ʻO Stones to Drones: He Hōʻalo Pōpili o ke Kaua ma ka Honua

ʻO Gar Smith / World Beyond War # ʻAha Kūkākūkā NoWar2017,
Kepakemapa 22-24 ma ke KulanuiʻAmelika ma Washington, DC.

ʻO ke kaua ka hana make loa a kānaka. Mai ka 500 BC a hiki i ka AD 2000 moʻolelo moʻaukala ma mua o 1000 [1,022] nā kaua nui i kākau ʻia. I ke kenekulia 20, ua manaʻo ʻia he 165 mau kaua i luku ʻia a hiki i ka 258 miliona mau kānaka - ʻoi aku ma mua o 6 pākēneka o nā poʻe a pau i hānau ʻia ma ke kenekulia 20 holoʻokoʻa. Ua koi ʻo WWII i nā ola o nā koa he 17 miliona a me 34 miliona mau kānaka kīwila. I nā kaua o kēia lā, 75 pakeneka o ka poʻe i luku ʻia he poʻe kīwila - ka hapa nui o nā wahine, nā keiki, nā ʻelemākule, a me ka poʻe ʻilihune.

ʻO ka US ke alakaʻi nui o ke kaua i ka honua. ʻO kā mākou mea kūʻai nui loa ia. Wahi a nā mōʻaukala Navy, mai 1776 a 2006, kaua ʻo US pūʻali koa i 234 kaua ʻē. Ma waena o 1945 a me 2014, ua hoʻokuʻu ka US i 81% o nā paio nui he 248 o ka honua. Mai ka haʻalele ʻana o ka Pentagon mai Vietnam ma 1973, ua hoʻokau ka pūʻali koa ʻAmelika iā Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Bosnia, Kambodia, El Salvador, Grenada, Haiti, Iran, Iraq, Kosovo, Kuwait, Lebanona, Libya, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, nā Philippines. , Somalia, Sudan, Suria, Ukraine, Yemen, a me ka Yugoslavia ma mua.

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He wā lōʻihi ko nā kaua e kū'ē i keʻano. Ka Epikio o Gilegamesh, kekahi o nā kaʻao kahiko loa o ka honua, e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻimi a ke koa Mesopotamia e pepehi iā Humbaba - kahi moʻo nui i noho aliʻi ma luna o kahi ululāʻau ʻo Cedar Forest. ʻO ka ʻo Humbaba ke kauwā a Enlil, ke akua o ka honua, ka makani, a me ka lewa ʻaʻole i kāohi iā Gilgamesh mai ka luku ʻana i kēia mea pale o Nature a me ke kua ʻana i nā kedera.

ʻO ka Baibala (Nā Kānāwai 15: 4-5) e haʻi ana i kahi hoʻouka kaua "honua wela" kūʻē i ko Pilisetia i ka wā i hopu ai ʻo Samesona i ʻekolu haneli ʻalopeke a nakinaki iā lākou i ka huelo i ka huelo. Hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i ka lama i nā pā huelo ʻelua. . . a e hoʻokuʻu aku i nā ʻalopeke i ka hua o nā Pilisetia e kū nei.

I ka wā o Peloponnesian War, hoʻomaka ka Mō'ī Archidamus e kaua iā Plataea ma kaʻokiʻana i nā hua lāʻau a puni ke kūlanakauhale.

I ka 1346, ua hoʻohana ʻo Mongol Tartars i ke kaua biological e hoʻouka i ke kaona Kai ʻEleʻele o Caffa - e nā catapulting kino o nā mea ʻino ma luna o nā paia paʻa.

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ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai ʻona a me ka luku ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona kahi mea i hōʻoia ʻia e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kahi heluna kanaka. ʻOiai i kēia lā, noho mau kēia mau hana "scorched-ground" i kahi ala i makemake nui ʻia e hana pū me nā hui agrarian ma ka Global South.

I ka wā o ka American Revolution, ua hoʻohana ʻo George Wakinekona i nā hana "scorched-ground" e kūʻē aku i nā ʻōiwi ʻAmelika i hui pū me nā pūʻali koa Pelekania. ʻO nā māla hua a me nā mea kanu kulina o ka Iroquois Nation i luku ʻia me ka lana o ko lākou luku ʻia e make pū ai hoʻi nā Iroquois.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ke Kaua Kivila ʻAmelika ʻo Gen. Sherman's “March through Georgia” a me kā Gen. Sheridan hōʻeuʻeu ʻana ma ke awāwa ʻo Shenandoah ʻo Virginia, ʻelua mau hoʻouka kaua i hoʻomālamalama ʻia no ka luku ʻana i nā mea kanu kīwila, nā holoholona, ​​a me nā waiwai. Ua luku ʻia ka pūʻali koa o Sherman he 10 miliona mau ʻeka ʻāina ma Georgia ʻoiai ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻāina mahiʻai ʻo Shenandoah i mau ʻāina ʻeleʻele ahi.

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I loko o nā pōʻino nui o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua hanaʻia kekahi o nā hopena maikaʻi loa o ka nohona ma France. I ke kaua o ka Somme, kahi i make ai nā poʻe koa 57,000 o British ma ka lā mua o ka hakakā, ua waihoʻia ka High Wood i kahi wela o ka puhiʻiaʻana, nā kolo lūlū.

I Polani, ua hoʻomoe ʻia nā pūʻali koa Kelemania i nā ululāʻau e hoʻolako i nā lāʻau no ke kūkulu koa ʻana o ka pūʻali koa. I ke kaʻina hana, ua luku lākou i ka wahi noho o kekahi mau buffalo ʻEulopa i koe - i ʻoki koke ʻia e nā pū o nā koa Kelemania pōloli.

Ua ho'ākāka kahi mea ola i ke kahua kaua ma ke ʻano he kahakai o "kumū, ʻeleʻele nā ​​ʻōpala o nā lāʻau i wāwahi ʻia a paʻa mau i kahi o nā kauhale ma mua. Hoʻopili ʻia e nā ʻāpana o nā pūhaʻi naha, kū lākou me he mau kupapaʻu lā i kū i luna. ” I hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana, e kiʻi mau ana nā mahiʻai Belgian i nā iwi o nā koa i kahe i ka make i Flanders Field.

Ua hōʻehaʻiaʻo WWI i loko o ka US. No ka hānaiʻana i ka hoʻouka kaua, ua hoʻolālāʻiaʻo 40 miliona mauʻeleu i ka mahiʻaiʻana ma kaʻoihana nuiʻole i kūponoʻole i ka mahiʻai. Ua paniʻia nā loko, nā loko iʻa, a me nā'āina e hana i ka'āina mahiʻai. Ua hoʻololiʻia nā'ōhua mau i ka māla palaoa. Ua weheʻia nā ululāʻau e lawelawe i nā mea kaua. Hoʻopili ka nui o kaʻili i ka lepo a hiki i ka maloʻo a me ka'ānai.

Akā, ua nui ka hopena i loaʻa me ka hoʻolālāʻaila i ke kaua. I ia manawa,ʻaʻole pono nā pūʻali koa hou i nā meaʻona a me nā mea ulu no nā lio a me nā hoki. Ma ka hopena o WWI, ua kūkuluʻo General Motors i nā kaʻa kaua 9,000 (8,512) kokoke i nā kaʻa kaua a ua hoʻololiʻia ka waiwai. Hiki keʻikeʻia ka ea ea kekahi mea hoʻololi hou.

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Me ke kū ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II, ua ʻeha hou ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa. Ua hoʻopiha ʻia e ka pūʻali koa Kelemania he 17 pākēneka o nā mahi ʻāina haʻahaʻa o Holland me ka wai paʻakai. Ua haki ʻelua mau pōkā pahū i nā pani ʻelua ma Kelemānia Ruhr Valley, e luku ana i ka 7500 ʻeka o nā ʻāina mahiʻai Kelemania.

I Norewai, ua luku kūʻē aku ko Hitler pūʻali koa i nā hale, nā alanui, nā mea ulu, nā ululāʻau, nā lako wai, a me nā holoholona lōhiu. He kanalima pākēneka o ko Risa poʻe kakā i make.

He kanahā mau makahiki ma hope o ka pauʻana o ke Kauakū WWII, ua loaʻa hou nā pōpaka, nā pūʻali koala, a me nā mīkini mai nā'āina a me nā kahawai o Farani. He mau milioni mauʻeka e noho ana i nā palena a ua koi mau ka hale hoʻomana i nā mea i loaʻa i kekahi manawa.

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ʻO ka hanana luku loa a WWII i ka hoʻopahu ʻana o ʻelua mau pōkā nukelea ma luna o nā kūlanakauhale Kepani ʻo Hiroshima a me Nagasaki. Ua ukali ʻia nā pā ahi e kahi "ua ʻeleʻele" i kīloi i nā mea ola no kekahi mau lā, e waiho ana i kahi noe ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka pāhawewe i komo i loko o ka wai a me ka lewa, me ka waiho ʻana i kahi hoʻoilina hoʻoilina o nā maʻi ʻino a me nā hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu, nā holoholona, ​​a me nā keiki hānau hou.

Ma mua o ka pūlima ʻia ʻana o ke Kuʻikahi Nuclear Test Ban i ka makahiki 1963, ua hoʻokuʻu ka US a me USSR i ka 1,352 pāhū nukelea o ka honua, 520 pāhuna lewa, a me ʻewalu pahū o ka ʻaoʻao kai - like me ka ikaika o 36,400 Hiroshima mau pōkā. I ka makahiki 2002, ua kūkala ka National Cancer Institute ua hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia kanaka ma ka Honua i nā pae hāʻule i hana i nā make he ʻumi tausani o ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

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Ma nā makahiki he hala o ka 20 century, ua hōʻeuʻeu ka hōʻailona koa.

No 37 mau mahina i ka mua o ka makahiki 1950, ua kuʻi ka US i Kōlea ʻĀkau me nā tona he 635,000 a me 32,557 mau tona o napalm. Ua luku ʻia e ka US he 78 mau kūlanakauhale Kōlea, he 5,000 mau kula, he mau haukapila he 1,000, he 600,000 mau hale, a ua luku ʻia he 30% paha o ka heluna kānaka e kekahi koho. ʻO Air Force Gen. Curtis LeMay, ke poʻo o ke Strategic Air Command i ka wā o ke Kaua Kōlea, hāʻawi i kahi koho haʻahaʻa. I ka makahiki 1984, ua haʻiʻo LeMay i ka Office of Air Force History: "Ma kahi o ʻekolu mau makahiki a ʻoi paha, ua luku mākou - he aha - 20 pākēneka o ka heluna kanaka." He kumu maikaʻi ko Pyongyang e makaʻu ai i ka US.

Ma ka 1991, ua hoʻokuʻu ka US i nā 88,000 tons o nā pōpilikia ma Iraka, ka lukuʻana i nā hale, nā mea mana, nā kahawai nui a me nā pūnaehana wai, e hoʻomaka ana i kahi hanana olakino i loaʻa i ka makeʻana o nā hapalua miliona o Iraqi.

Ua huli aʻe ka uahi mai nā māla aila kuniit o Kuwait i ke ao a pō a hoʻokuʻu i nā ʻōpala nunui o ka soot i hoʻoneʻe i ka makani no nā mile he haneli.

Mai ka 1992 a hiki i ka 2007, ka pōpilikia o US i kāohi i ka 38 pakeneka o ka noho ululāʻau ma Afghanistan.

I ka makahiki 1999, ka pōkā a NATO i kahi kanu petrochemical ma Yugoslavia i hoʻouna i nā ao o nā kemika make i ka lani a hoʻokuʻu i nā tona o ka haumia i nā kahawai kokoke.

Ua kipaku ke kaua Rwandan o ʻApelika ma kahi o 750,000 mau kānaka i ka Virunga National Park. He 105 mau mile kuea i hemo ʻia a he 35 mau mile kuea i "ʻaihue ʻia."

Ma Sudan, hoʻokuʻuʻia nā pūʻali koa lele a me nā maka'āinana i loko o ke kahaleʻo Garamba, me ka hoʻoholoʻana i ka heluna kānaka. Ma ka Repubalika Kipuka Kongo o Congo, ua hoʻopauʻia nā hakakā kaua e ka poʻe elephant noho mai 22,000 a 5,000.

I ka wā o ka hoʻouka kaua 2003 o Iraq, ua hōʻike ka Pentagon i ka hoʻolahaʻana aku i nā 175 tons o ka uranium uʻopiʻi ma luna o ka'āina. (Uaʻae ke US i ka hoʻokūkūʻana iā Iraq me kekahi 300 tonakahi ma 1991.) Ua hōʻeha kēia mau hōʻailona hana i nā maʻi ahulau o nā maʻi maʻi a me nā mea i hōʻehaʻia i nā keikiʻino i Fallujah a me nā kūlanakauhale'ē aʻe.

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I ka nīnau ʻana i nā mea i hoʻokumu i ke kaua ʻIraka, ua ʻae ʻo ka Luna Nui o ka CENTCOM ʻo Gen. John Abizaid: “ʻOiaʻiʻo nō e pili ana i ka aila. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke hōʻole maoli i kēlā. ” Eia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo weliweli: Pono ka Pentagon e kaua i nā kaua no ka ʻaila e kaua i nā kaua no ka ʻaila.

Hoʻopili ka Pentagon i ka hoʻohana wahie ma "galani-per-mile" a me "barrels-per-hour" a hoʻonui ka nui o ka ʻaila i puhi ʻia i ka wā e hele ai ke Pentagon i ke kaua. Ma kona piko, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kaua ʻIraka ma mua o ʻekolu miliona metric mau tona o ka hoʻomehana honua CO2 i kēlā me kēia mahina. Eia kahi poʻo inoa ʻike ʻole ʻia: ʻo ka hoʻohaumia pūʻali koa kahi mea nui e hoʻohuli ai i ka huliau.

A eia kahi mea hoʻohenehene. Ua hōʻeha loa nā hana a ka pūʻali koa Honua o ka honua a ke ʻike nei mākou iā mākou iho e noho nei - maoli - ma kahi Honua Honua. ʻO ka hoʻohaumia ʻenehana a me nā hana pūʻali koa i kipaku i nā mahana i ka piko kiko. I ka ʻimi ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā a me ka mana, ua hoʻolaha maikaʻi nā hui kūwaho a me nā pūʻali koa emepala i ke kaua ma ka biosphere. I kēia manawa, ke hoʻi nei ka honua i ka honua - me ka hoʻouka kaua nui loa.

Akā, ʻaʻole like ka Honua kipi me ka ikaika ʻē aʻe i alo ai i ka pūʻali koa kanaka. Hiki i kahi makani pāhili hoʻokahi ke hoʻokuʻu i kahi punch i kūlike i ka hoʻohaunaele ʻana o nā pōkā atomic 10,000. Ua hōʻeha ʻo Hurricane Harvey's airstrike ma Texas i $ 180 biliona i loko o ka pōʻino. Hiki i ko Hurricane Irma kapu ma luna o $ 250 biliona. Ke ulu mau nei ka nui o kā Maria.

E ʻōlelo ana i ke kālā. Ua hōʻike ʻo Worldwatch Institute i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka 15 pākēneka o ke kālā i hoʻolilo ʻia i nā mea kaua ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hapa nui o nā kumu o ke kaua a me ka luku ʻana i ke kaiapuni. No laila no ke aha e hoʻomau ai ke kaua? Ma muli o ka lilo ʻana o ka US i Hui Pū ʻIa Militokala i kāohi ʻia e ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā makemake Fossil Fuel Interests. E like me ka mea i kākau mua ʻia e ka ʻahaʻōlelo nui ʻo Ron Paul: ʻO ka lilo ʻana o ka pūʻali koa i mea "pōmaikaʻi i kahi papa lahilahi o nā elite pili pono a uku maikaʻi ʻia. Ua makaʻu ka poʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e pau ai ka maluhia, a e maikaʻi ʻole ia no kā lākou loaʻa kālā. ”

He mea kūpono e hoʻomanaʻo i ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe o ke kaiapuni i kahi ʻāpana, i ka pane ʻana i nā mea weliweli o ke kaua ʻo Vietnam Nam - Agent Orange, napalm, carpet-bombing - a ua hoʻomaka ʻo Greenpeace e kūʻē i kahi hoʻokolohua nukila i hoʻolālā ʻia ma kokoke i Alaska. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua koho ʻia ka inoa ʻo "Greenpeace" no ka mea ua hoʻohui ʻia "nā pilikia nui ʻelua o ko mākou manawa, ke ola o ko mākou kaiapuni a me ka maluhia o ka honua."

I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻoweliweliʻia ko mākou ola e nā pū a nā pahu ʻaila. I mea e hoʻokūpaʻa ai i kā mākou aniau, pono mākou e haʻalele i ka hoʻonele ʻana i ke kālā i ke kaua. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke lanakila i ke kaua i kūʻē ʻia i ka honua pono a mākou e noho nei. Pono mākou e waiho i lalo i kā mākou mea kaua o ke kaua a me ka hao wale, kūkā i kahi hāʻawi hanohano, a kau inoa i kahi kuikahi kuikahi mau loa me ka Honua.

ʻO Charles Smith ka mea kākau moʻolelo noiʻi lanakila, ka mea hoʻoponopono i hoʻopukaʻia Ka Moʻolelo o ka Honua, ke kumu-mea hoʻokumu i nā Environmentalists Against War, a me ka mea kākau o Nuuleke Nuclear (Chelsea Green). ʻO kāna puke hou, ʻO ka War and Environment Reader (Just World Books) e paʻi ʻia ma ʻOkakopa 3. ʻO ia kekahi o nā haʻi ʻōlelo ma ka World Beyond War ʻekolu mau lā kūkā kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke "Kaua a me ke Kaiāulu," Kepakemapa 22-24 ma ke Kulanui ʻAmelika ma Wakinekona, DC. (No nā kikoʻī, e hoʻokomo i kahi waihona wikiō o nā hōʻike, e kipa: https://worldbeyondwar.org/nowar2017.)