Na David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Kepakemapa 16, 2020
"E hana wau i kahi hana hoʻokalakupua ma ka heluhelu ʻana i kou manaʻo," haʻi wau i kahi papa o nā haumāna a i ʻole ka hale hālāwai a i ʻole ke kelepona wikiō piha i ka poʻe. Kākau wau i kekahi mea i lalo. "E inoa i kahi kaua i kūpono," ʻōlelo wau. Wahi a kekahi "World War Two." Hōʻike wau iā lākou i kaʻu i kākau ai: “WWII.” Kilokilo![I]
Inā koi aku wau i nā pane hou aʻe, kokoke lākou i nā kaua i ʻoi aku ma mua ma mua o WWII.[Ii] Inā wau e nīnau no ke aha ʻo WWII ka pane, pane mau ʻo "Hitler" a i ʻole "Holocaust" a i ʻole nā huaʻōlelo i kēlā hopena.
ʻO kēia pānaʻi wānana, kahi e hoʻokohukohu ai wau he mau mana hoʻokalakupua, kahi ʻāpana o kahi haʻiʻōlelo a i ʻole kahi papa hana e hoʻomaka pinepine ai wau ma ke noi ʻana i kahi hōʻike o nā lima i ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau ʻelua:
"ʻO wai ka mea e manaʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke kaua?"
a
"ʻO wai ka manaʻo i kekahi mau ʻaoʻao o kekahi mau kaua i kūpono i kekahi manawa, ʻo ke komo ʻana i ke kaua ka mea kūpono i kekahi manawa?"
ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i kēlā nīnau ʻelua ka hapa nui o nā lima.
A laila kamaʻilio mākou no hoʻokahi hola a ʻoi.
A laila nīnau hou wau i nā nīnau like i ka hopena. I kēlā manawa, ʻo ka nīnau mua ("ʻO wai ka manaʻo ʻaʻole kūpono ke kaua?") Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā lima.[Iii]
Inā mau paha kēlā neʻe i ke kūlana e kekahi mau mea komo i ka lā aʻe a i ʻole makahiki a i ʻole ke ola holoʻokoʻa aʻu i ʻike ʻole ai.
Pono wau e hana i kaʻu hana hoʻopunipuni WWII i ka wanaʻao, no ka mea inā ʻaʻole wau, inā lōʻihi wau e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hōʻino ʻana i ka militarism a me ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka maluhia, a laila ua nui nā poʻe i hoʻopilikia iaʻu me nā nīnau e like me "Pehea e pili ana iā Hitler ? ” a i ʻole “Pehea ʻo WWII?” ʻAʻole hiki ke holomua. Kamaʻilio wau e pili ana i ka pono ʻole o ke kaua, a i ʻole ka makemake ʻole e kāpae i ka honua i nā kaua a me nā moʻohelu kālā, a hāpai kekahi i WWII ma ke ʻano he paio kūʻē.
He aha ka hana a WWII me ka hoʻolilo kālā ʻana o ka pūʻali koa? I ka manaʻo o ka hapa nui e hōʻike ana i ka wā i hala a me ka pono no ka hoʻolilo pūʻali koa e uku ai no nā kaua i kūpono a pono e like me WWII.
E kūkā wau i kēia nīnau i loko o kahi puke hou, akā e ʻae iaʻu e kahakiʻi iki i aneʻi. Ma mua o ka hapalua o ka US budget discrutionary budget - ke kālā a ka ʻAhaʻōlelo i hoʻoholo ai i ka mea e hana ai i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ka mea i kāpae ʻole i kekahi mau kālā hoʻolaʻa nui no ka hoʻomaha loa a me ke olakino - hele i ke kaua a me nā hoʻomākaukau kaua.[Iv] Hōʻike nā balota i ka hapa nui o ka poʻe ʻike ʻole i kēia.[V]
ʻOi aku ka lilo o ke aupuni US ma mua o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i ka militarism, e like me ka nui o nā pūʻali koa nui ʻē aʻe i hui pū ʻia[VI] - a ʻo ka hapa nui o kēlā mau mea e kaʻi ʻia e ke aupuni US e kūʻai hou aku i nā mea kaua o US[VII]. ʻOiai ka hapanui o ka poʻe ʻaʻole ʻike i kēia, manaʻo ka hapanui ʻo ka liʻiliʻi e hoʻoneʻe ʻia kekahi kālā mai ka militarism i nā mea e like me ke olakino, ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
I Iulai 2020, ua loaʻa i kahi balota manaʻo lehulehu ka hapa nui o ka poʻe koho balota US no ka neʻe ʻana i 10% o ka waihona kālā o ka Pentagon e koi i nā pono kanaka.[viii] A laila ua koho nā hale ʻelua o ka US Congress i kēlā noi a nā poʻe koʻikoʻi.[IX]
ʻAʻole pono e hoʻopūʻiwa mākou i kēia kū ʻole o ka moho. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ke aupuni o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e kūʻē i nā mana nui a waiwai wale nō no ka mea ʻo ka hapa nui e makemake i kekahi mea i nā hopena balota.[x] He mea maʻamau loa nā luna i koho ʻia e kaena e pili ana i ka nānā ʻole ʻana i nā balota i mea e hahai ai i kā lākou kumumanaʻo.
I mea e hoʻonāukiuki ai i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo e hoʻololi i kāna mea nui budgetary, a i ʻole e hōʻeuʻeu i nā hui ʻoihana nui e haʻi i ka poʻe e pili ana iā lākou, e koi ana i nā mea he nui aʻe ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka pane kūpono i kahi mea koho. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana iā 10% mai ka Pentagon e koi i nā helu he nui o ka poʻe e noi nui ana a kūʻē hoʻi no kahi neʻe nui aku ma mua o kēlā. Pono ka 10% e lilo i kuʻikahi, hoʻolei ʻia kahi iwi i kahi neʻe lehulehu e koi ana iā 30% a i ʻole 60% a ʻoi paha.
Akā aia kahi pahu nui i ke ala e kūkulu ai i kahi neʻe. Ke hoʻomaka ʻoe e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hoʻohuli nui ʻana i nā ʻoihana maluhia, a i ʻole ka hoʻopau nuklea, a i ʻole ka hoʻopau hope loa ʻana o ka pūʻali koa, holo mua ʻoe i kahi kumuhana kupaianaha i pili iki i ka honua āu e noho nei i kēia manawa: WWII.
ʻAʻole ia he kaupaku paʻa ʻole. Aia mau ia ma laila, akā ʻo ka hapanui o nā noʻonoʻo, i koʻu ʻike, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia i kekahi kekelē ma lalo o hoʻokahi hola. Makemake wau e hoʻoneʻe i nā noʻonoʻo hou a e hōʻoia i ka pili o ka ʻike hou. Ma laila kēlā kaʻu puke komo mai, a a papa pūnaewele hou ma muli o ka puke.
Ke waiho nei ka puke hou i ka hihia no ke aha e kuhi hewa ai nā manaʻo kuhihewa e pili ana i ke Kaua Honua II a me kona pilina i kēia lā. I ka manawa ma lalo o 3% o ka lilo ʻana o ka pūʻali koa US i hiki ke hoʻopau i ka wī ma ka honua[xi], ke koho o kahi e hoʻokau ai i nā kumuwaiwai i ke ola a me ka make ma mua o nā kaua āpau[xii], he mea nui ia e loaʻa iā mākou kēia kuleana.
He mea hiki ke koho ʻia i ka hoʻolilo kālā ʻana i ka pūʻali koa i ka pae o 20 mau makahiki i hala[xiii], me ka ʻole o ke kaua mai 75 mau makahiki aku nei i lilo i kumu o ke kamaʻilio. Aia nā mea kūʻē ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me nā hopohopo paha e hāpai ʻia e kekahi ma mua o “Pehea ka WWII?”
Ke hele mai nei kahi Hitler hou? Hoʻohui hou paha kahi mea e like me WWII a hiki paha? ʻAʻole ka pane i kēlā me kēia nīnau. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumu, kōkua paha ia e hoʻomōhala i ka ʻike ʻoi aku o ke ʻano o ke Kaua Honua II, a e nānā pū hoʻi i ka loli o ka honua mai ka WWII.
ʻO koʻu hoihoi i ke Kaua Honua II ʻaʻole i kipaku ʻia e kahi hoihoi me ke kaua a me nā mea kaua a i ʻole ka mōʻaukala. Hoʻokele ʻia e koʻu makemake e kūkākūkā i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa me ka ʻole e lohe e pili ana iā Hitler i nā manawa he nui. Inā ʻaʻole ʻo Hitler he mea weliweli loa, maʻi nō wau a luhi paha i ka lohe e pili ana iā ia.
ʻO kaʻu puke hou he hoʻopaʻapaʻa pono, ʻaʻole kahi hana o ka noiʻi mōʻaukala. ʻAʻole i alualu maikaʻi wau i nā noi o ke Freedom of Information Act, ua ʻike ʻia i nā puke kālele, a i ʻole haki i nā pāʻālua. Kūkākūkā wau i kahi moʻolelo nui loa. ʻAʻole ʻike iki ʻia kekahi o ia. Kūʻē kekahi o ia i nā kuhi hewa kaulana loa - no laila ke loaʻa nei wau i nā leka uila maikaʻi ʻole mai ka poʻe i heluhelu ʻole i ka puke.
Akā ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe o kekahi o ia mea e hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui ʻia ai hoʻopaʻapaʻa paha i waena o nā mea kākau moʻolelo. Ua ʻimi au ʻaʻole e hoʻokomo i kekahi mea me ka ʻole o nā palapala koʻikoʻi, a ma kahi e ʻike nei wau i kahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i nā kikoʻī, ua makaʻala wau e hoʻomaopopo iā ia. ʻAʻole wau i manaʻo ʻo ka hihia kūʻē iā WWII ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻoikaika no ke kākoʻo kālā hou ʻana e koi ai i kekahi mea ma mua o nā mea i hiki iā mākou āpau ke ʻaelike. Ke manaʻo wale nei wau ua alakaʻi akāka kēlā mau ʻoiaʻiʻo i kekahi mau hopena kupaianaha a me nā hopena hoʻonāukiuki paha.
[I] Eia kahi PowerPoint aʻu i hoʻohana ai no kēia hōʻike: https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/endwar.pptx
[Ii] Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i koʻu ʻike, ʻo nā mea hoʻokūkū poʻokela WWII, a ma kahi mamao ʻelua a ʻekolu hoʻi, ʻo ka US Civil War a me ka American Revolution. Ua kūkākūkā ʻo Howard Zinn i kēia mau mea i kāna hōʻike "ʻEkolu Kaua Hemolele," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6i39UdpR1F8 Ua kūlike ʻole koʻu ʻike i ka balota i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 2019 e YouGov, i loaʻa he 66% o ko ʻAmelika poʻe i koho ʻia e ʻōlelo ana ua kūpono loa a kūpono paha ʻo WWII (ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano), hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 62% no ka American Revolution, 54% no ka US Civil War, 52% no WWI, 37% no ke Kaua Kōlea, 36% no ke Kaua Mua Mua, 35% no ke kaua hoʻomau ma Afghanistan, a 22% no ke Kaua Vietnam. E ʻike: Linley Sanders, YouGov, "Ua lanakila ʻo ʻAmelika a me nā mea kōkua iā D-Day. Hiki iā lākou ke hana hou? ” Iune 3, 2019 https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/06/03/american-wars-dday
[Iii] Ua hana wau i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa me kahi polofesa West Point e pili ana inā hiki ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ke kaua, me ke koho balota ʻana o ka poʻe e hoʻoneʻe nui nei i ka manaʻo hiki ke hoʻāpono ʻia ke kaua ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana ma hope. E ʻike https://youtu.be/o88ZnGSRRw0 Ma nā hanana i mālama ʻia e ka hui World BEYOND War, hoʻohana mākou i kēia mau palapala e nānā ai i ka poʻe i kā lākou loli i ka manaʻo: https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/PeacePledge_101118_EventVersion1.pdf
[Iv] ʻO ka papahana makakoho National, "The Militarized Budget 2020," https://www.nationalpriorities.org/analysis/2020/militarized-budget-2020 No ka wehewehe ʻana i ka moʻohelu kālā koho a me nā mea ʻole ma loko, e nānā https://www.nationalpriorities.org/budget-basics/federal-budget-101/spending
[V] Ua nīnau nā koho balota i kekahi manawa he aha ka poʻe i manaʻo ai ʻo ka pūʻali koa pūʻali, a ua holo hewa ka pane maʻamau. Ua loaʻa i kahi balota o Pepeluali 2017 ka hapanui e manaʻoʻiʻo ana i ka hoʻolimalima ʻana o ka pūʻali koa ma mua o ka maoli. E ʻike iā Charles Koch Institute, "Poll Hou: ʻAmelika ʻAmelike Maopopo: Kūlana Kulekele ʻĀina Quo ʻAʻole Hana," Pepeluali 7, 2017, https://www.charleskochinstitute.org/news/americans-clear-foreign-policy-status-quo-not-working Hiki nō ke hoʻohālikelike i nā ana ʻana i hōʻike ʻia ai ka poʻe i ka waihona pekelala a nīnau iā lākou pehea lākou e hoʻololi ai (makemake ka hapa nui i nā hoʻololi kālā nui mai ka pūʻali koa) me nā balota e nīnau wale inā e hōʻemi a hoʻonui ʻia paha ka pūʻali koa (kākoʻo no ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa i lalo). No kahi laʻana o ka mea ma mua, e ʻike iā Ruy Texeira, Center for American Progress, Nowemapa 7, 2007, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2007/11/07/3634/what-the-public-really-wants-on-budget-priorities No kahi laʻana o ka hope, e ʻike iā Frank Newport, Gallup Polling, "Wehe ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika ma ka hoʻolilo ʻana iā Defense," Pepeluali 15, 2011, https://news.gallup.com/poll/146114/americans-remain-divided-defense-spending.aspx
[VI] Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻolilo kālā ʻana o nā pūʻali koa ma ka palapala ʻāina o ka honua ma https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped Mai ka ʻikepili mai ka Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), https://sipri.org ʻO ka lilo ʻana o ka pūʻali koa US ma ka makahiki 2018 he $ 718,689, ka mea e hōʻike akāka ʻole i ka hapa nui o ka lilo ʻana o ka pūʻali koa US, i pāhola ʻia ma nā keʻena a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. No ka hōʻuluʻulu nui aʻe o $ 1.25 trillion i ka hoʻolilo makahiki ʻana, e ʻike iā William Hartung lāua ʻo Mandy Smithberger, ʻO TomDispatch, "ʻO Tomgram: Hartung lāua ʻo Smithberger, kahi huakaʻi Dollar-by-Dollar o ka National Security State," Mei 7, 2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561
[VII] Hōʻike ʻia nā lāhui e lawe mai i nā mea kaua o US ma ka palapala ʻāina o ka honua i https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped Mai ka ʻikepili mai ka Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php
[viii] ʻIkepili No ka Holomua, "ʻAe ka ʻAmelika ʻAmelika: ʻoki i kā Budget Pentagon," Iulai 20, 2020, https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2020/7/20/cut-the-pentagons-budget Na 56% i ka 27% ua koho ka poʻe koho balota US i ka neʻe ʻana o 10% o ka pūʻali koa i nā pono kanaka. Inā haʻi ʻia e hele kekahi o ke kālā i ka Centers for Disease Control, ʻo ka kākoʻo lehulehu he 57% a 25%.
[IX] I ka hale, ke koho balota ma Pocan o Wisconsin Hoʻololi Helu 9, Roll Call 148 ma Iulai 21, 2020, ʻo 93 Yeas, 324 Nays, 13 Not Voting, http://clerk.house.gov/cgi-bin/vote.asp?year=2020&rollnumber=148 I ka Senate, ʻo ka balota ma Sanders Hoʻololi 1788 ma Iulai 22, 2020, ʻo 23 Yeas, 77 Nays, https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&session=2&vote=00135
[x] ʻO Martin Gillens a me Beniamina I. ʻAoʻao, "Nā Manaʻo ʻImi o nā Politika ʻAmelika: ʻElites, Pūʻulu hoihoi, a me nā kamaʻāina awelika," Kepakemapa 2014, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/testing-theories-of-american-politics-elites-interest-groups-and-average-citizens/62327F513959D0A304D4893B382B992B Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ma BBC, "Haʻawina: He Oligarchy ʻo US, ʻaʻole kahi Demokalaka," ʻApelila 17, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-27074746
[xi] I ka 2008, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa he $ 30 biliona i kēlā me kēia makahiki hiki ke hoʻopau i ka pōloli ma ka honua. E ʻike i ka Hui Meaʻai a Mea mahiʻai o Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa, "Pono ka honua i 30 biliona kālā wale nō i kēlā me kēia makahiki e hoʻopau i ka ʻino o ka pōloli," Iune 3, 2008, http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/ 2008/1000853 / index.html Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia i ka New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/04/news/04iht-04food.13446176.html and Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/23/opinion/ed-food23 a me nā puka ʻē aʻe he nui. Ua haʻi mai ka Hui Hoʻolālā Mea Mea Mea Mea Mea Mea Mea Mea Meaʻai a me nā ʻAi Hui Pū ʻIa iaʻu i kēlā helu a hiki i kēia lā. E like me ka 2019, ka waihona kālā Pentagon makahiki, a me ka budget perang, a me nā mea kaua nukle i loko o ka Department of Energy, me ke Keʻena ʻo Homeland Security, a me nā lilo koa ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku ma kahi o $ 1 trillion, ʻoiaʻiʻo $ 1.25 trillion. E ʻike iā William D. Hartung lāua ʻo Mandy Smithberger, ʻO TomDispatch, "Boondoggle, Inc.," Mei 7, 2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561 ʻEkolu pākēneka o kahi triona he 30 biliona. Nā mea hou aʻe e pili ana i kēia ma https://worldbeyondwar.org/explained
[xii] Wahi a UNICEF, 291 miliona mau keiki ma lalo o 15 mau makahiki i make mai nā kumu i hiki ke pale ʻia ma waena o 1990 a me 2018. See https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/starts-with-u/health-for-children
[xiii] Wahi a ka Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), ʻo ka lilo ʻana o ka pūʻali koa US, i nā kālā he mau 2018, he $ 718,690 i ka makahiki 2019 a me $ 449,369 i ka makahiki 1999. E nānā https://sipri.org/databases/milex
