ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka Militarism a me ka Humanitarianism e hoʻonui i ka Geographies of Violence

By Haulepa Haumāna Digest, Iune 24, 2022

Hōʻuluʻulu a noʻonoʻo kēia hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i kēia noiʻi: McCormack, K., & Gilbert, E. (2022). ʻO ka geopolitics o ka militarism a me ka humanitarianism. Holomua i ka Geographic Human, 46 (1), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211032267

Nā Po'omana'o

• ʻO ka Militarism a me ke aloha kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Western humanitarianism, hana a hōʻoia i ka hana ʻino politika ma nā wahi like ʻole a ma nā ʻano unahi like ʻole ma mua o nā wahi hakakā a i ʻole nā ​​kahua kaua.
• "Hoʻohui pinepine nā hana kanaka me, a i kekahi manawa ke kākoʻo, ka pūʻali koa kuʻuna," a no laila e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻāina o ke kaua ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i "nā wahi kūloko a me nā home i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o ka pūʻali koa i ka hakakā."
• Ke hana like nei ka Militarism a me ke aloha kanaka ma nā wahi e like me ke "kaua a me ka maluhia; hana hou a hoʻomohala; hoʻokomo a hoʻokuʻu ʻia; [a] ʻeha a me ka palekana”

ʻIke nui no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomaopopo

• ʻO ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ke kūkulu maluhia a me ke aloha kanaka pono e hoʻopau i ka paradigm racism-militarism, inā ʻaʻole e hāʻule wale kēia mau hana i kā lākou mau pahuhopu transformative lōʻihi akā hoʻomau i kahi ʻōnaehana luku. ʻO ke ala i mua he papahana maluhia decolonized, feminist, anti-racist.

hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

Loaʻa nā pilikia kanaka a me nā hakakā ʻino i loko o kahi pōʻaiapili pili, multidimensional. Hana ʻia nā mea hana kanaka me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā logistic a me nā mea kōkua i nā poʻe e pono ai ke kōkua. ʻO kēlā mau hana e hoʻopakele i nā ola a hōʻemi i ka ʻeha i ka pane ʻana i nā pōpilikia e hana ʻia i loko o ka pono kanaka o ka neutrality. ʻO Killian McCormack lāua ʻo Emily Gilbert e kūʻē i ka manaʻo aloha kanaka he hana kūʻokoʻa a ke manaʻo nei e hōʻike i nā "kūlana ʻāina i hana ʻia ma o ka militarized humanitarianism." Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lens geographical, hōʻike nā mea kākau pehea militarism a me ke aloha kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ke aloha kanaka Komohana, hana a hōʻoia i ka hana ʻino politika ma nā wahi like ʻole a me nā unahi like ʻole ma mua o nā wahi hakakā a i ʻole nā ​​kahua kaua.

Ka hoʻohiwahiwa kanaka "hoʻokumu ʻia a puni kahi kanaka i manaʻo ʻia, i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o kahi hōʻiliʻili o nā hana kōkua a me ka mālama ʻana i alakaʻi ʻia e ka makemake kūʻokoʻa e 'hana maikaʻi' a me ke aloha apolitical no ka ʻeha o kekahi."

Militarism "ʻaʻole wale e pili ana i ka pūʻali koa, akā ʻo ka hana maʻamau a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ka hakakā a me ke kaua i loko o ke kaiāulu, ma nā ala e hoʻopili ai i nā ʻōnaehana politika, e lawe ʻia i nā waiwai a me nā pili pono a hoʻonui i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia he mau kīwila.

No ka huki ʻana i ka spatial dynamics o ka intersection o humanitarianism a me militarism i loko o kēia ʻatikala theoretical, ʻimi nā mea kākau i ʻelima mau laina o ka nīnau. ʻO ka mea mua, nānā lākou i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka humanitarianism i ke kaua a me ka hakakā. ʻO ka International Humanitarian Law (IHL), no ka laʻana, ʻike ʻia e kaupalena i nā hopena o ke kaua e pili ana i ka noʻonoʻo pono honua āpau e koi ai i ka pale o ka poʻe hakakā ʻole. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā, ʻo nā pilina mana honua like ʻole e hoʻoholo ai "ʻo wai ka mea hiki ke ho'ōla ʻia a ʻo wai ka mea hiki ke hoʻopakele." Manaʻo ʻo IHL ʻo nā loina o ka "proportionality" e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke kaua a i ʻole "ka ʻokoʻa" ma waena o nā makaʻāinana a me nā mea hakakā e hoʻonui ai i ke kaua i ke aloha kanaka, ʻoiai ʻoiaʻiʻo e hōʻoiaʻiʻo kēia i nā make kikoʻī ma nā wahi kikoʻī e pili ana i ka pilina colonial a me ka kapitalista o ka mana. A laila hoʻopuka nā hana kanaka i nā ʻano hana ʻino hou ma o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā pilikia pili i ka pilikanaka a me ka politika e pili ana i nā wahi e like me nā palena, nā hale paʻahao, a i ʻole nā ​​​​pūnaehana puʻuhonua i mau pilikia palekana.

ʻO ka lua, ke nānā nei nā mea kākau i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka pūʻali koa e like me ke kaua kanaka. Hoʻopuka ʻia i loko o ke kuleana o ka pale ʻana (R2P), ʻae ʻia nā hana pūʻali koa e pale aku i ka lehulehu kanaka mai ko lākou aupuni ponoʻī. ʻO nā hana kaua a me nā kaua ma ka inoa o ke kanaka he mau hana komohana ia e pili ana i ka mana pono a me ka politika i manaʻo ʻia o ke Komohana ma luna o nā lāhui ʻole o ke Komohana (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāina Muslim). ʻO nā hana pūʻali koa kanaka he oxymoron i ka pepehi ʻia ʻana o nā kīwila ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana i ke ola. Hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻāina o ka hana ʻino i ka pilina kāne (e laʻa, ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā wahine mai ka noho aliʻi ʻana o Taliban ma Afghanistan) a i ʻole ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ke kōkua kanaka ma muli o nā pilikia kanaka i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kaua (e laʻa, ka hoʻopuni ʻana ma Gaza).

ʻO ke kolu, kūkākūkā nā mea kākau pehea e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā pūʻali koa e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia kanaka a laila e hoʻohuli i nā wahi o ka hana kanaka i nā wahi palekana. Hāʻawi pinepine nā pūʻali koa i ke kākoʻo logistic no nā ʻano pilikia like ʻole (e laʻa, ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi, ka neʻe ʻana o nā kānaka, nā pōʻino kaiapuni), i kekahi manawa ma mua, e hopena i kahi palekana o ka ʻoihana kōkua (e nānā pū kekahi. Haulepa Haumāna Digest Haawina Hoʻohaʻahaʻa nā ʻoihana palekana a me nā pūʻali koa i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka maluhia) a me nā ala neʻe. ʻO ke ʻano colonial Western o ka hoʻomalu a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia he mea kaulana ia i ka wā e pili ana i ka "pale" o nā malihini a me nā mea mahuka "ʻo ia nā kumuhana e ho'ōla ʻia, a me nā mea i pale ʻia mai ka huakaʻi."

ʻO ka hā, i kā lākou kūkākūkāʻana i nā hana kōkua kanaka i hāpaiʻia e ka pūʻali koa, ua hōʻike nā mea kākau i ka piliʻana o nā papahana koa imperial i nā wahi e like me nā hana lapaʻau, nā papahana hoʻolālā, ka hoʻouluʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ke Komohana, a me ka'ōmaʻomaʻo o ka pūʻali koa. Ua kaulana kēia i nā pōʻai o ka luku a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma nā wahi e like me Palestine, Afghanistan Guatemala, a me Iraq. I nā hihia a pau, "pili pinepine nā hana kanaka me, a i kekahi manawa ke kākoʻo, ka pūʻali koa kuʻuna," a no laila e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻāina o ke kaua ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i "nā wahi kūloko a me nā home i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o ka pūʻali koa i ka hakakā."

ʻO ka lima, hōʻike nā mea kākau i ka pilina ma waena o ke kanaka a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kaua. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kaua e pili pono ana i nā kamaʻilio kanaka. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻenehana mea kaua e like me nā drones i manaʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ke kanaka. ʻO ka pepehi ʻana me ka drone strikes - kahi hana maʻamau o ke Komohana - ua manaʻo ʻia he kanaka a me ka "ʻokiʻoki," akā ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pahi i manaʻo ʻia he inhumane a "barbaric." Pēlā nō, ua kūkulu ʻia nā mea kaua make ʻole ma lalo o ke ʻano o ke kanaka. Hoʻohana kēia mau mea kaua i ka ʻenehana hou a me ke kamaʻilio kanaka e hoʻomāhuahua i ka ʻāina o ka hana ʻino i nā hana kūloko a me ka honua (e laʻa, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā taser a i ʻole ka waimaka e nā mākaʻi a me nā pūʻali palekana pilikino).

Hōʻike kēia pepa i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka Western humanitarianism a me ka militarism ma o nā lens o ke ākea a me ka unahi. Ke hana like nei ka Militarism a me ke aloha kanaka ma nā wahi e like me ke "kaua a me ka maluhia; hana hou a hoʻomohala; hoʻokomo a hoʻokuʻu ʻia; [a] ʻeha a me ka palekana”

Hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa

Ke hoʻopau nei kēia ʻatikala ʻo ka nexus humanitarian-militarism "ʻaʻole i liʻiliʻi ke kuleana no ka lōʻihi o ke kaua ma waena o ka manawa a me ka lewa, ma ke ʻano he 'mau' a 'ma nā wahi āpau'." ʻIke ʻia ka militarism pervasive e nā hui hoʻomalu maluhia, ka maluhia a me nā mea mālama kālā, nā hui kīwila, a me nā hui aupuni ʻole (INGO). ʻO ka ʻāina liʻiliʻi i ʻike ʻia, e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o kēia mau mea hana i kā lākou mau kuleana ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kahi papahana hoʻonaʻauao kanaka a me ka hoʻomalu maluhia e hilinaʻi pinepine nei. pono keʻokeʻo kūkulu a me nā holomua neocolonialism. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka pōʻaiapili o nā pilina mana honua like ʻole, ʻo ka pilina kanaka-militarism paha ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke kamaʻilio me ka ʻole o ka ʻimi ʻana i kekahi mau manaʻo nui.

Pono keʻokeʻo hale: "He ʻōnaehana o ka mana keʻokeʻo e hana a mālama i nā ʻōnaehana manaʻoʻiʻo e hoʻohālikelike i nā pono a me nā hemahema o kēia manawa. Aia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana nā mea hoʻoikaika ikaika no ka mālama ʻana i ka pono keʻokeʻo a me nā hopena, a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻopau i ka pono keʻokeʻo a i ʻole e hōʻemi i kāna mau hopena ma nā ala kūpono. Aia ka ʻōnaehana i nā hōʻike i loko a me waho i kēlā me kēia kanaka, interpersonal, moʻomeheu, a me nā pae ʻoihana.

Hui Pūʻulu Pūnaehana Maluhia a me Palekana (2022). Ka Papa Haʻawina “Decolonizing Peace and Security Philanthropy” [palapala palapala].

Neokolonialism:ʻO ka hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai, globalization, moʻomeheu imperialism, a me ke kōkua kūlana e hoʻohuli i kahi ʻāina ma mua o nā ʻano colonial mua o ka hoʻomalu kaua pololei a i ʻole ka hoʻokele politika ʻole.

Neokolonialism. (nd). Kiʻi ʻia i Iune 20, 2022, mai https://dbpedia.org/page/Neocolonialism

Pehea mākou e ʻike ai a nānā i nā ʻāina o ka hana ʻino i hana ʻia e ka militarism i mea nui i ka pono o ka hana kanaka a me ka hana maluhia? Pehea mākou e hana ai i ka hana aloha kanaka a me ka maluhia me ka ʻole o ka ʻae ʻana i ka militarism e hoʻoholo i nā palena o ke komo ʻana a me ka kūleʻa?

Ma ka hana like ʻana, ua lawe ʻo Peace Direct a me nā hoa i kekahi o kēia mau nīnau koʻikoʻi i kā lākou hōʻike koʻikoʻi, ʻO ka manawa e wehe ai i ke kōkua a Lahui, Mana a me ka Maluhia. Ua loaʻa i ka mea mua "ka hoʻokalakupua ʻōnaehana ma waena o nā ʻāpana kōkua kanaka, hoʻomohala a me ka maluhia," aʻo ka mea hope e paipai "i ka ʻāpana peacebuilding e kākoʻo i ka agenda decolonising a kamaʻilio i ka mana like ʻole o ka honua-local dynamics." Manaʻo ikaika nā hōʻike i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mana like ʻole ma waena o Global North a me Global South actors i ka pōʻaiapili o ka maluhia a me ke kōkua. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kūikawā no ka ʻoihana hoʻomalu maluhia ma ka papa aʻe:

ʻO nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo koʻikoʻi no nā mea hana hoʻomalu maluhia ma Lahui, Mana, a me ka Maluhia hoike

ʻO nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo maikaʻi loa, nā mea hoʻololi, hiki ke hoʻokō ikaika ʻia inā ʻo nā mea kūkulu maluhia, nā mea hāʻawi, INGO, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e lawe i nā ʻāina ākea o ke kaua i kūkākūkā ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala i ka puʻuwai. ʻO ka Militarism a me ka racism, a ma ka hihia o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa "he moʻolelo lōʻihi o ka hoʻonui imperial, structural racism, a me ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka pūʻali koa" (Booker & Ohlbaum, 2021, p. 3) pono e nānā ʻia he paradigm nui aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ke kūkulu maluhia a me ke aloha kanaka pono e hoʻopau i ka paradigm racism-militarism, inā ʻaʻole e hāʻule wale kēia mau hana i kā lākou mau pahuhopu transformative lōʻihi akā hoʻomau i kahi ʻōnaehana luku. ʻO ke ala i mua he papahana hoʻomalu maluhia, wahine, anti-racist (e nānā, no ka laʻana, He Manaʻo no ka Maluhia Wahine or Hoʻopau i ka Racism a me ka Militarism i ka US Foreign Policy). [PH]

Ua hāpai ʻia nā nīnau

• Hiki i nā ʻoihana hoʻomalu a me nā kōkua kanaka ke hoʻololi iā lākou iho ma nā ala decolonized, feminist, a me anti-racist trajectories, a i ʻole ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o ka militarism a me ka humanitarianism he mea pilikia ʻole?

Hoomau ia ka heluhelu ana

Center for International Policy and Friends Committee on National Legislation. (2021). ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ka racism a me ka militarism ma ke kulekele ʻē aʻe o US. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻopau i ka lā 18 Iune 2022, mai https://www.fcnl.org/dismantling-racism-and-militarism-us-foreign-policy

Ohlbaum, D. (2022). ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ka racism a me ka militarism ma ke kulekele ʻē aʻe o US. Kūkākūkā fuide. Komite Hoaloha no ka Ahaolelo Lahui. Kiʻi ʻia i Iune 18, 2022, mai https://www.fcnl.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/DRM.DiscussionGuide.10.pdf

Paige, S. (2021). ʻO ka manawa e wehe i ke kōkua. ʻO Peace Direct, Adeso, ka Alliance for Peacebuilding, a me nā wāhine o ke kala e holomua ana i ka maluhia a me ka palekana. Kiʻi ʻia i Iune 18, 2022, mai https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PD-Decolonising-Aid_Second-Edition.pdf

Peace Direct, Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC), International Civil Society Action Network (ICAN), a me United Network of Young Peacebuilders (UNOY). (2022). Lahui, mana, a me ka maluhia. Nā ʻike a me nā haʻawina mai kahi kūkākūkā honua. Kiʻi ʻia i Iune 18, 2022, mai https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Race-Power-and-Peacebuilding-report.v5.pdf

Keokeo, T., Keokeo, A., Gueye, GB, Moges, D., & Gueye, E. (2022). Dekolonizing hoʻomohala honua [Nā Pepa Kuleana na nā Wahine Kala, 7th Edition]. ʻO nā wāhine o ke kala e holomua ana i ka maluhia a me ka palekana. Kiʻi ʻia i Iune 18, 2022, mai

ʻO nā hui

ʻO nā wāhine o ke kala e holomua ana i ka maluhia a me ka palekana: https://www.wcaps.org/
ʻO ka Manaʻo Maluhia Wahine: https://www.feministpeaceinitiative.org/
Maluhia pololei: https://www.peacedirect.org/

Nā hua'ōlelo nui:  demilitarizing palekana, militarism, racism, kaua, maluhia

Nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi: Marbury Brown