Na David Bond, ke Kahu, Malaki 25, 2021
One o nā kemikona hoʻowahāwahā mau loa i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ke kanaka - Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF), he PFAS "kemika mau loa" - e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ma kahi kokoke i nā kaiāulu hemahema i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka poʻe ma hope o kēia hana crackpot? ʻAʻole ia ʻo ka pūʻali koa US.
As hoʻopuka ʻia nā ʻike hou e Bennington College i kēia hebedoma palapala, ua kauoha ka pūʻali koa US i ka puhi ahi clandestine ma luna o 20m paona o AFFF a me AFFF neoneo ma waena o 2016-2020. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike e luku maoli ka incineration i kēia mau kemikona synthetic. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia kekahi kumu kūpono e manaʻoʻiʻo ai i ka hoʻomā wale ʻana o ka AFFF i kēia mau toxins i ka lewa a i nā kaiāulu kokoke, nā mahiʻai, a me nā kahawai. Ke hana pono nei ka Pentagon i kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻowahāwahā a ua kākau inoa i ke olakino o nā miliona o ʻAmelika e like me nā mea hōʻoia ʻole ʻike ʻole.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo AFFF a hoʻolaha ʻia e ka Pūʻali Koa US. Hoʻolauna ʻia i ka wā o ke Kaua Vietnam e hakakā ai i ke ahi ʻaila ma nā moku kaiwaena a me nā ʻāpana lewa, ʻo AFFF ke keiki whiz o ka ʻenekini kemika i hana i kahi pilina molaki synthetic i ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o nā mea āpau i ʻike ʻia i ke kūlohelohe. Once hana, kēia paʻa paʻa kalapona-fluorine aneane hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau ʻia. Ke hōʻole nei e lilo i wahie, ua hoʻokahuli a hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia herculean bond i nā infernos ʻoi loa.
ʻAneʻane mai ka manawa a lākou i hoʻomaka ai e hoʻohana iā AFFF, ua ʻākoakoa ka pūʻali koa hōʻike hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻomau o ke kaiapuni o nā hoʻohui carbon-fluorine synthetic, kā lākou pili no nā mea ola, a me ko lākou hopena i ke olakino kanaka. ʻOiai ʻo ka US Armed Forces i lilo i mea kūʻai nui loa o ka AFFF ma ka honua, nā nīnau pīhoihoi e pili ana i ka mea e hana ana ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke ahi. Ua hōʻeuʻeu nā kahua pūʻali koa US ma ka home a me nā ʻāina ʻē i ka pīpī promiscuous o AFFF i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻamau i ka wā i haʻi ʻia ai nā mea ahi. like palekana me ke kopa.
ʻO ke kemika carbon-fluorine synthetic, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ke ʻano he per- a poly-fluorinated compound (PFAS), ke hoʻomaka nei i ka nānā i kēia lā e hoʻoulu nei i kahi ulia pōʻaiapili like ʻole. Ma hope o ka manawa pōkole loa o ka pono hana, hele mai nā hui PFAS i ke ola me ka neʻe ʻana i ka neʻe, ka ʻino o ka torpid, a me kahi make ʻole weliweli. E like me kā mākou e ʻike nei, ka hōʻike ʻana i ka nui o kēia mau “kemika mau loa”Pili ikaika i kahi hoʻokipa o nā maʻi 'aʻai, nā maʻi ulu, nā maʻi pale, a me ka infertility. Ua pili pū ʻia ka hōʻike hoʻonāukiuki i nā maʻi Covid-19 a nāwaliwali.
mai ka Nā Portsmouth, New Hampshire i ʻO Colorado Springs, Colorado, nā makahiki he XNUMX i hala aku nei i ʻike maka i nā kaiāulu kokoke i nā kahua koa e ala ana i kahi moemoeā o ka PFAS i loko o kā lākou wai, ko lākou lepo a me ko lākou koko. "Ke kiʻi ʻana i nā pūnaewele o ka PFAS i loko o ʻAmelike Hui Pū ʻIa, kū ʻo ka ʻĀpana Hoʻoilina he mea kōkua nui i kēia papa inoa hōʻino," i haʻi mai ʻo Dave Andrews o ka Environmental Working Group (EWG) iaʻu.
I kāna loiloi mua o nā kahua koa i Kēkēmapa 2016, ua ʻike ʻia ka Pūʻali Koa Nā pūnaewele 393 o ka hoʻoweliweli AFFF i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, me nā pūnaewele 126 kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā PFAS i ka wai inu lehulehu. (He papa hana hoʻoponopono kā ka 'Oihana Hoʻoikaika ma kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o kēlā mau pūnaewele.) Ma ka 2019, ua ʻae ʻo DOD i kēlā mau helu he "helu-helu ʻia. ” ʻO ka palapala ʻāina kaulana a ka Pūʻulu Hana Pūnaewele PFAS e hoʻonoho nei i ka helu o nā pūnaewele pūʻali i hoʻohaumia ʻia i kēia manawa 704, kahi helu e piʻi mau nei.
E like me ke kuleana kūpono. ʻOiai e hoʻopiʻi ana kekahi mau mokuʻāina i ka hoʻopiʻi kūʻē i nā hana a AFFF, aia nā manamana lima o ka Pūʻali Koa US ma kahi o ka hewa. I ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻepekema pekelala e paʻi i kahi loiloi piha o ka kemika ʻona o AFFF i ka makahiki 2018, ua kapa aku nā luna DOD i ua ʻepekema lā.he moeʻuhane pili lehulehu”A hoʻāʻo e kāohi i nā mea i loaʻa.
Ma waho o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā leka uila kūloko, aia nō i ka pūʻali koa kahi nui nui o AFFF. E like me ka EPA a me nā mokuʻāina a puni ka US hoʻomaka e koho AFFF kahi mea weliweli, nā pūʻali koa o AFFF e hoʻomaka nei e hoʻohui i kahi kuleana hōkū ma ka pale kaulike o ka pūʻali koa. Malia paha i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana ua hōʻike ka Trump Administration i kahi manawa kūpono, ua hoʻoholo ka Pentagon e hoʻā i ko lākou pilikia AFFF ma 2016.
ʻOiai ke kūʻē kūʻē ʻole a AFFF i ke ahi, ua lilo mālie ka incineration i ka hana a ka pūʻali koa i makemake ai e lawelawe iā AFFF. “Ua ʻike mākou he hana kumukūʻai kēia, no ka mea ke puhi nei mākou i kahi mea i ʻenekini ʻia e kinai i ke ahi, "ʻO Steve Schneider, ke poʻokela o Hazardous Disposal no ka ʻaoʻao logistics o DOD, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma 2017 i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana.
Hoʻokahi wale nō kikoʻī i kū i ke ala o kēia hoʻolālā nui: ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike e luku ka insineration i ka kemika ʻona o AFFF.
Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i nā "hopena ikaika o ka pale ʻana i ka lapalapa" o ka paʻa carbon-fluorine, kahi hopena o ka hōʻike EPA 2020, "ʻAʻole maopopo maopopo i ka hopena o ka puhi wela wela i ka luku loa ʻana iā PFAS. "
I loko o kahi alakaʻi ʻenehana no ka insinerator 2019, ua kākau ka EPA i ko mākou paʻa ʻana i kahoʻohaunaele wela”O PFAS he sparse, lahilahi extrapolated, a i kēia manawa inoperable. Ua hōʻole kekahi ʻaha kūkā kamaʻāina kūloko i ka ʻae ʻana i ka AFFF i ka makahiki i hala, me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana he "ʻāpana hana o ka noiʻi. "
ʻAʻole nō hoʻi i kaupalena ʻia ke ʻano kānalua i nā ʻoihana kaiāulu. ʻOiai ke hoʻouna nei ʻo ia i nā kalaka tanke o AFFF i nā insinerator i ka makahiki 2017, ua ʻōlelo ka pūʻali koa ponoʻī.ka kemika kiʻekiʻe-wela o PFOS […] ʻaʻole i kuhi ʻia"(PFOS ka mea nui PFAS i AFFF), a"he nui nā huahana e kū pono ʻole paha i ka nohona. "
Akā ʻaʻole ia i hoʻokū i ka Pentagon mai ka hele ʻana i mua a puhi mālie i ka kemikā. I ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka pūʻali koa iā AFFF i nā incinerator a puni ka ʻāina, ua aʻo aku ka EPA, nā luna hoʻomalu mokuʻāina, a me nā ʻepekema o ke kula nui i ke kau ʻana i ka AFFF i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe loa. kahi mea hoʻokalakupua i hana i nā toxins fluorinated, kēlā ʻenehana smokestack e kū nei lawa ʻole e nānā i nā hoʻokuʻu ʻino e hoʻokuʻu wale iā lākou, a ʻo kēlā e heleleʻi paha nā kemika weliweli ma nā kaiāulu a puni. Ke kaupaona nei i kāna kuleana ponoʻī e kūʻē i ke olakino o kēia mau kaiāulu, ua hahau ka Pentagon i ka pāʻani.
E like me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka Trump Administration, ʻo ka lele kolohe ʻole e puhi iā AFFF ua wehe ʻia kokoke loa i waho o ka ʻike lehulehu. ʻO ka hōʻike wiwo ʻole o Sharon Lerner ma ka Intercept a me kahi hoʻokolokolo hoʻokolokolo honua e kūʻē iā DOD wehe i puka aniani i loko o kēia debacle i ka makahiki 2019. I ka pili ʻana o ka ʻike i loko o nā kaiāulu kokoke i nā incinerator, ua kōkua ke kākoʻo kūpale e kāpae i ke kūpikipiki o ka hana holoʻokoʻa i mea hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia ma Ohio a New York.
I kēia hoʻoilo, ua launa pū wau me pūʻulu kamaʻāina a mea kākoʻo ʻāina hōʻuluʻulu a paʻi nā ʻikepili āpau i loaʻa i ka incineration o AFFF. I ka ʻākoakoa ʻana o kaʻu mau haumana me nā manifests moku i hoʻopuehu ʻia, nānā i nā kikoʻī e pili ana i nā wahi insineration a me nā kaiāulu kokoke, a hoʻomaka mākou e hoʻopuni i ko mākou poʻo i ka hāʻule ʻawaʻawa o ka AFFF wela, ua loaʻa i kēia hana militarized kahi wehewehe hou: mālama nui ʻole.
ʻAʻole wale ke aʻo ʻia ʻo AFFF ʻoi loa ka ʻōlelo aʻo ʻia, akā ʻo nā ʻenekini ʻōpala weliweli ʻeono i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hana pēlā he mau mea hana hewa i ke kānāwai kaiapuni. Mai ka 2017, ʻelua o nā incinerator i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kū ʻole i kekahi mau kānāwai kaiapuni 100% o ka manawa e like me ka EPA (Insinerator Clean Harbour i Nebraska, Maikaʻi Harbour Aragonite i Utah), ʻelua ma waho o ka hoʻokō 75% o ka manawa (Norlite incinerator i New York, Hoʻokumu WTI hoʻoilina i Ohio), a me nā mea i koe ʻelua ma waho o ka hoʻokō 50% o ka manawa (Reynolds Metals incinerator i Hawaii, Insinerator Maʻemaʻe Harbour i Hawaii). Ua hoʻopuka ka EPA i kahi 65 o nā hana hoʻokō kūʻē i kēia mau insinerator ʻeono i loko o ʻelima mau makahiki i hala iho nei.
ʻAʻole ʻo ka pūʻali koa e kali nei i kahi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ʻOiai ua hoʻonui ʻia i miliona o ke kālā i ka ʻōpala weliweli e puhi iā AFFF, ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ka pūʻali koa i nā palena kuni a me nā kāohi hoʻokuʻu. Ua kāpae pū ka pūʻali koa i nā koi palapala maʻamau o nā ʻōpala weliweli, e hoʻomaopopo nei i ka ʻaelike e incinerators “makemake aole koi ʻia e hāʻawi i nā palapala hōʻike no ka hoʻolei / luku. ” I ka wā e puhi ai i ka AFFF, ʻaʻole makemake ka Pentagon e ʻike i ka mea e hana nei i kēia mau mea ʻāmi.
ʻO ka hoʻohuihui ʻana i nā hana puhi shoddy me ke kūpikipiki kū ʻole i ke ahi, ʻaʻole i hoʻopau loa kēia kuʻi kālā he miliona miliona i ka pilikia o ka pūʻali AFFF ma ke ʻano e hāʻawi hou aku ai.
ʻO ka WTI Heritage Incinerator, i puhi ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 5m paona o AFFF, aia ma kahi papa hana ʻEleʻele kaiāulu ma East Liverpool, Ohio. I ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana i ka makahiki 1993, ua haʻi ʻia ka poʻe kamaʻāina i kēia mammoth hiki i ka incineration ke kōkua i ka neʻe ʻana i ka hana o ka hale hana hale. Ma kahi o ka uku ʻana, loaʻa iā East Liverpool kekahi o nā haumia ʻoi loa ma ka US. ʻO nā home haʻahaʻa a me ke kula haʻahaʻa kokoke e lilo i home no hoʻokuʻu i nā hana maʻamau o nā dioxins, nā huluhulu, nā metala kaumaha, a i kēia manawa PFAS. Kapa ka poʻe kamaʻāina iā ia he aha ia: lāhui hoʻokalakupua.
“ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā mākou nā pane,” Alonzo Spencer haʻi mai iaʻu. Ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe kamaʻāina e nīnau i ka WTI Heritage Incinerator e pili ana iā AFFF i ka makahiki i hala. Ke wehewehe nei i ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi ʻaʻai i loko o kāna kaiāulu a hopohopo e pili ana i ka "kokoke loa o nā wahi i nā kula," ʻaʻole maopopo iā Spencer ke kumu e hoʻāʻo ai ka pūʻali koa a me ka mea ʻāmi e puhi iā AFFF, a no ke kumu o ka hana huna a lākou iā ia. "ʻAʻohe o lākou manaʻo e kū i kaʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i nā mea a lākou e hana nei i kēia kaiāulu," i ʻōlelo ʻo ia.
Hoʻopili ʻia i loko o kahi kaiāulu papa hana nui ma Cohoes, NY, ua puhi ka Norlite Hazardous Waste Incinerator ma kahi o 2.47m paona o AFFF a me 5.3 miliona mau paona o ka wai hoʻowahāwahā o AFFF, malia paha e uhaʻi i kā lākou ʻae hana. I ke aka o ka smokestack e waiho ana nā Saratoga Paena Pūnaewele hale, kahi hale pōhaku paʻa i kahi e hoʻomoe mau ai nā mea hoʻokuʻu i ka papa pāʻani. I loko o nā makahiki ʻehā i hala aku nei, ua haʻi ka poʻe kamaʻāina iaʻu i ka pena ʻana o ka pena mai kā lākou kaʻa a ala aʻe i kekahi mau pō i ka ʻeha ʻana o ka maka i ko lākou mau maka. Norlite, i ʻōlelo lākou, "gass-gass" lākou i ko lākou mau home ponoʻī. ʻO nā huahana aʻe o ka hiki ʻana iā AFFF i nā mahana wela kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kaua o ka gas waimaka.
ʻO nā wahi e like me East Liverpool a me Cohoes nā wahi o AFFF i hiki iā mākou ke alualu. Ua hoʻouna ʻia kekahi mau paona 5.5m o ka AFFF, 40% o ka waihona ukana o ka pūʻali koa, i nā wahi “hoʻohuihui wahie” kahi i hui ʻia ai i nā wahie no ka hana ʻoihana. ʻAʻole maopopo i kahi i hele ai ka wahie ukana AFFF ma hope, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻaelike DOD i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka incineration ka hopena. Inā ʻoe e noho ana i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hiki nō paha ke puhi ʻia i loko o kou kaiāulu. A, no ka mea ʻo AFFF kahi "kemika mau loa" ʻaʻole i haki, hiki paha i ka haumia ke hōʻeha i nā kaiāulu no nā hanauna.
ʻOiai ke koe nei i ka maka o ka lehulehu, aia kekahi kumu kūpono e noʻonoʻo ai e hoʻomau mau ana ka pūʻali koa iā AFFF. Ua hala ka manawa e hana i nā kapu aupuni kūpono i ka puhi ʻana i ka AFFF a hoʻomaka i nā noiʻi ikaika i nā kaiāulu kahi i puhi ʻia ai ʻo AFFF.
ʻO ka inoa ponoʻī o ka 'Oihana Hoʻomalu e kamaʻilio i ka hana a ka pūʻali koa e pale aku ai, ʻaʻole hōʻeha, i kona poʻe ponoʻī. Ma nā helu āpau, ke hoʻoweliweli nei ka Pentagon i nā ola o nā poʻe he nui ʻole ma o ka lawelawe kolohe ʻana o AFFF. ʻO nā kaiāulu e hōʻike nei i kēia pōpilikia kaiapuni e koi i ka pono a me ke kuleana. Āhea ana e lohe ai ko lākou aupuni iā lākou?
- ʻO David Bond he Luna Hoʻokele, Center no ka Holomua o ka Hana Aupuni (CAPA) ma ke Kulanui ʻo Bennington. Alakaʻi ʻo ia i kaKa hoʻomaopopo ʻana iā PFOA”Papahana a ke kākau nei i kahi puke ma Hoʻohaunaele PFAS.
