Ma ka 70th makahiki o ka paeʻana o D-Day, alakaʻiʻo Brian Williams i ka NBC Nightly News kēia ala: "Ma kā mākou hoʻolaha ʻana i kēia pō, ke aloha i nā koa i hōʻeuʻeu i nā kahakai ma aneʻi ma Normandy ..." He wahi maʻamau ia o ko mākou ao ʻAmelika, kēlā huaʻōlelo "koa" no ka poʻe i ka pūʻali koa US a i ʻole, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia, kā mākou "koa ʻeha" no kēlā mau mea i hōʻeha i kekahi o kā mākou mau kaua he nui. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia manawa, no ka mea ua hoʻopili ʻia i nā vets o ke Kaua Honua II, ke kaua a koʻu makuakāne, ua paʻa ia iaʻu i kaʻu mau ala. No kekahi manawa wale nō, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke kōkua i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka mea a koʻu makuakāne e ʻōlelo ai, inā i kapa ʻia ʻo ia e kekahi - a i ʻole kekahi o nā airos kauoha ma Burma nona ia "luna hoʻomalu" - koa. ʻOiai ua make ʻo ia i kēia manawa no ʻekolu mau makahiki, ʻaʻohe oʻu kānalua iki e manaʻo ʻo ia he mea hoʻomakeʻaka ia. I ke Kaua Honua Honua, ua ʻike ʻia ka poʻe koa o ʻAmelika ma ke ʻano he “boyboys.” I ke Kaua Honua II, ua kāhea pinepine ʻia lākou (a me ka haʻaheo) ʻo "dogfaces" a i ʻole GI (no ka "pilikia aupuni") ʻo Joes, a me ko lākou ʻano koa kupa-koa i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā kiʻi paʻakikī a Willy a me Joe, ʻO Bill Mauldin ka wā nui punahele nā koa wāwae kaʻa ma ka lōʻihi o slog i Berlin.
A kūpono i kēlā no ka pūʻali koa kīwila, kahi pūʻali koa koa. Ua iho i ka honua. ʻO ia pehea ʻoe e wehewehe ai i ka poʻe i haʻalele i ke ola kīwila me nā manaʻo āpau e hoʻi hou iā ia i ka wā e hiki ai i ke kanaka, ka mea i manaʻo i ka pūʻali koa i kahi manawa weliweli i ka mōʻaukala a me kēlā kaua, kahi ala weliweli akā pono e hele. I kēlā mau lā, he wā malihini ka poʻe koa, ke ʻano āu e pili ai, e ʻōlelo, Prussians.
Ua manawaleʻa koʻu makuakāne ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana ma Pearl Harbor a ʻaʻole i demobilized a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, akā - hoʻomanaʻo wau ia i nā makahiki ma hope - ʻoiai ʻo ia e haʻaheo i kāna lawelawe ʻana, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i kahi makemake ʻole a me ke olakino ʻAmelika. no ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "ka pūʻali koa maʻamau" a ua kāhea ʻo George Wakinekona i "pūʻali kū." Pīhoihoi paha ʻo ia i ke ʻano kaua o ʻAmelika i kēia manawa a me ke ao holoʻokoʻa e noho nei mākou i ka wā e hoʻomaikaʻi a hoʻokiʻekiʻe aʻe i ka pūʻali koa US ma luna o ke koena o ke kaiāulu. Ua ʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia e hele ka wahine a ka pelekikena ma kahi hōʻike kīwī kaulana - Ke kamaʻilio nei wau no Michelle Obama ma "Nashville”- a kāwili ʻia me nā huapalapala fictional e mahalo ai no ka manawa ʻumikūmākahi o ko ʻAmelika poʻe koa a me kā lākou lawelawe ʻana i ka lāhui.
Ma Vietnam, he ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole koa ke koa, ua "namunamu." ʻO ke kiʻekiʻena o ke koa ʻAmelika i ka lani o ka mahalo a me ka bombast i hele nui mai ma hope o ka hopena o ka pūʻali koa, me ka mea hoʻi i hoʻomaha loa ʻo Air Force Lieutenant Colonel a me ʻO TomDispatch maʻamau Ua kohoʻo William Astore i ka New Fortress America i ka hoʻopiʻiʻana i nā makahiki post-9 / 11 a me kaʻoi aku o ka nui o ka ikaika o ke kaua o ke kaua i hele pū me ia.
Inā wau e hiki ke lālau i ke kelepona, kāhea aku i koʻu makuakāne, a lohe i nā huaʻōlelo koho e loaʻa iā ia no kāna kūlana hoʻokiʻekiʻe hou ma ke ʻano he "koa" ʻAmelika, he ʻehiku mau makahiki ma hope o Normandy. Akā ʻaʻole hiki, ma kēlā lā hoʻomanaʻo D-Day ua hana wau i ka mea maikaʻi aʻe a kāhea aku i kahi hoa aloha 90-makahiki, ʻo ia ma luna o kahi moku ma waho o kekahi o kēlā mau kahakai kahawai i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻouka kaua. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i kēlā mau makahiki he 70 me kahi haʻaheo, ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ia ka mea a nā koa wāwae wāwae o ke Kaua Honua II i huhū nui ai e hoʻomaikaʻi a i ʻole e ʻōlelo ana "sir" i nā luna. ʻAʻohe o lākou koa - a ʻaʻohe aloha i ke kaua mau loa paha. E waiho i kahi ala ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mamao loa o kā mākou lanakila pūʻali koa hope loa, i hōʻailona ʻia e nā hanana o Iune 6, 1944, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻōlelo no ka wehewehe ʻana, a i ʻole ke keʻokeʻo, kahi ʻano kaua hou o ʻAmelika, no ka mea maikaʻiʻole, he mau kiʻi like paha. Tom
ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ʻanakala Sam iā ʻoe - ʻO ia nō iā ʻoe
ʻO nā Militarized Real of the Fortress America
By William J. Astore
Ua hala au i ʻehā mau makahiki kula i ka Reserve Officers 'Training Corps (ROTC) a laila lawelawe i 20 mau makahiki i ka US Air Force. I ka pūʻali koa, keu hoʻi i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻamau, ʻaʻohe ou pilikino. Na ke aupuni ʻoe. ʻO ʻoe he "pilikia aupuni," ʻo GI wale nō, kahi helu ma kahi dogtag i loaʻa i kou ʻano koko a me ka hoʻomana inā pono ʻoe i kahi transfusion a i ʻole nā hana hope loa. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻoe. ʻO kēlā mōhai o ka pilikino a me ke kūʻokoʻa pilikino ke kumu āu e uku ai no ke komo ʻana i ka pūʻali koa. Heck, ua loaʻa iaʻu kahi ʻoihana maikaʻi a me kahi penihana mai ia mea, no laila mai uē iaʻu, e ʻAmelika.
Akā ua loli nui kēia ʻāina mai koʻu komo ʻana i ROTC ma 1981, paʻi ʻia i ka manamana lima, kikokiko ʻia no ke koko, a ʻoki ʻia a hoʻolei ʻia. (Makemake au i kahi waiver lapaʻau no myopia.) I kēia mau lā, ma Fortress America, kēlā me kēia o mākou, i kekahi ʻano, pilikia aupuni i loko o kahi ka mākaʻikaʻi ua hehena.
ʻAʻole like kiʻi paʻi kiʻi o ka wā kahiko, ʻaʻole makemake ʻo ʻAnakala Sam iā ʻoe - ua loaʻa iā ʻoe. Ua wae ʻia ʻoe i loko o ka mokuʻāina palekana ʻAmelika. Hōʻike ʻia kēlā mea nui mai ʻO Edward Snowden nā hōʻikeʻike. ʻO kāu leka uila? Hiki ke heluhelu ʻia. Kāhea kāu kelepona? Metadata ʻākoakoa e pili ana iā lākou. ʻO kāu kelepona? He hemolele ia polokalamu kelepona inā pono ke aupuni e loaʻa iā ʻoe. ʻO kāu kamepiula? Hackable a hiki Trackable. ʻO kāu kikowaena pūnaewele? ʻO ia i kā lākou lawelawe,ʻaʻoleʻoe.
ʻO nā haumāna he nui i aʻoʻia e aʻu i kēia manawa ka nele o kahi pilikino no ka mea, haawiia mai. ʻAʻohe o lākou manaʻo i ka mea i nalowale mai ko lākou ola a no laila ʻaʻole waiwai lākou i ka mea i nalowale a i ʻole, inā lākou e huhū e pili ana i ia mea, e hōʻoluʻolu iā lākou iho me ka noʻonoʻo kupua - incantations like " ʻaʻohe mea hewa, no laila ʻaʻohe aʻu mea e hūnā ai. ” ʻAʻole maopopo iki iā lākou pehea e hiki ai i nā aupuni capricious ke pili i ka wehewehe o ka "hewa."
E noʻonoʻo iā mākou a pau nā mea hana, ʻoi aku a ʻoi aku paha, i ka mana hou o ka Papu ʻAmelika, o kahi ʻāina militarized, securitized. Hoʻolimalima i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni? No ke aha e koho ʻole ai i ka mea mua Kāpena Amerika a nānā iā ia e lanakila hou i ka Nazis, kahi hoʻomanaʻo o ke kaua hope loa a mākou i lanakila maoli ai? Hele ʻoe i pāka kinipōpō hīnaʻi ma ka lā hoʻomanaʻo. He aha ka mea ʻoi aku ka ʻAmelika a i ʻole he hala ʻole? No laila lana koʻu manaʻo ʻaʻole ʻoe i nānā i kēlā mau mea āpau nā kāmele kāmele a me nāʻaʻahu ua komo nā mea pāʻani nui iāʻoe ma kahi'ē aʻe o ke kahawai kūponoʻole o nā aloha i ko mākou pūʻali koa a me nā kaumāne.
ʻAʻole mākou e lohe i kaʻahaʻana nāʻaʻahu militari ma nā kahua pāʻani o ʻAmelika. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole ʻoe i ʻike i ka leʻaleʻa maoli o ʻAmelika i kēia mau makahiki i hala kaua a me ka nui o ia mea?
E lilo i kahu maikaʻi
E noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻohenehene. Ua hoʻokumu ke Kaua Vietnam i kahi pūʻali koa kipi ʻole i hōʻike i kahi kamaʻāina kipi a hoʻonui kipi hoʻi. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ma mua o ka pūʻali koa US a hiki i kā mākou mau elite aliʻi ke lawe. No laila ua hoʻopau ʻo Pelekikena Nixon i ka ʻōpala ma 1973 a hoʻolilo iā ʻAmelika i koa-koa koa maikaʻi, kahi maikaʻi i hoʻomau ʻia no ʻelua mau kenekulia, kahi mea o ka wā i hala. ʻO ka "pūʻali koa manawaleʻa āpau," ka poʻe loea, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia a i ʻole hoʻowalewale ʻia e hana i ka hana na mākou. ʻAʻohe muss, ʻaʻohe piʻipiʻi, a ʻo ia ke ʻano mai ia manawa mai. Nui nā kaua, akāʻaʻohe pono e lilo i "koa, ”Ke ʻole ʻoe e kau inoa ma ka laina kiko. ʻO ia ke ala ʻAmelika hou.
Akā ua hoʻololi ʻia he nui ka paʻi o ka paʻi maikaʻi i loko o ka ʻaelike i hoʻokuʻu ai i nā ʻAmelika mai kēlā mau kuleana koa pūʻali koa. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka hoʻolimalima e "kākoʻo i nā pros" (a i ʻole "ko mākou pūʻali koa") me ke ʻano ʻole a me ke koena e pili ana i ka hoʻomaha ʻana, ka mālama ʻana i kou maluhia, he koa koa i ka mokuʻāina palekana ʻāina hou, keu hoʻi i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 9 / 11, ua ulu a nui i nā ʻāpana ma ke kālā ʻauhau. Inā makemake ʻoe ʻaʻole paha, ua wae ʻia ʻoe i kēlā kuleana, no laila e hui pū me ka laina o nā mea hana a noho i kou wahi kūpono i ka moku koa.
Inā kūleʻaʻoe, e nānā i waho i ka piʻiʻana i hoʻopaʻaʻia a mālamaʻia kaʻana like mākou me Kanada a me Mexico. (E hoʻomanaʻo ke hiki iā ʻoe ke hele i kēlā mau palena me ka hassle, ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka passport a i ʻole kāleka ID. Hana wau.) E nānā no kēlā mau drones, home mai nā kaua a ke kau nei i loko a i ʻole e hōʻea koke i kou lewa kūloko - e hakakā paha i ka hewa. E uku mahalo i kāu hoʻonui ʻana nā pūʻali koa kiaʻi i luna me kā lākou mau mea kaua, kā lākou nā hui nui SWAT, a me kā lākou MRAP i hoʻololiʻia (nā kaʻa hoʻohālua pale kū ʻole i kaʻu. ʻO kēia mau kaʻa ʻāpana Iraqi Freedom i kēia manawa he koena pūʻali koa i hāʻawi ʻia a kūʻai ʻia aku paha ma nā kumukūʻai o nā mākaʻi kūloko. E akahele e nānā i kā lākou kauoha draconian no ka hale paʻahao e like me “laka paʻa"O kou kaiāulu a kūlanakauhale paha, nā hōʻike manawa kūikawā no ka manawa kaua, nā mea a pau no kou palekana a palekana.
E lilo i pūʻali koa maikaʻi a hana i ka mea i haʻi ʻia iā ʻoe. Noho ma waho o nā wahi ākea ke kauoha ʻia ʻoe e hana pēlā. E aʻo e aloha me ke akamai. (ʻO ia kekahi o nā haʻawina mua aʻu i aʻo ʻia ai ma ke ʻano he pūʻali koa.) ʻAʻole, ʻaʻole kēlā aloha waena waena, e ka ʻelemakule hippie. Hāʻawi i kahi kūpono i ka poʻe i ka mana. E aʻo maikaʻi ʻoe pehea.
A i ʻole ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hana, no ka mea, ʻo ka nui o kā mākou e hana nei i kēia manawa ke hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia e hāʻawi i kēlā aloha no mākou. Nā mele i hana hou ʻia o "God Bless America" i nā hanana haʻuki. Nā mea i ʻike hou ʻia i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e hoʻonani ai i ka pūʻali koa. (ʻO nā pūʻali hana kūikawā kahi kumuhana wela i nā multiplexes ʻAmelika i kēia mau lā mai Kanawai o ke koho i Loa Lone.) No ke aha e pane ʻole ai i ke kāhea o ka hana ma ke pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō militari e like me Kāhea o ka hana? ʻOiai, ke noʻonoʻo ʻoe i ke kaua, e mālama pono iā ia ma ke ʻano he sport, he kiʻiʻoniʻoni, he pāʻani.
Ke holo nei maʻAmelika
Ua hala wau i waho o ka pūʻali koa no kahi he ʻumi mau makahiki, akā ua ʻike wau i ka nui o ka pūʻali koa i kēia lā ma mua o koʻu kau ʻana i kahi kapa. Ua hele mua kēlā manaʻo iaʻu ma 2007, i ka manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Iraqi surge" - ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi pūʻali koa he 30,000 US i loko o ka quagmire a mākou ka hana o kēlā ʻāina. Ua hoʻonāukiuki i kaʻu ʻO ka mea mua no TomDispatch. Ua pīhoihoi au i ke ala a kā mākou luna koa kīwila, ʻo George W. Bush, i peʻe ai ma hope o ka ka pahu o kona luna koa nui i wae ʻia, ʻo General David Petraeus, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ke kaua ʻana o kāna kaua ma Iraq. Me he mea lā ke ʻano like o ka maka eerie o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā pilina pūʻali koa ʻAmelika i lalo i lalo, o kahi pelekikena i hele i ka pūʻali koa. A ua holo. Ua hāʻawi akahai ʻia kahi ʻahaʻōlelo cows iā “E ka Mō'ī Dāvida"Petraeus a holo wikiwiki i ka hōʻikeʻana i kāna hōʻike no ke kākoʻoʻana i ka holoʻana oʻAmelika ma Iraq.
Mai ia manawa, ua lilo ia i mea nui e pono ai ko kākou mau pelekikena e hāʻawi nāʻauheʻe kaua i nā manawa a pau e kamaʻilio ai i kā mākou "nā mea kaua"Ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o kā lāua" kākoʻo "a me ka militarization o ka pelekikena pelekikena. (No ka hoʻohālikelike, e hoʻāʻo e noʻonoʻo iā Matthew Brady e kiʻi nei i kahi kiʻi o “Alohaʻo Abe”I ke Kaua Kivila kūlike i ka lole lele!) ʻO kēia manawa de rigueur no nā pelekikena e mahalo i nā pūʻaliʻAmelika e like me "ka koaʻoi loa ma ka moʻolelo o ka honua "a iʻole, e like hoʻi me ka mea i'ōlelo pinepineʻia e Pelekikena Barack iā Brian Williams i ka NBC ninaninau mai Normandy i ka pule i hala aku nei, "ka pūʻali koa nui loa o ka honua." ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hyperbolically, hoʻolauleʻa ʻia kēia mau pūʻali koa like ma waena o ka ʻāina ma ke ʻano o ka leo i hiki ke hana ʻia e like me nā "koa" paʻakikī. a nā mea lawe manuahi lokomaikaʻi, i ka manawa like ka mea maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi o kekahi ma ka honua - a me nā mea āpau me ka ʻole o kekahi o nā mea ʻino, e like me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ke kaua a me ka luku ʻana. ʻO ia paha ka mea e wehewehe ai i ke kumu o koʻu ʻike ʻana i nā wana hoʻāo pūʻali koa (consoles pāʻani pāʻani wikiō) ma ka Little League World Series ma Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Hāʻawi ʻia ka lawelawe pūʻali koa i ke kōkua, no ke aha e kiʻi ʻole ai i nā manaʻolana he 12 mau makahiki i ka manaʻolana o ke komo ʻana i nā kūlana?
ʻIke liʻiliʻi loa ka poʻe ʻAmelika i nā pilikia i kekahi o kēia, ʻaʻole pono e kāhāhā iā mākou. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ua loaʻa hou iā lākou iho. A inā weliweli ka manaʻo o kēia mau mea iā ʻoe, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻā i kāu kāleka kikoʻī i ke kūʻē, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi aku a hoʻolohe. E hele koke mai kahi mekala maikaʻi ma kāu ala.
ʻAʻole pēlā mau. Hoʻomaopopo wau i ka hele wāwae ʻana ma nā alanui o Worcester, Massachusetts, i koʻu ʻaʻano ROTC hou i kaomi ʻia i ka makahiki 1981. ʻEono wale nō makahiki ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Vietnam me ka ʻino a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e like me Ke hele mai nei i kahi Home, ʻO Deer Hunter, a Ka'AhaʻanoʻAna hou i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe. (First koko a me ka Rambo "hoʻolālā-i lokoʻAʻole hele mai ka moʻo no hoʻokahi makahiki.) Ua ʻike wau i ka poʻe e nānā mai iaʻu ʻaʻole me ka inaina, akā me kahi ʻano noʻonoʻo ʻole i hui ʻia i kekahi manawa me ka hoʻowahāwahā huna ʻole ʻia. Ua hoʻopilikia iki ʻia wau, akā ʻoiai ua ʻike wau i ka hilinaʻi ʻole o ka pūʻali koa kū nui i ka palaoa ʻAmelika.
Pau. I kēia lā, nā lālā lawelawe, ke hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻaukā, ua mahalo ʻia a mahalo ʻia hoʻi ma ke ʻano he nā koa.
ʻAʻole wau e ʻōlelo e mālama mākou i kā mākou pūʻali koa me ka hoʻowahāwahā, akā e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o kā mākou mōʻaukala iā mākou, ʻo ka genuflecting i mua o lākou ʻaʻole ia he hōʻailona olakino o ka mahalo. E noʻonoʻo ia he hōʻailona a ʻo mākou nō ka hihia aupuni āpau i kēia manawa.
Ke hoʻouluʻana i ka Mindset Militarized
Inā manaʻo ʻoe he exaggeration ia, e noʻonoʻo i kahi manual a kahi luna koa kahiko i loaʻa iaʻu. ʻO waina 1950 ia, ʻae ʻia e kēlā ʻAmelika nui, General ʻO George C. Marshall, Jr., ke kāne i kuleana nui i ka lanakila o ko mākou ʻāina i ke Kaua Honua II. Ua hoʻomaka me kēia hoʻomanaʻo i ka luna hou i koho ʻia: “[O] n lilo i luna i ke kāne ʻaʻole ia e haʻalele i kekahi ʻāpana o kāna ʻano nui ma ke ʻano he kupa ʻAmelika. Ua kau inoa wale ʻo ia no ka papa puka puka ma hope kahi e aʻo ai pehea e hoʻohana ai i ka mana e like me ka ʻuhane o ke kūʻokoʻa. " ʻAʻole paha ia he mea maʻalahi e hana ai, akā ʻo ka pahuhopu o ka manual e hōʻike i ka haunaele ma waena o ka mana pūʻali koa a me ke kūʻokoʻa pilikino ka mea nui o ka pūʻali koa ʻelemakule.
Hoʻomaopopo pū kekahi i nā luna hou he mau kahu lākou no ke kūʻokoʻa o ʻAmelika, e ʻōlelo ana i ka ʻōlelo a ka adimarala inoa ʻole e pili ana i ke kumuhana: "Hoʻonoho ke akeakamai ʻAmelika i ka mea ma luna o ka mokuʻāina. Hilinaʻi ʻole ia i ka mana pilikino a me ke kaohi. Hōʻole ia i ke ola o nā kāne makemake ʻole ʻia. Hōʻike ia i ka ʻoi loa o nā loina. "
ʻO kēlā mau huaʻōlelo i mea pale pono i ka mana aupuni a me ka militarism - a eia nō lākou. Pono mākou āpau e hana i kā mākou mea, ʻaʻole e like me GI Joes a me Janes, akā ma ke ʻano he Citizen Joes a me Janes, e hoʻokau i ke kūʻokoʻa pilikino a me nā kumukānāwai kumukānāwai i mua. I ka ʻuhane o Ronald Reagan, ʻo wai haʻiʻia ʻO ke alakaʻi Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev e "wāwahi i kēia paia [Berlin]," ʻaʻole anei ka manawa e hoʻomaka e wāwahi i nā paia o ka Papu ʻAmelika a hoʻolei i kā mākou manaʻo pūʻali koa? E mahalo mai nā hanauna o nā lā e hiki mai ana iā mākou, inā ʻaʻa mākou e hana.
ʻO William J. Astore, he luna kolepa hoʻomalu holomua (USAF) a ʻO TomDispatch maʻamau, hoʻoponopono i ka blog I ka kue manao kuee.
E hahai i TomDispatch ma Twitter a hui pū me mākou Facebook a Tumblr. E nānā i ka Buke Hoʻouna Hou loa, ʻo Rebeka Solnit's E wehewehe nā kāne i nā mea iaʻu.
Kuleana kope 2014 William J. Astore
