | 3 | Authoritarian | 215 | $ 35.4 lab | Tsis yog | Yog |
| UNITED NCEEG VAJ | 25 | Kev cai ywj pheej | 10,770 | $ 1.9 billion | Yog | Yog |
| VIRGIN ISLANDS, USA | 6 | Tebchaws Meskas | 787 | $ 72.3 lab | Tsis yog | Yog |
| WAKE Island | 1 | Tebchaws Meskas | 5 | $ 70.1 lab | Tsis yog | Yog |
Cov lus ceeb toom ntawm Table 1
Cov chaw hauv paus: Pentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report txhais lub hauv paus "qhov chaw" raws li ib qho "qhov chaw tshwj xeeb uas muaj cov av ib leeg lossis cov chaw muab rau nws […] Cov khoom siv sawv cev rau Tebchaws Meskas. "27
Hom nom tswv: Lub teb chaws tsoom fwv hom tau txhais tias yog "kev ywj pheej tag nrho," "kev cai ywj pheej tsis zoo," "kev tswj hwm kev sib raug zoo," lossis "kev tswj hwm." Cov no tau muab tso ua ke los ntawm Economist Intelligence Unit's 2020 "Democracy Index" tshwj tsis yog muaj lwm yam qhia nrog lub hnub qub (citations uas tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv tag nrho).
Tub Rog Kev Tsim Kho Nyiaj Txiag: Cov nuj nqis no yuav tsum suav tias yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus. Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyiaj txiag Pentagon xa mus rau Congress rau kev tsim tub rog. Tag nrho tsis suav nrog cov nyiaj pab ntxiv hauv kev ua tsov ua rog ("kev ua haujlwm txawv teb chaws") cov peev nyiaj, cov peev nyiaj tau faib, thiab lwm cov peev txheej uas, qee zaum, tsis tau nthuav tawm rau Congress (xws li, thaum tub rog siv nyiaj tsim nyog rau ib lub hom phiaj rau kev tsim tub rog. ).28 Cov feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim tub rog nyiaj txiag txhua xyoo mus rau "qhov chaw tsis tau teev tseg," ua rau nws nyuaj dua kom paub tias tsoomfwv Meskas tau nqis peev ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov tub rog nyob txawv teb chaws.
Cov neeg ua haujlwm kwv yees: Cov kev kwv yees no suav nrog cov tub rog ua haujlwm, cov neeg saib xyuas lub tebchaws thiab cov tub rog tshwj xeeb, thiab Pentagon cov pej xeem. Kev kwv yees tau txais los ntawm Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Cov Neeg Muaj Peev Xwm Cov Ntaub Ntawv (hloov kho lub Peb Hlis 31, 2021; thiab Lub Rau Hli 30, 2021 rau Australia), tshwj tsis yog muaj lwm yam sau tseg nrog lub hnub qub (cov ntaub ntawv uas tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv tag nrho). Cov neeg nyeem yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov tub rog feem ntau muab cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug rau cov neeg ua haujlwm kom zais qhov xwm txheej thiab qhov loj ntawm kev xa mus.
Kev kwv yees av (muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia tag nrho): Cov no muab los ntawm Pentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) thiab tau teev nyob rau hauv daim av. BSR muab kev kwv yees tsis tiav thiab cov chaw hauv paus tsis suav nrog raug cim "tsis qhia tawm."
Kev tawm tsam tsis ntev los no / tsis tu ncua: Qhov no yog hais txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam loj, tsis yog los ntawm lub xeev, tib neeg, lossis lub koom haum. Tsuas yog kev tawm tsam ncaj qha tawm tsam Asmeskas cov tub rog hauv paus lossis Asmeskas cov tub rog nyob hauv feem ntau yog cim "yog." Txhua lub teb chaws uas cim "yog" yog pov thawj thiab txhawb nqa los ntawm ob qhov kev tshaj tawm xov xwm txij li xyoo 2018. Cov teb chaws uas tsis muaj kev tawm tsam tsis ntev los no los yog tsis tu ncua tau raug pom tias "tsis muaj."
Ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj tseem ceeb: Cov pawg no hais txog huab cua phem, av paug, dej paug, muaj kuab paug suab nrov, thiab/los yog cov tsiaj los yog tsiaj txhu muaj kev phom sij khi rau ntawm lub hauv paus tub rog Asmeskas. Cov tub rog hauv paus yog, tsis tshua muaj kev zam, kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig muab lawv qhov chaw cia thiab tsis tu ncua ntawm cov khoom siv phom sij, tshuaj lom neeg, riam phom txaus ntshai, thiab lwm yam khoom txaus ntshai.29 Cov hauv paus loj yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj tshwj xeeb; Yog li, peb xav tias ib qho loj hauv paus tau ua rau qee qhov kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig. Ib qhov chaw cim "tsis yog" tsis txhais hais tias lub hauv paus tau ua rau tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig tab sis tsis muaj ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem pom lossis qhov kev puas tsuaj yog xav tias muaj tsawg.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Cov pab pawg thiab cov tib neeg hauv qab no, uas yog ib feem ntawm Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition, tau pab hauv lub tswv yim, kev tshawb fawb, thiab kev sau ntawv thiab rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm no: Kev Sib Tw rau Kev Thaj Yeeb, Kev Sib Tw thiab Kev Ruaj Ntseg; Codepink; Pawg Sab Laj rau Lub Ntiaj Teb Livable; Foreign Policy Alliance; Lub koom haum rau Txoj Cai Kev Kawm/Txoj Cai Txawv Tebchaws hauv Kev Pom Zoo; Andrew Bacevich; Medea Benjamin; John Feffer; Sam Fraser; Joseph Gerson; Barry Klein; Jessica Rosenblum; Lora Lumpe; Catherine Lutz; David Swanson; John Tierney; Allan Vogel; thiab Lawrence Wilkerson.
Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition (OBRACC) yog ib pab pawg tub rog kws tshuaj ntsuam, kws tshawb fawb, cov neeg tawm tswv yim, thiab lwm cov kws tshaj lij tub rog los ntawm thoob plaws cov kev nom kev tswv uas txhawb kaw US tub rog nyob txawv teb chaws. Yog xav paub ntxiv, mus saib www.overseasbases.net.
David Vine yog xibfwb ntawm Anthropology ntawm American University hauv Washington, DC. David yog tus sau peb phau ntawv hais txog cov tub rog hauv paus thiab kev ua tsov ua rog, suav nrog cov uas tau tso tawm tshiab Lub Tebchaws Asmeskas Kev Ua Tsov Rog: Ntiaj Teb Ntiaj Teb Keeb Kwm ntawm Asmeskas Kev Sib Tw Tsis Muaj Kawg, los ntawm Columbus mus rau Islamic State (University of California Press, 2020), uas yog qhov kawg. rau 2020 LA Times Book Prize rau Keeb Kwm. David cov phau ntawv ua ntej yog Base Nation: Yuav Ua Li Cas Teb Chaws Asmeskas Military Bases Txawv Teb Chaws Asmeskas thiab Lub Ntiaj Teb (Lub Nroog Phau Ntawv / Henry Holt, 2015) thiab Island of Shame: Cov Keeb Kwm Me Nyuam ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas Tub Rog ntawm Diego Garcia (Princeton University Press, 2009). David yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition.
Patterson Deppen yog tus tshawb nrhiav rau World BEYOND War, qhov uas nws tau sau tsab ntawv ceeb toom no tag nrho cov npe ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog nyob txawv teb chaws. Nws ua haujlwm ntawm pawg thawj coj saib xyuas ntawm E-International Relations qhov twg nws yog tus kws tshaj lij rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv sau ntawv. Nws cov ntawv sau tau tshwm sim hauv E-International Relations, Tom Dispatch, thiab The Progressive. Nws tsab xov xwm tsis ntev los no nyob rau hauv TomDispatch, "America as a Base Nation Revisited," muab saib ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog nyob txawv teb chaws thiab lawv lub ntiaj teb huab tais nyob niaj hnub no. Nws tau txais nws tus masters hauv kev txhim kho thiab kev ruaj ntseg los ntawm University of Bristol. Nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition.
Leah Bolger so haujlwm xyoo 2000 los ntawm US Navy ntawm qib Commander tom qab 20 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm pabcuam. Nws tau raug xaiv los ua thawj tus poj niam Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Veterans For Peace (VFP) hauv 2012, thiab hauv 2013 nws tau raug xaiv los nthuav qhia Ava Helen thiab Linus Pauling Memorial Peace Lecture ntawm Oregon State University. Nws ua tus Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm World BEYOND War, ib lub koom haum thoob ntiaj teb mob siab rau kev tshem tawm ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog. Leah yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition.
World BEYOND War yog lub ntiaj teb kev tawm tsam kom tsis txhob muaj tsov rog thiab tsim kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. World BEYOND War tau tsim rau thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1st, 2014, thaum co-founders David Hartsough thiab David Swanson tau teeb tsa los tsim lub ntiaj teb kev txav mus los tshem tawm lub koom haum ntawm kev ua tsov rog nws tus kheej, tsis yog "kev ua tsov rog ntawm hnub." Yog tias kev ua tsov ua rog puas tau raug tshem tawm, ces nws yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ntawm lub rooj ua qhov kev xaiv siv tau. Ib yam li tsis muaj qhov "zoo" lossis kev ua qhev tsim nyog, tsis muaj qhov "zoo" lossis kev ua tsov rog tsim nyog. Ob lub koom haum yog kev ntxub ntxaug thiab yeej tsis lees txais, txawm li cas los xij. Yog li, yog tias peb tsis tuaj yeem siv kev ua tsov rog los daws kev tsis sib haum xeeb thoob ntiaj teb, peb yuav ua li cas? Nrhiav txoj hauv kev hloov mus rau lub ntiaj teb kev ruaj ntseg system uas tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev cai lij choj thoob ntiaj teb, kev ua nom ua tswv, kev sib koom tes, thiab tib neeg txoj cai, thiab tiv thaiv cov khoom no nrog kev ua phem tsis yog kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua phem, yog lub plawv ntawm WBW. Peb txoj haujlwm suav nrog kev kawm uas cuam tshuam cov dab neeg, xws li "Kev Tsov Rog yog ntuj" lossis "Peb ib txwm muaj kev ua tsov ua rog," thiab qhia tib neeg tsis yog tias tsov rog yuav tsum raug tshem tawm xwb, tab sis kuj hais tias nws muaj peev xwm ua tau. Peb txoj hauj lwm suav nrog txhua yam ntawm kev ua tsis ncaj ncees uas txav lub ntiaj teb mus rau qhov kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog.
Cov ntawv qhia:
1 United States Department of Defense. "Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Tus Txheej Txheem - Xyoo Nyiaj Txiag Xyoo 2018 Lub hauv paus: Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cov Khoom Muag Khoom Tiag Tiag." Lub Chaw Haujlwm Pabcuam Tus Tuav Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv rau Sustainment, 2018.
https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/BSI/BEI_Library.html;see also Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021.” American University Digital Research Archive, 2021.https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.
2 Burns, Robert. "Milley Hais kom 'Relook' ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Nyob Hauv Tebchaws Meskas Nyob Ib puag ncig." Tau qhov twg los: https://apnews.com/article/persian-gulf-tensions-south-korea-united-states-3a2020cbf5949185eac8a2843d27535.
3 "Congressional Budget Justification-Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs, Nyiaj Txiag Xyoo 2022." United States Department of State. 2021. ii.
4 Qhov tsis pub leej twg paub thiab txwv tsis pub pom ib puag ncig Asmeskas cov hauv paus yog tsom los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws cov chaw txawv teb chaws. Cov kev kwv yees yav dhau los tau qhia tias tag nrho lub ntiaj teb cov tub rog muaj nyob ib puag ncig 60-100 txawv teb chaws. Kev tshaj tawm tshiab qhia tias Tebchaws Askiv muaj 145. Saib Miller, Phil. "Tshaj tawm: Cov tub rog UK cov tub rog nyob txawv teb chaws koom nrog 145 qhov chaw hauv 42 lub teb chaws." Declassified UK, Kaum Ib Hlis 20, 2020.
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-24-revealed-the-uk-militarys-overseas-base-network-involves-145-sites-in-42-countries/). As we discuss in our “What Isa Base?” section, the definition of a “base” is also a perennial challenge, making cross-national comparison even more difficult.
5 Saib, eg, Jacobs, Frank. "Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsib Tub Rog Empires." BigThink.com, Lub Xya hli ntuj 10, 2017.
http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires;Sharkov, Damien. “Russia’s Military Compared to the U.S.” Newsweek, June 8, 2018.
http://www.newsweek.com/russias-military-compared-us-which-country-has-more-military-bases-across-954328.
6 Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv “Kev Tshaj Tawm Txog Tus Nqi Tshaj Tawm” (xws li US Department of Defense. “Kev khiav haujlwm thiab
Kev saib xyuas kev saib xyuas, Nyiaj Txiag Xyoo 2021 Kev kwv yees nyiaj txiag. " Nyob rau hauv Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), Lub Ob Hlis 2020. 186–189), xa hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv nyiaj txiag txhua xyoo, muab cov ntaub ntawv luv nqi txog kev teeb tsa hauv qee qhov tab sis tsis yog txhua lub teb chaws uas cov tub rog tswj hwm lub hauv paus. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau tsis tiav thiab feem ntau tsis muaj nyob rau ntau lub tebchaws. Tau ntau tshaj li kaum xyoo, DoD tau tshaj tawm tag nrho cov nqi txhua xyoo ntawm kev teeb tsa txawv teb chaws nyob ib ncig ntawm $ 20 nphom. David Vine muab kev kwv yees ntau ntxiv hauv Base Nation: Yuav Ua Li Cas Teb Chaws Asmeskas Tub Rog Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas thiab Ntiaj Teb. New York. Metropolitan Phau Ntawv, 2015. 195-214. Vine tau siv tib txoj hauv kev los hloov kho qhov kev kwv yees no rau xyoo 2019, tsis suav nrog qee cov nqi kom muaj kev saib xyuas ntau dua txog qhov pheej hmoo ntawm kev suav nqi ob npaug. Peb hloov kho qhov kwv yees li ntawm $ 51.5 nphom rau tam sim no siv Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation Calculator, https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
7 Lostumbo, Michael J, thiab al.Overseas Basing of USMilitary Forces: Ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kwv tij cov nqi thiab cov txiaj ntsim zoo. Santa Monica. RAND Corporation, 2013. xxv.
8 Peb kwv yees cov nqi ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm kev xav, rov ua kom zoo dua, ib tus nqi ntawm $ 115,000 (lwm tus siv $ 125,000) thiab kwv yees li 230,000 tus tub rog thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob txawv teb chaws tam sim no. Peb muab $115,000 rau ib tus neeg kwv yees los ntawm kev kho qhov kwv yees ntawm $ 107,106 rau cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob txawv teb chaws thiab txawv teb chaws (Blakeley, Katherine. "Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog." Center for Strategic and Budgetary Analysis, August 15, 2017, https://csbaonline.org/ ceeb toom/ tub rog-neeg ua hauj lwm), muab $10,000–$40,000 rau ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv cov nqi ntxiv rau cov neeg ua hauj lwm txawv teb chaws (saib Lostumbo.Overseas Basingof US Tub Rog Tub Rog).
9 Kev suav ua tub rog rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm no tau npaj los ntawm Jordan Cheney, American University, siv cov ntaub ntawv nyiaj txiag xyoo Pentagon xa mus rau Congress rau kev tsim tub rog (C-1 cov kev pab cuam). Tag nrho kev siv tub rog siv nyob txawv teb chaws tseem ntau dua vim yog cov nyiaj ntxiv siv hauv kev ua tsov rog ("kev ua haujlwm txawv teb chaws") pob nyiaj siv. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo nyiaj txiag 2004 thiab 2011, ib leeg, kev tsim tub rog hauv Afghanistan, Iraq, thiab lwm thaj chaw ua tsov rog tag nrho $ 9.4 billion (Belasco, Amy. "Tus Nqi ntawm Iraq, Afghanistan, thiab Lwm Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog ntawm Kev Ua Phem Txhaum Cai Txij thaum 9/11." Congressional Kev Tshawb Fawb, Lub Peb Hlis 29, 2011. 33). Siv cov kev siv nyiaj theem no raws li kev qhia ($ 9.4 billion hauv kev siv tub rog siv nyiaj xyoo 2004-2011 sawv cev .85% ntawm cov tub rog tag nrho cov nyiaj siv ua tsov rog rau tib lub sijhawm), peb kwv yees kev siv nyiaj ua tub rog siv nyiaj siv rau xyoo 2001– 2019 kom tag nrho ib ncig ntawm $ 16 nphom tawm ntawm Pentagon qhov $ 1.835 trillion hauv kev siv nyiaj ua tsov rog (McGarry, Brendan W. thiab Emily M. Morgenstern. "Kev Pabcuam Txawv Tebchaws Txawv Tebchaws: Keeb Kwm thiab Txheej Txheem." Congressional Research Service, Cuaj hlis 6, 2019. 2). Peb cov nyiaj tag nrho tsis suav nrog cov nyiaj pab ntxiv hauv cov peev txheej thiab lwm qhov peev txheej uas yog, qee zaum, tsis tau nthuav tawm rau Congress (xws li, thaum cov tub rog siv nyiaj tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho tsis yog tub rog rau kev tsim tub rog). Saib Vine. Base Nation. Tshooj 13, rau kev sib tham txog kev tsim kho tub rog nyiaj txiag.
10 Vine, David.The United States of War: A Global Historyof America's Endless Conflicts, los ntawm Columbus mus rau Islamic State.Oakland. University of California Xovxwm, 2020.248; Glain, Stephen. "Dab tsi Tiag Tiag Osama bin Laden." US News & World Report, Tsib Hlis 3, 2011.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/stephen-glain/2011/05/03/what-actually-motivated-osama-bin-laden;
Bowman, Bradley L. "Tom Qab Iraq." Washington Quarterly, vol. 31, nr. 2. 2008. 85.
11 Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sab Qab Teb Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen. Saib Savell, Stephanie, thiab 5W Infographics. "Daim ntawv qhia no qhia qhov twg hauv ntiaj teb cov tub rog Asmeskas tawm tsam kev ua phem." Smithsonian Magazine, Lub Ib Hlis 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick, thiab Sean D. Naylor. "Qhia tawm: Cov Tub Rog Asmeskas 36 Txoj Haujlwm Kev Ua Haujlwm Hauv Tebchaws Africa." Yahoo Xov Xwm, Plaub Hlis 17, 2019.https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-the-us-militarys-36-codenamed-operations-in-africa-090000841.html.
12 Saib, piv txwv li, Vine.Base Nation. Tshooj 4. Cov neeg nyob hauv Asmeskas Samoa muaj cov chav kawm qis dua ntawm kev ua pej xeem vim lawv tsis yog neeg xam xaj Asmeskas thaum yug los.
13 Vine.Base Nation.138–139.
14 Volcovici, Valerie. "Tebchaws Asmeskas Senators nrhiav cov lus teb ntawm Tebchaws Meskas nyob hauv Niger tom qab Ambush." Reuters, Lub Kaum Hli 22, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-usa-idUSKBN1CR0NG.
15 Ib qho ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tsis tshua muaj Congressional ntawm Asmeskas cov hauv paus thiab cov neeg nyob txawv teb chaws tau qhia tias "ib zaug ib lub hauv paus Asmeskas txawv teb chaws tau tsim, nws yuav siv sij hawm rau nws lub neej …. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yuav dhau los ua qhov qub, tab sis cov haujlwm tshiab tau tsim kho, tsis yog nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kom lub chaw mus, tab sis feem ntau ua kom nws loj tuaj. " Tebchaws Meskas Senate. "United States Security Agreements thiab Cov Lus Cog Tseg Txawv Tebchaws." Lub rooj sib hais ua ntej Senate Subcommittee ntawm United States Security Daim ntawv cog lus thiab cov lus cog tseg txawv teb chaws ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Sib Tham Txawv Tebchaws. Ninety-thawj Congress, Vol. 2, 2017. Kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau lees paub qhov kev tshawb pom no. Piv txwv li, Glaser, John. "Kev rho tawm los ntawm Cov Chaw Nyob txawv teb chaws: Vim li cas Kev Ua Tub Rog Tom Qab Kev Ua Tub Rog yog qhov tsis tsim nyog, tsis tu ncua, thiab txaus ntshai." Txoj Cai Kev Ntsuam Xyuas 816, CATO Institute, Lub Xya Hli 18, 2017; Johnson, Chalmers. Kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman: Militarism, Secrecy, thiab kawg ntawm lub koom pheej. New York. Metropolitan, 2004; Vine. Base Nation.
16 Public Law 94-361, sec. 302.
17 US Code 10, sec. 2721, "Real Property Records." Yav dhau los, saib US Code 10, sec. 115 thiab US Code 10, sec. 138 (c). Nws tsis paub meej yog tias Pentagon tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm hauv txhua xyoo ntawm 1976 thiab 2018, tab sis cov ntawv ceeb toom tuaj yeem nyob online txij li xyoo 1999 thiab zoo li tau muab rau Congress los ntawm feem ntau yog tias tsis yog tag nrho lub sijhawm no.
18 Turse, Nick. "Lub hauv paus, Bases, Txhua qhov chaw ... Tsuas yog hauv Pentagon's Report." TomDispatch.com, Lub Ib Hlis 8, 2019. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_knows_how_many_to_go/#more; Vine.Base Nation.3-5; David Vine. "Cov npe ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas Tub Rog Txawv Tebchaws, 1776-2021."
19 Taus, Nick. "Cov Tub Rog Asmeskas hais tias Nws muaj 'Lub Teeb Hnyav' hauv Africa. Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia txog lub hauv paus loj heev. " Lub Ob Hlis 1, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/us-military-says-it-has-a-light-footprint-in-africa-these-documents-show-a- vast-network-of-bases/; Savell, Stephanie, thiab 5W Infographics.“Daim ntawv qhia no qhia txog qhov twg hauv ntiaj teb cov tub rog Asmeskas tawm tsam kev ua phem.” Smithsonian Magazine, Lub Ib Hlis 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Taus, Nick. "America's War-Fighting Footprint in Africa Secret US Tub Rog Cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm ib pawg neeg Asmeskas tub rog nyob thoob plaws teb chaws." TomDispatch.com, Plaub Hlis 27, 2017. https://tomdispatch.com/nick-turse-the-us-military-moves-deeper-into-africa/
20 O'Mahony, Angela, Miranda Priebe, Bryan Frederick, Jennifer Kavanagh, Matthew Lane, Trevor Johnston, Thomas S. Szayna, Jakub P. Hlávka, Stephen Watts, thiab Matthew Povlock. "Tebchaws Asmeskas Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Teeb Meem ntawm Kev Tsis Pom Zoo." RAND Corporation. Santa Monica, 2018.
21 United States Department of Defense. "Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Cov Qauv - Xyoo Nyiaj Txiag 2018." 18.
22 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. “Cov lus hais los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Biden hais txog America qhov chaw nyob hauv ntiaj teb.” Lub Ob Hlis 4, 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/.
23 "Department of Defense Infrastructure Capacity." United States Department of Defense. Lub kaum hli ntuj 2017,
https://fas.org/man/eprint/infrastructure.pdf.
24 Cov nyiaj rau kev tsim kho hauv Aruba thiab Curaçao tau ua ke hauv Pentagon nyiaj txiag. Peb faib tag nrho thiab
faib ib nrab rau txhua qhov chaw.
25 Peb siv Economist Intelligence Unit's categorization of Cuba ua tus thawj coj, txawm hais tias lub hauv paus hauv Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, tuaj yeem raug cais ua ib pawg neeg nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau muab rau Cuban tsoomfwv tsis muaj peev xwm tshem tawm US cov tub rog raws li cov lus cog tseg ntawm US cov thawj coj. raug foob rau Tebchaws Cuba hauv xyoo 1930. Saib Vine.Lub tebchaws United States of War. 23-24 : kuv.
26 Cov nyiaj rau kev tsim kho hauv Aruba thiab Curaçao tau ua ke hauv Pentagon nyiaj txiag. Peb faib tag nrho thiab
faib ib nrab rau txhua qhov chaw.
27 United States Department of Defense.Base StructureReport —Fiscal Year 2018. 4.
28 Saib Vine. Base Nation. Tshooj 13.
29 Yog xav paub ntxiv, saib Vine. Base Nation. Tshooj 7.
