na Sarah Alcantara, Harel Umas-as & Chrystel Manilag, World BEYOND War, March 20, 2022
ʻO ka Culture of Militarism kekahi o nā mea hoʻoweliweli weliweli loa i ka 21st Century, a me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana, ulu nui ka hoʻoweliweli a kokoke loa. Na kāna moʻomeheu i hoʻohālikelike i ka honua e like me ia i kēia lā a me kāna mea e ʻeha nei i kēia manawa - ka hoʻokalakupua, ka ʻilihune, a me ka hoʻoluhi ʻana no ka mea ua puni ka mōʻaukala i kāna moʻomeheu. ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻomau ʻana o kāna moʻomeheu i hoʻopilikia nui i ke kanaka a me ka nohona o kēia wā, ʻaʻole mālama ʻia ke kaiapuni mai kāna mau hana ʻino. Me nā kahua kaua ʻoi aku ma mua o 750 ma ka liʻiliʻi o 80 mau ʻāina e like me 2021, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻo ʻAmelika, nona ka pūʻali koa nui loa ma ka honua, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kōkua nui i ka pilikia o ka honua.
Hoʻokuʻu kalapona
ʻO ka Militarism ka hana ʻaila nui loa ma ka honua, a me ka ʻenehana koa kiʻekiʻe, e ulu wikiwiki a nui aʻe kēia i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka pūʻali koa US ka mea kūʻai nui loa i ka aila, a me ke ʻano like ka mea hana nui o nā kinoea hoʻomehana honua ma ka honua. Me ka ʻoi aku o 750 mau pūʻali koa i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, pono nā wahie mōʻalihaku i nā kumu mana a mālama i kēia mau hoʻonohonoho. ʻO ka nīnau, ma hea kahi e hele ai kēia mau wahie mōʻalihaʻi?
Nā ʻāpana o Parkinson o ka Koa Carbon Boot-Print
No ke kōkua ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mea, i ka makahiki 2017, ua hoʻopuka ka Pentagon i 59 miliona metric tons o Greenhouse Gases emissions dwarfing ʻāina e like me Suedena, Pokukala, a me Denmark. Pēlā nō, ma 2019, a like i alakaʻi ʻia e nā mea noiʻi ʻo Durham a me Lancaster University i hoʻokumu ʻia inā ʻo ka pūʻali koa US ponoʻī e lilo i mokuʻāina, ʻo ia ka 47th nui loa o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā kinoea hoʻomehana honua ma ka honua, e ʻai ana i nā wahie wai a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka CO2e ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina. ʻoihana kekahi o nā mea hoʻohaumia i ke aniau nui loa ma ka mōʻaukala. ʻO ka hihia, hoʻokahi mokulele pūʻali koa, ʻo ka B-52 Stratofortress ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie i loko o ka hola ua like ia me ka awelika o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie o ke kaʻa i loko o ʻehiku (7) makahiki.
ʻO nā kemika ʻona a me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka wai
ʻO kekahi o nā pōʻino maʻamau o ka pūʻali koa i loaʻa i nā kemika ʻona ka nui o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka wai a me nā PFA i kapa ʻia he 'kemika mau loa'. Wahi a Nā kikowaena o ka maʻi a me ka pale ʻana, Hoʻohana ʻia ka Per- a me ka Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS). "e hana i nā pale fluoropolymer a me nā huahana e kū'ē i ka wela, ka aila, nā ʻili, ka momona, a me ka wai. Hiki ke loaʻa nā uhi Fluoropolymer i nā huahana like ʻole. " He aha ka mea e pōʻino ai nā PFA i ke kaiapuni? ʻO ka mua, lākou mai wawahi i ke kaiapuni; ʻO ka lua, hiki iā lākou ke neʻe i ka lepo a hoʻohaumia i nā kumu wai inu; a ʻo ka hope, ʻo lākou kūkulu (bioaccumulate) i nā iʻa a me nā holoholona hihiu.
Hoʻopili pololei kēia mau mea ʻawaʻawa i ke kaiapuni a me nā holoholona hihiu, a me ke ʻano like, nā kānaka i loaʻa mau i kēia mau kemika. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma AFFF (Hoʻohuʻi Kiʻiʻoniʻoni Waiwai) a i ʻole ma kona ʻano maʻalahi he mea kinai ahi a hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā o ke ahi a me ka wahie mokulele i loko o kahi kahua kaua. Hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia kēia mau kemika ma o ke kaiapuni ma o ka lepo a i ʻole ka wai a puni ke kumu a laila e kau ai i nā ʻano hoʻoweliweli ākea i ke kaiapuni. He mea hoʻohenehene ke hana ʻia kahi mea kinai ahi no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kekahi pilikia akā ʻo ka "hoʻonā" ke hoʻonui nei i nā pilikia. Hāʻawi ʻia ka infographic ma lalo nei e ka European Environment Agency me nā kumu ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana i nā maʻi he nui i hiki i ka PFAS ke hoʻoulu i nā pākeke a me nā keiki hānau ʻole.
Nā kiʻi e ʻOihana Kaiapuni ʻEulopa
Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai kēia kikoʻī kikoʻī kikoʻī, nui nā mea e aʻo ʻia ma PFAS. Loaʻa kēia mau mea a pau ma o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka wai i nā lako wai. He hopena nui nō hoʻi kēia mau mea ʻawaʻawa i ka nohona mahiʻai. No ka laʻana, ma kahi Haawina on Sepatemaba, 2021, ma luna o 50 000 mau mea mahiʻai ma kekahi mau mokuʻāina i ka US, ua hoʻopili ʻia e ka Development of Defense (DOD) ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia o PFAS ma ko lākou wai lepo mai nā kahua kaua US kokoke.
ʻAʻole i pau ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o kēia mau mea kemika i ka wā i haʻalele ʻia ai kahi kahua kaua a ʻaʻole kanaka. He ʻatikala no ka Center of Public Integrity hāʻawi i kahi hiʻohiʻona o kēia e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kahua mokulele ʻo George Air Force ma Kaleponi a ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā o ke Kaua Cold a laila haʻalele ʻia i ka makahiki 1992. Akā, aia nō ka PFAS ma o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka wai (ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo PFAS e loaʻa mau ana ma 2015. ).
Biodiversity a me Ecological balance
ʻAʻole pili wale nā hopena o nā pūʻali koa a puni ka honua i ke kanaka a me ke kaiapuni akā ʻo ka biodiversity a me ke kaulike kaiaola iā ia iho. ʻO ke kaiaola a me ka holoholona hihiu kekahi o nā mea i make i ka geopolitics, a ʻo kona hopena i ke olaola he mea pōʻino loa ia. Ua hoʻopilikia nā mea hoʻonoho koa o nā ʻāina ʻē i nā mea ulu a me nā holoholona mai kona mau ʻāina. ʻO ka hihia, ua hoʻolaha koke ke aupuni US i ko lākou manaʻo e hoʻololi i kahi kahua kaua i Henoko a me Oura Bay, kahi neʻe e hopena i nā hopena lōʻihi i ka kaiaola o ka ʻāina. ʻO Henoko lāua ʻo Oura Bay nā wahi wela o nā mea olaola a me ka home no nā ʻano ʻākoʻakoʻa ʻoi aku ma mua o 5,300, a me ka Dugong e pōʻino loa ana. Me ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 Dugongs e ola nei ma nā kai kūʻono, manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia ka Dugong inā ʻaʻohe hana koke. Me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka pūʻali koa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o ke kaiapuni no ka nalowale ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano endemic iā Henoko a me Oura Bay, a ʻo ia mau wahi e loaʻa i ka make lohi a ʻeha i loko o kekahi mau makahiki.
ʻO kekahi laʻana, ʻo ka muliwai ʻo San Pedro, kahi kahawai kahe ma ka ʻākau e kahe ana ma kahi kokoke i Sierra Vista a me Fort Huachuca, ʻo ia ka muliwai wao nahele kahe hope loa ma ka Hema a me ka home o nā ʻano olaola waiwai a me nā ʻano mea ʻino he nui. ʻO ka ʻūhā ʻana i ka wai o ka pūʻali koa, ʻO Fort Huachuca naʻe ke hoʻopilikia nei i ke kahawai ʻo San Pedro a me kona mau holoholona hihiu e like me ka Southwestern Willow Flycatcher, Huachuca Water Umbel, Desert Pupfish, Loach Minnow, Spikedace, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, a me ka Northern Mexican Garter Snake. Ma muli o ka nui o ka paila wai kūloko o ka hale hoʻokomo, ke hopu ʻia nei ka wai no ka hoʻolako ʻana mai pololei a i ʻole mai ke kahawai ʻo San Pedro. ʻO ka hopena, ua pilikia ka muliwai ma kēia ʻaoʻao, no ka mea, ʻo ia ka kaiaola waiwai e make ana e hilinaʻi nei ma ka muliwai ʻo San Pedro no kona wahi noho.
Polokalamu noise
Noise Pollution is wehewehe e like me ka ʻike mau ʻana i nā pae leo kiʻekiʻe i hiki ke pōʻino i ke kanaka a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe. Wahi a ka World Health Organization, ʻo ka ʻike maʻamau i nā pae leo ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 70 dB ʻaʻole ia e pōʻino i ke kanaka a me nā mea ola, akā naʻe, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻoi aku ma mua o 80-85 dB no ka manawa lōʻihi he mea pōʻino a hiki ke hoʻokō i ka lohe mau. pōʻino - ʻo nā mea kaua e like me nā mokulele mokulele he awelika o 120 dB ma kahi kokoke a ʻo nā pū pū kekahi awelika o 140dB. A hoike e ka Veterans Benefits Administration of the US Ua hōʻike ka 'Oihana o Veterans Affairs he 1.3 miliona mau mea kahiko i hōʻike ʻia i ka pohō o ka lohe a ʻo kekahi 2.3 miliona mau mea kahiko i hōʻike ʻia i ka tinnitus - kahi kīnā lohe i ʻike ʻia e ke kani ʻana a me ke kani ʻana o nā pepeiao.
Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole ʻo ke kanaka wale nō ka poʻe palupalu i ka hopena o ka pollution leo, akā nā holoholona pū kekahi. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo TʻO ia ʻo Okinawa Dugong no ka laʻana, he mau ʻano ʻano make maoli nō ia ma Okinawa, Iapana me ka lohe koʻikoʻi loa a ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia nei i kēia manawa me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka pūʻali koa i manaʻo ʻia ma ka Henoko a me Oura Bay nona ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka leo e hoʻopilikia nui i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o nā ʻano mea i make. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona ʻo ka Hoh Rain Forest, Olympic National Park kahi home o nā ʻano holoholona ʻelua kakini, ʻo ka nui o ia mau mea i hoʻoweliweli ʻia a hoʻoweliweli ʻia. Ke aʻo hou e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka leo maʻamau o nā mokulele koa i ka maluhia o ka Olympic National Park, e hoʻopilikia ana i ke koena kaiaola o ka nohona.
Ka hihia o Subic Bay a me Clark Air Base
ʻElua o nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka hopena o nā kahua kaua i ke kaiapuni ma ka pae kaiaulu a me kēlā me kēia kanaka, ʻo ia ka Subic Naval Base a me Clark Air Base, kahi i waiho ai i kahi hoʻoilina ʻona a waiho i kahi ala o nā poʻe i loaʻa i nā hopena o ka ʻaelike. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kēia mau kumu ʻelua Loaʻa nā hana i hoʻopōʻino i ke kaiapuni a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana a me ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa, e ʻae ana i nā hopena ʻino a weliweli i nā kānaka. (Asis, 2011).
I ka hihia o Subic Naval base, kahi kahua i kūkulu ʻia mai 1885-1992 e nā ʻāina he nui akā ʻo ka hapa nui o ka US, ua haʻalele ʻia akā ua hoʻomau ʻia e lilo i mea hoʻoweliweli iā Subic Bay a me kona mau hale noho. No ka laʻana, he Haawina i ka makahiki 2010, ua haʻi ʻia kekahi hihia o kahi Pilipino ʻelemakule i make i ka maʻi ʻāʻī ma hope o ka hana ʻana a i ʻike ʻia i ko lākou ʻāina ʻāina kūloko (kahi e hele ai nā ʻōpala o ka Navy). Eia hou, i ka makahiki 2000-2003, he 38 mau make i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a ua manaʻo ʻia ua pili i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o Subic Naval Base, akā naʻe, ma muli o ka nele o ke kākoʻo mai ke aupuni ʻelua a me ʻAmelika, ʻaʻohe loiloi hou i hana ʻia.
Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ka Clark Air Base, kahi kahua kaua US i kūkulu ʻia ma Luzon, Philippines i ka makahiki 1903 a ma hope i haʻalele ʻia i ka makahiki 1993 ma muli o ka pele ʻana o ka mauna ʻo Pinatubo nona ka ʻāpana o ka make a me nā maʻi i waena o nā kamaʻāina. Wahi a ka ʻatikala like ma mua, ua kūkākūkā ʻia ma hope ʻO ka pele o Mt. Pinatubo i ka makahiki 1991, mai loko mai o 500 Pilipino mahuka, 76 mau kānaka i make a 144 mau mea i hāʻule i ka maʻi ma muli o nā mea ʻawaʻawa o Clark Air Base ma muli o ka inu ʻana i nā luawai i haumia me ka aila a me ka momona a mai 1996-1999, 19 mau keiki. hānau ʻia me nā kūlana ʻino, a me nā maʻi ma muli o nā luawai haumia. ʻO kekahi hihia kūikawā a kaulana hoʻi ka hihia o Rose Ann Calma. ʻO ka ʻohana o Rose kekahi ʻāpana o ka poʻe mahuka i ʻike ʻia i ka haumia o ka waihona. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ʻo Cerebral Palsy iā ia e hele a ʻōlelo paha.
Nā hāʻina kōkua Band-ʻAmelika: “Hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka pūʻali koa"
I mea e pale aku ai i ke kumukūʻai o ke kaiapuni o ka pūʻali koa US, hāʻawi ke keʻena i nā hopena kōkua band e like me ka 'greening the military', akā naʻe e like me Steichen (2020), ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka pūʻali koa US ʻaʻole ia ka hopena ma muli o kēia mau kumu:
- ʻO ka ikehu o ka lā, nā kaʻa uila, a me ka neutrality kalapona he mau koho maikaʻi loa ia no ka pono o ka wahie, akā ʻaʻole ia e hōʻemi i ke kaua a hoʻokaumaha paha - ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoneʻe i ke kaua. No laila, mau ka pilikia.
- ʻO ka pūʻali koa US he mea koʻikoʻi kalapona a pili pū me ka ʻoihana wahie fossil. (No ka laʻana i nā wahie Jet)
- He moʻolelo koʻikoʻi ko ka US no ka hakakā ʻana no ka aila, no laila, ʻaʻole i loli ke kumu, nā hoʻolālā, a me nā hana o ka pūʻali koa e hoʻomau i ka hoʻokele waiwai fossil-fueled.
- Ma 2020, ʻo ka waihona kālā no ka pūʻali koa 272 mau manawa nui ma mua o ka waihona kālā federal no ka ikehu a me ka ikehu hou. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kālā i monopoli ʻia no ka pūʻali koa no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia aniau.
Ka hopena: Nā hoʻonā lōʻihi
- Ka pani ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho kaua o nā ʻāina ʻē
- ʻO ke kūʻana
- E hoʻolaha i ka moʻomeheu o ka maluhia
- E hoʻopau i nā kaua a pau
ʻO ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o nā kahua kaua ma ke ʻano he mea kōkua i nā pilikia kaiapuni i waiho ʻia ma waho o nā kūkākūkā. E like me ka olelo a Kakauolelo Nui o UN Ban Ki-Moon (2014), "Ua lōʻihi ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni i ke kaua a me ka hakakā kaua." ʻO nā hoʻokuʻu kalapona, nā mea ʻawaʻawa, ka wai ʻino, ka nalowale o ke ʻano olaola, ke kaulike ʻole o ka kaiaola, a me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka leo he mau mea liʻiliʻi wale nō ia o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kahua kaua - me ke koena ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia a noiʻi ʻia. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka pono o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike he koʻikoʻi a koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka honua a me kona poʻe e noho ana. Me ka 'ho'oma'ama'a 'ana i ka pū'ali koa' i 'ike 'ole 'ia, aia ke kāhea 'ana i ka ho'oikaika hui 'ana o nā kānaka a me nā hui a puni ka honua e no'ono'o i nā ho'oponopono 'ē a'e e ho'opau ai i ka ho'oweliweli o nā kahua kaua i ke kaiapuni. Me ke kōkua o nā hui like ʻole, e like me World BEYOND War ma o kāna ʻAʻohe Bases Campaign, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kēia pahuhopu.
E aʻo hou aku e pili ana i World BEYOND War maanei.
E hōʻailona i ka Hōʻike o ka Maluhia maanei.
