Hāʻule ke Kaua Honua

Nā Koina o ke Kaua

ʻO ka hopena o nā kaua ma Iraq, Afghanistan, a me Pakistan, hiki keʻikeʻia ma nāʻano pili kaiāulu, kūloko a me nāʻoihana politika o kēia mau wahi, akā, ma nā wahi a puni hoʻi i hoʻoiliʻia ai kēia mau kaua. ʻO nā makahiki lōʻihi o ke kaua ua hopena i ka luku nuiʻana o ka uhi o ka nahele a me ka piʻiʻana o ke kalapona kalapona. Eia kekahi, ua kāpiliʻia ka wai wai e kaʻaila mai nā kaʻa kaua mai a me ka uranium i hoʻokuʻuʻia mai nā mea kaua. Me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻiaʻana o nā kumuwaiwai o nā'āina i kēia mau'āina, ua hoʻopilikiaʻia hoʻi ka heluna holoholona a me ka manu. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua kāhea aku nā kauka lapaʻauʻo Iraqi a me nā mea noiʻi olakino no ka noiʻi hou aku e pili ana i ka haumia o ka'eʻeha o ka'āina ma keʻano he mea hiki ke kōkua aku i nā maʻi olakino a me ka nui o nā maʻi a me nā maʻi.

Ka wai a me ka haumia haumia: Ma ka hoʻolālāʻana o ka 1991 ma Iraq, ua hoʻohana ka US i ka mea like 340 tons o nā misiales e loaʻa ana i ka uranium uila (DU). Hiki ke hoʻopailua i ka wai a me ka lepo ma ke koena kino o kēia mau mea kaua, a me benzene a me ke trichlorethylene mai nā hana o ka ea. ʻO Perchlorate, he meaʻawaʻawa i ka'āpana pōhaku,ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea poke i loaʻa i loko o ka wai kai e pili ana i nā pūnaewele mālama i nāʻaina a puni ka honua.

ʻO ka hopena olakino o ke kaiapuni e pili ana i ke kaua ke hoʻomau nei i ka kontroversial. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻole o ka palekana a me ka hōʻike maikaʻi ʻole i nā haukapila Iraqi kahi noiʻi paʻakikī. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi hou ʻana i nā ʻano kūpilikiʻi. ʻO kahi ana hale ma Fallujah, ʻIraka i ka makahiki mua o 2010 i loaʻa nā pane i kahi nīnau ninaninau e pili ana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, nā hānau hānau, a me nā make pēpē. ʻO nā helu ʻoi aku ka nui o ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma 2005-2009 i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kumukūʻai ma ʻAigupita a me Ioredane. ʻO ka nui o ka make ʻana o nā pēpē ma Fallujah he 80 make no 1000 hānau hānau, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 20 ma ʻAigupita, 17 ma Ioredane a 10 ma Kuwait. ʻO ka lakio o nā hānau kāne kāne i nā hānau wahine i ka makahiki 0-4 he 860 a 1000 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia 1050 no 1000. [13]

ʻO kaʻawaʻawa: Ua hoʻohaunaele ka kaʻa kaua nui i ka honua, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Iraq a me Kuwait. Hoʻohui ʻia me ka maloʻo ma muli o ka hopena o ka nāhelehele a me ka hoʻololi o ke aniau o ka honua, ua lilo ka lepo i pilikia nui e hoʻonui ʻia e nā neʻe hou o nā kaʻa pūʻali koa ma waena o ka ʻāina. Ua nānā ka pūʻali koa US i nā hopena olakino o ka lepo no nā limahana koa e lawelawe ana i Iraq, Kuwait a me Afghanistan. Hōʻike nā lālā o ka lawelawe ʻo ʻIraka i nā toxins i hoʻopili ʻia me nā maʻi hanu e pale pinepine iā lākou mai ka hoʻomau ʻana e lawelawe a hana i nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā e like me ka hoʻoikaika kino. Ua ʻike ʻo US Geologic Survey microbiologists i nā metala kaumaha, e like me ka arsenic, kēpau, cobalt, barium, a me ka aluminika, i hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hanu, a me nā pilikia olakino ʻē aʻe. [11] Mai ka 2001, aia he 251 pākēneka piʻi i ka helu o nā maʻi neurological, kahi 47 pakeneka hoʻonui i ka nui o nā pilikia hanu, a me ka 34 pākēneka piʻi i nā helu o ka maʻi cardio-vascular i nā lālā o ka pūʻali koa pili i kēia pilikia. [12]

ʻO ka Greenhouse Gas a me ke ea o ka ea mai nā kaʻa kaua: Ke waiho nei i ka manawa hana wikiwiki o ka wā kaua, ʻo ka 'Oihana o ka Puʻupaʻa ka mea kūʻai nui loa o ka ʻāina o ka wahie, e hoʻohana ana ma kahi o 4.6 biliona mau galani wahie i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Pau nā kaʻa pūʻali koa i nā aila kūmole ma kahi kiʻekiʻe loa: hiki i kahi pahu M-1 ʻo Abrams ke kiʻi aku ma kahi o ka hapalua mile ma ka galani o ka wahie i kēlā me kēia mile a hoʻohana paha ma kahi o 1 mau galani i loko o nā hola he ʻewalu. Pau nā kaʻa ʻo Bradley Fighting ma kahi o 300 galani i kēlā me kēia mile i kipaku ʻia.

Hoʻoikaika ka kaua i ka hoʻohana wahie. I hoʻokahi kuhi, ua hoʻohana ka pūʻali koa US i 1.2 miliona mau barela aila ma ʻIraka i hoʻokahi mahina o 2008. [3] ʻO kēia helu kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana wahie ma luna o nā kūlana kaua ʻole e hana i kekahi hapa me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka wahie i nā kaʻa i ke kula e nā kaʻa ʻē aʻe, e hoʻohana ana i ka wahie. ʻO kahi kuhi o ka pūʻali koa i ka makahiki 2003 ʻo ia ka hapakolu o ka hana a ka pūʻali koa i loko o nā kaʻa e lawe ana i ka wahie i ke kahua kaua. [4] ʻO nā kaʻa koa i hoʻohana ʻia ma Iraq a me Afghanistan i hana i nā haneli he mau kaukani o ka carbon monoxide, nā nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, a me ka sulfur dioxide i hoʻohui ʻia me CO₂. Eia kekahi,ʻo ka hoʻouka kauaʻana o nāʻano likeʻole me nā pūnaewele hōʻailona e like me nā lako kaua, a me ka hoʻonohonoho ponoʻana o ke ahi i kaʻaila ma o ke kahuaʻo 2003 i alakaʻiʻia i ka ea, ka lepo, a me ka wai o ka wai. [5]

ʻO ke kaua-i hōʻeuʻeuʻia ka hōʻinoʻia a me ka hōʻinoʻana o nā ulu lāʻau a me nā'āina: Ua hōʻino pū nā kaua i nā ululāʻau, nā wahi wai a me nā kahawai ma Afghanistan, Pakistan a me Iraq. Ua hele pū ka deforestation radical me kēia a me nā kaua ma mua ma Afghanistan. Ua hōʻemi ka nui o nā wahi nahele i ka 38 pākēneka ma Afghanistan mai 1990 a 2007. [6] He hopena kēia o ke kālai lāʻau kū kānāwai ʻole, e pili pū ana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mana o nā luna koa, ka poʻe i hauʻoli i ke kākoʻo o US. Eia hou, ua hana ʻia ka ululāʻau i kēlā me kēia o kēia mau ʻāina ke ʻimi nā mea pakele i ka wahie a me nā mea kūkulu hale. ʻO ka hopena o ka maloʻo, neoneo, a me nā nalo e pili pū ana me ka nalo ʻana o ka nohona. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā kaua i alakaʻi ʻia ai i ka luku ʻana i ke kaiapuni, kōkua ka nohona hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā ia iho i kahi hakakā hou aʻe. [7]

ʻO ke kaua-i hōʻeuʻeuʻia ka hoʻopau holoholona: Hoʻoweliweli ka pōkā ʻana i Afghanistan a me ka wao nahele i kahi ala hele nui no ka manu e alakaʻi ana i kēia wahi. ʻO ka nui o nā manu e lele nei i kēia ala i lalo ua iho i ka 85 pakeneka. [8] Ua lilo nā kumuwaiwai US i mākeke waiwai no nā ʻili o ka Snow Leopard e hopohopo nei, a ua mākaukau loa ka poʻe ʻimi Afghans e wāwahi i ka pāpā no ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana iā lākou, ma kahi mai ka makahiki 2002. ua kūʻai aku i nā ʻili ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ke aupuni Taliban. ʻO kā lākou helu i koe ma Afghanistan i helu ʻia ma waena o 9 a 100 i 200. [2008] (ʻAoʻao i hoʻohou ʻia a Malaki 10)