Na David Swanson, Kekemapa 15, 2020
Ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe e pili ana ka moʻomeheu o ke Komohana i ka luku ʻana ma mua o ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, a kamaʻilio e pili ana iā ia me nā ʻōlelo āpau o ke kaua kūʻē i ka ʻenemi, no ka mea ʻo ia ka hana a kēia moʻomeheu i nā mea, a ʻo ka hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i hana maoli ʻia e nā poʻe. ke kaua maoli nei?
ʻAʻole kēia he moʻolelo hūnā hou, akā ʻaʻole au i ʻike nui e pili ana iā ia a hiki i koʻu heluhelu ʻana Ka Mea Huna Nui na Jennet Conant.
He kūlanakauhale awa nani ʻo Bari me kahi hale pule nui kahi i kanu ʻia ai ʻo Santa Claus (Saint Nicholas). Akā ʻo Santa e make ana kahi mamao loa mai ka hōʻike maikaʻi loa mai ka moʻolelo o Bari. Koi ʻo Bari iā mākou e hoʻomanaʻo i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, ua hoʻopukapuka nui ke aupuni US i ka noiʻi ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua kemika. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai ma mua o ke komo ʻana o US i WWII, hāʻawi ʻia iā Britain me ka nui o nā mea kaua kemika.
ʻAʻole i hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea kaua a hoʻohana mua nā Kelemania i kā lākou; a ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻohana. Akā ua holo lākou i ka makaʻu o ka hōʻeleu ʻana i ka heihei mea kaua kemika, o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ke kaua mea kaua kemika, a me ka hana ʻana i ka ʻeha weliweli ma o ka ulia pōpilikia ʻole. Ua kū kēlā mea hope loa, weliweli loa ma Bari, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻeha a me ka make e hiki mai ana i mua o mākou.
I ka neʻe ʻana o ka pūʻali koa US a me Pelekane i ʻItalia, ua lawe mai lākou i kā lākou lako kaua i nā mea kaua. Ma Kēkēmapa 2, 1943, ua piha ke awa o Bari me nā moku, a ua piha kēlā mau moku me nā pono hana o ke kaua, mai nā pono haukapila a hiki i ka mākeke mākeke. ʻIke ʻole i ka hapa nui o ka poʻe ma Bari, nā makaʻāinana a me nā pūʻali koa, hoʻokahi moku, ka ʻO John Harvey, e paʻa ana i nā pōkā pahū paukū he 2,000 100-lb a me 700 mau hihia o nā pōkā phosporous keʻokeʻo he 100-lb. ʻO nā moku ʻē aʻe i paʻa ka ʻaila. (Kuhi ʻo Conant ma kahi hoʻokahi i kahi hōʻike e pili ana i nā "200,000 100-lb. H [mustard] pōkā pahū" akā ma nā wahi āpau e kākau ai "2,000" e like me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe he nui.)
Ua pōpilikia nā mokulele Kelemania i ke awa. Ua pahū nā moku. Kekahi ʻāpana o ka ʻO John Harvey me he mea lā pahū, hoʻolei ʻia i kekahi o kāna mau pōpō kemika i ka lani, e ua ana i ka ʻakena mākeke i ka wai a me nā moku pili, a ua piholo ka moku. Inā pahū ka moku holoʻokoʻa a pā paha ka makani i kai, hiki i ka pōʻino ke ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka. Ua maikaʻi ʻole.
ʻO ka poʻe i ʻike e pili ana i ka mūkeke mākeke, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻōlelo iki, e manaʻo nui ana i ka hūnā a i ʻole ka hoʻolohe ma mua o nā ola o ka poʻe i hoʻopakele ʻia mai ka wai. ʻO ka poʻe i holoi koke ʻia, no ka mea ua pulu lākou i ka wai, ka aila, a me ka ʻeke mākeke, hoʻomehana ʻia me nā kapa moe a waiho ʻia e mar mar. Ua haʻalele kekahi ma nā moku a ʻaʻole holoi no nā lā. ʻO ka poʻe i ola loa ʻaʻole lākou e makaʻala i ka ʻeke mākeke no nā kenekulia. ʻAʻole ola ka hapa nui. Ua kaumaha ʻē aʻe ka nui he nui. I nā hola a i ʻole nā lā a i ʻole he mau pule a he mau mahina paha i hiki ke kōkua ʻia i ka ʻike o ka pilikia, akā ua waiho ʻia i ko lākou ʻeha a me ka make.
ʻOiai ua lilo i mea hōʻole ʻia ka mea i hōʻili ʻia i loko o kēlā me kēia haukapila kokoke i ʻeha ʻia mai nā mea kaua kemika, ua hoʻāʻo nā luna Pelekane e hōʻino i nā mokulele Kelemania no kahi hoʻouka kaua, no laila e hoʻonui ai i ka makaʻu o ka lele ʻana i kahi kaua kemika. Ua noi aku ke kauka US ʻo Stewart Alexander, ua loaʻa ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, a ua kāpili ʻia ʻo FDR a me Churchill. Ua pane ʻo Churchill ma ke kauoha ʻana i nā mea āpau e wahaheʻe, e hoʻololi ʻia nā moʻolelo olakino āpau, ʻaʻole kahi huaʻōlelo e ʻōlelo ʻia. ʻO ke kumu no ka wahaheʻe a pau, e like me ka maʻa mau, e hōʻalo i ka nānā maikaʻi ʻole. ʻAʻole ia e hūnā i kahi huna mai ke aupuni Kelemania. Ua hoʻouna aku nā Kelemania i kahi mea luʻu a loaʻa kahi ʻāpana o kahi pōkā US. ʻAʻole wale lākou i ʻike i ka mea i hana ʻia, akā ua hoʻoholomua i kā lākou mea kaua kemika i ka pane ʻana, a hoʻolaha pololei i ka mea i hana ʻia ma ka lekiō, e hoʻomāʻewaʻewa ana i nā Allies no ka make ʻana mai kā lākou mea kaua kemika ponoʻī.
ʻAʻole i hoʻokomo nā haʻawina i aʻo ʻia i ka makaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kaua kemika ma nā wahi i pōkā ʻia. Ua hana ʻo Churchill lāua ʻo Roosevelt i kēlā mea ma ʻEnelani.
ʻAʻole hoʻokomo nā haʻawina i aʻo ʻia i ka makaʻi o ka hūnā a me ka wahaheʻe. Ua wahaheʻe ʻike ʻo Eisenhower i kāna Memoir 1948 ʻaʻohe mea make ma Bari. Ua wahaheʻe ʻo Churchill i kāna hoʻomanaʻo i ka 1951 no ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi ulia pōpilikia.
ʻAʻole pili nā haʻawina i aʻo ʻia i ka makaʻu o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā moku me nā mea kaua a hoʻopaʻa ʻia iā lākou i ke awa o Bari. Ma ʻApelila 9, 1945, kekahi moku US, ka Charles Henderson, pahū ʻia i ka wā e lawe ʻia ana kāna mau pōkā o nā pōkā a me nā lako kaua, a ua luku ʻia he 56 o nā luina a 317 poʻe hana pae.
ʻAʻole pili nā haʻawina i aʻo ʻia i ka makaʻu o ka make ʻana o ka honua me nā mea kaua. No kekahi mau makahiki ʻelua, ma hope o WWII, aia he mau hanana he nui i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka lāʻau make makeke, ma hope o nā ʻupena lawaiʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā pōkā mai ka pohō. ʻO John Harvey. A laila, i ka 1947, ua hoʻomaka kahi hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻehiku mau makahiki i hoʻihoʻi ʻia, i nā huaʻōlelo a Conant, "ma kahi o ʻelua mau kaukani mau ʻeke gas mustard. . . . Ua lawe akahele ʻia lākou i kahi moku, a huki ʻia i waho i ke kai a piholo ʻia. . . . I kekahi manawa, puka aʻe kahi pūkana hele hewa mai loko mai o ka lepo a hōʻeha i nā ʻeha. ”
ʻĀ, maikaʻi, ʻoiai ke loaʻa ka hapanui o lākou a ua hana ʻia me ke akahele. Noho ka pilikia liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole paʻa ka honua, pili ke ola i ke kai kahi i huki ʻia ai kēia mau mea kaua kemika, a i loko o kahi o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui, ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ke waiho nei ka pilikia ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā mea kaua kemika ma mua o nā hakahaka i loaʻa iā lākou. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia e kahi polofesa ʻItalia “he pōkā manawa ma ka lalo o ke awa ʻo Bari” i kēia manawa he pōkā manawa i ka lalo o ke awa o ka honua.
ʻO ka hana iki ma Bari ma 1943, ma nā ʻano like a like ʻole a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka mea ma 1941 ma Pearl Harbor, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pono o nā huaʻōlelo hoʻolaha (ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻolauleʻa iā Bari Day ʻelima mau lā ma mua o ka lā Pearl Harbor), ka hapa nui paha o kona luku ʻia mau nō naʻe i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻO nā haʻawina i aʻo ʻia e komo pū kekahi mea nui, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi ala hou i ka "hakakā" ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Ua ʻike koke ke kauka pūʻali koa US i noiʻi iā Bari, Stewart Alexander, ʻo ka loiloi loa ʻia e nā mea i hōʻino ʻia ʻo Bari ka mea i kāohi i ka maʻa koko koko keʻokeʻo, a haʻohaʻo nei i ka mea e hiki ai i kēia ke hana no ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, kahi maʻi e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka cell ma waho o ka mana.
ʻAʻole pono ʻo Alexander iā Bari no kēlā ʻike, no kekahi mau kumu. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hele ʻo ia ma ke ala i ka loaʻa like i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua kemika ma Edgewood Arsenal i 1942 akā ua kauoha ʻia e nānā ʻole i nā hana olakino hiki ke nānā pono i nā hanana mea kaua. ʻO ka lua, ua loaʻa nā ʻike like i ka manawa o ke Kaua Honua Honua, me Edward a me Helen Krumbhaar ma ke Kulanui o Pennsylvania - ʻaʻole 75 mile mai Edgewood. ʻO ke kolu, ʻo nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe, e like me Milton Charles Winternitz, Louis S. Goodman, a me Alfred Gilman Sr., ma Yale, ke hoʻomohala nei i nā manaʻo like i ka wā WWII akā ʻaʻole kaʻana like i ka mea a lākou i hana ai ma muli o ka hūnā koa koa.
ʻAʻole pono paha ʻo Bari e hoʻōla i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, akā ua kumu ia i ka maʻi ʻaʻai. ʻO nā limahana pūʻali koa US a me Pelekania, a me nā kamaʻāina Italia hoʻi, ma kekahi mau hihia ʻaʻole lākou i aʻo a aʻo ʻia i mau makahiki he nui i hala ke kumu o ko lākou mau maʻi, a ʻo kēlā mau maʻi pū kekahi me ka maʻi ʻaʻai.
I ke kakahiaka ma hope o ka waiho ʻana o ka pōkā nukelea ma Hiroshima, ua mālama ʻia kahi ʻaha kūkā nūhou ma ka piko o ka General Motors hale ma Manhattan e hoʻolaha i ke kaua ma ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Mai ka hoʻomaka, ʻo ka ʻōlelo o ke kaua. Ua mālama ʻia ka pōkā nuklele ma ke ʻano he laʻana o nā mea kupaianaha hanohano i hiki i ka ʻepekema a me ke kālā nui ke hoʻohui e hana. ʻO ke ola no ka maʻi ʻaʻai ka mea kupaianaha e hiki mai ana ma nā laina like. ʻO ka luku ʻana i ka poʻe Kepanī a me ka luku ʻana i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai nā mea kū like. ʻOiai, ʻo nā pōkā ma Hiroshima a me Nagasaki, e like me Bari, ka hopena o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi ʻaʻai he nui loa, e like me ka hana ʻana o nā mea kaua o ke kaua i ka nui o nā makahiki he nui i hala, me nā mea i loaʻa i nā wahi e like me nā wahi o ʻIraka. ke kaumaha nei i nā helu kanesa ʻoi aku ma mua o Hiroshima.
ʻO ka moʻolelo o nā makahiki he 1948 o ke kaua e pili ana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i hōʻike ʻia e Conant kekahi o ka hoʻomau a paʻakikī hoʻi i ka alualu ʻana i nā hopena make ke wānana mau nei i ka lanakila e hiki mai ana, ma ke ʻano o ke kaua ma Vietnam, ke kaua ma Afghanistan, a pēlā aku. I ka XNUMX, ka New York Times ua wehewehe i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaua i ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma ke ʻano he "C-Day Landing." I 1953, i kekahi laʻana o ka nui, ka Hawaii Post kūkala ʻia “kokoke loa ka maʻi ʻaʻai.” Ua haʻi aku nā kauka alakaʻi i ka pāpāho ʻaʻole ia he nīnau inā, akā ināhea, e hoʻōla ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai.
ʻAʻole kēia kaua i ka maʻi ʻaʻai me ka ʻole o nā mea i hoʻokō ʻia. Ua heleleʻi nui nā make no nā ʻano maʻi ʻaʻai like ʻole. Akā ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā hihia o ka maʻi ʻaʻai. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka hoʻohaumia i nā kaiaolaola, ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua, ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka huki ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa "i kai," ʻaʻole loa i loaʻa kahi ʻumeʻume o kahi "kaua," ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu i nā huakaʻi ʻaila ʻākala, ʻaʻole lanakila i ke kālā o nā oligarchs.
ʻAʻole pono pēlā. ʻO ka hapa nui o ke kālā mua no ke kaua ma ka maʻi ʻaʻai i hele mai nā poʻe e hoʻāʻo nei e pepa ma ka hilahila o kā lākou mea kaua e hana ana. Akā hoʻohilahila wale ia o nā hui ʻo US i kūkulu i nā mea kaua no nā Nazis. ʻAʻohe o lākou mea e haʻaheo ai i ka hana like ʻana i nā mea kaua no ke aupuni US. No laila, neʻe aku mai ke kaua ʻaʻole i komo i kā lākou helu.
ʻO kahi mea leʻaleʻa nui o ka noiʻi ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻo Alfred Sloan, nona ka hui, ʻo General Motors, i kūkulu i nā mea kaua no ka Nazis ma o ke kaua, me ka hana pū kekahi. Kaulana ia e kuhikuhi ua kūkulu ʻo GM's Opel i nā ʻāpana no nā mokulele i pōpō iā Lādana. Pahu like nā mokulele i nā moku i ke awa o Bari. ʻO ke ala ʻoihana i ka noiʻi, hoʻomohala ʻana, a me ka hana ʻana i kūkulu i kēlā mau mokulele, a me nā huahana a pau a GM, i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa no ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, no laila ke hōʻoia nei iā GM a me kāna hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka honua. Minamina, ʻo ka ʻoihana, extractism, haumia, hoʻohana, a me ka luku i lawe āpau ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka wā WWII a ʻaʻole i hoʻomāmā iki, ua lilo ia i mea kōkua maikaʻi no ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi ʻaʻai.
ʻO kahi mea hōʻiliʻili kālā nui a mea hoʻolaha i ke kaua i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, nāna i hoʻohālikelike maoli i ka maʻi ʻaʻai iā Nazis (a ʻo ka hope) ʻo ia ʻo Cornelius Packard "Dusty" Rhoads. Ua huki ʻo ia i nā hōʻike mai Bari a mai Yale e hana i kahi ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa e alualu i kahi ala hou i ka maʻi ʻaʻai: chemotherapy. ʻO kēia ka Rhoads like i kākau i kahi leka i ka 1932 e kākoʻo ana i ka luku ʻia o Puerto Ricans a haʻi aku iā lākou he "ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka poʻe Italia." Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua pepehi aku iā 8 Puʻuliko Ricans, ua hoʻoneʻe i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i loko o kekahi mau mea hou aku, a ua ʻike ua hauʻoli nā kauka i ka hana ʻino a hoʻomāinoino ʻana i nā poʻe Puerto Rico a lākou i hoʻokolohua ai. ʻO kēia ka mea i ʻoi aku ka hōʻeha o nā nota ʻelua i ʻike ʻia i kahi hoʻokolokolo hou ʻana, akā ua hoʻokumu i kahi hōʻino e hoʻāla hou i kēlā me kēia hanauna a i ʻole. I ka 1949 Ka Wahina Pūnaewele e hoʻokau iā Rhoads i kona uhi ma ke ʻano he "Cancer Fighter." I ka makahiki 1950, ua hoʻohauʻoli ʻia ʻo Puerto Ricans e ka leka a Rhoads, aneane kūleʻa loa i ka pepehi kanaka ʻana iā Pelekikena Harry Truman ma Wakinekona, DC.
He mea pōʻino ʻole ʻo Conant, i loko o kāna puke, ke mālama nei i ka hoʻoleʻaleʻa ʻaʻole makemake ʻo Iapana i ka maluhia a hiki i ka hala ʻana o ka pōpilikia ʻana o Hiroshima, e ʻōlelo ana he pili ka poma me ka hana ʻana i ka maluhia. Minamina ʻole ʻo ia e nīnau i ka ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa o ke kaua. Eia nō naʻe, Ka Mea Huna Nui hāʻawi i kahi waiwai o ka ʻike e hiki ke kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo pehea mākou i hele ai i kahi a mākou - e like me ka poʻe o mākou e noho nei i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i loaʻa wale he $ 740 biliona no ka Pentagon a me $ 0 no ka mālama ʻana i kahi maʻi ahulau hou.
