ʻAmelika ʻApekema: Pono e ʻimi ʻo US e hoʻopau i nā kaua āpau

Ke kiaʻi nei kahi koa Afghanistan a ʻo ka pūʻali koa US e hoʻokolokolo nei i kahi hale i haʻalele ʻia ma ka moku ʻo Kandahar. ʻIke: ʻO Behrouz Mehri Getty Images

Na John Horgan, Hawaiian American, Mei 14, 2021

Aia Loaʻa ʻekolu mau kiko i ka hale puke puke pūnaewele a John e hiki mai ana.

ʻO ka hapa nui o kaʻu mau haumāna i hānau ʻia ma hope o ke kaua US ma Afghanistan ua hoʻomaka ʻia. I kēia manawa ua ʻōlelo hope loa ʻo Pelekikena Joe Biden: Ua lawa! Ke hoʻokō nei i kahi hoʻokō i hana ʻia e kona mua (a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka palena manawa), ua hoʻohiki ʻo Biden i huki i nā pūʻali koa US a pau mai Afghanistan e Kepakemapa 11, 2021, 20 mau makahiki ma hope o nā hoʻouka kaua i hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻouka kaua.

ʻO Pundits, ka mea wānana, ua hoʻohewa i kā Biden hoʻoholo. ʻLelo lākou e haʻalele ka US hōʻeha i nā wahine Afghanistan, ʻoiai, e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Robert Wright, ʻo Afghanistan ka mea i noho ʻia e ʻAmelika.ma waena o nā wahi maikaʻi loa o ka honua he wahine. ” ʻ claimlelo kekahi i ka ʻae ʻana o ka lanakila o ka US lanakila i ke kākoʻo no nā hana pūʻali koa e hiki mai ana. Lana koʻu manaʻo.

Biden, nāna i kākoʻo i ka hoʻouka kaua o Afghanistan, ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa i ke kaua he hewa, akā hiki nō iaʻu. ʻO ka ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka Pāhana Aupuni ma ke Kulanui ʻo Brown i kuhi ai ke kaua, ka mea i ninini pinepine ʻia i loko o Pakistan, ua luku ʻia ma waena o 238,000 a me 241,000 poʻe, ʻoi aku ma mua o 71,000 o lākou he poʻe kīwila. Ua hāʻule hou nā lehulehu he nui i ka "maʻi, ka lilo o ke komo ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka wai, nā hanana, a me / a i ʻole nā ​​hopena pili ʻole o ke kaua."

Ua lilo ka US i 2,442 pūʻali koa a me 3,936 aelike, a ua lilo $ 2.26 trillion no ke kaua. ʻO kēlā kālā, nā kumukūʻai o ke kaua i kuhikuhi ai, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ka "mālama ola ʻana no ka poʻe koa ʻAmelika" o ke kaua a me nā "uku paneʻe no ka wā e hiki mai ana i nā kālā i hōʻaiʻē ʻia no ke kālā." A he aha ka hana a ke kaua? Ua hana i kahi pilikia maikaʻi ʻole. Me ka hoʻouka kaua o ʻIraka, hoʻopau ke kaua Afghanistan i ke aloha honua no ka US ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua 9/11 a luku i kona hilinaʻi pono.

Ma mua o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻoweliweli Muslim, ua hoʻonui ka US iā ia ma ka luku ʻia ʻana he mau kaukani lehulehu o ka poʻe Muslim. E noʻonoʻo i kēia hanana 2010, aʻu e ʻōlelo ai i loko o kaʻu puke Ka hopena o ke kaua: mamuli o ka New York Times, Ua hōʻeuʻeu ka pūʻali koa US i kahi kauhale o Afghanistan i kī ʻia a make i ʻelima mau makaʻāinana, me nā wahine hāpai ʻelua. Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe hōʻike, ua ʻike ka poʻe koa ʻAmelika i kā lākou kuhihewa, “ua ʻeli nā pōkā mai nā kino o ka poʻe i make i mea e hūnā ai ka mea i hana ʻia.”

Hiki mai paha kēia maikaʻi mai kēia hōʻike weliweli inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana pehea e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻopau i nā kaua āpau ma waena o nā lāhui a ʻaʻole wale ʻo ke "kaua o ka lā," ma ke ʻano he hui activist World Beyond War kau iā ia. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia kamaʻilio ʻana e hana i kahi neʻe maluhia ʻelua bipartisan e komo pū ana me nā Democrats a me nā Repubalika, nā liberal a me nā conservatives, nā poʻe o ka hilinaʻi a me nā poʻe ʻole. E lokahi mākou āpau i ka ʻike ʻana i ka maluhia o ka honua, kahi mamao loa mai ka moemoeā paipu utopian, kahi hana a me ka pono e pono ai.

E like me nā akeakamai e like me Steven Pinker ua hoʻomaopopo, ke emi nei ke kaua i ka honua. ʻO nā kuhi o ka make e pili ana i ke kaua e like me ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kaua a me ka helu ʻana i nā mea make. Akā ʻae ka hapanui o nā koho i ka make pili i ke kaua i kēlā me kēia makahiki i loko o nā makahiki he iwakālua i hala ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa—E ʻane ʻane ʻelua mau kauoha o ka nui — ma mua o ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia 20 i pulu i ke koko. ʻO kēia hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui e hilinaʻi iā mākou hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i ke kaua ma waena o nā lāhui i hoʻokahi manawa a no nā mea āpau.

Pono mākou e lawe i ka naʻau mai ka noiʻi ʻana e nā ʻepekema e like me ka anthropologist Douglas P. Fry o ke Kulanui o North Carolina ma Greensboro. I Ianuali, ua paʻi ʻo ia a me ʻewalu mau hoa hana i kahi noiʻi i Nature ma pehea “Hōʻalo nā kaiāulu i loko o nā ʻōnaehana maluhia i ke kaua a kūkulu i nā pilina intergroup maikaʻi, ”E like me ke poʻo o ka pepa e kau ai. Hoʻomaopopo nā mea kākau i nā mea i kapa ʻia he "ʻōnaehana maluhia," i wehewehe ʻia ma ke ʻano he "mau pūʻulu o nā kaiāulu kokoke e kaua ʻole kekahi me kekahi." Hōʻike nā ʻōnaehana maluhia, i kūʻē i ka mea a ka poʻe e manaʻoʻiʻo ai, ʻaʻole mamao aku ke kaua.

ʻO ka pinepine, kū mai nā ʻōnaehana maluhia mai nā wā lōʻihi o ka hakakā ʻana. ʻO nā laʻana e laʻa me ka hui ʻana o nā ʻohana ʻōiwi ʻAmelika i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hui ʻo Iroquois; nā lāhui o kēia au i ka ipu wai ʻo Xingu ma luna o Brazil; nā lāhui Nordic o ʻEulopa ʻEulopa, ʻaʻole i kaua aku kekahi i kekahi no nā kenekulia ʻelua aʻe; nā cantons o Kuikilana a me nā aupuni o ʻItalia, i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o kā lākou mau lāhui i ka kenekulia 19; a me ka Hui ʻEulopa. A mai poina iā mākou nā mokuʻāina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻole i ka ikaika lethal i kekahi i kekahi mai 1865.

Hoʻomaopopo ka hui a Fry i ʻeono mau mea e wehewehe ai i ka maluhia mai nā ʻōnaehana ʻole. Pākuʻi ʻia kēia mau mea me ka "overarching common identity; pilina pili maikaʻi; kaukaʻi like; nā waiwai kaua ʻole a me nā loina; nā kaʻao, nā hana, a me nā hōʻailona non-war; a me ke alakaʻi maluhia. " ʻO ke kumu helu helu nui loa, ʻo Fry, et al., I loaʻa, he ʻae kūlike i "nā loina kaua ʻole a me nā waiwai," i hiki ke hoʻoulu kaua ma waena o ka ʻōnaehana “Hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo. ” Hoʻohui ʻia nā mūtala. E like me kā Fry hui i kuhikuhi ai, inā lilo ʻo Colorado a me Kansas i mea e hakakā ai no nā kuleana wai, e "hui lākou i ka lumi hoʻokolokolo ma mua o ke kahua kaua."

Ua hōʻoia kāna mau hopena i kahi hopena i loaʻa iaʻu i ke kākau ʻana Ka hopena o ke kaua: ke kumu nui o ke kaua. ʻOiai he mea kākau moʻolelo koa Na John Keegan i kau, ʻaʻohe kumu kaua ko mākou ʻano kaua or hoʻokūkū no nā kumuwaiwai akā mai "ke kahua o ke kaua ponoʻī." No laila e hoʻopau i ke kaua, ʻaʻole pono mākou e hana i kekahi mea nui, e like me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka kapitalism a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi aupuni socialist global, a i ʻole ka holoi ʻana.genes koa”Mai kā mākou DNA. Pono wale mākou e haʻalele i ka militarism ma ke ʻano he hopena i kā mākou paio.

ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka ʻōlelo ma mua o ka hana. ʻOiai ua emi ke kaua, koe nō ka militarism paʻa i ka moʻomeheu o kēia au. "[T] hana ʻole ia nā hana a ko mākou koa i nā ʻōlelo a kā mākou haku mele," anthropologist Ua kākau ʻo Margaret Mead ma 1940. "Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea pāʻani o kā mākou keiki ma luna o nā mea kaua o ke koa."

ʻAneʻane lilo nā lāhui o ka honua $ 1.981 trillion ma "pale pale" i 2020, piʻi 2.6 pakeneka mai ka makahiki i hala, e like me ka Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

No ka neʻe ʻana ma mua o ka militarism, pono i nā lāhui ke ʻike pehea e hōʻemi ai i kā lākou pūʻali koa a me nā arsenals i kahi ala e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka palekana a me ka hilinaʻi. ʻO ka US, ʻo ia ka helu no 39 pakeneka o nā lilo o ka pūʻali koa honua, pono ke alakaʻi i ke ala. Ua hiki i ka US ke hōʻike i ka hilinaʻi maikaʻi ma o ka hoʻohiki ʻana e hōʻoki i kāna waihona pale pale i ka hapalua e, e ʻōlelo, 2030. Inā ua hana ʻo Biden i kēia hana i kēia lā, e ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna kālā ma mua o kā Kina a me Rūsia i hoʻohui ʻia e kahi ʻaoʻao maikaʻi.

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka lilo ʻana o nā ʻenemi ma mua i mea kōkua i ka pane ʻana i kahi hoʻoweliweli like, Fry, et al., Kuhikuhi i nā lāhui āpau i nā pilikia o nā pandemics a me nā loli. ʻO ka pane pū ʻana i kēia mau ʻōlelo hoʻoweliweli e kōkua paha i nā ʻāina e mahi i ke ʻano o ka lokahi, ka laulima ʻana, a me nā hana maluhia ka hiʻona o nā ʻōnaehana maluhia. ʻO ke kaua ma waena o ka US a me Kina, Pakistan a me India a ʻo Israel a me Palestine paha i lilo i mea noʻonoʻo ʻole e like me kēia lā ma waena o Colorado a me Kansas. Ke makaʻu ʻole nā ​​lāhui i kekahi i kekahi, e loaʻa hou iā lākou nā kumuwaiwai e hāʻawi i ka mālama olakino, ka naʻau, ka ikehu ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā pono e pono ai, e hoʻemi ana i ka haunaele kūloko. E like me ke kaua e hānau ai i ke kaua, hānau ka maluhia i ka maluhia.

Makemake wau e nīnau i kaʻu mau haumāna: hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i ke kaua? ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia ka nīnau hewa. ʻO ka nīnau kūpono: Pehea hoʻopau mākou i ke kaua? Ke kaua pau, ka hana i nā moʻo o mākou, he mea nui e pono ai, e like me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka kauā a i ʻole ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā wahine. E hoʻomaka kākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hana ʻana.