Na David Swanson, Okatoba 5, 2020
Pukaʻia mai Ke haʻalele nei i ke Kaua Honua II ma hope
Ua mākaukau ʻo Hitler no ke kaua ma mua o kona hoʻomaka ʻana. Ua hoʻouka hou ʻo Hitler i ka Rhineland, hoʻohui iā Austria, a hoʻoweliweli iā Czechoslovakia. Ua hoʻolālā nā luna kiʻekiʻe o ka pūʻali koa Kelemania a me ka "naʻauao" i kahi kipi. Akā, ua kaulana ʻo Hitler ma nā ʻanuʻu a pau āna i hana ai, a ʻo ka nele o kekahi ʻano kūʻē mai Beretania a Farani paha i kāhāhā a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka poʻe kipi. Ua ʻike ke aupuni Pelekāne i nā hoʻolālā kipi a ua ʻike i nā hoʻolālā kaua, ʻaʻole naʻe i koho e kākoʻo i nā hoa paio politika o nā Nazis, ʻaʻole e kākoʻo i ka poʻe kipi, ʻaʻole e komo i ke kaua, ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli e komo i ke kaua. ʻaʻole e hoʻopaʻa iā Kelemania, ʻaʻole e noʻonoʻo nui i ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka lima a me ka hoʻolako ʻana iā Kelemania, ʻaʻole e kākoʻo i ka Kellogg-Briand Pact ma o nā hana hoʻokolokolo e like me nā mea e hana ʻia ma hope o ke kaua ma Nuremberg akā hiki ke hana ma mua o ke kaua (ma ka liʻiliʻi me nā mea i hoʻopiʻi ʻia. i ke kaawale) no ka hoouka kaua ana o Italia ma Aitiopa a i ole Kelemania paha ma Czechoslovakia, aole no ke koi aku ia Amerika Huipuia e komo i ka Hui o na Aupuni, aole no ke koi aku i ka Hui o na Aupuni e hana, aole e hoolaha aku i ka lehulehu o Geremania e kokua i ke ku e ole, aole e haalele. ʻO ka poʻe i hoʻoweliweli ʻia me ka pepehi kanaka, ʻaʻole e hoʻolauna i kahi ʻaha kūkā maluhia honua a i ʻole ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻolohe i ka ʻōlelo a ka Soviet Union.
Ke hāpai nei ka Soviet Union i kuʻikahi kūʻē iā Kelemānia, he ʻaelike me ʻEnelani a me Farani e hana pū ai inā hoʻouka ʻia. ʻAʻole hoihoi iki ʻo ʻEnelani a me Farani. Ua ho'āʻo ka Soviet Union i kēia ala no nā makahiki a ua komo pū i ka League of Nations. ʻAʻole hoihoi ʻo Polani. ʻO ka Soviet Union wale nō ka lāhui i manaʻo e hele a kaua no Czechoslovakia inā hoʻouka ʻo Kelemania iā ia, akā ʻo Polani - ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike ʻo ia ka mea ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua Nazi - hōʻole i ka huakaʻi Soviets e hiki i Czechoslovakia. Ua hopohopo paha ʻo Polani, ʻo ia hoʻi i hoʻouka ʻia e ka Soviet Union, ʻaʻole e hele nā pūʻali Soviet i laila akā noho lākou. ʻOiai ʻo Winston Churchill me he mea lā ua ʻaneʻane makemake loa e kaua me Kelemānia, ʻaʻole wale ʻo Neville Chamberlain i hōʻole e hui pū me ka Soviet Union a i ʻole e hana i kekahi hana ʻino a ʻaʻole hoʻomāinoino ma ka ʻaoʻao o Czechoslovakia, akā ua koi maoli ʻo ia ʻaʻole kūʻē ʻo Czechoslovakia, a hāʻawi maoli ʻia. ʻO nā waiwai Czechoslovakian ma ʻEnelani i nā Nazis. Me he mea lā aia ʻo Chamberlain ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka poʻe Nazi ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia i ke kumu o ka maluhia, kahi kumu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia nā pono ʻoihana āna i hana mau ai ma ka ʻaoʻao. No kona ʻaoʻao, he mea mahalo nui ʻo Churchill i ka fascism i manaʻo ai ka poʻe kākau moʻolelo iā ia ma hope e noʻonoʻo ana e hoʻokomo i ka Duke o Windsor e aloha ana i ka Nazi ma ke ʻano he aliʻi fascist ma ʻEnelani, akā ʻo ka manaʻo nui o Churchill no nā makahiki he mau makahiki no ke kaua ma luna o ka maluhia.
ʻO ke kūlana o ka hapa nui o ke aupuni Pelekāne mai 1919 a hiki i ka piʻi ʻana o Hitler a ma waho aʻe he kākoʻo mau loa ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi aupuni ʻākau ma Kelemānia. Kākoʻo ʻia nā mea a pau e hiki ke hana i ka mālama ʻana i ka poʻe komunista a me ka poʻe hema i ka mana ma Kelemania. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ke Kuhina Nui Pelekane a me ke alakaʻi o ka Party Liberal David Lloyd George i ka lā 22 o Kepakemapa, 1933: "Ua ʻike au ua loaʻa nā hana ʻino weliweli ma Kelemania a ke mihi nei mākou a hoʻāhewa iā lākou. Akā ʻo kahi ʻāina e hele ana i kahi kipi e pili mau ana i nā hanana weliweli ma muli o ka hoʻokele ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono i hopu ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e kahi kipi huhū. Inā hoʻokahuli nā mana Allied i ka Nazism, ua ʻōlelo aʻe ʻo Lloyd George, ʻo ka "komunism koʻikoʻi" e pani i kona wahi. "ʻOiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke pahuhopu," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia.[I]
No laila, ʻo ia ka pilikia me ka Nazism: kekahi mau ʻāpala maikaʻi ʻole! Pono kekahi e hoʻomaopopo i ka wā o ke kipi. A eia kekahi, ua luhi nā Pelekania i ke kaua ma hope o WWI. Akā ʻo ka mea ʻakaʻaka ʻo ia ka manawa i ka hopena o WWI, i ka wā ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke luhi i ke kaua ma muli o ka WWI, ua hoʻololi ʻia kahi kipi - hoʻokahi me kāna ʻāpana o nā ʻāpala maikaʻi ʻole i hiki ke ʻae ʻia: ka kipi i Rusia. I ka wā i kū ai ke kipi o Rūsia, ua hoʻouna mua ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Palani, a me nā hoa pili i ke kālā i ka makahiki 1917, a laila nā pūʻali koa i ka makahiki 1918, i Rusia e kākoʻo i ka ʻaoʻao kūʻē kipi o ke kaua. Ma o 1920, ua hakakā kēia mau lāhui aloha a me ka maluhia ma Rūsia ma kahi hoʻoikaika ʻole e hoʻokahuli i ke aupuni kipi o Rūsia. ʻOiai ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi kēia kaua i loko o nā puke kikokikona US, hoʻomanaʻo ka poʻe Lūkini i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o hoʻokahi haneli o ke kūʻē ʻana a me ka huhū ikaika mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻEulopa Komohana, ʻo ke kuʻikahi i ka wā WWII akā naʻe.
I ka makahiki 1932, ua kākau ʻo Cardinal Pacelli, i lilo i Pope Pius XII i ka makahiki 1939, i kahi leka i ka kikowaena a i ʻole Center Party, ke kolu o ka ʻaoʻao politika nui loa ma Kelemānia. Ua hopohopo ka Cardinal e pili ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka komunism ma Kelemania, a ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i ka ʻaoʻao Center e kōkua i ka hoʻolilo ʻana iā Hitler i Chancellor. Mai ia manawa mai ka kikowaena kākoʻo iā Hitler.[Ii]
Ua manaʻo ʻo Pelekikena Herbert Hoover, ka mea i nalowale i ka ʻaila o Rūsia i ke kipi ʻana o Rūsia, ua manaʻo ʻo ia e pono ke luku ʻia ka Soviet Union.[Iii]
ʻO ke Duke o Windsor, ʻo ia ka Mōʻī o ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1936 a hiki i kona haʻalele ʻana i ka male ʻana iā Wallis Simpson i mare mua ʻia mai Baltimore, ua inu ʻo ia me Hitler ma Hitler's Bavarian mauna hoʻi i ka makahiki 1937. Ua mākaʻikaʻi ke Duke a me Duchess i nā hale hana Kelemania e hana ana i nā mea kaua. hoʻomākaukau no ke Kaua Honua II, a "nānā" i nā pūʻali Nazi. Ua ʻai pū lākou me Goebbels, Göring, Speer, a me ke Kuhina ʻē aʻe ʻo Joachim von Ribbentrop. I ka makahiki 1966, ua hoʻomanaʻo ke Duke, "Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo [Hitler] iaʻu ʻo Red Russia wale nō ka ʻenemi, a ua makemake nui ʻo Beretania Nui a me ʻEulopa i ka paipai ʻana iā Kelemania e hele kūʻē i ka hikina a e luku i ka komunisme i hoʻokahi manawa a no nā mea a pau. . . . . Ua manaʻo wau e hiki iā mākou ke nānā aku i ka hakakā ʻana o nā Nazis a me nā Reds.[Iv]
ʻO ka "appeasement" ka hōʻino kūpono no ka poʻe i makemake nui e lilo i poʻe mākaʻikaʻi i ka luku nui?[V]
Aia kahi huna huna liʻiliʻi e peʻe ana i ka WWII, he kaua lepo a ʻaʻole ʻoe e manaʻo he hiki ke loaʻa kahi mea huna liʻiliʻi, akā eia kēia: ʻo ka ʻenemi kiʻekiʻe o ke Komohana ma mua, i ka wā, a ma hope o ke kaua ʻo ia ka hoʻoweliweli komunista Lūkini. . ʻO ka mea a Chamberlain i hahai ai ma Munich, ʻaʻole ia he maluhia wale nō ma waena o Kelemānia a me ʻEnelani, akā ke kaua pū kekahi ma waena o Kelemania a me ka Soviet Union. He pahuhopu lōʻihi ia, he pahuhopu kūpono, a he pahuhopu i hoʻokō ʻia. Ua hoʻāʻo nā Soviets e hana kuʻikahi me Pelekane a me Farani akā ua hoʻohuli ʻia. Ua makemake ʻo Stalin i nā pūʻali Soviet ma Polani, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia ʻo Beretania a me Farani (a me Polani). No laila, ua pūlima ka Soviet Union i kahi kuʻikahi kū'ēʻole me Germany,ʻaʻole ia he kuikahi e hui pū i kekahi kaua me Kelemānia, akā heʻaelike e hoʻoukaʻole kekahi i kekahi, a heʻaelike e māhele iāʻEulopa Hikina. Akā, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻo Kelemania. Ua makemake wale ʻo Hitler e waiho wale ʻia e kūʻē iā Polani. A pēlā ʻo ia. I kēia manawa, ua ʻimi nā Soviets e hana i kahi pale a hoʻonui i ko lākou aupuni ponoʻī ma o ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā mokuʻāina Baltic, Finland, a me Polani.
ʻO ka moeʻuhane o ke Komohana no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka poʻe komunista Lūkini, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ola Kelemania e hana ai, ua kokoke loa. Mai Sepatemaba o 1939 a hiki i Mei o 1940, ʻo Farani a me ʻEnelani i ke kaua kūʻokoʻa me Kelemania, ʻaʻole naʻe i hoʻouka kaua nui. Ua ʻike ʻia ka manawa i nā mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo "The Phoney War." ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ke kali nei ʻo Beretania a me Palani iā Kelemania e hoʻouka i ka Soviet Union, ʻo ia ka mea i hana ai, akā ma hope wale nō o ka hoʻouka ʻana iā Denmark, Norewai, Holland, Belgium, Farani, a me ʻEnelani. Ua hakakā ʻo Kelemania i ke Kaua Honua II ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, ke komohana a me ka hikina, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hikina. ʻO kahi 80% o nā poʻe Kelemania i make ma ke alo hikina. Ua nalowale nā Lūkini, e like me ka helu ʻana a Russia, he 27 miliona mau ola.[VI] Ua ola naʻe ka hoʻoweliweli komunista.
I ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Kelemania i ka Soviet Union i ka makahiki 1941, ua haʻi aku ʻo Senatoa ʻo Robert Taft i kahi manaʻo i mālama ʻia ma ke ʻano politika a me nā poʻe kīwila a me nā luna o ka pūʻali koa US i kāna ʻōlelo ʻana ʻo Joseph Stalin "ka mea hoʻomāinoino loa i ka honua," a ʻōlelo ʻo ia. "ka lanakila o ka komunisme . . . ʻoi aku ka pōʻino ma mua o ka lanakila o ka fascism.[VII]
Ua lawe ʻo Senatoa Harry S Truman i ka mea i kapa ʻia he hiʻohiʻona kaulike, ʻaʻole naʻe i kaulike ma waena o ke ola a me ka make: "Inā ʻike mākou e lanakila ana ʻo Kelemania, pono mākou e kōkua iā Rūsia a inā lanakila ʻo Rūsia pono mākou e kōkua iā Kelemania, a pēlā e ʻae ai. pepehi lākou i nā mea a pau e hiki ai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole wau makemake e ʻike iā Hitler e lanakila ana ma lalo o nā kūlana.[viii]
I kulike ai me ka manao o Truman, i ka wa i nee koke aku ai o Geremania iloko o ka Soviet Union, ua manao aku o Peresidena Roosevelt e hoouna aku i na kokua i ka Soviet Union, a no ia manao ua loaa iaia ka hoohewa ino loa mai ka poe ma ka aoao akau ma ke kalaiaina o Amerika, a me ke kue mai loko mai o ke aupuni o Amerika.[IX] Ua hoʻohiki ʻo ʻAmelika i ke kōkua i nā Soviets, akā ʻekolu hapaha o ia - ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i kēia manawa - ʻaʻole i hiki mai.[x] Ua ʻoi aku ka pōʻino o ka poʻe Soviets i ka pūʻali Nazi ma mua o nā lāhui ʻē aʻe i hui pū ʻia, akā e hakakā nei lākou i ka hoʻoikaika. Ma kahi o ke kōkua i hoʻohiki ʻia, ua noi ka Soviet Union i ka ʻae ʻia e mālama, ma hope o ke kaua, nā ʻāina āna i hopu ai ma ʻEulopa Hikina. Ua koi ʻo Beretania iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e ʻae, akā ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i kēia manawa, hōʻole.[xi]
Ma kahi o ke kōkua i hoʻohiki ʻia a i ʻole nā ʻae ʻāina, ua noi ʻo Stalin i ke kolu o ke noi ʻana i ka poʻe Pelekania i Kepakemapa 1941. ʻO ia kēia: e hakakā i ke kaua pōʻino! Ua makemake ʻo Stalin e wehe ʻia ka lua o mua e kūʻē i nā Nazis ma ke komohana, kahi hoʻouka kaua Pelekane ma Farani, a i ʻole nā pūʻali koa Pelekania i hoʻouna ʻia e kōkua ma ka hikina. Ua hōʻole ʻia nā Soviets i kēlā mau kōkua, a ua wehewehe i kēia hōʻole ʻana ma ke ʻano he makemake e ʻike iā lākou e nāwaliwali. A nawaliwali lakou; ua lanakila nae lakou. I ka hāʻule ʻana o ka makahiki 1941 a me ka hoʻoilo aʻe, ua hoʻohuli ka Soviet Army i ke au e kūʻē i nā Nazis ma waho o Moscow. Ua hoʻomaka ka lanakila o Kelemania ma mua o ke komo ʻana o ʻAmelika i ke kaua, a ma mua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ke komohana iā Farani.[xii]
He manawa lōʻihi kēlā hoʻouka kaua. I Mei o ka makahiki 1942, ua hui ke Kuhina o ko na Aina e Vyacheslav Molotov me Roosevelt ma Wasinetona, a ua hoolaha aku lakou i na manao no ka wehe ana i ke alo komohana o ia kau wela. Akā ʻaʻole pono. Ua hoʻohuli ʻo Churchill iā Roosevelt e hoʻouka kaua ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau a me ka Hikina Waena kahi e hoʻoweliweli ai ka poʻe Nazis i nā koloni Pelekane a me ka ʻaila.
ʻO ka mea kupaianaha naʻe, i ke kauwela o 1942, ua loaʻa i ka hakakā Soviet e kūʻē i ka Nazis ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka media ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ua makemake ka lehulehu nui i ka wehe ʻana o ka US a me Pelekane i ka lua mua. Lawe nā kaʻa US i nā mea hoʻopaʻa bumper e heluhelu ana "Second Front Now." Akā ʻaʻole i mālama ke aupuni US a me Pelekane i ka koi. ʻO ka Soviets, i kēia manawa, hoʻomau i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā Nazis.[xiii]
Inā ʻoe i aʻo e pili ana i ka WWII mai nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni Hollywood a me ka moʻomeheu kaulana US, ʻaʻole ʻoe e manaʻo ua hana ʻia ka nui o ka hakakā ʻana me nā Nazis e nā Soviets, inā he lanakila nui ke kaua, ʻo ia ka Soviet Union. ʻAʻole ʻoe e ʻike i ka nui o nā Iudaio i ola no ka mea ua neʻe lākou i ka hikina i loko o ka Soviet Union ma mua o WWII a i pakele paha i ka hikina i loko o ka Soviet Union i ka wā i hoʻouka ʻia ai nā Nazis. Ma ka makahiki 1943, me ka nui o ke kumu kuai ma na aoao elua, ua kipaku aku na Rusia i na Geremania i Kelemania, aole nae he kokua nui mai ke komohana mai. I Nowemapa o 1943, ma Tehran, ua hoʻohiki ʻo Roosevelt lāua ʻo Churchill iā Stalin e hoʻouka kaua iā Farani i ka pūnāwai e hiki mai ana, a ua hoʻohiki ʻo Stalin e kaua iā Iapana i ka wā i pio ai ʻo Kelemania. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hiki i Iune 6, 1944 i pae aku ai nā pūʻali Allied i Normandy. I kēlā manawa, ua noho nā Soviets i ka hapa nui o Central Europe. Ua hauʻoli ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Beretania i ka hana ʻana o nā Soviets i ka hapa nui o ka pepehi ʻana a me ka make ʻana no nā makahiki, akā ʻaʻole makemake i nā Soviets e hōʻea i Berlin a haʻi wale i ka lanakila.
Ua ʻae nā lāhui ʻekolu i ka hāʻawi ʻana a pau a pono e hāʻawi pū ʻia i nā ʻekolu o lākou. Eia nō naʻe, ma Italia, Helene, Farani, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ʻoki loa ʻo ʻAmelika a me Beretania iā Rūsia, pāpā i ka poʻe komunista, pani i ka poʻe kūʻē hema i ka Nazi, a hoʻokau hou i nā aupuni ʻākau i kapa ʻia e ka poʻe Italia "fascism me ka ʻole." Mussolini.”[xiv] Ma hope o ke kaua, a hiki i ka makahiki 1950, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ma "Operation Gladio," e "haʻalele" i nā kiu a me nā mea hoʻoweliweli a me nā saboteurs ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa e pale aku i nā mana komunista.
Ua hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia no ka lā mua o ko Roosevelt a me Churchill hui me Stalin ma Yalta, ʻo ka US a me Pelekania i hoʻopaʻa i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Dresden palahalaha, me ka luku ʻana i kona mau hale a me kāna mau hana kiʻi a me kona heluna kanaka kīwila, ʻoiai he mea ia e hoʻoweliweli ai iā Rusia.[xv] Ua hoʻomohala a hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Iapana nā pōkā nuklea, kahi hoʻoholo i alakaʻi ʻia, ma kahi hapa, e ka makemake e ʻike iā Iapana e hāʻawi pio iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa wale nō, me ka ʻole o ka Soviet Union, a me ka makemake e hoʻoweliweli i ka Soviet Union.[xvi]
Ma hope koke iho o ka haʻalele ʻana o Kelemania, ua manaʻo ʻo Winston Churchill e hoʻohana i nā pūʻali Nazi me nā pūʻali koa hui e hoʻouka i ka Soviet Union, ka lāhui i hana i ka hapa nui o ka hana o ka lanakila ʻana i nā Nazi.[xvii] ʻAʻole kēia he manaʻo kūwaho. Ua ʻimi ʻo ʻAmelika a me Pelekane i ka hāʻawi pio ʻana o nā Kelemania, ua mālama i nā pūʻali koa Kelemania i nā mea kaua a mākaukau, a ua hoʻopiʻi i nā alakaʻi Kelemania i nā haʻawina i aʻo ʻia mai ko lākou kū ʻole ʻana i nā Lūkini. ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka poʻe Lūkini ma mua o ka wā ma hope, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka manaʻo e General George Patton, a me ka mea pani o Hitler ʻo Adimarala Karl Donitz, ʻaʻole e haʻi iā Allen Dulles a me ka OSS. Ua hana ʻo Dulles i kahi kuʻikahi kaʻawale me Kelemania ma Italia e ʻoki i nā Lūkini, a hoʻomaka koke i ka sabotaging i ka demokala ma ʻEulopa a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā Nazis mua ma Kelemania, a me ka lawe ʻana iā lākou i ka pūʻali koa US e kālele i ke kaua kūʻē iā Russia.[xviii]
I ka hui mua ʻana o nā pūʻali koa US a me Soviet ma Kelemānia, ʻaʻole lākou i haʻi ʻia e kaua ana kekahi i kekahi. Akā ma ka manaʻo o Winston Churchill lākou. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaka i ke kaua wela, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia a me Truman a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i kahi kaua anu. Ua hana ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hōʻoia i ke kūkulu hou ʻana o nā hui Kelemania Komohana akā ʻaʻole e uku i nā hoʻihoʻi kaua i ka Soviet Union. ʻOiai ua makemake ka Soviets e haʻalele mai nā ʻāina e like me Finland, ua paʻakikī ko lākou koi no ka pale ma waena o Rūsia a me ʻEulopa i ka ulu ʻana o ke Kaua Cold a komo i ka oxymoronic "nuclear diplomacy." He mea minamina ka Cold War, akā ʻoi aku ka ʻino. ʻOiai ʻo ia wale nō ka mea nona nā mea kaua nuklea, ua hoʻolālā ke aupuni US, alakaʻi ʻia e Truman, i nā hoʻolālā no ke kaua nuklea koʻikoʻi ma ka Soviet Union, a hoʻomaka i ka hana nui a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea kaua nuklea a me nā B-29 e hoʻopakele iā lākou. Ma mua o ka mākaukau ʻana o nā pōkā nuklea 300 i makemake ʻia, ua hāʻawi malū ka poʻe ʻepekema US i nā mea huna poma i ka Soviet Union - kahi neʻe i hiki ke hoʻokō i ka mea a ka poʻe ʻepekema i manaʻo ai, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka luku nui me kahi kūpaʻa.[xix] Ua ʻike nui nā kānaka ʻepekema i kēia mau lā e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā pōkā nuklea 300, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi hoʻoilo nuklea honua a me ka pōloli nui no ke kanaka.
O ka inaina, na mea kaua nukelea, na hoomakaukau kaua, na pualikoa ma Geremania, aia no lakou a pau, a i keia manawa me na mea kaua ma Europa Hikina a hiki i ka palena o Rusia. ʻO ke Kaua Honua II he pūʻali luku nui loa, akā naʻe ʻoiai ke kuleana o ka Soviet Union i hana liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe pōʻino mau loa i ka manaʻo anti-Soviet ma Wakinekona. ʻO ka hopena hope loa o ka Soviet Union a me ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka komunism he hopena like ʻole i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa a me ka maikaʻi o ka huhū iā Rusia.
Pukaʻia mai Ke haʻalele nei i ke Kaua Honua II ma hope.
He ʻeono pule ma ka pūnaewele ma kēia kumuhana hoʻomaka i kēia lā.
memo:
[I] FRASER, “He kikokikona piha o ka Palapala Kalepa a me ke Waiwai: Sepatemaba 30, 1933, Vol. 137, No. 3562,” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/commercial-financial-chronicle-1339/september-30-1933-518572/fulltext
[Ii] ʻO Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 32.
[Iii] Charles Higham, Kālepa me ka ʻEnemy: He Hōʻikeʻike o ka Plot kālā Nazi-ʻAmelika 1933-1949 (Dell Publishing Co., 1983) p. 152.
[Iv] ʻO Jacques R. Pauwels, Ka moʻolelo o ke kaua maikaʻi: ʻAmelika i ka Honua ʻelua Kaua (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 45.
[V] ka New York Times he ʻaoʻao e pili ana i ka Appeasement of Nazis me nā manaʻo heluhelu e hōʻike mau ʻia ma lalo o ia (ʻaʻohe manaʻo hou aʻe) e ʻōlelo ana ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia ka haʻawina no ka mea ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo Vladimir Putin ma Crimea i ka makahiki 2014. , ma kahi hapa no ka mea e hoʻoweliweli ʻia ana lākou e neo-Nazis, ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe: https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/30/sept-30-1938-hitler-granted-the-sudentenland-by-britain-france-and-italy
[VI] Wikipedia, "Nā Kaua Nui o ke Kaua Honua II," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualities
[VII] John Moser, Ashbrook, Ke Kulanui o Ashland, "Principles Without Program: Senator Robert A. Taft and American Foreign Policy," September 1, 2001, https://ashbrook.org/publications/dialogue-moser/#12
[viii] Ka Wahina Pūnaewele, “National Affairs: Anniversary Remembrance,” Poakahi, Iulai 02, 1951, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,815031,00.html
[IX] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 96.
[x] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), pp. 97, 102.
[xi] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 102.
[xii] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 103.
[xiii] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), pp. 104-108.
[xiv] ʻO Gaetano Salvamini lāua ʻo Giorgio La Piana, La sorte dell'Italia (1945).
[xv] Brett Wilkins, Nā moeʻuhane maʻamau, "The Beasts and the Bombings: Reflecting on Dresden, February 1945," February 10, 2020, https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/02/10/beasts-and-bombings-reflecting-dresden-february- 1945
[xvi] E nana Mokuna 14 o Ke haʻalele nei i ke Kaua Honua II ma hope.
[xvii] Max Hastings, Kakuhihewa Mail, "He hana hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo: Pehea ʻo Churchill i makemake ai e kiʻi i nā pūʻali Nazi i lanakila a kipaku iā Rūsia mai ʻEulopa Hikina," ʻAukake 26, 2009, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1209041/Operation-unthinkable-How- Churchill-wanted-recruit-defeated-Nazi-troops-drive-Russia-Eastern-Europe.html
[xviii] ʻO David Talbot, ʻO ka Devil's Chess Board: ʻo Allen Dulles, ka CIA, a me ke ala ʻana o ke Aupuni Malu o ʻAmelika, (NūIoka: HarperCollins, 2015).
[xix] ʻO Dave Lindorff, "Rethinking Manhattan Project Spies and the Cold War, MAD - a me nā makahiki 75 o ke kaua nuklea - ua hāʻawi ʻia kā lākou hana iā mākou," ʻAukake 1, 2020, https://thiscantbehappening.net/rethinking-manhattan-project- kiu-a-ke-kaua-anu-hune-a-ke-75-makahiki-o-kaua-nukelea-ka-ka lakou mau hooikaika-na-kou
