ʻO ka Leak Aila Laʻa ma Pearl Harbor

Asia, Ka Noʻonoʻo o ka Pono, North America, World

Na David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Nowemapa 30, 2022

Ua manaʻo ʻo Stephen Dedalus he hōʻailona maikaʻi ʻo ʻIlelani ke aniani ʻōniʻoniʻo o ke kauā. Inā pono ʻoe e inoa i kahi hōʻailona o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, he aha ia? ʻO ke kiʻi kūʻokoʻa? ʻO nā kāne i loko o ke kapa komo ma ke keʻa i mua o McDonald? Manaʻo wau ʻo ia kēia: ka ʻaila e kahe ana mai ka moku kaua ma Pearl Harbor. keia moku, ʻO Arizona, ʻO kekahi o nā ʻaila ʻelua e kahe mau nei ma Pearl Harbor, waiho ʻia ma ke ʻano he hoʻolaha kaua, i mea e hōʻoia ai ʻo ka mea kūʻai aku i nā mea kaua kiʻekiʻe o ka honua, ka mea kūkulu kahua kiʻekiʻe, ka mea hoʻolimalima koa kiʻekiʻe, a me ka mea hoʻomehana kiʻekiʻe he mea hala ʻole. A ua ʻae ʻia ka ʻaila e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no ke kumu like. He hōʻike ia o ka hewa o nā ʻenemi US, ʻoiai inā e hoʻololi mau nā ʻenemi. Ua waimaka ka poʻe a ʻike i nā hae e ʻā ana i loko o ko lākou ʻōpū ma ke kahua nani o ka ʻaila, e ʻae ʻia e hoʻohaumia i ka Moana Pākīpika i mea hōʻike i ke koʻikoʻi a me ke koʻikoʻi o kā mākou hoʻolaha kaua. ʻO kēlā kaua he ala nui kahi a mākou e hoʻopau ai i ka noho ʻana o ka honua e nalowale a nalowale paha i nā malihini i ka pūnaewele. Eia kahi punaewele mākaʻikaʻi ma pehea e kipa aku ai i ka leak aila kapu:

"He mea maʻalahi kahi o nā wahi kapu loa ma US. . . . E noʻonoʻo i kēia ʻano: ke ʻike nei ʻoe i ka aila i hoʻopiha hou ʻia i ka lā ma mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana a aia kekahi mea surreal e pili ana i kēlā ʻike. He mea paʻakikī hoʻi ke ʻike ʻole i ka hōʻailona mai nā waimaka ʻeleʻele ʻālohilohi i ke kū mālie ʻana ma luna o ka hoʻomanaʻo - me he mea lā ke kanikau nei ka moku mai ka hoʻouka ʻana.

"Ke kamaʻilio nei ka poʻe e pili ana i ka nani o ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻaila ʻālohilohi ma luna o ka wai a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā lākou i nā ola i nalowale," wahi a kekahi pūnaewele.

“Ua kapa ʻia e ka poʻe he 'waimaka ʻeleʻele o ka Arizona.' Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻaila i ka ʻili, e hana ana i nā anuenue ma ka wai. Hiki iā ʻoe ke honi i ka mea. Ma ka helu o kēia manawa, e kahe ana ka aila mai loko mai o ka Arizona no 500 makahiki hou aku, inā ʻaʻole nahā ka moku ma mua o kēlā. —hōʻike ʻē aʻe.

Inā ʻoe e noho kokoke ana i Pearl Harbor, Aia i loko o kou wai inu ʻono ka wahie mokulele US Navy. ʻAʻole mai nā moku kaua, akā (a nā pōʻino kaiapuni ʻē aʻe ma ka pūnaewele hoʻokahi). koi aku i ʻO ka wai hoʻohaumia paha ke nānā ʻia he hopena i makemake ʻia e ka pūʻali koa US, a i ʻole he mea liʻiliʻi ke olakino kanaka.

ʻO kekahi o nā poʻe like ʻole e ʻōlelo aʻe nei e pili ana i kēlā hoʻoweliweli hoʻoweliweli jet no ka manawa lōʻihi, ua ʻōlelo pū lākou e pili ana i ka hoʻoweliweli make nui loa i hoʻopuka ʻia e nā moʻolelo i haʻi ʻia e nā poʻe i kēlā me kēia lā ma Pearl Harbor Day a i ka wā e kipa aku ai i ka hale o ka ʻeleʻele. waimaka hoʻolaʻa kaua.

Inā noho ʻoe ma kahi kokoke i ke kīwī a i ʻole kamepiula, ma nā wahi a pau o ka Honua, ua pilikia ʻoe.

ʻO kekahi o nā lā hoʻāno loa o ka makahiki ke kokoke mai nei. Mākaukau ʻoe no ka lā 7 o Dekemaba? E hoʻomanaʻo anei ʻoe i ke ʻano maoli o ka lā ʻo Pearl Harbor?

Ua hoʻolālā ke aupuni o ʻAmelika, hoʻomākaukau, a hoʻonāukiuki i ke kaua me Iapana no nā makahiki, a ma nā ʻano he nui i ke kaua mua, e kali ana iā Iapana e kiʻi i ka pana mua, i ka wā i hoʻouka ai ʻo Iapana i nā Pilipine a me Pearl Harbor. ʻO ka mea i nalowale i nā nīnau o ka mea i ʻike i ka wā i nā lā ma mua o kēlā mau hoʻouka ʻana, a me ka hui pū ʻana o ka hiki ʻole a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa i hiki ai iā lākou ke hana, ʻo ia ka mea i hana nui ʻia i ke kaua akā ʻaʻohe mea i lawe ʻia i ka maluhia. . A ua hiki ke hana maʻalahi i ka maluhia.

ʻO ka pivot Asia o ka wā Obama-Trump-Biden he mea mua i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana i ke Kaua Honua II, ʻoiai ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Iapana i kūkulu ai i ko lākou pūʻali koa ma ka Pākīpika. Ua kōkua ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa iā Kina i ke kaua kūʻē iā Iapana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā Iapana e hoʻonele iā ia i nā kumuwaiwai koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Iapana i nā pūʻali koa US a me nā panalāʻau imperial. ʻAʻole hoʻokuʻu ka militarism o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa iā Iapana i ke kuleana no kāna militarism ponoʻī, a i ʻole, akā ʻo ka moʻolelo o ka poʻe hewa ʻole i hoʻoweliweli ʻia i ka polū ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka maoli ma mua o ka ka moolelo o ke kaua e hoopakele i na Iudaio.

Ma mua o Pearl Harbor, ua hana ʻo ʻAmelika i ke kiʻi, a ʻike i ke kiʻi kūʻē nui, a paʻa i nā mea kūʻē kiʻi i loko o nā hale paʻahao kahi i hoʻomaka koke ai lākou i nā hoʻolaha nonviolent e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou - hoʻomohala i nā alakaʻi, nā hui, a me nā ʻano hana e lilo i ka Civil Rights Movement. he neʻe i hānau ʻia ma mua o Pearl Harbor.

Ke noi au i ka poʻe e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka WWII, ʻōlelo mau lākou iā "Hitler," akā inā maʻalahi ke hoʻāpono ʻia ke kaua ʻEulopa, no ke aha lā ʻaʻole i hui mua ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa? No ke aha i nui loa ai ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika i ke komo ʻana i ke kaua a hiki i ka lā 7 Dekemaba, 1941? No ke aha i hōʻike ʻia ai ke kaua me Kelemania i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokomo ʻia ma ke ʻano he kaua pale ma o ka loiloi convoluted i kiʻi ai ʻo Iapana i ka pana mua, no laila (kekahi ʻano) hana i ka (kaʻao) crusade e hoʻopau i ka Holocaust ma ʻEulopa he nīnau no ka pale ʻana iā ia iho? Ua hoʻolaha aku ʻo Kelemania i ke kaua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, me ka manaʻo e kōkua ʻo Iapana iā Kelemania i ka hakakā ʻana me ka Soviet Union. Akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻouka ʻo Kelemania iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

Ua makemake ʻo Winston Churchill e komo ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ke Kaua Honua II, e like me kona makemake i ka United States e komo i ke Kaua Honua Mua. ʻO ka Lusania Ua hoʻouka ʻia e Kelemania me ka ʻole o ka ʻōlelo aʻo ʻana, i ka wā WWI, ua haʻi ʻia mākou ma nā puke kikokikona US, ʻoiai ua paʻi maoli ʻo Kelemania i nā ʻōlelo luhi ma nā nūpepa a me nā nūpepa a puni ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ua paʻi ʻia kēia mau ʻōlelo aʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā hoʻolaha no ka holo ʻana ma ka Lusania a ua kakauinoa ia e ka Emepera Kelemania.[I] Ua kākau nā nūpepa i nā ʻatikala e pili ana i nā ʻōlelo aʻo. Ua nīnau ʻia ka hui Cunard e pili ana i nā ʻōlelo aʻo. ʻO ke kāpena mua o ka Lusania ua haʻalele mua - i hōʻike ʻia ma muli o ke koʻikoʻi o ka holo ʻana ma o ka mea a Kelemania i haʻi ākea ai i kahi kahua kaua. I kēia manawa ua kākau ʻo Winston Churchill i ka Pelekikena o ka Papa Kūʻai ʻo Beretania, "He mea nui loa ka huki ʻana i nā moku kūʻokoʻa i ko mākou mau kahakai me ka manaʻolana o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka United States me Kelemania."[Ii] Ma lalo o kāna kauoha ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia ka pale kaua Pelekane maʻamau i ka Lusania, ʻoiai ua ʻōlelo ʻo Cunard e hilinaʻi ana i kēlā pale. ʻO ka Lusania e lawe ana i na mea kaua a me na koa e kokua i na Beritania i ke kaua ana ia Geremania, ua olelo ia e Kelemania a me na mea nana e ae, a he oiaio. Ke poho ana i ka Lusania he hana weliweli ia o ka pepehi kanaka nui, aka, aole ia he hoouka kamahao e ka ino i ka maikai maemae.

NA 1930

I Kepakemapa o ka makahiki 1932, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Colonel Jack Jouett, he mea hoʻokele kaʻa kaua ʻAmelika, e aʻo i nā cadets 80 ma kahi kula lele kaua hou ma Kina.[Iii] Aia ke kaua i ka lewa. Ma Ianuali 17, 1934, ua haʻi ʻo Eleanor Roosevelt: "ʻO kēlā me kēia manaʻo, pono e noʻonoʻo i ke kaua e hiki mai ana he pepehi kanaka. He naʻaupō loa mākou i hiki iā mākou ke aʻo i ka mōʻaukala a ola i nā mea a mākou e noho nei, a ʻae me ka ʻae i nā kumu like e hoʻokau hou iā mākou i ka mea like. "[Iv] I ka wā i kipa aku ai ʻo Pelekikena Franklin Roosevelt i Pearl Harbor i Iulai 28, 1934, ua kākau ʻo General Kunishiga Tanaka ma ka ʻO Japanese Advertiser, e kūʻē ana i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻauwaʻa ʻAmelika a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kahua hou ma Alaska a me nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian: “ʻO ia ʻano hana haʻahaʻa e hoʻohuoi loa iā mākou. Ke manaʻo nei mākou e paipai ʻia ana ka haunaele nui ma ka Pākīpika. Minamina nui keia.[V]

I ʻOkakopa 1934, kākau ʻo George Seldes ma Ka Harper o Magazine: "He manaʻo nui kēiaʻaʻole nā aupuni e komo i ke kaua no ka kaua." Nīnau akulaʻo Seldes i kekahi luna ma ka Hui Navy:
"Uaʻae aneiʻoe i ka manaʻo o ka moku kāu e hoʻomākaukau ai e kaua i kekahi moku?"
'Ōlelo akula ke kanaka "ʻAe."
"Ke manaʻo nei aneiʻoe i ke kauaʻana me nā moku o Pelekāne?"
"Ae, no."
"Ke nānā nei aneiʻoe i ke kaua me Iapana?"
"Ae."[VI]

I ka makahiki 1935, ʻo Smedley Butler, ʻelua makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni iā Roosevelt, a ʻehā mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻokolokolo kaua ʻana no ka haʻi ʻana i kahi hanana i holo ai ʻo Benito Mussolini i kahi kaikamahine me kāna kaʻa.[VII], i paʻi ʻia i ka holomua nui he puke pōkole i kapa ʻia He kaua ke kaua.[viii] Ua kākau ʻo:

"I kēlā me kēia kau hālāwai o ka'aha'ōlelo, e piʻi mai ana ka nīnau no ka hoʻonāʻana i nā moku. ʻAʻole ho'ōho nā meaʻoliʻoli o kaʻoliʻoli i ka'īʻana, 'Pono mākou i nā kaua kaua e kaua i kēia lāhui a i kēlā lāhui.' Au,ʻaʻole. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hōʻike lākou i ka mea i hōʻeuʻeuʻiaʻoʻAmelika e kekahi mana moana nui. Ma kahi o nā lā a pau, e haʻi aku kēia mau admirals iāʻoe,ʻo ka nui o nā'auwaʻa o kēiaʻenemi kū'ēʻia e hāʻule koke a luku aku i ko mākou poʻe 125,000,000. E like me kēlā. A laila hoʻomaka lākou e uē no ka moku nui. He aha ke kumu? E kaua aku i kaʻenemi? Auhea, no. Au,ʻaʻole. No nā pale pale wale nō. A laila, no ka mea, kūkala lākou i nā hoʻokele i ka Moana Pākīpika. No ka pale. Uh, huh.

“He moana nui ka Pākīpika. He kahakai nui ko mākou ma ka Pākīpika. E holo ana na hana ma kahakai, elua a ekolu haneri mile? ʻAe, ʻaʻole. ʻElua tausani, ʻae, kanakolukumamālima haneri mile paha, ma waho o ke kapakai. ʻO ka poʻe Kepanī, he poʻe haʻaheo, ʻoiaʻiʻo, e hauʻoli loa lākou i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻauwaʻa ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa kokoke loa i nā kahakai o Nippon. E like me ka hauʻoli e like me ka poʻe kamaʻāina o Kaleponi ke ʻike liʻiliʻi lākou, ma ka noe o ke kakahiaka, nā ʻauwaʻa Iapana e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani kaua ma waho o Los Angeles.

I Malaki 1935, hāʻawi ʻo Roosevelt iā Wake Island ma ka US Navy a hāʻawi iā Pan Am Airways i ʻae e kūkulu i nā ala holo ma Wake Island, Midway Island, a me Guam. Ua hoʻolaha nā luna koa Iapana ua hoʻopilikia ʻia lākou a ua nānā lākou i kēia mau ala hoʻoweliweli. Pela no na mea hooikaika maluhia ma Amerika Huipuia. I ka mahina e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Roosevelt i nā pāʻani kaua a me nā hoʻololi kokoke i nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian a me Midway Island. I ka mahina e hiki mai ana, e hele ana nā mea hoʻomalu maluhia ma New York e kākoʻo ana i ka pilina me Iapana. Ua kākau ʻo Norman Thomas i ka makahiki 1935: "ʻO ke kanaka mai Mars nāna i ʻike i ka ʻeha o nā kāne i ke kaua hope loa a me ka wikiwiki o kā lākou hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ke kaua aʻe, a lākou i ʻike ai e ʻoi aku ka ʻino, e hiki mai ana i ka hopena e nānā ana ʻo ia i nā denizens. ʻo kahi hale hoʻomaha pupule.

Ma ka lā 18 o Mei, 1935, hele aku he ʻumi kaukani i Fifth Avenue ma New York me nā leka a me nā hōʻailona e kūʻē ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kaua me Iapana. Ua hana hou ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona like i kēia manawa.[IX] Ua hana nā kānaka i ka hihia no ka maluhia, ʻoiai ʻo ke aupuni i lako i ke kaua, kūkulu i nā kahua kaua, hoʻomaʻamaʻa no ke kaua ma ka Pākīpika, a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻeleʻele a me ka pale ʻana mai nā hoʻouka kaua e hoʻomākaukau ai i nā kānaka no ke kaua. Ua hoʻolālā ka US Navy i kāna mau hoʻolālā no ke kaua ma Iapana. ʻO ka lā 8 o Malaki, 1939, ka mana o kēia mau hoʻolālā i wehewehe ʻia he "kaua hoʻopaʻapaʻa o ka lōʻihi" e luku ai i ka pūʻali koa a hoʻopau i ke ola waiwai o Iapana.

Ua hoʻolālā pū ka pūʻali koa ʻAmelika no ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Hawaiʻi, i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaka me ka naʻi ʻana i ka mokupuni ʻo Niʻihau, kahi e lele ai nā mokulele e hoʻouka i nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻokokoke ʻo US Army Air Corp. Lt. Col. Gerald Brant i ka ʻohana Robinson, nona ka Niʻihau a ke noho nei. Ua noi ʻo ia iā lākou e ʻōʻō palau ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka mokupuni i loko o ka mākia, i mea ʻole ia no nā mokulele. Ma waena o ka makahiki 1933 a me 1937, ua ʻoki nā kānaka Niʻihau ʻekolu i nā ʻauwaha me nā palau i huki ʻia e nā miula a i ʻole nā lio hukihuki. ʻO ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻohe manaʻo o ka poʻe Kepani e hoʻohana iā Niʻihau, akā i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai kahi mokulele Kepani i komo i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana ma Pearl Harbor i ka pae ulia pōpilikia, ua pae ia i Niʻihau me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana a pau. na miula a me na lio.

Ma Iulai 21, 1936, ua like ka poʻomanaʻo o nā nūpepa a pau ma Tokyo: ua hōʻaiʻē ke aupuni US iā Kina i 100 miliona yuan e kūʻai ai i nā mea kaua US.[x] Ma ʻAukake 5, 1937, ua hoʻolaha ke aupuni o Iapana ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka holo ʻana o nā mokulele mokulele 182 US, kēlā me kēia me nā mīkini ʻelua, e lele ana i nā mokulele i Kina.[xi]

ʻO kekahi mau luna US a me Iapana, a me nā mea hoʻomalu maluhia, ua hana no ka maluhia a me ka pilina i kēia mau makahiki, e hoʻihoʻi ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kaua. ʻO kekahi mau laʻana ma kēia loulou.

1940

I Nowemapa i ka makahiki 1940, ua hōʻaiʻē ʻo Roosevelt iā Kina i hoʻokahi haneli miliona kālā no ke kaua me Iapana, a ma hope o ke kūkākūkā ʻana me ka poʻe Pelekania, ua hoʻolālā ʻo US Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau e hoʻouna aku i nā poʻe pahū Kina me nā hui US e hoʻohana i ka pana ʻana iā Tokyo a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe o Iapana. Ma ka lā 21 o Dekemaba, 1940, ua hui ke Kuhina Waiwai ʻo TV Soong lāua ʻo Colonel Claire Chennault, he pūʻali koa US i hoʻomaha e hana ana no nā Kina a ua koi ʻo ia iā lākou e hoʻohana i nā pailaka ʻAmelika e pahū iā Tokyo mai ka liʻiliʻi o 1937, hui ʻia ma ka lumi ʻaina o Morgenthau. e hoʻolālā i ke ahi o Iapana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Morgenthau hiki iā ia ke hoʻokuʻu i nā kāne mai ka hana ma ka US Army Air Corps inā hiki i nā Kina ke uku iā lākou i $ 1,000 i kēlā me kēia mahina. Ua ʻae ʻo Soong.[xii]

I ka makahiki 1939-1940, ua kūkulu ka US Navy i nā kahua hoʻomoana Pākīpika hou ma Midway, Johnston, Palmyra, Wake, Guam, Samoa, a me Hawaii.[xiii]

I Kepakemapa, 1940, ua pūlima ʻo Iapana, Kelemānia a me Italia i kahi ʻaelike e kōkua kekahi i kekahi i ke kaua. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ke kaua me kekahi o lākou, aia paha ke kaua me nā mea ʻekolu.

Ma ka lā 7 o ʻOkakopa, 1940, ua kākau ka luna o ka US Office of Naval Intelligence Far East Asia Section Arthur McCollum i memo.[xiv] Ua hopohopo ʻo ia e pili ana i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o Axis e hiki mai ana i nā ʻauwaʻa Pelekania, i ke Aupuni Pelekane, a me ka hiki i nā Allies ke hoʻopaʻa i ʻEulopa. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia e pili ana i kahi hoʻouka kaua Axis e hiki mai ana ma United States. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hiki i ka hana hoʻoholo ke alakaʻi i ka "hiolo mua o Iapana." Ua paipai ʻo ia i ke kaua me Iapana:

“ʻOiai . . . ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi nā mea a ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hiki ai ke hoʻihoʻi koke i ke kūlana ma ʻEulopa, hiki iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ke hoʻopau maikaʻi i ka hana ʻino a Iapana, a hana me ka hoʻēmi ʻole ʻana i ke kōkua waiwai o ʻAmelika iā Pelekane Nui.

“. . . Ma ka Pākīpika, he kūlana pale ikaika loa ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a he pūʻali koa navy a me ka lewa moana i kēia manawa ma kēlā moana hiki ke hana ʻino i kahi lōʻihi. Aia kekahi mau kumu ʻē aʻe i makemake nui ʻia i kēia manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi:

Paʻa mau ʻia nā mokupuni ʻo Pilipi e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻO ke aupuni aloha a pili paha i ka mana o Dutch East Indies.
Ua paʻa mau ʻo Pelekania iā Hong Kong a me Singapore a ua ʻoluʻolu iā mākou.
Aia nā pūʻali koa koʻikoʻi o Kina i ke kahua ma Kina e kūʻē iā Iapana.
He pūʻali koa liʻiliʻi US Naval hiki ke hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi i nā ala hoʻolako hema o Iapana i loko o ka hale keaka o nā hana.
Aia kekahi pūʻali manuwa Dutch nui ma ka Hikina i mea waiwai inā e hui pū me US

"ʻO ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma mua e alakaʻi i ka hopena o ka hoʻouka kaua kaua ʻana iā Iapana e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hiki ʻole ai iā Iapana ke hāʻawi i ke kōkua iā Kelemania a me Italia i kā lākou hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā ʻEnelani a ʻo Iapana ponoʻī e kū ana i kahi kūlana e hiki ai. hiki ke koi ʻia kona moku kaua e hakakā ma nā ʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻole a i ʻole e ʻae i ka hāʻule mua ʻana o ka ʻāina ma muli o ka ikaika o ka blockade. ʻO ka hoʻolaha koke ʻana i ke kaua ma hope o ke komo ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho kūpono me ʻEnelani a me Holani, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hāʻule mua ʻana o Iapana a pēlā e hoʻopau ai i ko mākou ʻenemi ma ka Pakipika ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o Kelemania a me Italia ke hahau mai iā mākou. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o Iapana he mea pono e hoʻoikaika i ke kūlana o Beretania e kūʻē iā Kelemania a me Italia, a ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ia hana e hoʻonui ai i ka hilinaʻi a me ke kākoʻo ʻana o nā lāhui āpau e aloha aloha iā mākou.

“ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka manaʻo kālai'āina i kēia manawa ua hiki i ke aupuni o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ke haʻi aku i ke kaua kūʻē iā Iapana me ka ʻole o ka hopohopo; a he mea hiki ole i ka hana ikaika ma ko kakou aoao ke alakai i na Kepani e hoololi i ko lakou manao. No laila, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻano hana:

Hana i kahi hoʻonohonoho me Pelekane no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kahua Pelekane ma ka Pākīpika, ʻo Singapore.
Hana i kahi hoʻonohonoho me Holland no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā keʻena kumu a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lako ma Dutch East Indies.
Hāʻawi i nā kōkua āpau i ke aupuni Kina o Chiang-Kai-Shek.
E hoʻouna i ka mahele o nā moku holo moku lōʻihi i ka Hikina, Philippines, a i ʻole Singapore.
E hoʻouna i ʻelua mahele o nā moku moana i ka Hikina.
E mālama i ka ikaika nui o nā ʻauwaʻa US i kēia manawa ma ka Pākīpika ma kahi kokoke i ka pae ʻāina ʻo Hawaiʻi.
E koi aku e hōʻole ka Dutch i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā koi Kepani no nā ʻae kālā kūpono ʻole, ʻoi aku ka aila.
Hoʻokuʻu loa i nā kālepa US āpau me Iapana, me ka hui pū ʻana me kahi embargo like i kau ʻia e ke aupuni Pelekane.

"Inā ma kēia mau mea hiki ke alakaʻi ʻia ʻo Iapana e hana i kahi hana kaua ākea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. I nā hanana a pau, pono mākou e mākaukau e ʻae i ka hoʻoweliweli kaua. "

Wahi a ka mea kākau moʻolelo pūʻali koa US ʻo Conrad Crane, "ʻO ka heluhelu kokoke ʻana [o ka memo ma luna aʻe nei] e hōʻike ana i kāna mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i manaʻo ʻia e pale a loaʻa iā Iapana, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana iā ʻAmelika no kahi hakakā e hiki mai ana ma ka Pākīpika. Aia kekahi ʻōlelo maʻalahi e hiki ke maʻalahi ke kākoʻo o ka lehulehu no ka hana kūʻē iā Iapana, akā ʻo ka manaʻo o ka palapala ʻaʻole ia e hōʻoia i kēlā hanana.[xv]

He mea maʻalahi ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma waena o ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia memo a me nā palapala like. ʻAʻohe mea i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ka memo i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei e pili ana i ke kūkākūkā ʻana i ka maluhia a i ʻole ka wehe ʻana i nā mea kaua a i ʻole ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kānāwai ma luna o ka hana ʻino. Manaʻo kekahi e hoʻomaka ke kaua akā hiki ke hoʻopiʻi iā Iapana. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻo ka manaʻo e mākaukau no ke kaua e hoʻomaka ai, a hana i nā hana e hoʻonāukiuki loa iā Iapana e hoʻomaka i hoʻokahi, akā ma kahi o - hiki ʻole ke hiki - e hoʻoweliweli iā Iapana mai kāna mau hana militaristic. Hoʻololi kēia ʻano hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka puka makani Overton i puka kī. He hoʻopaʻapaʻa ia i hoʻohuli ʻia i ka nānā ʻana inā paha kekahi o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻewalu ma luna - ʻo ka mea e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻauwaʻa ma Hawaiʻi - he ʻāpana o ka manaʻo ʻino e hoʻopau i nā moku hou aʻe i kahi hoʻouka kaua nui (ʻaʻole kahi hoʻolālā kūleʻa. , no ka mea, elua wale no moku i luku mau ia).

ʻAʻole wale kēlā wahi - he mea koʻikoʻi me ka ʻole a i ʻole ka manaʻo like ʻole - akā ua hahai ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻewalu i hana ʻia ma ka memo a i ʻole nā pae liʻiliʻi e like me lākou. ʻO kēia mau ʻanuʻu i manaʻo ʻia i ka manaʻo a i ʻole ka pōʻino (he ʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa) e hoʻomaka i ke kaua, a me he mea lā ua hana lākou. Hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo, i ka manawa kūpono a ʻaʻole paha, ma ʻOkakopa 8, 1940, i ka lā aʻe ma hope o ke kākau ʻia ʻana o ka memo. I kēlā lā, ua haʻi ka US State Department i nā ʻAmelika e haʻalele i Asia Hikina. Ma ia lā hoʻi, ua kauoha ʻo Pelekikena Roosevelt i nā ʻauwaʻa e mālama ʻia ma Hawaii. Ua kākau ʻo Adimarala James O. Richardson ma hope mai ua kūʻē ikaika ʻo ia i kēia noi a me kāna kumu. "Ma hope a ma hope paha," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Roosevelt e like me kāna ʻōlelo ʻana, "e hana nā Kepani i kahi hana kūʻē iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a makemake ka lāhui e komo i ke kaua."[xvi]

KAHIKI 1941

Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Richardson mai kāna mau hana ma Pepeluali 1, 1941, no laila ua hoʻopunipuni ʻo ia no Roosevelt ma ke ʻano he limahana hana ʻino ʻole. A i ʻole, ʻo ka haʻalele ʻana i ia mau hana ma ka Pākīpika i ia mau lā he hana kaulana ia e ka poʻe i ʻike i ka mea e hiki mai ana. Ua hōʻole ʻo Adimarala Chester Nimitz e kauoha i ka ʻAuwaʻa Pākīpika. Ua haʻi aku kāna keiki, ʻo Chester Nimitz Jr. i ka History Channel, penei ka manaʻo o kona makuakāne: “ʻO koʻu manaʻo e hoʻouka kaua mai ana nā Kepani iā mākou ma kahi hoʻouka kaua. He kipi ma ka ʻāina i ka poʻe a pau e noho aliʻi ana ma ke kai, a e pani ʻia lākou e nā poʻe kūlana kiʻekiʻe i uka, a makemake wau e pae i uka, ʻaʻole i ka moana ke hiki mai ia.[xvii]

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 1941, ua hui nā luna koa o ʻAmelika a me Pelekāne e hoʻolālā i kā lākou hoʻolālā no ka lanakila ʻana iā Kelemania a laila ʻo Iapana, i ka wā i kū ai ʻo ʻAmelika i ke kaua. I ʻApelila, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Pelekikena Roosevelt i nā moku US e haʻi aku i ka pūʻali koa Pelekania i nā wahi o nā moku-U a me nā mokulele Kelemania. A laila hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻae i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā lako i nā koa Pelekane ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Kelemania iā Roosevelt no ka "hoʻoikaika ʻana me nā mea a pau i hiki iā ia ke hoʻonāukiuki i nā hanana no ke kumu o ka maunu ʻana i ka poʻe ʻAmelika i ke kaua."[xviii]

I Ianuali 1941, ka ʻO Japanese Advertiser Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kona huhū no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pūʻali koa US ma Pearl Harbor ma kahi hoʻoponopono, a ua kākau ka ʻelele US i Iapana i kāna diary: "He nui ka kamaʻilio ʻana a puni ke kūlanakauhale i ka hopena o ka poʻe Kepani, i ka wā e hoʻomaha ai me ʻO ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ke hoʻolālā nei e hele i waho i kahi hoʻouka kaua lehulehu ma Pearl Harbor. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike wau i koʻu aupuni. "[xix] Ma ka lāʻo Pepeluali 5, 1941, ua kākauʻo Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner i ke kākau'ōlelo o ka war Henry Stimson e haʻi aku i ka hiki o ka hōʻeha ma Pearl Harbor.

Ma ʻApelila 28, 1941, ua kākau ʻo Churchill i kahi ʻōlelo kuhikuhi huna i kāna keʻena kaua: "E manaʻo ʻia paha ʻo ke komo ʻana o Iapana i ke kaua e ukali ʻia e ke komo koke ʻana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ko mākou ʻaoʻao." Ma ka la 24 o Mei, 1941, ua New York Times ua hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o US i ka pūʻali ea Kina, a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i "mau mokulele kaua a me nā mokulele pahū" i Kina e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Beretania. Heluhelu ʻia ka "Bombing of Japanese Cities" i ka subheadline.[xx] Ma ka lā Mei 31, 1941, ma ka Keep America Out of War Congress, ua hāʻawi ʻo William Henry Chamberlin i kahi ʻōlelo hōʻeuʻeu: "ʻO kahi boycott hoʻokele waiwai nui o Iapana, ʻo ka paʻa ʻana o nā lawe aila e laʻa ana, e hoʻokuʻi iā Iapana i nā lima o ka Axis. ʻO ke kaua hoʻokele waiwai ka mea mua i ke kaua moku kaua a me ka pūʻali koa. "[xxi]

Ma Iulai 7, 1941, nā pūʻali koa US noho ʻo Iceland.

Ma Iulai, 1941, ua ʻae ka Hui Hui Pūʻali-Navy Board i kahi hoʻolālā i kapa ʻia ʻo JB 355 e puhi i ke ahi iā Iapana. E kūʻai kekahi hui mua i nā mokulele ʻAmelika e lele ʻia e nā mea manawaleʻa ʻAmelika. Ua ʻae ʻo Roosevelt, a ʻo kāna loea Kina ʻo Lauchlin Currie, ma ka ʻōlelo a Nicholson Baker, "ua hoʻouna ʻo Madame Chiang Kai-Shek lāua ʻo Claire Chennault i kahi leka i noi pololei ʻia e nā kiu Iapana." ʻO ka 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) o ka Chinese Air Force, i kapa ʻia ʻo Flying Tigers, neʻe i mua me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa koke ʻana, ua hāʻawi ʻia iā Kina ma mua o Pearl Harbor, a ʻike mua i ke kaua ma Dekemaba 20, 1941.[xxii]

Ma Iulai 9, 1941, ua noi aku ʻo Pelekikena Roosevelt i nā luna koa kiʻekiʻe o ʻAmelika e hoʻolālā i nā hoʻolālā kaua no Kelemania a me kona mau hoa pili a me Iapana. ʻO kāna leka e hana ana i kēia ua haʻi piha ʻia i loko o kahi nūhou i ka lā 4 o Dekemaba, 1941 - ʻo ia ka manawa mua i lohe ai ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika i kekahi mea e pili ana iā ia. E nana i ka la 4 o Dekemaba, 1941, malalo iho.

Ma Iulai 24, 1941, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Pelekikena Roosevelt, "Inā mākou e ʻoki i ka ʻaila, ua iho paha [ke Kepani] i lalo i ka Dutch East Indies i hoʻokahi makahiki i hala, a ua loaʻa iā ʻoe ke kaua. He mea koʻikoʻi ia mai ko mākou manaʻo ponoʻī o ka pale e pale aku i ke kaua mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana ma ka Pākīpika Hema. No laila ke hoʻāʻo nei kā mākou kulekele ʻē aʻe e hoʻōki i ke kaua mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana ma laila. "[xxiii] Ua ʻike ka poʻe nūhou ua ʻōlelo ʻo Roosevelt "ʻo" ma mua o "ʻo ia." I ka lā aʻe, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Roosevelt i kahi kauoha hoʻokō e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā waiwai Iapana. Ua ʻoki ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Beretania i ka ʻaila a me ka ʻōpala i Iapana. Ua ʻike ʻo Radhabinod Pal, he loio India i lawelawe ma ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo hewa kaua ma hope o ke kaua, ua ʻike ʻo ia i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa he mea hoʻoweliweli hoʻoweliweli iā Iapana.[xxiv]

MaʻAukake 7, 1941, ka Ka Pepa hoʻolahaʻo Japan i kākauʻia: "ʻO ka mua,ʻo ka hanaʻana o kahi kūpaʻa ma Singapore, ua hoʻokūpaʻa ikaikaʻia e ka poʻe kaua Pelekāne a me'Emela. Mai kēia hub ua hoʻonuiʻia kekahi hāla nui a ua hui pū me nā kumuhanaʻAmelika e hoʻokomo i ke apo mama ma kekahiʻaoʻao nui ma ka hema a me ke komohana mai nā Philippines mai Malaya a me Burma, me ka hāʻule wale o ka loulou i loko o ka peninsula o Thailand. I kēia manawa, ua manaʻoʻia e hoʻokomo i nā mīkini i ka pōʻai a hiki i Rangoon. "[xxv]

Ma ʻAukake 12, 1941, hui malū ʻo Roosevelt me Churchill ma Newfoundland (ʻoiai ʻaʻole i nānā i nā noi a ke Kuhina Nui o Iapana no kahi hālāwai) a huki ʻo ia i ka Atlantic Charter, kahi i hoʻonohonoho ai i ke kaua no ke kaua ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ua noi ʻo Churchill iā Roosevelt e komo koke i ke kaua, akā ua hōʻole ʻo ia. Mahope iho o keia halawai malu, ma ka la 18 o Augate^th, Ua hui ʻo Churchill me kāna ʻaha Kuhina ma 10 Downing Street ma Lākana. Ua haʻi ʻo Churchill i kāna kuhina, e like me nā minuke: "Ua ʻōlelo ka Pelekikena [US] e kaua ʻo ia akā ʻaʻole ia e haʻi aku, a e lilo ʻo ia i mea hoʻonāukiuki. Inā makemake ʻole ka poʻe Kelemania, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻouka i nā pūʻali koa ʻAmelika. Pono e hana ʻia nā mea a pau e hoʻoikaika i kahi 'hana' hiki ke alakaʻi i ke kaua.[xxvi]

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Churchill ma hope mai (Ianuali 1942) i ka Hale o nā Aliʻi: "Ua lilo ke kulekele o ka ʻAha Kuhina ma nā koina āpau e pale aku i ka hoʻopili ʻana me Iapana a hiki i ko mākou maopopo ʻana e komo pū ana ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. . . Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻaha ʻAkelanika kahi aʻu i kūkākūkā ai i kēia mau mea me Pelekikena Roosevelt, ʻo ka United Slates, inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hoʻouka ʻia, e komo i ke kaua ma ka Hikina mamao, a pēlā e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai ka lanakila hope. me he mea lā e hoʻopau i kekahi o nā hopohopo a ʻaʻole i hoʻopunipuni ʻia kēlā manaʻolana e nā hanana.

Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa pū ka poʻe hoʻolaha Pelekania mai ka liʻiliʻi loa o 1938 no ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Iapana e lawe mai i ka United States i ke kaua.[xxvii] Ma ka ʻAkelika ʻAkelanika ma ʻAukake 12, 1941, ua hōʻoia ʻo Roosevelt iā Churchill e lawe mai ʻo ʻAmelika i ka hoʻokele waiwai e kau ai ma luna o Iapana.[xxviii] I loko o hoʻokahi pule, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻomaka ka Papa Hoʻokele waiwai i nā hoʻopaʻi waiwai.[xxix] ʻI he ʻaho 3 ʻo Sepitema 1941, naʻe fekau atu ʻe he US State Department ia Iapana ko e kole ke ne tali ʻa e moʻoni ʻo e “nondisturbance of the status quo in the Pacific,” ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻōki i ka hoʻolilo ʻana i nā panalāʻau ʻEulopa i mau panalāʻau Iapana.[xxx] Ma o ka mahinaʻo XSUMX, ua hoʻonāukiukiʻia ke kaomi o Iapana e hoʻomakaʻoʻAmelika Huipūʻia i kaʻaila e holo ana ma mua o Iapana e hiki i Russia. Ke'ōlelo neiʻo ia i nā'ōlelo nūpepa,ʻo ia ka mea e make ana i ka make pinepine mai ka "hōkele waiwai."[xxxi] I Kepakemapa, 1941, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Roosevelt i kahi kulekele "pana i ka ʻike" i nā moku Kelemania a i ʻole nā moku ʻItalia ma nā kai ʻAmelika.

HE PAE KUAI KAUA

Ma ʻOkakopa 27, 1941, haʻi ʻōlelo ʻo Roosevelt[xxxii]:

"ʻElima mahina i hala aku nei i kēia pō ua haʻi aku au i ka poʻe ʻAmelika i ka noho ʻana o kahi kūlana pilikia ʻole. Mai ia manawa ua nui nā mea i hana ʻia. ʻO kā mākou pūʻali koa a me ka Navy no kekahi manawa ma Iceland i ka pale ʻana i ka Hemisphere Komohana. Ua hoʻouka kaua ʻo Hitler i nā moku ma nā wahi kokoke i ʻAmelika ma ka ʻĀkelanika ʻĀkau a me Hema. He nui na moku kalepa na Amerika i piholo ma ke kai nui. Ua hooukaia kekahi moku luku Amerika i ka la ha o Sepatemaba. Ua hooukaia kekahi moku luku a ku i ka la umikumamahiku o Okatoba. He ʻumikūmākahi mau kānaka koa a kūpaʻa o ko mākou Navy i pepehi ʻia e nā Nazis. Ua makemake mākou e pale i ka pana. Akā ua hoʻomaka ka pana. A ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka moʻolelo nāna i kiʻi i ka pana mua. I ka wā lōʻihi, akā naʻe, ʻo ka mea nui ka mea nāna i kī i ka pana hope loa. Ua hooukaia o Amerika. ʻO ka USS Kearny ʻaʻole ia he moku moana wale nō. No kēlā me kēia kāne, wahine a me nā keiki o kēia lāhui. ʻO Illinois, Alabama, Kaleponi, North Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Arkansas, New York, Virginia - ʻo ia nā mokuʻāina home o ka poʻe hanohano i make a ʻeha o ka Kearny. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka torpedo a Hitler i kēlā me kēia ʻAmelika inā ʻo ia e noho ana ma ko mākou mau kahakai a i ʻole ma ka ʻaoʻao o loko o ka lāhui, mamao loa mai ke kai a mamao loa mai nā pū a me nā kaʻa o nā pūʻali koa i manaʻo ʻia e lanakila ma ka honua. ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a Hitler ʻo ia ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka poʻe ʻAmelika mai ke kai kiʻekiʻe - e koi iā mākou e hoʻihoʻi haʻalulu. ʻAʻole kēia ka manawa mua i kuhi hewa ai ʻo ia i ka ʻuhane ʻAmelika. Ua hoʻāla ʻia kēlā ʻuhane.

Ua piholo ka moku i ka la 4 o Sepatemaba ka ʻO Greer. Ua hōʻike ke poʻo o ka US Naval Operations Harold Stark i mua o ke Kōmike Naval Affairs o ka Senate ʻO Greer Ua hahai ʻo ia i kahi moku luʻu Kelemania a hoʻihoʻi i kona wahi i kahi mokulele Pelekane, nāna i hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā kumu hohonu ma luna o ka moku me ka ʻole o ka holomua. Ma hope o nā hola o ka hahai ʻia e ka ʻO Greer, huli ka moku luu a kipu.

Ua piholo ka moku i ka la 17 o Okatoba, ka Kearny, he hana hou ia o ka ʻO Greer. Ua pili paha ia i ka ʻuhane o kēlā me kēia ʻAmelika a pēlā aku, akā ʻaʻole ia he hewa. ʻO ia ke komo ʻana i ke kaua i komo ʻole ʻia e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua kūʻē loa ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika i ke komo ʻana, akā ua makemake nui ka Pelekikena ʻAmelika e hoʻomau. Ua hoʻomau kēlā pelekikena:

“Inā e hoʻomalu ʻia kā mākou kulekele aupuni e ka makaʻu i ka pana ʻana, a laila pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā moku āpau a me ko mākou kaikuahine Repubalika ma nā awa home. Pono ko mākou Navy e noho me ka mahalo-ma hope o kēlā me kēia laina a Hitler e kauoha ai ma kēlā me kēia moana e like me kāna mana pono'ī o kāna wahi kaua pono'ī. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hōʻole mākou i kēlā manaʻo lapuwale a hōʻino. Ke hōʻole nei mākou no ko mākou pono pono'ī, no ka mahalo iā mākou iho, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ko mākou manaʻo ponoʻī. ʻO ke kūʻokoʻa o ke kai i kēia manawa, e like me ka wā ma mua, he kulekele kumu o kou aupuni a me koʻu."

ʻO kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa strawman e pili ana i ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana ua hoʻouka ʻia nā moku hala ʻole i komo i ke kaua, a ʻo ka hanohano o kekahi e pili ana i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā moku kaua a puni nā moana o ka honua. He hana ʻakaʻaka loa ia e hoʻopunipuni i ka lehulehu, no ka mea, ʻo Roosevelt ka mea i uku ai i nā aliʻi i nā mea hoʻolaha o WWI. I kēia manawa ua hiki mai mākou i ka ʻōlelo ʻana ua manaʻo ka Pelekikena e hoʻopaʻa i kāna hihia no ke kaua. He hihia i hoʻokumu ʻia ma kahi hoʻopunipuni Pelekane, kahi e hiki ai ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Roosevelt i kāna ʻōlelo ʻana:

"Ua kūʻē pinepine ʻo Hitler ʻaʻole e hoʻonui ʻia kāna mau hoʻolālā no ka naʻi ʻana ma waena o ka Moana ʻAkelanika. Akā ʻo kāna mau submarines a me nā mea hoʻouka kaua e hōʻike ʻē aʻe. Pēlā nō ka hoʻolālā holoʻokoʻa o kāna hoʻonohonoho honua hou. No ka laʻana, loaʻa iaʻu kahi palapala ʻāina huna i hana ʻia ma Kelemania e ke aupuni o Hitler - e nā mea hoʻolālā o ka hoʻonohonoho honua hou. He palapala ʻāina ia o ʻAmelika Hema a he ʻāpana o ʻAmelika Waena, e like me ka manaʻo o Hitler e hoʻonohonoho hou. I kēia lā ma kēia wahi he ʻumikumamāhā mau ʻāina kaʻawale. Ua hoopau loa ka poe akamai i ka aina o Berelina i na laina palena aina a pau e noho nei; a ua mahele ia Amerika Hema i elima mokuaina moku, e lawe ana i ka aina a pau malalo o ko lakou mana. A ua hoʻonohonoho pū lākou i ka ʻāina o kekahi o kēia mau mokuʻāina papeti hou e komo pū me ka Repubalika o Panama a me kā mākou laina ola nui - ka Canal Panama. ʻO ia kāna hoʻolālā. ʻAʻole loa ia e lilo. Hoʻomaopopo kēia palapala ʻāina i ka hoʻolālā Nazi ʻaʻole kūʻē wale iā ʻAmelika Hema akā kūʻē iā ʻAmelika ponoʻī.

Ua hoʻoponopono ʻo Roosevelt i kēia haʻiʻōlelo no ka wehe ʻana i kahi ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka palapala ʻāina. Ua hōʻole ʻo ia e hōʻike i ka palapala ʻāina i ka media a i ʻole ka lehulehu. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i haʻi mai kahi i hele mai ai ka palapala ʻāina, pehea ʻo ia i hoʻopili ai iā Hitler, a i ʻole pehea e hōʻike ai i kahi hoʻolālā kūʻē iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a i ʻole - no ia mea - pehea paha i ʻoki ʻia ai ʻo ʻAmelika Latina a ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Panama.

I kona lilo ʻana i Kuhina Nui i ka makahiki 1940, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Churchill i kahi ʻoihana i kapa ʻia ʻo British Security Coordination (BSC) me ka misionari e hoʻohana i nā hana hoʻopunipuni e pono ai e hoʻokomo i ka United States i ke kaua. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka BSC mai ʻekolu papahele o Rockefeller Center ma New York e kahi Kanada i kapa ʻia ʻo William Stephenson - ke kumu hoʻohālike no James Bond, e like me Ian Fleming. Ua holo ʻo ia i kāna lekiō ponoʻī, WRUL, a me ka ʻoihana paʻi, ka Overseas News Agency (ONA). ʻO nā haneli a mau kaukani paha o nā limahana BSC, ma hope aku me Roald Dahl, hoʻomau i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā mea hoʻopunipuni i ka pāpaho US, e hana ana i nā mea hoʻokalakupua e wānana i ka make ʻana o Hitler, a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā lono wahaheʻe o nā mea kaua hou Pelekane ikaika. Ua ʻike pono ʻo Roosevelt i ka hana a ka BSC, e like me ka FBI.

Wahi a William Boyd, he mea kākau moʻolelo nāna i noiʻi i ka ʻoihana, "ua hoʻomohala ʻo BSC i kahi pāʻani prankish i kapa ʻia ʻo 'Vik' - he 'mea leʻaleʻa hou no ka poʻe aloha i ka demokala. Ua kiʻi nā hui o nā mea pāʻani Vik ma ʻAmelika i nā helu ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hilahila a me ka huhū a lākou i hana ai i ka poʻe aloha Nazi. Ua paipai ʻia nā mea pāʻani e hoʻomāinoino i nā ʻano hana hoʻomāinoino liʻiliʻi - mau kelepona 'hewa' i ka pō; hāʻule nā ʻiole make i loko o nā pahu wai; ke kauoha ʻana i nā makana paʻakikī e hāʻawi ʻia, ke kālā ma ka hāʻawi ʻana, i nā helu wahi; ka hoopau ana i na huila o na kaa; ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i nā mea mele alanui e hoʻokani 'God Save the King' ma waho o nā hale o ka poʻe aloha Nazi, a pēlā aku.[xxxiii]

Ua hana ʻo Ivar Bryce, ʻo ia ka kaikoʻeke o Walter Lippman a me Ian Fleming hoa, no ka BSC, a i ka makahiki 1975 i hoʻopuka i kahi memo e ʻōlelo ana ua hana ʻo ia i ka palapala mua o ka palapala palapala Nazi phony a Roosevelt, a ua ʻae ʻia e Stephenson a i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e kiʻi ʻia e ke aupuni US me kahi moʻolelo wahaheʻe e pili ana i kona kumu.[xxxiv] ʻAʻole maopopo ka FBI a me / a i ʻole ʻo Roosevelt i ka hoʻopunipuni. ʻO nā hana hoʻopunipuni a pau i huki ʻia e nā ʻelele "naʻauao" i nā makahiki, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kūleʻa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa, ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe Pelekania i manaʻo ʻia he hoa pili ʻAmelika. ʻO ka poʻe heluhelu puke a me ka poʻe kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻAmelika e hoʻolei i ka waiwai i ka mahalo iā James Bond, ʻoiai inā ua hoʻāʻo kāna kumu hoʻohālike maoli e hoʻopunipuni iā lākou i ke kaua ʻino loa i ʻike ʻia e ka honua.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, e hakakā ana ʻo Kelemania i ke kaua huki ʻana me ka Soviet Union, a ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻaʻa e hoʻouka kaua iā ʻEnelani. ʻAʻole hiki ke lawe ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika Hema. ʻAʻohe moʻolelo o ka palapala ʻāina phony i loaʻa ma Kelemania, a ʻo ka manaʻo ʻana aia paha kekahi ʻano o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka ʻāpana aʻe o ka haʻiʻōlelo a Roosevelt, kahi āna i ʻōlelo ai he palapala ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hōʻike i kekahi a ʻaʻole paha i ola, a ʻaʻole kūpono ka ʻike:

“Aia i kou aupuni kekahi palapala i hana ʻia ma Kelemānia e ke aupuni o Hitler. He hoʻolālā kikoʻī ia, no nā kumu maopopo, ʻaʻole makemake ka Nazi a makemake ʻole e hoʻolaha i kēia manawa, akā mākaukau lākou e kau - ma hope iki - ma kahi honua i hoʻomalu ʻia - inā lanakila ʻo Hitler. He kumumanaʻo ia e hoʻopau i nā hoʻomana āpau e noho nei - Protestant, Catholic, Mohammedan, Hindu, Buddhist, a me nā Iudaio. ʻO ka waiwai o nā halepule a pau e hopu ʻia e ka Reich a me kāna mau papeti. E kapu ke kea a me na hoailona e ae o ka hoomana. E hoʻopaʻi mau ʻia nā kāhuna pule ma lalo o ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana o nā kahua hoʻopaʻapaʻa, kahi e hoʻomāinoino ʻia ai nā kānaka wiwo ʻole he nui no ka mea ua hoʻonoho lākou i ke Akua ma luna o Hitler. Ma kahi o nā ʻekalesia o ko kākou lāhui, e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi Ekalesia Nazi International - he hale pule e lawelawe ʻia e nā mea haʻiʻōlelo i hoʻouna ʻia e ke Aupuni Nazi. Ma kahi o ka Baibala, e kau ʻia a hoʻokō ʻia nā ʻōlelo a Mein Kampf e like me ka Palapala Hemolele. A ma kahi o ke keʻa o Kristo e kau ʻia nā hōʻailona ʻelua - ka swastika a me ka pahi kaua olohelohe. ʻO ke Akua o ke koko a me ka hao e pani i kahi o ke Akua o ke aloha a me ke aloha. E noʻonoʻo pono kākou i kēlā ʻōlelo aʻu i hana ai i kēia pō.

Ponoʻole e'ōlelo,ʻaʻole i hoʻokumuʻia kēia ma kaʻoiaʻiʻo; Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ākea ʻia ka hoʻomana ma nā aupuni i hoʻomalu ʻia e Nazi, i kekahi mau manawa i hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ma hope o ka manaʻo ʻole o ka Soviet i hoʻokau ʻia, a me nā mekala i hāʻawi ʻia e nā Nazis i kā lākou poʻe kākoʻo nui i hana ʻia e like me nā keʻa. Akā ʻo ka pitch e komo i ke kaua no ke aloha a me ke aloha he mea maikaʻi ia. I kekahi lā aʻe, ua noi ka mea kākau e ʻike i ka palapala ʻāina a Roosevelt a ua hoʻohuli ʻia. I koʻu ʻike, ʻaʻohe kanaka i noi e ʻike i kēia palapala ʻē aʻe. Hiki paha i ka poʻe ke hoʻomaopopo i kēia ʻaʻole he ʻōlelo maoli no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi palapala maoli, akā he pale i ka hoʻomana hemolele e kūʻē i ka ʻino - ʻaʻole kahi mea e nīnau ʻia me ke kānalua a koʻikoʻi paha. Ua hoʻomau ʻo Roosevelt:

"ʻO kēia mau ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻino aʻu i haʻi aku ai iā ʻoe no ka hoʻolālā ʻana o Hitlerism i kēia manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana e hōʻole loa ʻia i kēia pō a i ka lā ʻapōpō ma ka paʻi a me ka lekiō o nā Axis Powers. A ʻo kekahi poʻe ʻAmelika - ʻaʻole nui - e hoʻomau i ka manaʻo ʻaʻole pono nā hoʻolālā a Hitler e hopohopo iā mākou - a ʻaʻole pono mākou e hopohopo iā mākou iho i nā mea e hele aʻe ma mua o ka pana pū o ko mākou mau kahakai. ʻO nā ʻōlelo kūʻē a kēia poʻe kamaʻāina ʻAmelika - kakaikahi ka heluna - e like me ka mea maʻamau, e hoʻolaha ʻia me ka paʻi ʻana ma o ka Axis press a me ka lekiō i nā lā e hiki mai ana, i mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka honua i ke kūʻē ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā ʻAmelika i kā lākou koho pono ʻia. ʻO ke aupuni, a ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke kali wale nei e lele ma luna o ke kaʻa kaʻa a Hitler ke hiki mai kēia ala. ʻO ke kumu o kēlā mau ʻAmelika ʻaʻole ia ke kumu o ka pilikia. "

ʻAʻole, ʻo ka manaʻo e kaupalena ʻia nā kānaka i nā koho ʻelua a hoʻokomo iā lākou i ke kaua.

"ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Nazi i ka manaʻo e hopu i kēlā mau ʻōlelo kaʻawale e like me ka hōʻoia o ka ʻae ʻana o ʻAmelika. Ua hana nā Nazis i kā lākou papa inoa o nā koa ʻAmelika hou. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi, he papa inoa pōkole. Hauʻoli wau ʻaʻole i loaʻa koʻu inoa. ʻO mākou a pau ʻAmelika, o nā manaʻo āpau, ke alo nei i ka koho ma waena o ke ʻano o ka honua a mākou e makemake ai e noho ai a me ke ʻano o ka honua a Hitler a me kāna mau pūʻali e kau mai ai iā mākou. ʻAʻohe o mākou makemake e ʻeli ma lalo o ka lepo a noho i ka pōʻeleʻele e like me ka mole ʻoluʻolu. Hiki ke hooki i ka hele mua o Hitler a me ka Hitlerism — a e oki ia. ʻO ka maʻalahi a me ka palaka loa - ua hoʻohiki mākou e huki i kā mākou hoe i ka luku ʻana i ka Hitlerism. A i ko mākou kōkua ʻana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hōʻino o Hitlerism, e kōkua mākou i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi maluhia hou e hāʻawi ai i nā poʻe kūpono ma nā wahi āpau i kahi manawa maikaʻi aʻe e ola ai a pōmaikaʻi i ka maluhia a me ke kūʻokoʻa a me ka hilinaʻi. I kēlā me kēia lā e hala ana mākou e hana a hāʻawi i nā mea kaua hou aʻe no nā kāne e hakakā nei ma ke alo o ke kaua maoli. ʻO ia kā mākou hana mua. A ʻo ka makemake o ka lāhui, ʻaʻole e hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau mea kaua a me nā lako o nā ʻano a pau ma nā awa o ʻAmelika, ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻouna ʻia i lalo o ke kai. ʻO ka makemake o ka lāhui e hāʻawi aku ʻo ʻAmelika i nā waiwai. Ma ke kūʻē ākea ʻana i kēlā makemake, ua pio ko mākou mau moku a ua make ko mākou mau luina.

Ma keia wahi, ua ae aku o Roosevelt e kokua ana na mokukaua US i hoopoho ia e Kelemania. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ʻo ia he mea koʻikoʻi ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika aia i ke kaua ma mua o ka hoʻomau ʻana me ka ʻōlelo ʻana he hala ʻole nā moku i hoʻouka ʻia.

KAHIKI 1941

I ka hopena o ʻOkakopa, 1941, ua kamaʻilio kahi kiu US ʻo Edgar Mowrer me kekahi kanaka ma Manila ʻo Ernest Johnson, he lālā o ke Komisina Maritime, ka mea i ʻōlelo ua manaʻo ʻo ia "E lawe ʻia nā Japs iā Manila ma mua o koʻu hiki ʻana i waho." I ka hōʻike ʻana o Mowrer i ka haʻohaʻo, pane maila ʻo Johnson, "ʻAʻole anei ʻoe i ʻike ua neʻe ka ʻauwaʻa ʻo Iap i ka hikina, e hoʻouka paha i kā mākou mau ʻauwaʻa ma Pearl Harbor?"[xxxv]

Ma ka lā 3 o Nowemapa, 1941, ua hoʻāʻo ka ʻelele US i Iapana, ʻo Joseph Grew, - ʻaʻole no ka manawa mua - e kamaʻilio i kekahi mea i kāna aupuni, he aupuni i hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo, a i ʻole ke komo ʻana i ke kaua, a i ʻole ʻelua. , akā ʻaʻole naʻe i noʻonoʻo e hana no ka maluhia. Ua hoʻouna ʻo Grew i kahi telegrama lōʻihi i ke Keʻena Moku'āina e ʻōlelo ana e hiki i nā hoʻopaʻi hoʻokele waiwai i kau ʻia e ʻAmelika e koi aku iā Iapana e hana i ka "hara-kiri aupuni." Ua kākau ʻo ia: "ʻO kahi hakakā kaua me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hele mai me ka pōʻino a me ka wikiwiki."[xxxvi]

Ma ka puke 2022 Nā Diplomat & Adimarala, Dale A. Jenkins nā palapala i ho'āʻo houʻia e ke Kuhina Nui o Iapana Fumimaro Konoe e kiʻi i kahi hālāwai pilikino, hoʻokahi-a-hoʻokahi me FDR e kūkākūkā i ka maluhia ma ke ʻano e pono ai ke aupuni Iapana a me ka pūʻali koa e ʻae. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Jenkins i kahi leka mai Grew e hōʻike ana i kona manaʻoʻiʻo e hana kēia, inā ʻae ʻo ʻAmelika i ka hālāwai. Ua palapala pū ʻo Jenkins i nā kānaka kīwila o ʻAmelika (Hull, Stimson, Knowx), ʻaʻole like me nā alakaʻi pūʻali koa US, manaʻoʻiʻo e wikiwiki ke kaua me Iapana a e hopena i ka lanakila maʻalahi. Hōʻike pū ʻo Jenkins ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo Hull e Kina a me Beretania e kūʻē i nā mea ʻē aʻe ma waho o ka huhū a me ke kaomi ʻana iā Iapana.

I ka lā 6 o Nowemapa, 1941, ua noi ʻo Iapana i kahi ʻaelike me ʻAmelika e komo pū ana me ka haʻalele ʻana o Iapana mai Kina. Ua hōʻole ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka noi ma Nowemapa 14^th.[xxxvii]

Ma ka lā 15 o Nowemapa, 1941, ua hōʻike pōkole ʻo US Army Chief of Staff George Marshall i ka poʻe media i kahi mea a mākou e hoʻomanaʻo ʻole ai ʻo "ka Marshall Plan." ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻomanaʻo iki. "Ke hoʻomākaukau nei mākou i kahi kaua kū'ē iā Iapana," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Marshall, e noi ana i ka poʻe nūpepa e hūnā i ia mea, i koʻu ʻike ua hana lākou me ka hana.[xxxviii] Ua haʻi aku ʻo Marshall i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo i ka makahiki 1945 ua hoʻokumu ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā ʻaelike Anglo-Dutch-American no ka hana lokahi kūʻē iā Iapana a hoʻokō iā lākou ma mua o ka lā 7 o Dekemaba.^th.[xxxix]

Ma ka lā 20 o Nowemapa, 1941, ua noi aku ʻo Iapana i kahi ʻaelike hou me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka maluhia a me ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā aupuni ʻelua.[xl]

Ma ka lā 25 o Nowemapa, 1941, kākau ʻo Kakauolelo kaua ʻo Henry Stimson i kāna puke moʻolelo i hui ai ʻo ia ma ke Keʻena Oval me Marshall, Pelekikena Roosevelt, Kakauolelo o ka Navy Frank Knox, Adimarala Harold Stark, a me ke Kakauolelo o ka Moku'āina ʻo Cordell Hull. Ua haʻi aku ʻo Roosevelt iā lākou e hiki koke mai ana ka poʻe Kepani, ma ka Pōʻakahi aʻe paha, Dekemaba 1, 1941. "ʻO ka nīnau," i kākau ai ʻo Stimson, "ʻo ia ke ʻano o kā mākou hoʻololi ʻana iā lākou i ke kūlana o ke kī ʻana i ka pana mua me ka ʻae ʻole i ka pilikia nui. ia kakou iho. He manaʻo paʻakikī ia. "

Ma ka lā 26 o Nowemapa, 1941, ua hana ʻo ʻAmelika i kahi manaʻo kūʻē i ka manaʻo o Iapana i nā lā ʻeono ma mua.[xli] Ma kēia noi, i kapa ʻia i kekahi manawa ʻo ka Hull Note, i kekahi manawa ʻo ka Hull Ultimatum, ua koi ʻo ʻAmelika i ka haʻalele piha ʻana o Iapana mai Kina, akā ʻaʻohe US haʻalele mai ka Philippines a i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka Pākīpika. Ua hōʻole nā Iapana i kēia noi. Me he mea lā, ʻaʻohe lāhui i hoʻolilo i nā kumuwaiwai i kēia mau kūkākūkā a lākou i hana ai i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ke kaua. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Henry Luce ola ma Iulai 20, 1942, i "ka poʻe Kina nona ka US i hāʻawi i ka ultimatum i lawe mai ma Pearl Harbor."[xlii]

"I ka hopena o Nowemapa," e like me ka Gallup polling, 52% o ʻAmelika i haʻi aku iā Gallup pollsters e kaua ʻo ʻAmelika me Iapana "i kekahi manawa i ka wā e hiki mai ana."[xliii] ʻAʻole lilo ke kaua i mea kāhāhā no ka hapalua o ka ʻāina, a i ke aupuni US.

Ma ka lā 27 o Nowemapa, 1941, ua hoʻouna ʻo Rear Admiral Royal Ingersoll i ka ʻōlelo aʻo no ke kaua me Iapana i ʻehā mau kauoha moana. Ma ka lā 28 o Nowemapa, ua hoʻouna hou aku ʻo Adimarala Harold Rainsford Stark iā ia me ka ʻōlelo aʻo hou: "Ina ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopiʻi hou ʻia ka hoʻāhewa ʻana ʻaʻole hiki ke pale ʻia ka makemake o ʻAmelika e hana ʻo Iapana i ka hana ʻoi mua."[xliv] Ma ka lā 28 o Nowemapa, 1941, ua hāʻawi ʻo Hope Adimarala William F. Halsey, Jr., i nā ʻōlelo aʻo e "pana i lalo i nā mea a mākou i ʻike ai ma ka lewa a e pana i nā mea a mākou i ʻike ai ma ke kai."[xlv] Ma Nowemapa 30, 1941, ka Honolulu Advertiser lawe ʻia ke poʻo poʻomanaʻo ʻo "Japanese May Strike Over Weekend."[xlvi] Ma Kēkēmapa 2, 1941, ka New York Times Ua hōʻike ʻo Iapana ua "ʻoki ʻia mai kahi o 75 pakeneka o kāna kālepa maʻamau e ka Allied blockade."[xlvii] I loko o kahi memo 20-ʻaoʻao i ka lā 4 o Dekemaba, 1941, ua ʻōlelo ka Office of Naval Intelligence, "I ka kali ʻana i ka hakakā ākea me kēia ʻāina, ke hoʻohana ikaika nei ʻo Iapana i kēlā me kēia keʻena i loaʻa no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike koa, ka moana a me ka ʻoihana, me ka nānā pono i ka West Coast, the Panama Canal, and the Territory of Hawaii.[xlviii]

Ma ka lā 1 o Dekemaba, 1941, ʻo Adimarala Harold Stark ʻAmiral Harold Stark, ke poʻokela o nā hana Naval. hoʻouna i kahi radiogram ia Adimarala Thomas C. Hart, ka Alihikaua nui o ka mokukaua Asia Asia e ku ana ma Manila, Pilipine: “E KAUOHA ANA O PERESIDENA E HANAIA KEIA MAEHI A ME NA LA Elua Ina he hiki ke loaa mahope o ka loaa ana mai o keia palapala. KA HOOLIMALIMA I EKOLU MOKU LIILII E HANA I KA PALAPALA PALAPALA PATROL OLE. NA KOINA HAIKI I KA HOIKE ANA E KE KANAKA WAA O AMERIKA I KE KOKUA E KEKAHI LUNA NAVAL A E kau i kahi pu li'ili'i a ua lawa ka pu mikini. Hiki ke hoohana ia na ohua FILIPINO me na helu li'ili'i o ka moana i mea e ho'okō ai i ka mana'o o ka nana 'ana a me ka ho'ike 'ana e ka lekiō Iapana ma ke kai o Kina komohana a me ke awawa o SIAM. HE MOKU E HOIKEIA MAWENA O HAINAN ME HUE KEKAHI MOKU MA KE KOE O INDO-KININA MAWENA O CAMRANH BAY ME CAPE ST. JACQUES A ME KEKAHI MOKU OFF POINTE DE CAMAU. Hoohana Isabel AIA E KA PERESIDENA MA KE KEKAHI O NA MOKU EKOLU AOLE NA MOKU NAVAL. NA ANA HOIKE I HANA I KA MANAO PERESIDENA. I KA MANAWA HOI E HOIKE MAI A'U I NA ANA RECONNAISSANCE E HANA MAU AI MA KA MOANA E NA PUA A ME NA NAVI MA NA MOKU ELEE A I OLE NA LUNA A ME KO OU MANAO NO KA PONO O KEIA HANA HOPE. LUNA MEA HUNA."

ʻO kekahi o nā moku i hāʻawi ʻia ma luna nei, ʻo ka Lanikai, ua kapena ʻia e kekahi kanaka i kapa ʻia ʻo Kemp Tolley, nāna i kākau i kahi puke e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻike i manaʻo ʻo FDR i kēia mau moku i maunu, me ka manaʻo e hoʻouka ʻia lākou e Iapana. (ʻO ka Lanikai e hoʻomākaukau ana e hana e like me ke kauoha i ka wā i hoʻouka kaua ai ʻo Iapana iā Pearl Harbor.) Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Tolley ʻaʻole wale ʻo Adimarala Hart i ʻae me ia akā ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e hiki iā ia ke hōʻoia. Ua make ʻo Retired Rear Admiral Tolley i ka makahiki 2000. Mai ka makahiki 1949 a hiki i ka makahiki 1952, ua lilo ʻo ia i luna hoʻomalu o ka māhele naʻauao ma ke Kulanui ʻOihana Koa ma Norfolk, Virginia. I ka makahiki 1992, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo ia i ka Hale Hoʻohanohano Defence Attache ma Wakinekona. I ka makahiki 1993, ua hoʻohanohano ʻia ʻo ia ma ka White House Rose Garden e Pelekikena Bill Clinton. Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi pahu keleawe o Adimarala Tolley ma ke Kulanui Naval o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kona hanohano. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kēia mau mea a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma Wikipedia, me ka ʻike ʻole ua ʻōlelo ʻo Tolley i hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo e pili ana i ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana i kahi misionari pepehi kanaka e kōkua i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o WWII. Eia naʻe, kāna mau obituaries i ka ʻO Baltimore Sun a me ka Hawaii Post hōʻike ʻelua i kāna ʻōlelo kumu me ka hoʻohui ʻole ʻana i hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo inā kākoʻo nā ʻoiaʻiʻo. No nā huaʻōlelo he nui ma ia nīnau, paipai au i ka puke a Tolley, i paʻi ʻia e ka Naval Institute Press ma Annapolis, Maryland, ʻO ka holo ʻana o ka Lanikai: Hoʻoulu kaua.

Ma ka lā 4 o Kekemapa, 1941, nā nūpepa, me ka ʻO Chicago Tribune, hoʻopuka i ka hoʻolālā o FDR no ka lanakila ʻana i ke kaua. Ua kākau au i nā puke a me nā ʻatikala e pili ana i kēia kumuhana no nā makahiki ma mua o koʻu ʻike ʻana i kēia paukū ma ka puke 2021 a Andrew Cockburn, ʻO nā mea pio o ke kaua: "'

"[T] mahalo i kahi leaka e hoʻomākeʻaka ʻia ai nā hōʻike a Edward Snowden ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī piha o kēia 'Victory Plan' ma ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka mea hoʻokaʻawale. ʻO Chicago Tribune he mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Iapana. Ua hāʻule ka manaʻo hoʻohuoi ma luna o kahi pūʻali koa i manaʻo ʻia he aloha Kelemania. Akā ʻo ka HuiUa haʻi mai ʻo Walter Trojan, ke poʻo o ka ʻoihana ma Wakinekona iaʻu i nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻo ka luna koa o ka Air Corps, ʻo Gen. Henry “Hap” Arnold, ka mea i hāʻawi i ka ʻike ma o kahi senator hoʻopiʻi. Ua manaʻo ʻo Arnold ua paʻakikī loa ka hoʻolālā i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai no kāna lawelawe, a no laila ke manaʻo nei e hōʻino i ka wā hānau.

Aia kēia mau kiʻi ʻelima i ka Hui moʻolelo:

ʻO ka hoʻolālā lanakila, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia a i ʻōlelo ʻia ma aneʻi, ʻo ka hapa nui e pili ana iā Kelemania: hoʻopuni iā ia me 5 miliona mau pūʻali koa US, ʻoi aku paha ka nui, e hakakā ana no ka liʻiliʻi 2 makahiki. ʻO Iapana ke kula kiʻekiʻe, akā aia nā hoʻolālā i kahi blockade a me nā lele lele. ʻO ka Hui nā huaʻōlelo piha i ka leka 9 Iulai 1941 mai Roosevelt i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna. Aia i loko o ka papahana lanakila ka mana'o kaua o US no ke kāko'o 'ana i ke aupuni Pelekāne a me ka pale 'ana i ka ho'onui 'ia o kahi aupuni Iapana. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "Iudaio". Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ke kaua US ma ʻEulopa no ʻApelila 1942, e like me "nā kumu hilinaʻi" o ka Hui. ka Hui kūʻē i ke kaua a makemake i ka maluhia. Ua pale ʻo ia iā Charles Lindbergh e kūʻē i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā aloha Nazi, i loaʻa iā ia. Akā ʻaʻohe mea, e like me kaʻu e haʻi aku ai, i nīnau i ka pololei o ka hōʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā pre-Pearl Harbor no ka hoʻokūkū ʻana o US i ka WWII.

Ha'i mai Loaʻa a loaʻa ʻole na Jonathan Marshall: “I ka la 5 o Kekemapa, ua hoike aku na Luna Nui o Beritania ia Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, ka luna o ka Royal Air Force ma Malaya, ua kokua aku o Amerika Huipuia i na kokua koa ina ua hoouka kaua o Iapana i ka aina Beritania a i ka Netherlands East Indies; ʻO ka hoʻokō like i hoʻohana ʻia inā hoʻokō ka Pelekane i ka hoʻolālā contingency MATADOR. Ua hāʻawi ka papahana hope i kahi hoʻouka kaua Pelekania e hopu i ka Kra Isthmus inā e neʻe aku ʻo Iapana i kekahi ʻāpana o Thailand. I kekahi lā aʻe, ua kelepona ʻo Kāpena John Creighton, ka ʻelele moku kaua US ma Singapore, iā Adimarala Hart, ka luna nui o ka US Asiatic Fleet, e haʻi iā ia i kēia nūhou: "Ua loaʻa iā Brooke-Popham i ka Pōʻaono mai ke Kaua Kaua London. ua loaʻa i kēia manawa ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo o ke kākoʻo pūʻali koa ʻAmelika i nā hihia penei: a) pono mākou e hoʻokō i kā mākou mau manaʻo e pale aku iā Japs i ka pae ʻana i Isthmus o Kra a i ʻole e hana i ka pane i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Nips i kekahi ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o Siam XX b) inā hoʻouka ʻia ʻo Dutch Indies a mākou e hele i kā lākou pale XX c) inā e hoʻouka kaua ʻo Japs iā mākou i ka Pelekane XX No laila me ka ʻole o ka ʻōlelo ʻana iā Lākana e hoʻolālā i ka hana inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻo Jap huakaʻi e neʻe nei me ka manaʻo ʻike e pae i Kra lua inā e uhaki nā Nips i kekahi ʻāpana o Thailand Para Inā hoʻouka ʻia ʻo NEI e hoʻokō i nā hoʻolālā i ʻaelike ʻia ma waena o Pelekane a me Dutch. Unquote. Ua haʻi ʻo Marshall: "PHA Hearings, X, 5082-5083," ʻo ia hoʻi nā hālāwai Congressional ma ka Pearl Harbor Attack. Ua maopopo ka manaʻo o kēia: ua manaʻo ka poʻe Pelekania ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia lākou i ka hui ʻana o ʻAmelika i ke kaua ma Iapana ua hoʻouka ʻo ia i ka US a i ʻole inā ua kūʻē ʻo Iapana i nā Pelekane a i ʻole ua hoʻouka ʻo Iapana i ka Dutch a i ʻole ua kūʻē ka poʻe Pelekania iā Iapana.

Ma ka lā 6 o Kekemapa, 1941, ʻaʻohe koho balota i loaʻa i ka hapa nui o ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika i kākoʻo no ke komo ʻana i ke kaua.[xlix] Akā, ua hoʻokumu mua ʻo Roosevelt i ke kiʻi, hoʻāla i ka National Guard, hana i kahi Navy nui ma nā moana ʻelua, kūʻai aku i nā mea luku kahiko i ʻEnelani no ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i kona mau kumu i ka Caribbean a me Bermuda, hoʻolako i nā mokulele a me nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me nā pailaka i Kina, ua kau ʻia. ʻO nā hoʻopaʻi koʻikoʻi iā Iapana, ua aʻo aku i ka pūʻali koa US e hoʻomaka ana ke kaua me Iapana, a - he 11 wale nō lā ma mua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Iapana - ua kauoha malu i ka hana ʻana i kahi papa inoa o kēlā me kēia Kepani a me Iapana-ʻAmelika ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. (Hurray no ka ʻenehana IBM!)

I ka lā 7 o Kekemapa, 1941, ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Iapana, ua kākau ʻo Pelekikena Roosevelt i kahi ʻōlelo hoʻolaha kaua e kūʻē iā Iapana a me Kelemania, akā ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia ʻaʻole e hana a hele pū me Iapana wale nō. Ma ka la 8 o Dekemaba^th, Ua koho ka Ahaolelo i ke kaua me Iapana, me Jeanette Rankin i hoolei wale i ka balota ole.

KA HOOPAE A ME KA LELE ANA

ʻO Robert Stinnett ʻO ka lāʻo Debt:ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo no FDR a me Pearl Harbor He mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma waena o ka poʻe kākau moʻolelo, me kāna mau koi e pili ana i ka ʻike US no nā code Iapana a me nā kamaʻilio Kepani coded. ʻAʻole naʻe oʻu manaʻo he mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa kekahi o kēia mau mea:

ʻO ka ʻike aʻu i hōʻike mua ai ma luna nei ua ʻoi aku ka lawa o ka ʻike ʻana ʻaʻole ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he kanaka hala ʻole i hoʻouka ʻia mai ka polū a ʻaʻole hoʻi he pāʻina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hoʻoikaika nui ana no ka maluhia a me ke kūpaʻa.
Ua kūpono ʻo Stinnett i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e wehewehe a hana i nā palapala aupuni aupuni, a ʻaʻohe kumu kūpono no ka National Security Agency e hoʻomau nei i ka hūnā ʻana i nā helu he nui o nā moku kaua Iapana i nā faila 1941 US Navy.[l]

ʻOiai ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ʻo Stinnett i kāna mau ʻike koʻikoʻi i hana ʻia i loko o ka pepa pepa 2000 o kāna puke. New York Times ʻIke ʻia ka loiloi ʻana e Richard Bernstein o ka 1999 hardcover no ka haiki i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā nīnau i kānalua ʻia:[li]

"Ua ʻae like ka poʻe mōʻaukala o ke Kaua Honua II ua manaʻo ʻo Roosevelt he mea hiki ʻole ke kaua me Iapana a makemake ʻo ia e kī ʻo Iapana i ka pana mua. ʻO ka mea a Stinnett i hana ai, e haʻalele ana i kēlā manaʻo, e hōʻuluʻulu i nā hōʻike palapala e pili ana iā Roosevelt, e hōʻoia i ka hopena o ka pana mua i ka hopena traumatic, me ka manaʻo e haʻalele ʻole ʻo ʻAmelika. . . .

"ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ikaika a hoʻoweliweli a Stinnett e pili ana i kekahi o nā wehewehe maʻamau no ka kūleʻa o Iapana i ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana ma Pearl Harbor he mea huna: ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ka pūʻali hana lawe mokulele nāna i hoʻokuʻu iā ia e mālama i ka lekiō koʻikoʻi no nā pule ʻekolu a hiki i Dec. 7 a pela i pale aku ai i ka ike. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, kākau ʻo Stinnett, ua hoʻopau mau ka poʻe Kepanī i ka lekiō e like me nā ʻAmelika, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana huli kuhikuhi radio, hiki ke hahai i nā ʻauwaʻa Kepani i kona ala i Hawaii. . . .

“Ua pololei paha ʻo Stinnett no kēia; ʻoiaʻiʻo, pono e nānā ʻia nā mea āna i ʻeli ai e nā mea kākau moʻolelo ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole naʻe ʻo ka noho wale ʻana o ka naʻauao ʻaʻole ia e hōʻoia i ke komo ʻana o ia naʻauao i nā lima kūpono a i ʻole e wehewehe wikiwiki ʻia a pololei.

"Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Gaddis Smith, ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Yale University, i kēia pili i ka pale ʻole ʻana i ka Philippines mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Iapana, ʻoiai he nui nā ʻike e hōʻike ana e hiki mai ana kēlā hoʻouka kaua. ʻAʻohe kanaka, ʻaʻole hoʻi ʻo Stinnett, i manaʻoʻiʻo ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻae ʻana i ka ʻike mai ka luna koa ʻAmelika ma Philippines, ʻo Douglas MacArthur. ʻO ka ʻike i loaʻa no kekahi kumu ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia.

"Ma kāna puke 1962, Pearl Harbor: ʻŌlelo aʻo a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana, Ua hoʻohana ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Roberta Wohlstetter i ka huaʻōlelo static e ʻike ai i ka huikau, nā ʻano like ʻole, ka ʻike maopopo ʻole i pili i ka hōʻiliʻili naʻauao ma mua o ke kaua. ʻOiai e manaʻo ana ʻo Stinnett ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻike i manaʻo nui ʻia i kēia manawa ua loaʻa koke ka nānā ʻana i kēlā manawa, ʻo ka manaʻo o Wohlstetter aia ka nui o ka nui o ia mau hōʻike, nā kaukani o nā palapala i kēlā me kēia lā, a ʻaʻole paha i hiki i nā keʻena naʻauao keu ʻole. ua unuhi pololei ia ia manawa.

Incompetence a malevolence paha? ʻO ka paio maʻamau. Ua ʻike ʻole paha ke aupuni US i nā kikoʻī kikoʻī o ka hoʻouka kaua e hiki mai ana no ka mea hiki ʻole a no ka makemake ʻole e ʻike iā lākou, a ʻaʻole makemake paha i kekahi mau ʻāpana o ke aupuni e ʻike iā lākou? He nīnau hoihoi, a he mea maʻalahi loa ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hemahema, a he mea hōʻoluʻolu hoʻi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka malevolence. Akā ʻaʻohe mea kānalua ua ʻike ke aupuni US i nā kikoʻī ākea o ka hoʻouka kaua e hiki mai ana a ua ʻike ʻo ia no nā makahiki he nui i nā ala e hiki ai ke ʻoi aku.

KO PILIPIINA

E like me ka ʻōlelo a ka loiloi puke ma luna nei, pili ka nīnau like e pili ana i nā kikoʻī o ka ʻike mua a me ka nele o kekahi nīnau e pili ana i nā kikoʻī ākea o ia mea pili i ka Philippines e like me Pearl Harbor.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hihia no ke kipi i manaʻo ʻia i ka poʻe kākau moʻolelo e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka Pilipine ma mua o ka pili ʻana iā Hawaiʻi, inā lākou i makemake. ʻO "Pearl Harbor" kahi pōkole ʻē aʻe. He mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻia ʻana ma Pearl Harbor - ma ka lā hoʻokahi akā ʻo Dekemaba 8^th ma muli o ka International Date Line, a ua hoʻopaneʻe i nā hola ʻeono i ka wā - ua hoʻouka ka poʻe Kepani i ka pūʻali koa US ma ka US colony o ka Philippines, me ka manaʻo piha e loaʻa ka paʻakikī, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he kumu. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua loaʻa iā Douglas MacArthur kahi kelepona ma 3:40 am Philippines manawa e makaʻala iā ia i ka hoʻouka ʻana ma Pearl Harbor a me ka pono e mākaukau. I loko o nā hola ʻeiwa i hala ma waena o kēlā kelepona kelepona a me ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka Philippines, ʻaʻohe mea i hana ʻo MacArthur. Ua haʻalele ʻo ia i nā mokulele US i laina laina a kali, e like me nā moku ma Pearl Harbor. ʻO ka hopena o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Pilipine, e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka pūʻali koa US, ʻoi aku ka pōʻino e like me ko Hawaiʻi. Ua nalowale ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he 18 o 35 B-17 a me 90 mau mokulele ʻē aʻe, a he nui nā mea i pohō.[lii] ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ma Pearl Harbor, ʻoiai ʻo ka moʻolelo ʻewalu i piholo ʻia nā moku kaua, ʻo ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ia awa pāpaʻu, ʻelua i hana ʻole ʻia, a ʻeono i hoʻoponopono ʻia a hoʻomau i ke kaua i ke Kaua Honua II.[liii]

Ma ka la 7 o Dekemaba^th / 8^th - ma muli o ke kūlana o ka International Date Line - Ua hoʻouka ʻo Iapana i nā panalāʻau US o ka Philippines a me Guam, a me nā panalāʻau US o Hawaii, Midway, a me Wake, a me nā panalāʻau Pelekania o Malaya, Singapore, Honk Kong, a me ka aupuni kūʻokoʻa o Thailand. ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Hawaiʻi he hoʻokahi wale nō hoʻouka kaua a me ka hoʻi hope ʻana, ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻouka pinepine ʻia ʻo Iapana, a i kekahi manawa ua hoʻouka ʻia a lanakila. E hāʻule ana ma lalo o ka mana Iapana i nā pule e hiki mai ana ʻo ka Philippines, Guam, Wake, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, a me ka piko komohana o Alaska. Ma Philippines, 16 miliona mau kama'āina ʻAmelika i hāʻule ma lalo o ka hana ʻino ʻana o Iapana. Ma mua o ko lākou hana ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka noho ʻana o ʻAmelika i ka poʻe o Iapana, e like me ka hana ʻana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.[liv]

Ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻike ka poʻe media US i manaʻo ʻia e kuhikuhi iā lākou āpau me ka pōkole o "Pearl Harbor," a ua hoʻohana i nā inoa like ʻole a me nā wehewehe. I loko o kahi kikoʻī o kāna haʻiʻōlelo "lā o ka infamy", ua ʻōlelo ʻo Roosevelt iā Hawaiʻi a me Philippines. I kāna 2019 Pehea e Huna i kahi Emepaea, Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo Daniel Immerwahr ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Roosevelt e hōʻike i nā hoʻouka ʻana ma ke ʻano he hoʻouka kaua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻOiai ʻo ka poʻe o ka Philippines a me Guam he mau kamaʻāina maoli lākou o ke aupuni US, he poʻe hewa lākou. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Pilipine he keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo no ke kūlana mokuʻāina a ma ke ala e hiki ai ke kūʻokoʻa. Ua ʻoi aku ka keʻokeʻo o Hawaiʻi, a ʻoi aku ka pili, a he moho kūpono no ke kūlana mokuʻāina e hiki mai ana. Ua koho ʻo Roosevelt e haʻalele i ka Philippines mai kēlā ʻāpana o kāna haʻiʻōlelo, me ka waiho ʻana iā ia i hoʻokahi mea i loko o kahi papa inoa hope e komo pū ana me nā panalāʻau Pelekania, a e wehewehe i nā hoʻouka kaua i hana ʻia ma "The American Island of Oahu" - he mokupuni nona ka ʻAmelika. ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia a hiki i kēia lā e nā poʻe Hawaiʻi maoli. Ua mālama ʻia ka manaʻo ma Pearl Harbor mai ia manawa mai, ʻo ia hoʻi e ka poʻe i hoʻopiʻi ʻia e ka blundering a i ʻole ka hoʻolālā ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana.[lv]

HOU ANA I KA HALA

ʻAʻole paʻakikī ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā mea i hiki ke hana ʻokoʻa i nā makahiki a me nā mahina e hiki mai ana i ke komo ʻana o US i WWII, a i ʻole ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā ʻālohilohi mua o ke kaua ma Asia a i ʻEulopa. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā mea i hiki ke hana ʻokoʻa inā hoʻi hou kekahi i ka wā i hala. Hiki ke hana ʻokoʻa nā mea e kēlā me kēia aupuni a me nā pūʻali koa i komo, a na kēlā me kēia ke kuleana no kāna mau hana ʻino. Akā makemake wau e haʻi i kekahi mau mea i hiki i ke aupuni US ke hana ʻokoʻa, no ka mea, ke hoʻāʻo nei au e kūʻē i ka manaʻo ua koi ʻia ke aupuni US i ke kaua i koho wale ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.

Ua koho paha ʻo ʻAmelika iā William Jennings Bryan i pelekikena ma luna o William McKinley i pani ʻia e kona hope peresidena ʻo Teddy Roosevelt. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Bryan e kūʻē i ke aupuni, ʻo McKinley i kākoʻo iā ia. No nā mea he nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pilikia ʻē aʻe i kēlā manawa; ʻaʻole maopopo ka pono o lākou.

ʻAʻole i hana ʻo Teddy Roosevelt i kekahi mea i ka hapalua. Ua hele ia no ke kaua, imperialism, a me kona manaʻoʻiʻo mua i nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka "lāhui" Aryan. Ua kākoʻo ʻo TR i ka hoʻomāinoino a me ka pepehi ʻana i nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, nā malihini Kina, nā Cubans, nā Filipino, a me nā ʻĀsia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika o nā ʻano like ʻole. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia he poʻe keʻokeʻo wale nō e hiki ke hoʻomalu iā lākou iho (he lono maikaʻi ʻole ia no nā Cubans i ka wā i ʻike ai ko lākou US liberators he ʻeleʻele kekahi o lākou). Ua hana ʻo ia i mea hōʻikeʻike o nā Pilipino no ka St.[lvi] Ua hana ʻo ia e mālama i ka poʻe malihini Kina mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

ʻO ka puke a James Bradley i ka makahiki 2009, ʻO ka Imperial Cruise:ʻO ka moʻolelo Mō'ī o ka Mō'ī a me ke Kaua, haʻi i kēia moʻolelo.[lvii] Ke haʻalele nei au i nā ʻāpana o ka puke i manaʻo kānalua e pili ana iā lākou.

I ka makahiki 1614, ua ʻoki ʻo Iapana iā ia iho mai ke Komohana, a ua loaʻa i nā kenekulia o ka maluhia a me ka pōmaikaʻi a me ka mohala ʻana o ka hana a me ka moʻomeheu Iapana. I ka makahiki 1853, ua koi ka US Navy iā Iapana e wehe i nā poʻe kālepa US, nā mikionali, a me ka militarism. Ua kapa ʻia nā moʻolelo o ʻAmelika i ko Commodore Matthew Perry huakaʻi i Iapana he "diplomatic" ʻoiai ua hoʻohana lākou i nā moku kaua e koi ai iā Iapana e ʻae i nā pilina i kūʻē ʻia. I nā makahiki ma hope mai, ua aʻo ka poʻe Kepanī i ka hoʻokalakupua o ʻAmelika a ua hoʻoholo i kahi hoʻolālā e hoʻoponopono ai. Ua ʻimi lākou e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou iho a hōʻike iā lākou iho he lāhui ʻokoʻa i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke koena o ko ʻAsia. Ua lilo lākou i mau Aryan hanohano. No ka nele i ke akua hoʻokahi a i ʻole ke akua o ka naʻi, ua hana lākou i ka mōʻī akua, e ʻaiʻē nui mai ka moʻomeheu Karistiano. Ua ʻaʻahu a ʻai lākou e like me nā ʻAmelika a hoʻouna i kā lākou mau haumāna e aʻo ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ua kapa pinepine ʻia ka poʻe Iapana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻo "Yankees of the Far East." I ka makahiki 1872, ua hoʻomaka ka pūʻali koa US e aʻo i ka poʻe Kepanī i ka lanakila ʻana i nā aupuni ʻē aʻe, me ka maka o Taiwan.

ʻO Charles LeGendre, he ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka poʻe Kepanī ma ke ʻano o ke kaua, ua manaʻo lākou e aʻo i ka Monroe Doctrine no Asia, ʻo ia ke kulekele o ka hoʻomalu ʻana iā Asia ma ke ʻano o ko ʻAmelika noho aliʻi ʻana i kona poʻo honua. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Iapana i kahi Bureau of Savage Affairs a hana i nā huaʻōlelo hou e like me koronii (koloni). Ua hoʻomaka ke kamaʻilio ma Iapana e kālele i ke kuleana o ka poʻe Kepani e hoʻonaʻauao i nā mea ʻino. I ka makahiki 1873, hoʻouka kaua ʻo Iapana iā Taiwan me nā kākāʻōlelo pūʻali koa US. ʻO Korea ka hope.

Ua ʻike ʻo Korea a me Iapana i ka maluhia no nā kenekulia. I ka hoea ana mai o na Kepani me na moku Amerika, me na aahu o Amerika, e kamailio ana no ko lakou Emepera akua, a e manao ana i kuikahi "hoalohaloha," manao iho la na Korea, ua pau ka manao o na Kepani, a olelo aku la lakou ia lakou e nalowale, me ka ike o Kina aia ma Ke kua o Korea. Akā, ua kamaʻilio ka poʻe Kepanī iā Kina e ʻae iā Korea e pūlima i ke kuʻikahi, me ka wehewehe ʻole ʻana i ka poʻe Kina a i ʻole nā Korea i ke ʻano o ke kuʻikahi ma kāna unuhi ʻōlelo Pelekane.

I ka makahiki 1894, ua hoʻolaha aku ʻo Iapana i ke kaua ma Kina, he kaua i lawe ʻia ai nā mea kaua o ʻAmelika, ma ka ʻaoʻao Iapana. Ua haʻalele ʻo Kina iā Taiwan a me ka Peninsula ʻo Liaodong, ua uku nui ʻia, ua haʻi aku iā Korea he kūʻokoʻa, a hāʻawi iā Iapana i nā kuleana kālepa like ma Kina i loaʻa iā ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa. Ua lanakila ʻo Iapana, a hiki i ka hoʻohuli ʻana o Kina iā Rūsia, Farani, a me Kelemania e kūʻē i ka kuleana o Iapana iā Liaodong. Hāʻawi ʻo Iapana a hopu ʻo Rūsia. Ua manaʻo ʻo Iapana e kumakaia ʻia e nā Karistiano keʻokeʻo, ʻaʻole no ka manawa hope loa.

I ka makahiki 1904, ua hauʻoli loa ʻo Teddy Roosevelt i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Iapana i nā moku Lūkini. I ka hoouka kaua hou ana o na Kepani ia Asia ma ke ano he mau Aryan hanohano, ua oki malu a me ke kumukanawai ole o Roosevelt me lakou, e apono ana i ka Monroe Doctrine no Iapana ma Asia. I ka makahiki 1930, ua hāʻawi aku ʻo Iapana e wehe i ke kālepa i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kona ʻāina imperial inā e hana like ʻo ʻAmelika no Iapana ma Latin America. Ua ʻōlelo ke aupuni US ʻaʻole.

KINA

ʻAʻole ʻo Beretania wale nō ke aupuni ʻē me kahi keʻena hoʻolaha ma New York City e alakaʻi ana i ke Kaua Honua II. Ma laila nō ʻo Kina.

Pehea ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke aupuni US mai kona hui ʻana a me Iapana i hoʻokahi me Kina a kūʻē iā Iapana (a laila hoʻi hou i ke ala ʻē aʻe ma hope o WWII)? ʻO ka hapa mua o ka pane e pili ana i ka hoʻolaha a Kina a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻomana ma mua o ka lāhui, a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi Roosevelt ʻokoʻa i loko o ka Hale Paʻa. ʻO ka puke a James Bradley i ka makahiki 2016, The China Mirage: The Hudden History of American Disaster in China ti keia moolelo.[lviii]

No nā makahiki i hiki ai i ke Kaua Honua II, ua hoʻohuli ʻo China Lobby ma ʻAmelika i ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika, a me nā luna kiʻekiʻe he nui o ʻAmelika, ua makemake ka poʻe Kina e lilo i Kristiano, ʻo Chiang Kai-shek ko lākou alakaʻi democratic aloha ma mua o ka haʻalulu. ʻO ka fascist, ʻo Mao Zedong he mea liʻiliʻi loa ʻaʻohe mea i hele ʻole i kahi, a hiki i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ke kālā iā Chiang Kai-shek a e hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā mea a pau e kaua aku i nā Iapana, ma kahi kūʻē i ka hoʻohana ʻana e hakakā iā Mao.

Ua alakaʻi ʻia ke kiʻi o ka poʻe mahiʻai Kina hanohano a me Kalikiano e nā poʻe e like me ka Trinity (ma hope o Duke) a ua aʻo ʻo Vanderbilt iā Charlie Soong, kāna mau kaikamahine ʻo Ailing, Chingling, a me Mayling, a me kāna keiki ʻo Tse-ven (TV), a me ke kāne a Mayling ʻo Chiang. Kai-shek, Henry Luce nāna i hoʻomaka manawa makasina ma hope o ka hānau ʻana ma kahi kolana misionari ma Kina, a ʻo Pearl Buck nāna i kākau Ea honua maikai ma hope o ke ʻano kamaliʻi like. Ua hoʻolimalima ʻo TV Soong i ke kolonela o ka US Army Air Corps Jack Jouett a i ka makahiki 1932 ua loaʻa iā ia ka ʻike āpau o ka US Army Air Corps a he ʻeiwa mau kumu aʻoaʻo, he kauka lapaʻau lele, ʻehā mechanics, a he kākau ʻōlelo, ua aʻo ʻia nā US Air Corps āpau akā ke hana nei. no Soong ma Kina. ʻO ia wale nō ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kōkua pūʻali koa US iā Kina i hōʻemi i ka nūhou ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma mua o Iapana.

I ka makahiki 1938, me ka hoouka kaua ana o Iapana i na kulanakauhale o Kina, a me ka hakaka ole ana o Chiang, ua ao aku o Chiang i kana mea hoolaha nui o Hollington Tong, he haumana no ka nupepa puka mua o ke Kulanui o Columbia, e hoouna aku i na elele i Amerika Huipuia e kii i na misionari Amerika a haawi aku ia lakou i na hoike o na hana ino o Iapana. hoʻolimalima iā Frank Price (ka mikionali punahele a Mayling), a e kiʻi i nā mea hoʻolaha a me nā mea kākau US e kākau i nā ʻatikala a me nā puke maikaʻi. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Frank Price a me kona kaikunāne ʻo Harry Price ma Kina, ʻaʻole i hālāwai me Kina o ka Kina. Ua kūkulu nā kaikunāne Price i kahi hale kūʻai ma New York City, kahi liʻiliʻi i manaʻo e hana ana lākou no ka hui Soong-Chiang. Ua hoʻonoho ʻo Mayling lāua ʻo Tong iā lāua e hoʻohuli i ka poʻe ʻAmelika ʻo ke kī o ka maluhia ma Kina he hoʻokuʻu ʻia iā Iapana. Ua hoʻokumu lākou i ke Kōmike ʻAmelika no ke komo ʻole ʻana i ka hoʻouka kaua Iapana. "ʻAʻole i ʻike ka lehulehu," i kākau ai ʻo Bradley, "ʻo nā mikionali Manhattan e hana ikaika ana ma East Fortieth Street no ka hoʻopakele ʻana i nā Noble Peasants ua uku ʻia nā ʻelele Lobby Kina i hana i nā hana hewa a me nā hana kipi."

Lawe wau i kā Bradley manaʻo ʻaʻole na ka poʻe mahiʻai Kina i kūpono hanohano, ʻaʻole no ka hewa ʻole o Iapana no ka huhū, akā ʻo ka hoʻolaha propaganda i hoʻohuli i ka hapa nui o ko ʻAmelika ʻaʻole e hoʻouka kaua ʻo Iāpana i ka United States inā ʻokiʻoki ka United States i ka aila a metala i Iāpana - he wahaheʻe ia i ka ʻike o nā mea nānā ʻike a e hōʻoia ʻia he wahaheʻe i ka wā o nā hanana.

ʻO ke Kakauolelo o ka Moku'āina a me ke Kakauolelo o ke Kaua Henry Stimson i ka wā e hiki mai ana i lilo i luna o ke Kōmike ʻAmelika no ka ʻAʻole i komo i ka ʻAha Kepani, a ua hoʻohui koke i nā poʻo mua o Harvard, Union Theological Seminary, ka Church Peace Union, ka World Alliance for International Friendship, ka Ua uku ʻia ʻo Stimson a me nā hui e Kina e koi aku ʻaʻole e hoʻouka ʻo Iapana iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa inā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia, e hoʻololi maoli ʻo ia i democracy ma ka pane - a hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka poʻe i ʻike ma ka Moku'āina a me ka Hale Paʻa. Ma Pepeluali 1940, kākau ʻo Bradley, 75% o nā ʻAmelika i kākoʻo i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana iā Iapana. A ʻo ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole makemake i ke kaua. Ua kūʻai lākou i ka hoʻolaha hoʻolaha a Kina Lobby.

Ua waiwai ko Franklin Roosevelt kupunakane makuahine i ke kuai opiuma ma Kina, a ua noho ka makuahine o Franklin i Kina i kona wa kamalii. Ua lilo ʻo ia i luna hoʻohanohano no ka China Aid Council a me ke Kōmike ʻAmelika no nā keiki makua ʻole o ke kaua Kina. ʻO ka wahine a Franklin ʻo Eleanor ka luna hoʻohanohano o ke Kōmike Kokua Hoʻopilikia ʻo Kina o Pearl Buck. Ua kākoʻo ʻia he ʻelua kaukani uniona hana ma ʻAmelika i kahi embargo iā Iapana. ʻO ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo waiwai mua i kahi pelekikena US, ʻo Lauchlin Currie, i hana no ke aupuni US a me ka Bank of China i ka manawa like. Ua loaʻa iā Joe Alsop ka mea kākau inoa ʻo Syndicated a me ka ʻohana ʻo Roosevelt i nā hōʻoia mai TV Soong ma ke ʻano he "aʻoaʻo" ʻoiai ʻoiai e hana ana i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he nūpepa. "ʻAʻohe Pelekane, Lūkia, Palani, a i ʻole Kepani diplomat," i kākau ai ʻo Bradley, "i manaʻoʻiʻo hiki iā Chiang ke lilo i New Deal liberal." Akā ua manaʻoʻiʻo paha ʻo Franklin Roosevelt. Ua kamaʻilio malū ʻo ia me Chiang lāua ʻo Mayling, e hele ana a puni kāna ʻOihana Mokuʻāina.

Akā, ua manaʻo ʻo Franklin Roosevelt inā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia, e hoʻouka ʻo Iapana i ka Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) me ka hopena o ke kaua honua ākea. ʻO Morgenthau, ma ka ʻōlelo a Bradley, ua hoʻāʻo pinepine ʻo ia e hoʻoheheʻe i ka ʻaila i Iapana, ʻoiai ua kūʻē ʻo Roosevelt no kekahi manawa. Ua hoʻokau ʻo Roosevelt i kahi ʻāpana ʻāpana i ka aila mokulele a me ka ʻōpala. Ua hōʻaiʻē ʻo ia i ke kālā iā Chiang. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā mokulele, nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa, a me nā pailaka. I ka manawa i noi aku ai ʻo Roosevelt i kona kākāʻōlelo ʻo Tommy Corcoran e nānā i ke alakaʻi o kēia pūʻali ea hou, ʻo ke kāpena mua o ka US Air Corps ʻo Claire Chennault, ʻaʻole paha ʻo ia i ʻike e noi ana ʻo ia i kekahi i ka uku o TV Soong e aʻo iā ia i kahi mea ʻē aʻe ma ka uku o TV Soong.

ʻO ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana paha o nā mea hoʻolaha Pelekane a Kina paha e hana ana ma New York i ke aupuni US ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe i makemake ʻole ʻia e hele he nīnau wehe.

[I] C-Span, “Newspaper Warning Notice and the Lusitania,” ʻApelila 22, 2015, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4535149/newspaper-warning-notice-lusitania

[Ii] ʻO ka Lusitania Resource, "Conspiracy or Foul-Up?" https://www.rmslusitania.info/controversies/conspiracy-or-foul-up

[Iii] William M. Leary, “Wings for Kina: The Jouett Mission, 1932–35,” Ka Hoikeike Moolelo Pakipika 38, aole. 4 (Nowemaba 1969). Kuhi ʻia e Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 32.

[Iv] Associated Press January 17, paiia ma Ka New York Times, "'O KE KAUA UTTER FUTILITY," wahi a MRS. ROOSEVELT; Ua haʻi ka wahine a ka Pelekikena i nā mea kākoʻo maluhia e noʻonoʻo nā kānaka i ke kaua e like me ke pepehi kanaka," Ianuali 18, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/01/18/archives/-war-utter-futility-says-mrs-roosevelt-presidents-wife-tells-peace-.html Kuhi ʻia e Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 46.

[V] Ka New York Times, “Ua ʻike ʻo Kepanese GENERAL iā mākou he 'ʻino'; Hoʻohalahala ʻo Tanaka i ka 'Leo nui' o Roosevelt no ko mākou hoʻokumu ʻana i ka moku moana ma Hawaii. KOI ANA I KA PAU ANA I KA LIMA Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaʻole e lele ʻo Tokyo mai ka hoʻopilikia ʻana iā London Parley inā hōʻole ʻia ke noi," ʻAukake 5, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/08/05/archives/japanese-general-finds-us-insolent-tanaka-decries-roosevelts-loud.html Kuhi ʻia e Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 51.

[VI] George Seldes, ʻO Harper's Magazine, "The New Propaganda for War," ʻOkakopa 1934, https://harpers.org/archive/1934/10/the-new-propaganda-for-war Kuhi ʻia e Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 52.

[VII] ʻO David Talbot, Devil Dog: ʻO ka moʻolelo ʻoiaʻiʻo kupaianaha o ke kanaka nāna i hoʻopakele iā ʻAmelika, (Simon & Schuster, 2010).

[viii] ʻO Major General Smedley Butler, He Racket ke kaua, https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/warisaracket.html

[IX] ʻO Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 56.

[x] ʻO Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 63.

[xi] ʻO Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 71.

[xii] ʻO Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 266.

[xiii] US Navy Department, "Kūkulu ʻana i nā kahua o ka Navy i ke Kaua Honua II," Volume I (Mahele I) Mokuna V Ke kūʻai ʻana a me nā Logistics no nā kahua kiʻekiʻe, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading- room/title-list-alphabetically/b/building-the-navys-bases/building-the-navys-bases-vol-1.html#1-5

[xiv] Arthur H. McCollum, “Memorandum for the Director: Estimate of the Situation in the Pacific and Recommendations for Action by the United States,” ʻOkakopa 7, 1940, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum

[xv] Conrad Crane, Parameters, US Army War College, “Book Reviews: Day of Deceit,” Spring 2001. Kii ʻia e Wikipedia, “McCollum memo,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-15

[xvi] Robert B. Stinnett, Lā o ka hoʻopunipuni: ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana iā FDR a me Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 11.

[xvii] Nīnauele no ka papahana History Channel "Admiral Chester Nimitz, Thunder of the Pacific." Kuhi ʻia e Wikipedia, “McCollum memo,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-13

[xviii] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 98.

[xix] Joseph C. Grew, He ʻumi makahiki ma Iapana, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 568. Haʻi ʻia e Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 282.

[xx] New York Times, “E LAWE ANA KA PUAK LEA PAKE; ʻO ka Pahū ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Iapana e manaʻo ʻia e hopena mai ka ʻike hou ma Chungking," Mei 24, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/24/archives/chinese-air-force-to-take-offensive-bombing-of-japanese-cities-is.html Kuhi ʻia e Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 331.

[xxi] Ka New York Times, “KUI ʻia ka ʻalo ʻana i ke kaua e like me kā mākou makemake; ʻO nā mea haʻiʻōlelo ma ka Roundtable Talks at Washington Meetings Asked Revised Foreign Policy," Iune 1, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/01/archives/avoidance-of-war-urged-as-us-aim-speakers-at-roundtable-talks-at.html Kuhi ʻia e Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 333.

[xxii] ʻO Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 365.

[xxiii] Ke Kulanui ʻo Mount Holyoke, "Nā ʻōlelo ʻike ʻole a Pelekikena Roosevelt i ke komite komo manawaleʻa no ke kumu i hoʻomau ʻia ai ka lawe ʻana o ka aila i Iapana, Wakinekona, Iulai 24, 1941," https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/fdr25.htm

[xxiv] Hoʻoholo Kūʻē o RB Pal, Tokyo Tribunal, Part 8, http://www.cwporter.com/pal8.htm

[xxv] Otto D. Tolischus, Ka New York Times, “KIKI ʻO KEPANES iā mākou a me Beretania ERR MA THAILAND; ʻO nā ʻōlelo aʻo a Hull lāua ʻo Eden i mālama ʻia 'He paʻakikī ke hoʻomaopopo' i ka nānā ʻana i nā kulekele o Tokyo, "ʻAukake 8, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/08/08/archives/japanese-insist-us-and-britain -err-on-thailand-warnings-by-hull-and.html Kuhi ʻia e Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 375.

[xxvi] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 98.

[xxvii] Kuhi ʻia e ka Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin ma ka Congressional Record, Dekemaba 7, 1942.

[xxviii] Kuhi ʻia e ka Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin ma ka Congressional Record, Dekemaba 7, 1942.

[xxix] Kuhi ʻia e ka Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin ma ka Congressional Record, Dekemaba 7, 1942.

[xxx] Kuhi ʻia e ka Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin ma ka Congressional Record, Dekemaba 7, 1942.

[xxxi] Kuhi ʻia e Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 387

[xxxii] Aia ke wikiō o kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o kēia haʻiʻōlelo: https://archive.org/details/FranklinD.RooseveltsDeceptiveSpeechOctober271941 Eia ka kikokikona piha o ka haiolelo: Ka New York Times, “Ka ʻōlelo ʻana o ka lā Navy a Pelekikena Roosevelt no nā mea pili i ka honua,” ʻOkakopa 28, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/10/28/archives/president-roosevelts-navy-day-address-on-world-affairs .html

[xxxiii] William Boyd, Kakuhihewa Mail, "ʻO ka palapala 'āina kupaianaha a Hitler i hoʻohuli iā ʻAmelika e kūʻē i ka Nazis: He moʻolelo maikaʻi loa a ka mea kākau moʻolelo e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o nā kiu Pelekane ma US i kahi kipi i kōkua i ka huki ʻana iā Roosevelt i ke kaua," Iune 28, 2014, https://www.dailymail.co.uk /news/article-2673298/Hitlers-amazing-map-turned-America- Against-Nazis-A-leading-novelists-brilliant-account-British-spies-US-staged-coup-helped-drag-Roosevelt-war.html

[xxxiv] Ivar Bryce, Noho wale nō 'oe i hoʻokahi manawa (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984).

[xxxv] ʻO Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Ka lanakila a me ka haunaele: He moʻolelo pilikino o ko mākou manawa (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1968), pp. 323, 325. Kuhi ʻia e Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 415.

[xxxvi] Joseph C. Grew, He ʻumi makahiki ma Iapana, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 468, 470. Kuhi ʻia e Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 425.

[xxxvii] Wikipedia, “Hull Note,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_note

[xxxviii] ʻO Nicholson Baker, Puhi kanaka: Ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o ka lāhui. Nu Ioka: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 431.

[xxxix] John Toland, Infamy: Pearl Harbor a me kona hope (Doubleday, 1982), p. 166.

[xl] Manaʻo Kepani (Plan B) o 20 Nowemapa 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xli] Manaʻo Kūʻē ʻAmelika iā Iapana B - Nowemapa 26, 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xlii] Kuhi ʻia e ka Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin ma ka Congressional Record, Dekemaba 7, 1942.

[xliii] Lydia Saad, Gallup Polling, “Gallup Vault: A Country Unified After Pearl Harbor,” Kekemapa 5, 2016, https://news.gallup.com/vault/199049/gallup-vault-country-unified-pearl-harbor.aspx

[xliv] Robert B. Stinnett, Lā o ka hoʻopunipuni: ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana iā FDR a me Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) pp. 171-172.

[xlv] Olelo a Lutanela Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, ma ka Ka Poʻo Pōʻalima Loa ʻO ʻOkakopa 10, 1942, i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin ma ka Congressional Record, Dekemaba 7, 1942.

[xlvi] Al Hemingway, Charlotte Lā, "Ua kākau ʻia ka ʻōlelo aʻo mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana ma Pearl Harbor," Dec 7, 2016, https://www.newsherald.com/news/20161207/early-warning-of-attack-on-pearl-harbor-documented

[xlvii] Kuhi ʻia e ka Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin ma ka Congressional Record, Dekemaba 7, 1942.

[xlviii] Paul Bedard, Nūhou US & Hōʻike honua, "Declassified Memo Hinted of 1941 Hawaii Attack: Blockbuster book also reveals FDR scuttled war announcement against axis powers," Nowemapa 29, 2011, https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/11/29 /declassified-memo-hinted-of-1941-hawaii-attack-

[xlix] ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Holocaust ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻAmelika a me ka Holocaust: "Pehea i loli ai ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu e pili ana i ke komo ʻana i ke Kaua Honua II ma waena o 1939 a me 1941?" https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/us-public-opinion-world-war-II-1939-1941

[l] Robert B. Stinnett, Lā o ka hoʻopunipuni: ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana iā FDR a me Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 263.

[li] Richard Bernstein, Ka New York Times, "'Day of Deceit': Ma ka lā 7 o Dekemaba, Ua ʻike anei mākou ua ʻike mākou?" Kekemapa 15, 1999, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/12/12/daily/121599stinnett-book-review.html

[lii] Daniel Immerwahr, Pehea e hūnā ai i kahi aupuni: He moʻolelo o ka United States Nui, (Farrar, Straus, a me Giroux, 2019).

[liii] Richard K. Neumann Jr., History News Network, George Washington University, “The Myth That 'Ewal Battleships Were Benk' At Pearl Harbor,” https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/32489

[liv] Daniel Immerwahr, Pehea e hūnā ai i kahi aupuni: He moʻolelo o ka United States Nui, (Farrar, Straus, a me Giroux, 2019).

[lv] Daniel Immerwahr, Pehea e hūnā ai i kahi aupuni: He moʻolelo o ka United States Nui, (Farrar, Straus, a me Giroux, 2019).

[lvi] “Nā Manaʻo o ka Pilipine Reservation,” https://ds-carbonite.haverford.edu/spectacle-14/exhibits/show/vantagepoints_1904wfphilippine/_overview_

[lvii] James Bradley, ʻO ka Imperial Cruise:ʻO ka moʻolelo Mō'ī o ka Mō'ī a me ke Kaua (Back Bay Books, 2010).

[lviii] James Bradley, ʻO ke Kino Hualaina:ʻO ka Hidden History of American Disaster in Asia (Little, Brown, and Company, 2015).

Waiho i ka Reply Ho'ōki pane

nā Articles

Pehea e hoopau ai i ke kaua

ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho grassroots & activism

Hoʻonaʻauao Kūʻē i ka Maluhia a me ke Kaua

Ka Hoʻokumu Media a me ka Hoʻolaha

Ke hele mau nei nā mea hāʻawi liʻiliʻi

Inā koho ʻoe e hāʻawi i ka hāʻawi manawaleʻa ma kahi o $15 i kēlā me kēia mahina, hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i kahi makana mahalo. Mahalo mākou i kā mākou mea hāʻawi manawaleʻa ma kā mākou pūnaewele.

Nā Posts

Mahele Podcast Hou

Neʻe no ka Maluhia

Kālā Hanana