Ka Hōʻea Anglophone ma Kamerun: He Kūkū Hou

Na Hippolyte Eric Djounguep, Mei 24, 2020

ʻO ka hakakā hakakā ma waena o nā luna Cameroonian a me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale o nā ʻāpana ʻōlelo Pelekania ʻelua mai ʻOkakopa 2016 e ulu mau ana. ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana he ʻāpana ʻāpana o ka League of Nations (SDN) mai ka 1922 (ka lā o ke kau inoa ʻana o ke kuʻikahi o Versailles) a me nā lālā aʻo o ka UN mai ka makahiki 1945, a lawelawe ʻia e Great Britain a hiki i ka 1961. ʻOi aku ka inoa ʻo " ʻO ka pilikia Anglophone ", ua lilo kēia hakakā i kahi heluna nui: kokoke i 4,000 i make, 792,831 i haʻalele i loko o 37,500 mau mea mahuka nona kahi 35,000 ma Nigeria, 18,665 ʻimi ʻimi.

Ua mālama ka UN Security Council i kahi hālāwai e pili ana i ke kūlana kōkua kanaka ma Kamerona no ka manawa mua ma Mei 13, 2019. ʻOiai ke kāhea ʻana o ke Kakauolelo Nui o nā Aupuni no kahi oki e pau koke no ka pane piha ʻana iā Covid-19, ua hoʻomau ka hakakā ʻana. ka papaha kanaka ma kēia mau wahi o Kamerunika. ʻO kēia pilikia he ʻāpana o nā hakakā he mea i hōʻailona ai ʻo Cameroon mai ka makahiki 1960. ʻO ia kekahi o nā hanana nui loa, e like me ka helu ʻana o ka mea hana i hoʻopili ʻia a me ko lākou ʻokoʻa a nā ʻā aʻe. Hōʻike ka ʻike i nā kihi mai kahi kihi ʻaʻole i wāwahi ʻia nā pilina ʻole i piha i nā kiʻi a me nā hōʻike anachronistic o kahi kolone i hala, a me kahi ʻano i kuhi ʻole ʻia nā makahiki.

ʻO ka hakakā i uhi ʻia me ka priori e hoʻokō me ka mahalo

ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā hakakā ma loko o ʻAmelika e kūkulu ʻia e kekahi mau mīkini, ʻoiai kekahi e hoʻāla ʻia e nā nūhou a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻike. ʻO ke ʻano e hōʻike ʻia ai e ka nupepa ka pahupāʻau anglophone ma Kamerona e kahi puaʻa o ka honua a hiki i ka nupepa ʻōiwi ke hōʻike nei i kahi kūkākūkā e hakakā nei e wehe iā ia iho mai kahi hihiʻo i manaʻo ʻia ma lalo o ka mākaʻi. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo e hoʻopiʻi ʻia me nā hōʻike, nā clichés a me nā kū mua mua i ke kūʻokoʻa. ʻO kekahi mau nūpepa a me nā kēki ʻē aʻe o ka ʻike i ka ʻike ma ka honua a hiki i loko o Aferika e mālama i nā prism a me nā paradigms e hiki ai i kēia kolone a me nā kiʻi postcolonial o Africa e ulu maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēia mau manaʻo stereotypical e ʻike i ka ʻatikala a ka ʻAmelika, e hoʻokaʻawale paha i nā hana hoʻowalewale o kekahi ʻatikala. ua hana ʻo ka ʻāina he 54 mau ʻāina, e like me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i ka honua.

ʻO ka pilikia anglophone ma Cameroon: pehea e hoʻopaʻa ai iā ia?

Hōʻike ʻia ka pilikia anglophone i loko o kekahi mau tabloid pāpāho kūwaho a me nā auwai hoʻolele ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hui o nā hanana i kapa ʻia "nā pōpilikia kūlohelohe" - kahi mākaukau maʻalahi a me ka naturalization no nā hanana kaiāulu e hana mau ʻia ma ʻApelika a ka pāpāho e ʻike nei. Ke lawa ʻole ka ʻike, "hoʻopiʻi" lākou i ke aupuni Yaounde (kapikala o Cameroon) kahi o ka "lōʻihi a me ke aupuni maikaʻi ʻole i lawe mai ai i ke kaua". ʻO ke poʻo o ka mokuʻāina o ka Repubalika o Cameroon ma ke kino o Paul Biya i ʻōlelo mau ʻia i nā hana maikaʻi ʻole a pau: "ka nele o ke ʻano politika", "ka noho aupuni maikaʻi ʻole ʻana", "noho mālie o ka pelekikena", a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻaʻole hoʻi ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ke koʻikoʻi o nā mea i hōʻike ʻia akā ka ʻole o nā wehewehe ʻano ʻē aʻe o kekahi mau haʻiʻōlelo.

Ninau nīnau?

ʻO ke kūlohelohe ʻana o kēia kaua ma ka ʻĀinapuni ʻApelika e hōʻike nei ma o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana o nā kumu lāhui kahi mana nui o ka kamaʻilio kolone ma ʻApelika e hoʻomau nei i kēia lā. ʻO ke kumu e noʻonoʻo nui ʻia ai kēia paio ma ke ʻano he hanana kūlohelohe wale nō ke ākea ākea ma kahi axis e kūʻē i ke kūlohelohe a me ka moʻomeheu a ʻike mākou i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i kekahi mau puke. "ʻO ka Anglophone crisis" wehewehe pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he hanana i hiki ʻole ke wehewehe ʻia me ka noʻonoʻo a aneane paha. ʻO ke kuhi o ka manaʻo e makemake i nā kumu kūlohelohe i ka wehewehe ʻana o ke kaua e hoʻomohala pinepine i kahi haʻiʻōlelo vitalist. Hoʻoikaika kēia i ka hui ʻana me ka ʻōlelo i kiʻi apocalyptic, kahi a mākou e loaʻa ai i nā poʻomanaʻo e like me "gehena", "hōʻino" a me "pouli" i loko.

Pehea e loiloi ai?

ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o kēia loiloi a i kekahi manawa hoʻoholo ʻia i kekahi mau pāpaho a me kahi ʻāpana nui o nā auwai o ka lawe ʻike. Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka stalemate o ka pilikia Anglophone ma ʻOkakopa 1, 2017, ua maopopo he "hopena paha kēia i kahi ʻāpana hou o ka politika Cameroon a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā militia kūloko i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā kūpaʻa o ka ʻohana a i ʻole ka pō o ke kaua ma waena o nā ʻohana". Ke nānā nei ʻo ʻApelika iā Cameroon. Akā e akahele: nā huaʻōlelo e like me ka "ʻohana" a me ka "lāhui" i hoʻokau ʻia me nā stereotypes a loaʻa nā manaʻo, a decalcify i ka waiwai o ka maoli o nā mea. ʻO kēia mau ʻōlelo, i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o kekahi poʻe, kokoke i ka barbarism, savagery and primitive. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia, i loko o hoʻokahi wehewehe, ʻaʻole kūʻē ka hakakā i nā ʻaoʻao i koho i ke koho o ke kaua i mea e pōʻino ai kekahi, akā manaʻo lākou e hoʻokau iā lākou no ka mea aia kekahi i "hoʻomaʻamaʻa".

ʻO kahi litany o nā ʻōlelo maikaʻiʻole

ʻO ka mea maʻamau e hoʻololi e pili ana i ka "Anglophone crisis" kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka haunaele, huikau, hao wale, uē ʻana, uē ʻana, ke koko, ka make. ʻAʻohe mea e hōʻike ana i nā kaua ma waena o nā pūʻali koa, nā luna e hana ana i nā hana, nā hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke kūkā kamaʻilio ʻana e nā poʻe hakakā, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole i kūpono ka nīnau no kāna pono no ka mea ʻaʻohe kumu o kēia "hell". Ua hiki i kekahi ke hoʻomaopopo he "pilikia nui ʻo Cameroon no nā hana a nā hui honua e kōkua iā ʻApelika e hoʻoponopono i kāna mau kaua". ʻOiai ʻo "e like me kahi hōʻike UN hou, ʻo ka Anglophone pilikia ma Cameroon kekahi o nā pilikia kōkua kanaka maikaʻi loa, e pili ana ma kahi o 2 miliona mau kānaka".

Nā kiʻi Traumatic

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi mahele o ka pāpāho "he weliweli a paʻakikī hoʻi nā hakakā ma Cameroon". Kūleʻa kēia mau ʻeha a ua koe i kahi nui hiki ʻole ke haʻi ʻia. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā moʻohelu maʻamau o kēia mau ʻeha, nā kumu a mākou e wehewehe ʻole ai, aloha nui i ke alo o ka mea make ʻokoʻa no ʻApelika a ʻaʻohe mea kuleana maoli. Mai ke kālailai ʻana o ka mea loea kaiāulu Palani ʻo Pierre Bourdieu, e kamaʻilio nei i nā kiʻi o nā nūhou kīwī mai ka honua, ʻo ia mau moʻolelo i hoʻokumu ʻia “he kūʻē o nā moʻolelo lapuwale e like me ka hopena (...) 'ʻike ʻia nā hanana me ka ʻole o ka wehewehe, e nalo me ka ʻole o nā haʻina . ʻO ke kuhikuhi ʻana i "gehena," "pouli," "pāhū," "nā pele," kōkua ia e hoʻokau i kēia kaua i kahi mahele ʻokoʻa; ʻo ia o nā pilikia i hiki ʻole ke wehewehe ʻia, hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia.

Hōʻike nā kiʻi, nā loiloi a me nā ʻōlelo i ka ʻeha a me ka luʻuluʻu. I ke aupuni ʻo Yaounde, ʻaʻohe o nā waiwai temokalaka, ke kamaʻilio, ka manaʻo politika, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻāpana o ke kiʻi i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia. Hiki nō ke wehewehe iā ia ma ke ʻano he "mea hoʻolālā maikaʻi", kahi "mea hoʻonohonoho kūpono", kahi luna me kekahi mau mākau. Hiki i kekahi ke hōʻike kūpono i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hiki ke mālama i kahi noho aupuni ma mua o 35 mau makahiki ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o nā wili ʻana a hiki ke loaʻa iā ia kēia mau mākaukau.

ʻO ka hui ma nā waihona hou

ʻO ka naturalization o ka Anglophone pilikia ma Cameroon, ka hopena o ka hana kūwaho e hoʻopau iā ia a me ka ʻole o kekahi mau haʻi ʻōlelo media o nā leo o nā mea hana keaka a me nā leo kūlike ʻole e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomau o ka pilina a me ka post- mana kūʻokoʻa. Akā aia ka pahuhopu i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi laulima hou. A ʻo wai ka mea e ʻōlelo nei he hana hou i ʻōlelo ʻia he hihiʻo hou o ʻApelika. No laila he mea pono e politika a kau i nā maka i ʻApelika e hopu i nā mākia a alakaʻi i kahi hiʻohiʻona i nele i ka hoʻokae lāhui, clichés, stereotypes a ma luna o nā mea āpau āpau loa i manaʻo kēia senghorian "negro ka manaʻo a ʻo Hellene ke kumu".

ʻO kahi ʻōlelo i ʻoi aku i ka pōmaikaʻi a me ka ʻole o nā avatars. ʻAʻole pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka hana a Senghor i kēia ʻōlelo i waho o ka pōʻaiapili. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, nui nā mokuʻāina nui a me nā mana nui o ʻApelika e ʻae nei no nā makahiki he lehulehu i nā manaʻo socio-politika a me ka hoʻokele waiwai a me nā hōʻino e laha ana ma waena o ʻApelika, nā mea mai ʻAkau a ʻApelika Hema. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia nā wahi ʻē aʻe a mai pakele i kahi nui o nā priori a me nā hiʻohiʻona: hoʻokele waiwai, kōkua kanaka, moʻomeheu, haʻuki a me geopolitical hoʻi.

I ke kaiāulu o ʻApelika o kēia wā, ka mea maʻalahi i ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia e ʻike ma mua o ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia e lohe, ʻo ka "gesture-word" o elucidation kahi ala waiwai nui e kaʻana like i kahi mea hauʻoli, hana hou a qualitative. Loaʻa ke kumu o ke ola i ka "ʻae" mua i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā luʻi, nā hoʻololi a me nā hoʻololi i ka honua. ʻO kēia nā koi e kākoʻo i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia. ʻO ka hōʻailona o kahi mana i kāohi ʻole ʻia, makemake ka haʻiʻōlelo a ka pāpāho e hoʻokalakala i ka nūhou i kāna mau mea āpau no kahi hoʻomohala kūpono a hui pū ʻia.

ʻO ke kahe o ka ʻike i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka nūpepa kūwaho, noiʻi nona ka maikaʻi e ʻike ʻia ma muli o ka hohonu o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea āpau e lawe iā mākou mai iā mākou iho a hoʻokuʻu iā mākou mai nā hopohopo no ka hōʻoia ponoʻī. Kāhea lākou no ka ʻae ʻana i ka ʻike e hoʻololi i nā mokuʻāina, nā hana "psychoanalyzing" e lawe iā lākou i ka laina me globalization. No laila, e like me ka exegesis o ka ʻōlelo a ka pāpāho, “ma ka manawa like ke kālailai ʻana, hoʻohiki a hoʻouna ʻana”; e mālama i hoʻokahi wale nō o nā koʻokoʻo ʻekolu ʻaʻole e helu no ka neʻe o ke kālailai. 

Eia nō naʻe, hele aku ka hōʻaiʻē āpau i kekahi mau pilikino o ka nūpepa kūwaho, ka honua a me ka ʻepekema honua nāna e hoʻokau i ka kuleana e hāʻawi i kahi hōʻailona a me kahi huaʻōlelo e ʻōlelo i nā mākia a me nā moemoeā o ka puka ʻana o ʻApelika mai nā paradigms i kahiko a luhi. ʻAʻole ia he nīnau no ka mea hope e hana i kahi hana hoʻokalakupua e koi ai i nā kūlana e ʻoluʻolu iā ʻApelika; ʻaʻole hoʻi ia i ka manaʻo e ʻae ʻia nā papahana āpau o ka ʻāina. ʻOiai pili ia i ka ʻike hoʻolālā e hana i nā mea hou āpau, ʻoiai ke hoʻokumu nei i ka hilinaʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana, he kumu maoli ia o ka maluhia a me ka manaʻolana; wehe lākou i ka wā e hiki mai ana a alakaʻi i kahi ola ola hou. Hōʻike pū lākou i ke alo o ka hauʻoli i nā hemahema a me nā kūleʻa; i ka huakaʻi paʻa a me ka ʻauana. ʻAʻole lākou e hāʻawi i ka kānalua no ke ola o ke kanaka a me nā pilikia o nā papahana a i ʻole nā ​​kuleana, akā kākoʻo i ka hilinaʻi i kahi wā e hiki mai ana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ia he nīnau no ka huikau o ka ʻokoʻa kūpono me ka hoʻopili ʻana ʻaʻole no nā manaʻoʻiʻo a me nā hana a kēlā me kēia (a plurality maʻalahi) a i ʻole ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i ka lokahi o ka manaʻo me ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā manaʻo āpau a me kahi hana kū hoʻokahi.

ʻO kēia kiʻi o ʻApelika ʻaʻole wale ia exogenous a ʻike wale; hana ʻia ia a hana ʻia i kekahi manawa mai loko mai o ka ʻāina. ʻAʻole ia he nīnau no ka hāʻule ʻana i ka lua "gehena, ʻo ia nā mea ʻē aʻe". Ke alo nei kēlā me kēia kanaka i kā lākou kuleana.

ʻO Hippolyte Eric Djounguep kahi mea noiʻi a me ka mea noiʻi geopolitical no ka makasina Farani Le Point a kōkua i ka BBC a me ka Huffington Post. He mea nāna ia o nā puke e pili ana me Cameroun - crise anglophone: Essai dʻanalyse post coloniale (2019), Géoé ékonomiie dʻune Afrique émergente (2016), Perspective des conflits (2014) a me Médias et Conflits (2012) ma waena. Mai ka makahiki 2012 ua hana ʻo ia i nā huakaʻi ʻepekema pili i ka dinamics o nā hakakā ma nā wahi o ʻApelika Nui Lakes, ma ka Horn o ʻApelika, ma ka loko o Lake Chad a ma Ivory Coast.