Na Paul Fitzgerald lāua ʻo Elizabeth Gould, World BEYOND War,ʻOkakopa 6, 2020
ʻO Conor Tobin Ianuali 9, 2020 Palapala Polokalamu[1] ʻatikala i kapa ʻia: Ka moʻolelo o ka 'Afghanistan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski a me Afghanistan[2] ua hoʻāʻo e "kāpae i ka manaʻo o Pelekikena Jimmy Carter, ma ke koi a ka National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, i kōkua i ka Afghan Mujahedin me ka manaʻo e hoʻohālua i ka Soviet Union e komo i Afghanistan i 1979." E like me kā Todd Greentree e hōʻoia ai i kāna hōʻike ma Iulai17, 2020 o ka ʻatikala a Tobin, kiʻekiʻe nā pili no ka mea ʻo ka "notion" e kāhea nei i ka hoʻoilina o ka Pelekikena Carter wale nō, akā ʻo ka hana, ka inoa a me ka "hana hoʻolālā a ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka wā o ke Kaua Cold a ma ʻō aku."[3]
ʻO ke kikowaena o ka pilikia o ka mea a Tobin i kuhikuhi ai ʻo "the Afghanistan Trap thesis," ʻo ia ka mea kākau moʻolelo Farani ʻo Vincent Jauvert i kapa ʻia ʻo Ianuali. 1998 Mea Hōʻailona hou ninaninau me Brzezinski kahi āna e kaena ai e pili ana i kahi papahana huna i hoʻokumu ʻia e ia a me Pelekikena Carter ʻeono mau mahina ma mua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a Soviet "ʻo ia ka hopena o ke kiʻi ʻana i nā Lūkini i loko o ka pahele afghan ..." "Wahi a ka mana mana o ka mōʻaukala, kōkua ʻo CIA i ka Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Mujahideen i ka manawa o 1980, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka pūʻali koa Soviet i Afghanistan, 24 Dec 1979. Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, kiaʻi malū ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻokoʻa loa ia. " Aia ʻo Brzezinski ma ka moʻolelo e ʻōlelo nei. "ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo Iulai 3, 1979 ka mea i kau inoa ai ʻo Pelekikena Carter i ke kuhikuhi mua no ke kōkua malū i ka poʻe kūʻē mai i ke aupuni pro-Soviet ma Kabul. A i kēlā lā nō, ua kākau wau i kahi leka i ka pelekikena a aʻu i wehewehe ai iā ia i koʻu manaʻo e lilo ana kēia kōkua i mea e komo ai ka pūʻali koa Soviet. "[4]
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka papahana huna i hōʻike mua ʻia e ka luna mua o ka CIA o ka papa kuhikuhi o nā hana no ka Hikina Hikina a me ka Hema ʻo Asia ʻo Kauka Charles Cogan a me ka luna CIA mua ʻo Robert Gates a nānā nui ʻole ʻia, ua lawe ka manaʻo o Brzezinski i kahi nānā. kuhi hewa e pili ana i nā manaʻo Soviet ma Afghanistan e makemake nā mea mōʻaukala he nui e haʻalele i ka wehewehe ʻole ʻia. Mai ka manawa i hōʻike ʻia ai ka nīnauele a Brzezinski i ka makahiki 1998, aia kahi hana fanatical ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ka ʻākau e hōʻole i kona kūpono ma ke ʻano he kaena hana ʻole, ka wehewehe hewa ʻana i kāna manaʻo, a i ʻole ka unuhi maikaʻi ʻole mai ka ʻōlelo Farani a i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. He maʻalahi loa ke komo ʻana o Brzezinski ma waena o ka poʻe o loko o ka CIA, ua manaʻo ʻo Charles Cogan he mea pono e puka i waho no kahi kūkā kamaʻilio Cambridge Forum o kā mākou puke ma Afghanistan (Kaʻike iʻikeʻoleʻia: Ka Moʻolelo Hōʻikeʻole o Afghanistan)[5] i ka 2009 e koi ai ʻoiai ʻo ko mākou manaʻo he makemake ʻole nā Soviet e hoʻouka kaua he ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo Brzezinski's Mea Hōʻailona hou ua hewa ka nīnauele.
Hoʻonui aku ʻo Tobin i kēia hoʻopiʻi ma ke kaniʻuhū no ka mea ua hoʻopilikia loa ka ninaninau Palani i ka mōʻaukala e like me ka lilo ʻana o ke kumu hoʻokahi loa e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kipi e hoʻohālua iā Moscow i loko o ka "Trap Afghanistan." A laila hoʻomau ʻo ia e kākau ma muli o ka ʻōlelo a Brzezinski he loea ka ninaninau aole he ninaninau akā hoʻopuka mai he nīnauele a ʻae ʻole ʻia i ke ʻano i hōʻike ʻia a ma muli o ka hōʻole pinepine ʻana o Brzezinski iā ia i nā manawa he nui - "he kumu kumu iki kā ka thesis 'trap'."[6] Ua hele ʻo Tobin e kākau i nā palapala kūhelu e hōʻike ai i kā Brzezinski mau hana a hiki i ka makahiki 1979 hoʻohālua Ua hoʻohui ʻia ke koʻikoʻi ma luna o Moscow. Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻaʻole i ʻimi a makemake ʻole ʻia kekahi pūʻali koa Soviet e ka hoʻomalu Carter a ʻaʻole lawa ka polokalamu hūnā i hoʻomaka ʻia i ke kauwela o 1979 e hoʻoiho iā Carter a me Brzezinski me ka hoʻāʻo nui e hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻāpana ʻo Moscow. Māhele Afghanistan. '"
No laila he aha kēia e hōʻike ai e pili ana i kahi hana huna a ke aupuni US i lawe ʻia i ʻeono mau mahina ma mua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a Soviet o Kekemapa 1979 a ʻaʻole i kaena ʻia e Brzezinski a Ianuali o 1998?
I hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo hoʻopiʻi a Tobin; ʻO kā Brzezinski ʻōlelo i ka kaena no ka ʻumeʻume ʻana i nā Soviets i loko o kahi "ʻĀpena Afghanistan" he kumu iki ia. ʻO Brzezinski i aku ai o Adela kekahi aka, i ka mea a-ʻAʻole maopopo, akā ʻo nā mea āna i ʻōlelo ai, ʻaʻohe moʻolelo o ia moʻolelo a no ka mea ʻaʻole lawa ia e hoʻowalewale aku i nā Soviets i Afghanistan. no ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻo ia a me Carter i makemake e lele kaua nā Soviet no ka mea, e hoʻoweliweli ia i ka détente a me ke kūkākūkā SALT II. No laila he aha nā mea āpau?
ʻO ko Tobin manaʻo ʻana ʻaʻole loa ka Pelekikena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me kāna CIA e hoʻoneʻe i ke kaua Cold ma waenakonu o kahi ʻano ʻenemi, e hōʻike paha i nā mea hou aʻe e pili ana i kā Biidz Conin Tobin manaʻo ma mua o kona ʻike i ka hana a Brzezinski no ke kūʻē ʻana. . No ka heluhelu ʻana i kāna ʻatikala e hehi i loko o ke aniani nānā i loko o kahi ao ʻē aʻe kahi (e wehewehe hou iā TE Lawrence) e hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻike e nā daydreams a e hāmama ka poʻe moemoeā. Mai ko mākou ʻike me Afghanistan a me ka poʻe nāna ia i hoʻokō, ʻo Tobin "lawelawe waiwai o ka mōʻaukala diplomas kahiko" (e like me ka ʻōlelo a Todd Greentree's review) ʻaʻole lawelawe i ka mōʻaukala.
Ke nānā nei i ka mea a Brzezinski i ʻae ai i 1998 ʻaʻole koi ʻia kahi ʻae huna kiʻekiʻe e hōʻoia. ʻO ka pāʻani Game-like nui ma hope o ka thesis hei o Afghanistan i kaulana loa i ka manawa o ka hoʻouka kaua i kekahi me ka ʻike o ka moʻaukala o ka waiwai hoʻolālā o ka ʻāina.
Ua haʻi ʻo MS Agwani o ke Kula ʻo Jawaharlal Nehru o Ke Kula Nui o ka honua ma ka puke ʻo ʻOkakopa-Kekemapa 1980 o ka Schools Quarterly Journal e hōʻike ana i nā helu kūpikipiki e kākoʻo ana i ka papa hana hei a Afghanistan: "ʻO kā mākou hopena ponoʻī mai ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma mua he ʻelua mau manawa. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hele a like ka Soviet Union i kahi pahele i hoʻomoe ʻia e kona poʻe ʻenemi. No kāna hana pūʻali koa ʻaʻole i hāʻawi iā ia i kahi pōmaikaʻi e pili ana i ka palekana Soviet i hauʻoli ʻole ʻia ma lalo o nā aupuni i hala. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki a hoʻopili ʻia i kāna hana pū ʻana me ke kolu o ka Honua i ka nui a me nā ʻāina Muslim. ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole hiki ke lawe ʻia ka hopena ʻAmelika ikaika i ka hana a Soviet ma ke ʻano he hōʻoiaʻiʻo o ko Wakinekona hopohopo maoli e pili ana i ka hopena o Afghanistan. He hiki nō ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa i kāna mau pono nui ma ke kahawai e lawelawe maikaʻi ʻia e ka hoʻopili ʻana o Soviet me Afghanistan inā hiki i ka mea hope loa ke lawe ʻia e hoʻokahuli i nā Soviets mai kēlā ʻāpana. ʻO nā mea i hana ʻia ma Afghanistan ua mākaukau hoʻi no ka United States e hoʻonui i kona noho pūʻali koa i loko a me kahi kokoke i ke kahawai me ka ʻole o ka hoʻonāukiuki i nā kūʻē kūʻē mai nā mokuʻāina.[7]
I nā manawa a pau e nīnau ʻia ana ma kahi o ʻelua mau makahiki ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana o ka ʻatikala ʻo Nouvel Observateur a hiki i kona make ʻana ma 2017, ʻokoʻa nā pane a Brzezinski i ka pololei o ka unuhi ʻana mai ka ʻae ʻana i ka hōʻole ʻana i kekahi wahi ma waena o nā nīnau e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kāna. noonoo ana. Akā naʻe ua koho ʻo Conor Tobin e kuhikuhi i kahi nīnauele 2010 wale me Paul Jay o ka Pūnaewele Nūhou [8] i hōʻole ai ʻo Brzezinski iā ia, e hoʻopiʻi i kāna hihia. I kēia nīnauele 2006 me ka mea paʻi kiʻi ʻo Samira Goetschel[9] Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia he “unuhi manuahi ia,” akā ʻae maoli nō i ka papahana huna “ua hoʻohoka paha i nā Soviets e hana hou aʻe i kā lākou mea e hoʻolālā nei e hana.” Hana hewa ʻo Brzezinski i kāna hōʻoia ideological lōʻihi (kaʻana like ʻia me nā neoconservatives) kēlā mai ke hana nei ka Soviets i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻonui ʻana i Afghanistan ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kahi papahana haku no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hegemony ma Hema Hema a me nā moku hana hinu a Gulf. [10] (kahi kūlana i hōʻole ʻia e ke kākau ʻōlelo o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Cyrus Vance) ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻonāukiuki nei paha ia i kahi hoʻouka kaua he mea nui ʻole ia.
Ma hope o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā manaʻo o nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī a Brzezinski, ua hoʻohewa ʻo Tobin i ka ulu a me ka ʻae ʻia o ka pepa hei a Afghanistan i ka hilinaʻi nui loa ʻana i ka "kūlana" o Brzezinski a laila ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kāpae ma ke kuhikuhi ʻana i nā memo "post-invasion" a Brzezinski. hōʻike i ka hopohopo, ʻaʻole manawa kūpono, ka mea e hōʻole i ka ʻōlelo koi i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana kāna pahuhopu. "[11] Akā e kāpae i ko Brzezinski manaʻo hoʻohiwahiwa i manaʻo nui ʻia e hōʻino i nā pilina o US / Soviet i kēlā me kēia manawa e haʻalele i ka raison d'être o kā Brzezinski ʻoihana ma mua o ka hiolo ʻana o ka Soviet Union. Ke ʻae nei i kāna hōʻole i ka waiwai alo e nānā i kāna kuleana i ka lawe ʻana i ka papahana neoconservative post-Vietnam (ʻike ʻia ʻo Team B) i loko o ka White House ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ka manawa kūpono e hoʻololi mau i ke kulekele ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika i loko o kāna anti-Russian ideological world view ma ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana i nā Soviets i kēlā me kēia kaʻina.
ʻO Anne Hessing Cahn, kahi Scholar i kēia manawa ma Noho ma American University i lawelawe ma ke ʻano he Aliʻi o ka Social Impact Staff ma ka ʻOihana ʻAilima a me Disarmament Agency mai 1977–81 a me Kākoʻo Kūʻokoʻa i ka Hope Hope Kakauolelo o ka Hoopae 1980–81, i kēia e ʻōlelo e pili ana i ke kūlana maikaʻi o Brzezinski ma kāna puke 1998, Pepehi Détente: "I ka manawa i koho ʻia ai ʻo Pelekikena Carter iā Zbigniew Brzezinski ma ke ʻano he kākāʻōlelo no kona palekana aupuni, ua koho mua ʻia e pili ana me ka Soviet Union no nā manawa paʻakikī. ʻO ka mea mua i hiki mai i ka lā Malaki 1977 ka mana hoʻomalu lima kaua i haʻalele ʻia, mai ka ʻAelike Vladivostok[12] a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka nūpepa ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā Soviet. I ka lā ʻo ʻApelila ua koi aku ʻo Carter i nā mea kōkua NATO e hoʻomākaukau hou, e koi ana i ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻana mai nā lālā a pau o ka NATO e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻonui ʻana i kā lākou pale kālā pale e 3 pakeneka i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I ke kauwela o 1977 Carter's Pelekikena Review Memorandum-10[13]ua kāhea ʻia kahi 'hiki ke lanakila' inā hiki mai ke kaua, nā huaʻōlelo i haki i ka ʻike o ka Hui B. ” [14]
I loko o hoʻokahi makahiki o ka lawe ʻana i ke keʻena ua hōʻike mua ʻo Carter i nā Soviets i nā manawa he nui e huli ana ʻo ia i ka hoʻomalu mai ke alu like ʻana i kahi kūʻē a e hoʻolohe ana nā Soviets. Ma kahi kamaʻilio i haku ʻia e Brzezinski a hāʻawi ʻia ma ke Kulanui ʻo Wake Forest ma Malaki 17, 1978, "ua hōʻoia hou ʻo Carter i ke kākoʻo ʻana o ʻAmelika no ka SALT a me ka hoʻomalu lima, [akā] ua ʻano ʻokoʻa ka leo mai kahi makahiki i hala. I kēia manawa ua hoʻohui ʻo ia i nā mea pono āpau i aloha ʻia e Senator Jackson a me ka JCS ... No détente — kahi huaʻōlelo i haʻi ʻole ʻole ʻia ma ka haʻi ʻōlelo - hiki ke laulima pū me ka Soviet Union e hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu like. 'Akā inā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hōʻike i ke kaohi i nā papahana missile a me nā pae ikaika ʻē aʻe a i ʻole i ka wana ʻana a Soviet a i ʻole nā pūʻali koa proxy i nā ʻāina ʻē a me nā ʻĀinapuniʻole a laila kākoʻo nui ʻia ka United States no ka hana like ʻana me nā Soviet. "
Ua loaʻa ka leka i ka Soviets mai kā Carter wahi kamaʻilio a pane koke ʻia i loko o kahi hoʻoponopono o TAAS News Agency e: "Ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā pahuhopu Soviet ma kahi ʻē aʻe i kumu e hoʻonui ai i ka heihei kaua." [15]
Ma kahi hālāwai kūkā ʻo Nobel e pili ana i ke Kaua Cold i ka hāʻule o 1995, Harvard / MIT Senior Security Studies Advisor, ua haʻi ʻo Kauka Carol Saivetz i ka makemake e hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea nui o ko Brzezinski manaʻo i loko o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoholo Cold War a no ke aha i alakaʻi ai i kēlā ke kuhi hewa nui ʻole i nā manaʻo o kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao. "ʻO kaʻu mea i aʻo ai i loko o nā lā ʻelua i hala aku nei, ʻo ia ke kumumanaʻo - kahi mea a mākou ma ke Komohana e kākau nei e pili ana i ke kulekele ʻē aʻe a Soviet i makemake ai e kāpae ʻia ma ke ʻano he rationalization maʻemaʻe ... Ma kekahi ʻano, kahi kuanaʻike manaʻo - kahi manaʻo honua honua, e ʻae kākou kāhea iā ia - he mea nui ia ... ʻAʻole paha ʻo Zbig mai Polani a i ʻole mai kahi ʻē aʻe, he ʻike honua kona, a makemake ʻo ia e wehewehe i nā hanana i ka wā e hōʻike ana i ka mālamalama. I kekahi mau mea, ua lilo kona makaʻu i mau wanana hoʻokō ponoʻī. Ke ʻimi nei ʻo ia i kekahi ʻano o ke ʻano, a ua ʻike ʻo ia iā lākou — pololei a hewa paha. ”[16]
E hoʻomaopopo pehea ka lilo ʻana o nā "makaʻu" a Brzezinski i mau wanana e hoʻokō ai iā ia iho e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana o kāna laina paʻakikī e kūʻē aku i nā Soviets ma Afghanistan i nā hopena āna i makemake ai a lilo ʻo ia i kulekele ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika e kūlike me nā pahuhopu neoconservative a Team B; "E luku i ke détente a me ka hoʻokele i ke kulekele ʻē aʻe o US e hoʻi i kahi kūlana militant viz-à-viz ka Soviet Union."[17]
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i manaʻo nui ʻia he neoconservative a kūʻē i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā pahuhopu o Israel ma Palestine me nā pahuhopu ʻAmelika, ʻo ka hana a Brzezinski no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā wānana e hoʻokō ponoʻī ʻia a me nā neopolonika neoconservative neʻe e neʻe i ka US i kahi kūlana paʻakikī e kūʻē i ka Soviet Union i loaʻa kahi pahuhopu maʻamau ma Afghanistan. . ʻO kā lākou ala kaʻana like ʻoiai ua hui pū nā koa Cold e hoʻouka iā détente a me SALT II i nā wahi āpau e wā e luku ana i nā kumu o nā pilina hana me nā Soviet. Ma kahi hālāwai ninaninau i ka makahiki 1993 ua alakaʻi mākou me ka mea kūkākūkā SALT II Paul Warnke, ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia i ka hilinaʻi ʻole o nā Soviets iā Afghanistan i ka wā mua inā ʻaʻole i lilo ʻo Pelekikena Carter i mea hoʻomāinoino iā Brzezinski a me ka ʻenemi huhū a Team B iā détente a me ko lākou hōʻino ʻana i ka hilinaʻi o Soviet. e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo SALT II.[18] Ua ʻike ʻo Brzezinski i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a Soviet ma ke ʻano he hōʻoiaʻiʻo nui loa no kāna koi ʻana ua paipai ka US i ka huhū o Soviet ma o ka kulekele ʻē o ka nāwaliwali a no laila ua hōʻoia i kona kūlana paʻakikī i loko o ka hoʻoponopono ʻo Carter. Akā pehea e hiki ai iā ia ke koi i ka pono no nā hana a Soviet i ka wā i hana nui ʻo ia i ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana i nā kūlana a lākou i hana ai.[19]
ʻO kā Pelekikena Dwight D. Eisenhower ʻepekema aʻoaʻo a George B. Kistiakowsky a me ka hope hope o ka CIA, ʻo Herbert Scoville i pane i kēlā nīnau ma kahi Boston Globe Op-ed ma kahi o ʻelua mau mahina ma hope o ka hanana. "I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he hana ia na ka Pelekikena i hoʻolālā ʻia e hōʻoluʻolu i kāna mau mea kūʻē politika kūpilikiʻi i ka home i hoʻopau i ke kaulike palupalu i ka ʻoihana Soviet ... Ua ulu aʻe nā paio e hoʻomaha i nā leo o ka poʻe Kremlin mai ke kokoke loa ʻana o ke kuʻikahi SALT II. a me ka drift anti-Soviet koʻikoʻi o nā kulekele a Carter. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka makemake no ka ʻae ʻana i nā manaʻo o ka National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski i alakaʻi ʻia i ke kakali ʻana o ka noho aliʻi maʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e nā lawaiʻa no nā makahiki he nui e hiki mai ana ... "[20]
I loko o kahi ʻatikala o ʻApelila 1981 i loko o ka puke pai Pelekane ʻo The Round Table, ua hōʻike ka mea kākau ʻo Dev Murarka ua hōʻole nā Soviets e komo i ka pūʻali koa ma nā manawa he ʻumikūmākolu ma hope o ka noi ʻia ʻana e ke aupuni Afghanistan o Nur Mohammed Taraki a me Hafizullah Amin-e ʻike ana i kahi pūʻali koa e hāʻawi ko lākou poʻe ʻenemi me ka mea a lākou e ʻimi nei. Ma ka noi ʻumikūmāhā wale nō i hoʻokō ai ka poʻe Soviet "i ka wā i loaʻa ai ka ʻike ma Moscow ua hana ʻo Amin i kahi kuʻikahi me kekahi o nā hui kūʻē." Nānā ʻo Murarka "He loiloi loa i nā kūlana o ka hoʻoholo Soviet e komo i lalo i nā mea ʻelua. Hoʻokahi, ʻaʻole i wikiwiki ka hoʻoholo ʻana me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole ʻole. ʻO ka mea ʻelua, ʻaʻole ia he mea i pale ʻia i hopena i alo ʻia i ka hopena o ka ulu ʻana o Soviet i Afghanistan. I nā ʻano ʻokoʻa hiki ke hōʻalo ʻia. ”[21]
Akā ma kahi o ka hōʻalo ʻia, ua hoʻoulu ʻia nā kūlana no ka hoʻouka kaua Soviet e nā hana hūnā ʻia e Carter, Brzezinski a me CIA pololei a ma o nā proxies ma Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, a me ʻAigupita e hōʻoia ana ʻaʻole i pale ʻia ka hoʻopili Soviet.
Hoʻopili hou ʻia mai ka loiloi Tobin ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻāʻo e hana pū me Brzezinski ma ka Carter White House - e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka mea kūkā ʻo SALT II Paul Warnke lāua ʻo Carter CIA Luna Hoʻokele ʻo Stansfield Turner - i ʻike iā ia ma ke ʻano he lāhui Polani a me kahi ideologue kipaku ʻia.[22] A inā nō hoʻi ka Mea Hōʻailona hou ʻaʻohe ninaninau ʻaʻole ia e loli i ke kaupaona o nā hōʻike inā ʻaʻole Brzezinski a me Carter kahi huna a me ka hoʻonāukiuki hoʻonāukiuki ʻana, ʻaʻole loa i manaʻo ka Soviets e pono e hele i ka palena a hoʻouka iā Afghanistan.
I loko o kahi ʻatikala 8 o Ianuali 1972 i ka New Yorker Magazine, i poʻo inoa ʻia Nānā: i Thrall To Fear,[23] Ua wehewehe ʻo Senator J. William Fulbright i ka ʻōnaehana neoconservative no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kaua pau ʻole e hoʻomau ʻia ana ka US ma Vietnam. "ʻO ka mea kupaianaha maoli e pili ana i kēia Cold War psychology ʻo ia ka hoʻoili maoli ʻole o ka hoʻoili o ka hōʻoia mai ka poʻe e hoʻopiʻi aku i ka poʻe e nīnau ana iā lākou.. no ka launa ʻana o ka honua, pēlā nō i hoʻoponopono ai i nā huaʻōlelo o ke kūkākūkā lehulehu e hiki ai ke koi aku i ka poʻe skeptics e hōʻoia ʻaʻole ia. Inā ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe skeptics ke hoʻomau i ke kaua - no ka hoʻopau ʻana e makaʻu wale nei ia i ka maluhia aupuni. "
Ua ʻike ʻo Fulbright ua huli ʻo Washington's neoconservative Cold Warriors i ke kumumanaʻo no ke kaua ʻana i loko o waho ma ka hopena ʻana, hāʻawi pio ka ʻenemi. ʻAʻole hiki i nā kāne noʻonoʻo ke hana pū kekahi me kekahi ma kēia kumu. "
Akā ʻo kēia mau "kāne" a me kā lākou ʻōnaehana ideological; ʻaʻole noʻonoʻo a kā lākou huakaʻi e hoʻonui i kā lākou kauoha e hoʻokahuli i ka Communism Soviet i hoʻonui wale ʻia me ka lilo o ke kaua Vietnam ma 1975. Ma muli o Brzezinski, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kulekele US e pili ana i ka hoʻomalu Carter ma Afghanistan, SALT, détente a me ka Soviet Union i noho ma waho o ka aupuni o ka mea i hala no ka hana ʻana i nā kulekele diplomatika maʻamau i ka Nixon a me nā ʻoihana Ford ʻoiai e ʻae nei i ka neoconservative ʻino o ka hui B e loaʻa ana ka mana i kēlā manawa.
Nānā ʻole ʻo Tobin i kēia pilina mōʻaukala nani o nā ideologist likeminded. Koi ʻo ia i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka moʻohelu kūhelu e hiki ai i kāna hopena akā laila nānā ʻole pehea i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kēlā moʻolelo e Brzezinski a hoʻohuli ʻia e ka hoʻomana a neoconservatives a Wakinekona e hoʻopuka ai i kā lākou wanana ponoʻī. A laila lawe ʻo ia i nā ʻikepili i kākoʻo i kāna anti-Afghan trap thesis ʻoiai nānā ʻole i ka waiwai o nā hōʻike mai ka poʻe i kūʻē i kā Brzezinski mau hana e kāohi i ka moʻolelo a kāpae i nā manaʻo kūʻē.
Wahi a nā noiʻi lehulehu a Brzezinski i hoʻololi ai i ke kuleana o ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo palekana aupuni ma ʻō aku o kāna hana i manaʻo ʻia. Ma kahi kau hoʻolālā me Pelekikena Carter ma St. Simon Island ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka White House ua kāohi ʻo ia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kulekele ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke komo ʻana i ka pelekikena a i ʻelua mau komite (ʻo ke Kōmike Hoʻohālikelike Hoʻohālikelike PRC, a me ke Kōmike Hoʻohui Kūpono ʻo SCC). A laila loaʻa iā Carter ka mana hoʻoili ma luna o ka CIA i ka SCC āna i alakaʻi ai. Ma ka hālāwai kuhina mua ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i ke keʻena, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Carter e hāpai ana ʻo ia i ke kākāʻōlelo palekana aupuni i ka pae kuhina a ua paʻa ka laka a Brzezinski i ka hana hūnā. Wahi a ka ʻepekema politika a me ka mea kākau ʻo David J. Rothkopf, “He kipi kipi mua ia o ke kauoha mua. Ua hāʻawi ka ʻōnaehana i ke kuleana no nā pilikia nui a koʻikoʻi hoʻi iā Brzezinski. " [24]
Wahi a kekahi aʻo kula,[25] i loko o nā makahiki ʻehā i hana pinepine ʻo Brzezinski i nā hana me ka ʻike ʻole a me ka ʻae ʻole o ka pelekikena. ua kāpae ʻia nā kamaʻilio i hoʻouna ʻia i ka Hale Keʻokeʻo mai nā wahi a puni o ka honua a koho akahele wale nō i kēlā mau kamaʻilio no ka pelekikena e ʻike i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kāna manaʻo. ʻO kāna Kōmike Hoʻonohonoho Kūʻokoʻa, he hana kīʻaha ka SCC i hana wale i kona makemake a hōʻole i ka ʻike a me ke kiʻi ʻana i ka poʻe kūʻē iā ia, e like me ke kākau ʻōlelo o ka moku ʻo Cyrus Vance a me CIA Luna Hoʻokele ʻo Stansfield Turner. Ma ke ʻano he lālā o ka ʻaha kuhina ua noho ʻo ia i kahi keʻena White House ma diagonally ma o ka keʻena mai o ka Oval Office a hui pinepine me ka Pelekikena, ua hoʻopaʻa nā mea hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo i ka mālama ʻana i nā hālāwai.[26] Ma ka ʻaelike me Pelekikena Carter, a laila e kikokiko ʻo ia i ʻekolu memo ʻaoʻao o kēia a me nā hālāwai a hāʻawi iā lākou i ka pelekikena ma ke kino.[27] Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kēia mana kū hoʻokahi e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he waha ʻōlelo mua no ka hoʻomalu a me kahi pale ma waena o ka White House a me nā kākāʻōlelo ʻē aʻe a ka pelekikena a hele a hana i kahi kākau ʻōlelo nūpepa e hōʻike pololei i kāna mau hoʻoholo kulekele i ka Mainstream Media.
ʻO ia kekahi ma ka moʻolelo e like me ka hoʻokumu lima ʻana i kahi pilina me Kina i Mei o 1978 ma ke kumu anti-Soviet i kūʻē i ke kulekele US i kēlā manawa ʻoiai kaulana no ka alakaʻi hewa ʻana i ka pelekikena i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi e hōʻoia wahaheʻe i kāna mau kūlana.[28]
No laila pehea i hana ai kēia ma Afghanistan?
Ua hōʻole ʻo Tobin i ka manaʻo a Brzezinski e ʻōlelo aʻo aku iā Carter e kākoʻo ikaika i kahi kulekele e hoʻoweliweli iā SALT a me détente, e hoʻopilikia i kāna pāʻina koho balota a hoʻoweliweli iā ʻIrana, Pakistan a me ke awāwa ʻo Persian Persian i ka wā e hiki mai ana Soviet infiltration - no ka mea, iā Tobin "ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia. ”[29]
Ma ke ʻano he kākoʻo no ko Brzezinski manaʻoʻiʻo i ko Soviet mau makemake lōʻihi e hoʻouka i ka Hikina Waena ma o Afghanistan, ua haʻi ʻo Tobin pehea ʻo Brzezinski i "hoʻomanaʻo ai iā Carter i ko Rusia hoʻokau kuʻuna i ka hema, a ua haʻi kikoʻī ʻia iā ia no ka noi a Molotov iā Hitler i ka hopena o 1940 ʻike ka Nazis i nā koi Soviet o ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma ka hema o Batum a me Baku. ' he wehewehe kuhi hewa kaulana[30] o kā Hitler a me Kuhina ʻĀina ʻo Joachim von Ribbentropp ua hāpai ʻia iā Molotov — a ʻo Molotov i hōʻole. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka mea a Brzezinski i hōʻike aku ai iā Carter — akā naʻe nānā ʻo Tobin i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo.
Mai ka manawa i hoʻolaha ai ʻo Afghanistan i kona kūʻokoʻa mai Pelekane i 1919 a hiki i ka "coup Marxist" o 1978 ka pahuhopu nui o ke kulekele ʻē aʻe ʻo Soviet e mālama i nā pilina aloha akā akahele me Afghanistan, ʻoiai e mālama ana i nā pono o Soviet.[31] ʻO ka komo pū ʻana o US ma kahi liʻiliʻi me ka US i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea kōkua Pakistan a me ʻIrana i ia wahi. Ma nā 1970s ua manaʻo ʻo US i ka ʻāina i loko o ka ʻaoʻao Soviet o ka mana i loaʻa kahi defacto i kau ʻia i kēlā hoʻonohonoho i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Cold. [32] E like me ka wehewehe maʻalahi a nā loea ʻAmelika ʻelua ma Afghanistan i ka makahiki 1981, "Ua nui ka mana o ka Soviet akā ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli a hiki i ka makahiki 1978."[33] Kūlike ʻole i ko Brzezinski koi ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā nui Soviet, ʻaʻole i ʻike ke kākau ʻōlelo o ka moku ʻo Cyrus Vance i ka hōʻike o ko Mikaū lima i loko o ka 78ʻoverthrow o ke aupuni i hala akā he nui nā hōʻike e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni i kāhāhā lākou.[34] I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua makaʻu ke alakaʻi kipi ʻo Hafizullah Amin makaʻu ka poʻe Soviet e kāohi iā ia inā lākou i ʻike i ka hoʻolālā. Kākau ʻo Selig Harrison, "ʻO ka manaʻo holoʻokoʻa i waiho ʻia e nā hōʻike i loaʻa kekahi o kahi ad hoc Soviet pane i kahi hanana i manaʻo ʻole ʻia ma hope. Ma hope, ua aʻo ka KGB ua aʻo ʻia nā Amin e pili ana i ka haunaele i pāpā ʻia i ka pāpā koʻikoʻi ma ka waiho ʻana i ka Lūkini e ʻike e pili ana nā hana i hoʻolālā ʻia. '”[35]
Ua manaʻo ʻo Moscow iā Hafizullah Amin e kūlike me ka CIA a kapa ʻia ʻo ia "" kahi bourgeois liʻiliʻi a me ka lāhui Pashtu nui loa ... me nā mana politika palena ʻole a me ka ʻiʻini i ka mana, "e kūlou ʻo ia i kekahi mea a hana i nā hewa e hoʻokō ai. ”[36] E like me Mei 1978 e hoʻolālā ana nā Soviets i kahi hoʻolālā e hemo a pani iā ia a i ke kauwela o 1979 e kāhea ana i nā lālā non-komunist o ka mōʻī a me ke aupuni ʻo Mohammed Daoud e kūkulu i kahi "non-komunist, a i ʻole ka hui ʻana, ke aupuni e kūleʻa i ka ʻO ke aupuni ʻo Taraki-Amin, ”i ka manawa āpau e mālama nei i ka ʻelele o ka ʻelele US ua hoʻomaopopo piha ʻo Bruce Amstutz.[37]
I nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i loaʻa kahi ʻike pilikino i nā hanana e pili ana i ka hoʻouka kaua Soviet, ʻaʻohe mea kānalua i ka makemake o Brzezinski e hāpai i nā pili no nā Soviets ma Afghanistan a ke hana nei ma ka liʻiliʻi mai ʻApelila o 1978 me ke kōkua o nā Kina. I ko Brzezinski huakaʻi nui i Kina i mau pule wale nō ma hope o ka lawe ʻana o Marxist i Afghanistan, ua hāpai ʻo ia i ka hihia o ke kākoʻo Kina no ke kūʻē ʻana i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni hou a Marxist. [38]
I ke kākoʻo ʻana i kāna kumumanaʻo ʻaʻole ʻo Brzezinski e hoʻonāukiuki nei i ka hoʻouka kaua Soviet, ua haʻi ʻo Tobin i kahi memo mai ka luna NSC no South Asian Affairs, ʻo Thomas Thornton ma ka lā Mei 3, 1978 e hōʻike ana "ʻaʻole makemake ka CIA e noʻonoʻo i ka hana huna"[39] i kēlā manawa a ua aʻoaʻo ʻia ma ka lā 14 o Iulai, "ʻaʻole e hāʻawi ʻia ka paipai kūhelu" i nā "luna hoʻokahuli aupuni."[40] ʻO ka hanana maoli a Thornton i kuhikuhi ai e pili ana i ka launa pū ʻana o ka luna koa ʻelua o nā koa kiʻekiʻe o Afghanistan nāna i hoʻāʻo i ka ʻelele US chargé dʻAffaires ʻo Bruce Amstutz inā paha e kākoʻo ka US i ka hoʻokahuli ʻia ʻana o ke "aupuni Marxist" hou o Nur Mohammed Taraki a me Hafizullah Amin.
Ua haʻi aku ʻo Tobin i kā Thornton ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo iā Brzezinski ʻo ka hopena o ka "hāʻawi ʻana i ka lima kōkua ... he kono paha ia no ke komo nui ʻana o Soviet," a ua ʻōlelo ʻo Brzezinski ua kākau ʻo "yes" i nā palena.
Kuhi ʻo Tobin i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mai Thornton he hōʻike hou aʻe e hoʻonāwaliwali ana ʻo Brzezinski i ka hana hoʻonāukiuki ma ka hōʻailona ʻana i kahi "ʻae" i kāna ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo. Akā ʻo ka mea a Brzezinski i manaʻo ai ma ke kākau ʻana i ka palena palena palena ʻole ka manaʻo o kēlā me kēia kanaka, ʻoiai ke hāʻawi ʻia kāna hakakā kulekele ʻawaʻawa e pili ana i ka pilikia o ka hoʻoneʻe kaua ʻana i ke aupuni me ka ʻelele US i hele mai ʻo Adolph Dubs i hōʻea pū i kēlā Iulai hoʻi.
"Hiki iaʻu ke haʻi wale iā ʻoe he hakakā maoli kā Brzezinski no ke kulekele ʻAmelika i Afghanistan i 1978 a me 79 ma waena o Brzezinski lāua ʻo Dubs" mea kākau moʻolelo a me ka ʻepekema. ʻO Selig Harrison Ua haʻi mai iā mākou i kahi nīnauele i alakaʻi ʻia e mākou ma 1993. "ʻO Dubs he loea Soviet ... me kahi manaʻo loea loa o kāna mea e hana politika ai; ʻo ka mea e hoʻāʻo e hana iā Amin i Tito - a i ʻole ka mea kokoke loa iā Tito - hoʻokaʻawale iā ia. A manaʻo ʻo Brzezinski ʻo ia wale nō ka lapuwale ... ua hōʻike ʻo Dubs i kahi kulekele o ka makemake ʻole i ka US e hui pū me nā hui antagonistic kōkua no ka mea e hoʻāʻo ana ʻo ia e hana pū me ke alakaʻi o Komunista ʻo Afghanistan a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi kōkua a me nā kōkua waiwai a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. e hiki ai iā ia ke hilinaʻi liʻiliʻi i ka Soviet Union ... ʻO Brzezinski ka mea i kū i kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana āpau o kahi wānana i poni ʻia iā ʻoe iho. He mea maikaʻi loa ia i ka poʻe, e like me Brzezinski i ʻike i ka pilina holoʻokoʻa me ka Soviet Union. "[41]
I kāna puke me Diego Cordovez Ma waho o Afghanistan, Hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Harrison i kāna kipa ʻana me Dubs i ʻAukake o 1978 a pehea i loko o nā mahina ʻeono e hiki mai ana kāna hakakā me Brzezinski i lilo ai ke ola i mea paʻakikī loa a weliweli hoʻi iā ia e hoʻokō i ka kulekele o ka Mokuʻāina Moku'āina. "E hana ana ʻo Brzezinski lāua ʻo Dubs i nā kumu keʻa i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1978 a me ka hoʻomaka mua o 1979." Kākau ʻo Harrison. "ʻO kēia kaohi o nā hana hūnā i hiki ai iā Brzezinski ke hana i nā ala mua i kahi kulekele anti-Soviet Afghanistan iʻoi aku ka hakakā me ka ʻike ʻole o ka Mokuʻāina Mokuʻāina e pili ana."[42]
Wahi a ka Mokuʻāina ʻo 1978 “Post Profile” no kā ka ʻelele hana, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Afghanistan he hana koʻikoʻi paʻakikī “ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia - he hana hoʻomāinoino paha - nā hanana politika e pili ana i ke kūpaʻa o ka ʻāina… Ma ke ʻano he Aliʻi Nui o nā mikionali, me ʻewalu mau keʻena ʻokoʻa, ʻaneʻane 150. nā luna ʻAmelika, i kahi nohona mamao a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi, ”ʻo ka hana a ka ʻelele i weliweli nui. Akā me ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Dubs i kūʻē kūʻē i kā Brzezinski ʻōlelo huna kūloko o ka destabilization e lilo ana i mea make. Ua ʻike maopopo ʻo Dubs mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hiki i ka papahana hoʻomau o destabilization ke kumu e hoʻouka kaua ka Soviet a wehewehe i kāna hoʻolālā iā Selig Harrison. "ʻO ka maʻalea no ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua wehewehe ʻo ia [Dubs] e hoʻomau i ka hoʻonui akahele ʻana i ke kōkua a me nā loulou ʻē aʻe me ka ʻole o ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana i nā kaomi kūʻē Soviet ma Amin a me ka neʻe ʻana paha o ka pūʻali koa."[43]
Wahi a ka mea loiloi CIA ma mua ʻO Henry Bradsher, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Dubs e aʻo aku i ka Mokuʻāina Mokuʻāina ʻo ka hopena destabilization ka hopena o ka hoʻouka kaua Soviet. Ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana no Kabul ua koi ʻo ia i ka hoʻomalu ʻo Carter e hana i ka hoʻolālā contingency no ka pane a ka pūʻali koa Soviet a i loko o kekahi mau mahina o ka hōʻea ʻana i ʻōlelo hou. Akā ʻo ka Mokuʻāina ʻoihana ma waho o ka loop Brzezinski, ʻaʻole i manaʻo nui ʻia kā Dubs noi.[44]
I ka hoʻomaka mua o 1979 ka makaʻu a huikau paha inā e hana malū ana ʻo Hafizullah Amin no ka CIA, ua hoʻohoka loa i ka ʻelele US, ua kūʻē ʻo Ambassador Dubs i kāna luna pono ponoʻī a koi i nā pane, e haʻi wale ʻia ʻaʻole nō i hana ʻo Amin no CIA.[45] Akā ʻo nā lono i pili aku ʻo Amin me kā Directorate Intelligence o Pakistan ka ISI a me nā Afghanistan Islam i kākoʻo ʻia e lākou, ʻo Gulbuddin Hekmatyar paha ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.[46] ʻOiai nā pilikia i hoʻomau ʻia ʻo Dubs i ka holomua ʻana i kāna mau hoʻolālā me Hafizullah Amin e kūʻē i ka kaomi maopopo e hele mai ana mai Brzezinski a me kāna NSC. Kākau ʻo Harrison. "ʻO Dubs i kēia manawa e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ikaika nei no ka wehe ʻana o nā koho ʻAmelika, e noi ana i ka hoʻoneʻe kaua ʻana o ke aupuni i hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki i ke komo pono ʻana o Soviet."[47]
Ke ʻōlelo hou aku nei ʻo Harrison; "Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻo Brzezinski ma kahi hālāwai ninaninau ma hope o kona haʻalele ʻana i ka Hale Keʻokeʻo ua noho paʻa ʻo ia i loko o nā palena o ke kulekele a ka Pelekikena i kēlā manawa no ka hāʻawi ʻole ʻana i nā kōkua pololei i ka kipi kipi o Afghanistan [ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole he ʻoiaʻiʻo]. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe kapu ma ke kākoʻo kū ʻoleakā naʻe, ua paipai ka CIA i ka Zia Ul-Haq hou i hoʻokumu ʻia e hoʻokumu i kāna papahana ponoʻī o ke kākoʻo koa no ka poʻe kipi. ʻO ka CIA a me ka Pakistani Interservices Intelligence Directorate (ISI) i ʻōlelo ʻo ia, hana pū pū me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā papahana hoʻomaʻamaʻa no ka poʻe kipi a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā kōkua Kina, Saudi Arabian, ʻAigupita a me Kuwaiti e hoʻomaka nei e hele i loko. Ma ka mua o Pepeluali 1979, kēia Ua lilo ka hana like ʻana i mea hūnā i ka wā a Washington Washington i hoʻopuka ai [Pepeluali 2] i kahi hōʻike ʻike maka e ʻike ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻelua kaukani Afghans e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ana ma nā kahua kahiko o ka pūʻali koa Pakistan i kiaʻi ʻia e nā mākaʻi Pakistan. "[48]
ʻO David Newsom, Undersecretary o ka Mokuʻāina no nā hana kālaiʻāina i hui pū me ke aupuni ʻApelika hou i ke kauwela o 1978 i haʻi aku iā Harrison, "Mai kinohi mai, ua ʻike ʻo Zbig he nui aku ka manaʻo paio i kēia kūlana ma mua o Vance a me ka hapa nui o mākou ma ka mokuʻāina. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hana malū mākou i kahi mea e hoʻonāukiuki ai i ka makemake Soviet i kēlā ʻāpana o ka honua. I kekahi mau manawa ʻaʻole wau wale i ka hāpai ʻana i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka naʻauao a me ka hiki o kāna mea e makemake ai e hana. ʻO ka Luna Hoʻokele CIA ʻo Stansfield Turner, ʻo kahi laʻana, "" ʻoi aku ke akahele ma mua o Zbig, hoʻopaʻapaʻa pinepine ʻaʻole e holo kekahi mea. ʻAʻole hopohopo ʻo Zbig i ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana i nā Lūkini, ʻoiai kekahi o mākou… ”[49]
ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pepehi kanaka o Ambassador Dubs ma ka lā 14 o Pepeluali ma ka lima o nā mākaʻi o Afghanistan ma ke ʻano he huli nui no Brzezinski e hoʻololi i ke kulekele o Afghanistan e kūʻē hou aku i nā Soviets, ua pale loa ʻo Tobin i ka hana keaka i alakaʻi ʻia ai ka Dubs i ka pepehi kanaka ʻana, kāna hakakā me Ua hōʻike wiwo ʻole ʻo Brzezinski a me kāna makaʻu i ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana i nā Soviets ma o ka destabilization e hopena i kahi hoʻouka kaua.[50]
I ka makamua o ka makahiki 1979, ua hoʻolaha nui ʻia ka meme o “Russia's Vietnam” i ka nūpepa kūwaho e like me ka hōʻike o ke kākoʻo Kina no ka kipi kipi o Afghanistan. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻatikala o ʻApelila ma ka makasina ʻo MacLean o Kanada i ke kū ʻana o nā luna koa Kina a me nā kumu aʻo ma Pakistan e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā "guerillas ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Afghanistan no kā lākou" kaua hemolele "e kūʻē i ko Moskū hoʻi-hoʻi Kabul aupuni a Noor Mohammed Taraki."[51] ʻO kahi ʻatikala Mei 5 ma ka Wakinekona Post i kapa ʻia ʻo “Afghanistan: ʻo Vietnam ʻo Vietnam?” hele pololei i ka helu e ʻōlelo ana, "ʻaʻohe koho o ka Soviets e huki loa. Paʻa lākou. ”[52]
Akā ʻoiai kāna kuleana o ke kuleana i ka ʻO Nouvelle Observateur ʻatikala, ʻo ka hoʻoholo e hoʻopaʻa paʻa i nā Lūkini ma Afghanistan ua lilo paha ia i mea hana a Brzezinski i hoʻohana maʻalahi ʻia. I kāna 1996 Mai ka malu, ke alakaʻi o CIA mua ʻo Robert Gates a me Brzezinski kōkua ma ka NSC e hōʻoia nei aia ka CIA ma ka hihia ma mua o ka manaʻo ʻana o nā Soviets e pono e hoʻouka kaua. "Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomalu ʻana o Carter i ka hiki ke kōkua huna i ka poʻe kipi kūʻē i ka pro-Soviet, ke aupuni Marxist o Pelekikena Taraki i ka hoʻomaka o 1979. Ma Malaki 9, 1979, ua hoʻouna ʻo CIA i nā koho hana huna e pili ana iā Afghanistan i ka SCC. … Ua haʻi aku ʻo DO iā DDCI Carlucci i ka hopena o Malaki i hiki ke hele mai ke aupuni o Pakistan e pili ana i ke kōkua ʻana i ka poʻe kipi ma mua o ka mea i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia, e kuhikuhi ana i kahi ala e kahi luna Pakistana kiʻekiʻe i kahi luna Agency. "[53]
Ma waho aʻe o nā pahuhopu geopolitical wale nō e pili ana i ka manaʻo o Brzezinski, hōʻike ka ʻōlelo a Gates i kahi kumu hou aʻe ma hope o ke kaʻao hei o Afghanistan: ʻO nā pahuhopu wā lōʻihi o nā mōʻī lāʻau i ke kālepa opium a me nā manaʻo pilikino o ka Pakistani General i hōʻoia ʻia me ka hana ʻana i ka pahele a Afghanistan. ʻoiaʻiʻo.
Ma 1989 ua hōʻike ʻo Lieutenant General Pakistan ʻo Fazle Haq iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he luna kiʻekiʻe loa ʻo Pakistan i hoʻohuli iā Brzezinski i ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku o ISI a loaʻa ka hana e hoʻolako kālā i ka poʻe kipi e holo nei. "Ua haʻi wau iā Brzezinski ua hoʻohoka ʻia ʻoe ma Vietnam a me Korea; e aho ʻoe e hoʻoponopono pono i kēia manawa ”haʻi aku ʻo ia i ka mea kākau moʻolelo Pelekane ʻo Christina Lamb i kahi nīnauele no kāna puke, Ke kali nei no Allah.[54]
Ma kahi mamao loa o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana iā Brzezinski i kekahi kuleana no ka hopu ʻana i nā Soviets i loko o kahi pahele Afghanistan, ua komo pū ʻo Haq me 1989 me ka hōʻike Gates 1996 i ka mākaukau mua e hoʻohana i ka destabilization e hoʻonāukiuki i nā Soviets i kahi pane pūʻali koa a laila hoʻohana i kēlā pane e hoʻonāukiuki i ka pūʻali koa nui. hōʻano hou i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka hopena Soviet i kā Carter Wake Forest kamaʻilio ma Malaki o 1978. Pili pū kekahi i nā kumu o Fazle Haq iā Pelekikena Carter a me Brzezinski a ma ia hana ʻana, hana i nā mea ʻelua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā lāʻau i pāpā ʻia ma ka lilo o Carter's. ponoʻī “Ka hoʻolālā pekelala no ka pale ʻana i ka hōʻino ʻana i ka lāʻau a me ke kālepa lāʻau.”
I ka hopena o 1977, ua ʻae ʻo Kauka David Musto, kahi psychiatrist Yale i ko Carter koho ʻia i ka White House Strategy Council ma ka Hana ʻino. "I loko o ʻelua mau makahiki e hiki mai ana, ua ʻike ʻo Musto ua hōʻole ka CIA a me nā ʻoihana ʻikepili ʻē aʻe i ka ʻaha kūkā - nona nā lālā me ke kākau ʻōlelo o ka mokuʻāina a me ka loio kuhina - ke kiʻi i nā ʻike āpau e pili ana i nā lāʻau, ʻoiai ke kūpono ia no ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi kulekele hou. ”
I ka manawa i haʻi aku ai ʻo Musto i ka White House e pili ana i ka CIA wahaheʻe e pili ana i kā lākou pili ʻana ʻaʻohe ona pane. Akā i ka wā i hoʻomaka hāmama ai ʻo Carter e hoʻolako kālā i nā mujahideen guerrillas ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua Soviet a Musto i haʻi aku i ka ʻaha kūkā. "'[T] pāpale e hele ana mākou i Afghanistan e kākoʻo i nā mea ulu opiuma i kā lākou kipi kūʻē ʻana i nā Soviets. ʻAʻole anei mākou e hoʻāʻo e hōʻalo i nā mea a mākou i hana ai ma Laos? ʻAʻole paha mākou e hoʻāʻo e uku i nā mea kanu inā hoʻopau lākou i kā lākou hana opiuma? Ua hāmau. ' ʻOiai ʻo heroin mai Afghanistan a me Pakistan i ninini ʻia i ʻAmelika i loko o ka makahiki 1979, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Musto ua piʻi aʻe ka nui o nā make e pili ana i ka lāʻau ma New York City e 77 pākēneka. ”[55]
Ua hoʻolako ʻo Golden Triangle heroin i kahi kumu huna o ke kālā no ka CIA anti-komunista hana i ka wā o ke Kaua Vietnam. "Ma o 1971, 34 pakeneka o nā pūʻali koa US a pau ma Hema Vietnam he mau heroin addict - hāʻawi ʻia a pau mai nā hale hana i mālama ʻia e nā waiwai CIA."[56] Mahalo iā Kauka David Musto, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o Haq i ke kālepa heroin Tribal e kālā malū iā Gulbuddin Hekmatyar i nā kipi kipi, akā ma muli o Fazle Haq, ʻo Zbigniew Brzezinski a me kahi kāne i kapa ʻia ʻo Agha Hassan Abedi a me kāna Bank of Commerce a me Credit International, e hoʻohuli ʻia nā lula o ka pāʻani i loko. [57]
Ma ka 1981, ua hana ʻo Haq i ka palena o Afghanistan / Pakistan i ka mea hoʻolako heroin kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua me 60 pākēneka o US heroin e hele mai ana ma o kāna papahana.[58]a ma o 1982 Interpol e helu ana iā Brzezinski's ally kāʻanalike ʻo Fazle Haq ma ke ʻano he trafficker narcotics ākea.[59]
Ma hope o Vietnam, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo Haq e hoʻohana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka mōʻaukala i ke kālepa lāʻau lāʻau lapaʻau mai Hema Hikina Hema a me ka Golden Triangle a hiki i South Central Asia a me ka Golden Crescent, kahi i pale ʻia e ka ʻike Pakistan a me ka CIA a me kahi e ulu ai i kēia lā.[60]
Haq lāua ʻo Abedi pū ua hoʻololi i ke kālepa lāʻau ma lalo o ka uhi o ko Pelekikena Carter kaua anti-Soviet Afghanistan e palekana ai no nā keʻena ʻikepili o ka honua e hoʻolaha i nā mea i lilo i nā polokalamu aupuni i hūnā ʻia. A ʻo Abedi ka mea nāna i lawe i kahi hoʻomaha ʻO Pelekikena Carter kona kāne mua e legitimize i ka maka o kāna hana ʻae ʻole o kāna panakō e like me ka hoʻomau ʻana e uku kālā i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka hoʻoweliweli Islam a puni ka honua.
Nui ka poʻe i makemake e manaʻoʻiʻo i ko Pelekikena Carter komo pū ʻana me Agha Hassan Abedi ka hopena o ka naʻaupō a naiveté a i loko o kona puʻuwai e hoʻāʻo wale nei ʻo Pelekikena Carter e lilo i kāne maikaʻi. Akā ʻo ka ninaninau hōʻino ʻia o BCCI e hōʻike ana i nā pilina hohonu i ka pōʻaiapuni Demokarata a Carter i hiki ʻole ke wehewehe ʻia e ka naʻaupō.[61] Hiki nō naʻe ke wehewehe ʻia e ke ʻano helu o ka hoʻopunipuni a i kahi pelekikena a hiki i kēia lā hōʻole e pane i kekahi nīnau e pili ana ia.
I kekahi mau lālā o ka Carter White House i hui pū me Brzezinski i loko o kāna mau makahiki ʻehā ma ka huila mai 1977 a 1981 i kona manaʻo e hoʻonāukiuki i nā Lūkini e hana i kekahi mea ma Afghanistan. Wahi a John Helmer kahi limahana o ka White House i hana ʻia me ka ʻimi ʻana i ʻelua mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a Brzezinski iā Carter, e makaʻu ʻo Brzezinski i kekahi mea e hōʻino ai i ka Soviet a ua kaulana kāna hana ma Afghanistan.
"He mea inaina nui ʻo Brzezinski iā Rūsia a hiki i ka hopena. ʻO ia ka mea i alakaʻi ʻia i nā hanana nui ʻole o ko Carter wā i ke keʻena; ʻo nā ʻino i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e Brzezinski i hoʻokuʻu ʻia he hopena ka mea e hoʻomau i ka pōʻino no ke koena o ka honua. " Ua kākau ʻo Helmer ma 2017, "Iā Brzezinski e hele nei i ka hōʻaiʻē no ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā maʻi - ka hui, kālā, a me nā mea kaua o ka mujahideen o nā Islamic fundamentalists i metastasized - me nā kālā a me nā mea kaua o US - i loko o nā pūʻali koa hoʻoweliweli Islamic e hana mamao ana mai Afghanistan. a me Pakistan, kahi a Brzezinski i hoʻomaka ai. "[62]
Ua koi ʻo Helmer e hoʻohana ʻo Brzezinski i kahi mana kokoke i ka hypnotic ma luna o Carter i kūlou iā ia i ka papahana ideological a Brzezinski ʻoiai e makapō iā ia i nā hopena mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna pelekikena. "Mai ka hoʻomaka ... i nā mahina ʻeono mua o 1977, ua aʻo pū ʻia me Carter me ka maopopo e kāna limahana ponoʻī, i loko o ka White House ... ʻaʻole e ʻae iā Brzezinski e hoʻomalu i kāna hana kulekele a kāpae ʻia i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻē aʻe āpau, a me ka holoi ʻia ʻana o nā hōʻike i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka ʻōlelo aʻo. ” Ua hāʻule ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ma nā pepeiao kuli o Carter ʻoiai ke kuleana o ka hana a Brzezinski e kau ana ma kona poʻohiwi. Wahi a Carter's CIA Luna Hoʻokele Stansfield Turner; “ʻO Jimmy Carter kā ke kuleana nui. Pono e lilo i Pelekikena nāna e hoʻolei i kēia mau ʻano ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻokoʻa. ” [63] Akā a hiki i kēia lā Hōʻole ʻo Carter e haʻi i kāna kuleana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka pōʻino a Afghanistan i lilo ai.
I ka 2015 ua hoʻomaka mākou i ka hana ma kahi palapala e hoʻomaʻemaʻe hope loa i ka lewa ma kekahi o nā nīnau i hoʻoholo ʻole ʻia e pili ana i ka hana a ʻAmelika ma Afghanistan a hui hou me Dr. Charles Cogan no kahi nīnauele. Ma hope koke o ka ʻōwili ʻana o ka pahu paʻi kiʻi, Ua kāohi ʻo Cogan e haʻi iā mākou ua kamaʻilio ʻo ia iā Brzezinski i ka puna o 2009 e pili ana i ka 1998 Mea Hōʻailona hou ninaninau a hoʻopilikia ʻia e ʻike ʻo ka "sis trap trap thesis "e like me ka ʻōlelo a Brzezinski i kūpono.[64]
"Ua loaʻa kahi pānaʻi me ia. He hanana kēia na Samuel Huntington. Aia ʻo Brzezinski ma laila. ʻAʻole wau i hui me ia ma mua a ua piʻi wau iā ia a hoʻolauna iaʻu iho a ua ʻōlelo wau ua ʻae wau i nā mea āpau āu e hana nei a e ʻōlelo nei koe wale no hoʻokahi mea. Ua hāʻawi ʻoe i kahi nīnauele me ka Nouvel Observateur i kekahi mau makahiki i ka ʻōlelo ʻana ua hānai mākou i nā Soviets i Afghanistan. ʻLelo wau ʻaʻole wau i lohe a ʻae paha i kēlā manaʻo a ʻōlelo mai ʻo ia iaʻu, 'Loaʻa paha iā ʻoe kou manaʻo mai ka Agena akā he ʻokoʻa kā mākou kuanaʻike mai ka White House,' a koi ʻo ia i kēia pololei. A ʻo wau nō ... maopopo leʻa kona ʻano e pili ana iā ia. Akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa iaʻu kahi whiff o kēlā manawa ʻo wau ke Aliʻi kokoke ma East East South Asia i ka manawa o ke kaua Afghanistan i ka Soviet.
I ka hopena me he mea lā ua lure ʻo Brzezinski i ka Soviet i loko o kā lākou ponoʻī Vietnam me ka makemake a makemake i kāna hoa hana - ʻo ia kekahi o nā luna kiʻekiʻe loa o CIA e komo i ka hana nui ʻike ʻAmelika mai WWII-e ʻike iā ia. Ua hana ʻo Brzezinski i ka ʻōnaehana e lawelawe i kāna pahuhopu ideological a mālama ʻia e hūnā ia a ma waho o ka moʻohelu kūhelu. Ua alualu ʻo ia i ka poʻe Soviet i ka pahele a Afghanistan a ua hina lākou no ka maunu.
No Brzezinski, ke kiʻi ʻana i nā Soviet e hoʻouka kaua iā Afghanistan kahi manawa kūpono e hoʻohuli i ka ʻatikala a Wakinekona i kahi laina paʻakikī paʻakikī e kūʻē i ka Soviet Union. Me ka ʻole o ka nānā ʻana i kāna hana o ka hana hūnā ma ke ʻano he noho o ka SCC, ua hana ʻo ia i nā kūlana e pono ai e hoʻonāukiuki i kahi pane pale a Soviet a laila ua hoʻohana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he hōʻike no ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o Soviet a hoʻohana i ka pāpāho, nāna i kāohi, iā e hoʻokūpaʻa iā ia, a laila e hana ana i wānana hoʻokō ponoʻī. Eia nō naʻe, i ka manawa i ʻae ʻia ai kāna ʻōnaehana Lūkini o ka hoʻonui a wahaheʻe e pili ana i kāna hana huna, ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi hale i nā keʻena o ʻAmelika a hoʻomau i ka ʻuhane i kēlā mau ʻoihana a hiki i kēia lā. ʻO ka kulekele US mai ia manawa i hana i loko o kahi haze Russophobic o ka lanakila e hoʻonāukiuki i nā hanana kūloko a laila hoʻonui i ka haunaele. A i ka makaʻu o Brzezinski ua ʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke huli i ke kaʻina hana.
I ka 2016, ka makahiki ma mua o kona make ʻana ua hāʻawi ʻo Brzezinski i kahi hōʻike hohonu i kahi ʻatikala i kapa ʻia "I kahi hoʻonohonoho honua" e ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo nei "ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa nō ka politika, ka hoʻokele waiwai, a me ka pūʻali koa o ka honua, akā hāʻawi ʻia i nā loli geopolitical paʻakikī i nā kaulike āpana, ʻaʻole ia ka mana aupuni a puni ka honua. ” Akā ma hope o nā makahiki o ka ʻike ʻana i nā hana hewa a ʻAmelika e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana emepela, ua ʻike ʻo ia i kāna moemoeā no ka loli o alakaʻi ʻia e ʻAmelika i kahi kauoha honua hou loa. ʻOiai unapologetic i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna hubris imperial e hoʻowalewale i nā Soviets i Afghanistan, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i manaʻo e hāʻule kāna Emepaea ʻAmelika aloha i loko o ka ʻupena hoʻokahi a ua ola lōʻihi ʻo ia e maopopo ai ua lanakila ʻo ia i kahi lanakila Pyrrhic wale nō.
No ke aha ʻo Conor Tobin e hoʻopau ai i nā hōʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hana a ka US ma ka hoʻouka kaua 1979 Soviet o Afghanistan I KIA manawa?
I ka mālamalama o nā mea i hana ʻia i ka moʻolelo moʻaukala ma o ka hana a Conor Tobin e hoʻōki ai i ka "the Afghanistan Trap thesis" a akāka ʻo Zbigniew Brzezinski a me ko Pelekikena Carter inoa i maopopo leʻa ka ʻike o kēia mea. Hoʻomaopopo iā Brzezinski's Mea Hōʻailona hou ʻaʻole lawa ka ninaninau i kāna hana ma ka nānā ʻana i kā mākou nīnauele 2015 me ka luna CIA mua ʻo Charles Cogan a me ka nui o nā hōʻike e hōʻole ʻole i kāna palapala anti anti "Afghanistan Trap".
ʻO Tobin kahi "haumana hoʻokahi" me ka pīhoihoi e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka kaulana o Brzezinski no ka hanauna ma kahi papahana kula kāna hana e lilo i mea hoʻokahi. Akā no ke kau ʻana i kāna palapala liʻiliʻi i loko o kahi puke pai mana nui o nā noiʻi kūwaho e like me ka noʻonoʻo hou ʻana o ka hoʻouka kaua Soviet o Afghanistan e noi i ka manaʻo. Akā i kēlā manawa, nā kūlana e pili ana i ka hoʻouka kaua Soviet, nā hana mua a Pelekikena Carter i hana mua ai, kāna pane duplicitous nui loa iā ia a me kāna komo ʻana i hope o ke pelekikena me ka puʻuwai huna huna a CIA ʻo Agha Hassan Abedi, waiho iki i ka noʻonoʻo.
ʻO nā hōʻike āpau e hōʻole ana i ka thesis Trap anti-Afghan Trap, ka mea hiki ke loaʻa a me nā pilikia no nā luna o ka 'haʻi moʻolelo' e pili ana i ka hana a US i ka hoʻouka kaua Soviet a Afghanistan i koe ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Vincent Jauvert's 1998. Nīnauele ʻo Nouvel Observateur. ʻO kēia hoʻāʻo e holoi i ka moʻolelo maʻemaʻe ke kumu o ka moʻolelo a Conor Tobin e hoʻomau ʻia ana. Maliʻa paha ka mamao ma waena o kēia manawa a me ko Brzezinski make ʻana i hōʻailona ua kūpono ka manawa no ka hōʻano hou ʻana i kāna mau ʻōlelo ākea no ka moʻolelo luna.
Ua laki ua hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kā Conor Tobin hana a hoʻoponopono iā ia i ka hiki iā mākou. Akā ʻo Afghanistan wale nō kahi hanana kahi i alakaʻi hewa ʻia ai ko ʻAmelika. Pono kākou āpau e makaʻala i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻia ʻana o kā mākou kaʻina hana moʻolelo e nā mana-mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana. He mea koʻikoʻi ia e aʻo ai mākou i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana.
ʻO Bertolt Brecht, Ke Kū Kūʻē Kūpono o Arturo Ui
"Inā hiki iā mākou ke aʻo e nānā ma kahi o gawking,
E ʻike mākou i ka mea weliweli i ka puʻuwai o ka aloha,
Inā hiki iā mākou ke hana ma kahi o ke kamaʻilio ʻana,
ʻAʻole mākou e hoʻopau mau i kā mākou hoki.
ʻO kēia ka mea a mākou e hoʻokele ai;
Mai hauʻoli hou i kona eo, e nā kāne!
ʻOiai kū aʻe ka honua a kū i ka bastard,
Wela ka wela i hānau ai iā ia. "
ʻO Paul Fitzgerald lāua ʻo Elizabeth Gould nā mea kākau o Kaʻike iʻikeʻoleʻia: Ka Moʻolelo Hōʻikeʻole o Afghanistan, Keaʻe Zero Ke Kaua ʻO AfPak ma ke Kahi huli o ke Aupuni ʻAmelika a The Voice. E kipa aku i kā lākou pūnaewele ma ʻike ʻole ʻia a kahu hale.
[1] Palapala Polokalamu ʻo ia ka puke pai kūloko o ka Society for Historyians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR). Hoʻopiʻi ka puke pai i nā mea heluhelu mai nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole, e like me nā noiʻi ʻAmelika, nā hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua, ka mōʻaukala ʻAmelika, nā haʻawina palekana aupuni, a me nā haʻawina Latin-ʻAmelika, ʻAsia, ʻApelika, ʻEulopa, a me nā noi o Middle East.
[2] Palapala Polokalamu, Volume 44, Helu 2, ʻApelila 2020, ʻAoʻao 237-264, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz065
Hoʻopuka: 09 Ianuali 2020
[3] H-Diplo Haʻawina Haʻawina 966 ma Tobin .: Zbigniew Brzezinski a me Afghanistan, 1978-1979. " Nānā ʻia e Todd Greentree, Ke Kulanui o Oxford e loli nei i ke ʻano o ke kikowaena kaua
[4] ʻO Vincent Jauvert, Nīnauele me Zbigniew Brzezinski, Le Nouvel Observateur (Palani), Ian 15-21, 1998, p.76 * (Aia ma kahi o ʻelua mau mana o kēia makasina; me ka ʻokoʻa wale nō paha o ka Waihona Puke o ka ʻAha Kūkā, ka mana. hoʻouna ʻia i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o ka mana Farani, a ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ka ninaninau Brzezinski i ka mana pōkole).
[5] Paul Fitzgerald lāua ʻo Elizabeth Gould, Kaʻike iʻikeʻoleʻia: Ka Moʻolelo Hōʻikeʻole o Afghanistan, (Kapalakiko: Nā puke kukui o ke kūlanakauhale, 2009).
[6] ʻO Conor Tobin, ka moʻolelo o ka 'Afghanistan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski a me Afghanistan, 1978—1979 Palapala Polokalamu, Volume 44, Helu 2, ʻApelila 2020. p. 239
https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz065
[7] MS Agwani, Luna Hoʻoponopono Manaʻo, "ʻO ka Revolution Saur a ma hope," KA HUAKAI MAKAHIKI O KE KULA O NĀ KULAʻIA INTERNATIONAL JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY (New Delhi, India) Volume 19, Number 4 (ʻOkakopa-Kekemapa 1980) p. 571
[8] Nīnauele ʻo Paul Jay me Zbigniew Brzezinski, ʻO ke kaua Afghanistan ʻo Brzezinski a me ka Grand Chessboard (2/3) 2010 - https://therealnews.com/stories/zbrzezinski1218gpt2
[9] Nīnauele ʻo Samira Goetschel me Zbigniew Brzezinski, ʻO kā mākou iho ponoʻī bin Laden 2006 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVgZyMoycc0&feature=youtu.be&t=728
[10] Diego Cordovez, Selig S. Harrison, Ma waho o Afghanistan: ʻO ka moʻolelo i loko o ka haʻalele ʻana o Soviet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p.34.
[11] ʻO Tobin "Ka moʻolelo o ka 'Afghanistan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski a me Afghanistan," p. 240
[12] ʻO kaʻaelike ʻo Vladivostok, Nowemapa 23-24, 1974, ke Kākauʻōlelo Nui o ke Kōmike Waena o ka CPSU LI Brezhnev a me ka Pelekikena o USA ʻo Gerald R. Ford i kūkākūkā me ka kikoʻī i ka nīnau no nā palena hou aʻe o nā mea hōʻeha kipi. https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/treaties/vladivostok.html
| [13] PRM 10 | ʻO ka loiloi piha pūnaewele a me ka loiloi ʻana o ka Pūʻali Koa Koa |
February 18, 1977
[14] Anne Hessing Cahn, Killing Détente: Hoʻokūkū ka Pono i ka CIA (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), p.187.
[15] ʻO Raymond L. Garthoff, ʻO Detente a me Confrontation (Wakinekona, DC: Ke Kula ʻo Brookings, 1994 Hōʻano Hou), p. 657
[16] ʻO Kauka Carol Saivetz, Ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard, ka hālāwai kūkā ʻo "The Intervensi in Afghanistan and the Fall of Détente", Lysebu, Nolewai, Kepakemapa 17-20, 1995 p. 252-253.
[17] ʻO Cahn, Killing Détente: Hoʻokūkū ka Pono i ka CIA, p. 15.
[18] Nīnauele, Wakinekona DC, Pepeluali 17, 1993.
[19] E ʻike i ka hālāwai o ka POLITBURO o ke komite waena o ka ʻaoʻao komikina o ka uniona SOVIET 17 Malaki 1979 https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113260
[20] ʻO GB Kistiakowsky, Herbert Scoville, "Nā leo nalowale o ka Kremlin," Ka Boston poepoe honua , Pepeluali 28, 1980, p. 13.
[21] ʻO Dev Murarka, "AFGHANISTAN: KA RUSSIAN INTERVENTION: HE ANALYSIS MOSCOW," KA PALAPALA HELU (Ladana, ʻEnelani), Helu 282 (APRIL 1981), p. 127.
[22] Nīnauele me Paul Warnke, Wakinekona, DC, Pepeluali 17, 1993. ʻO Admiral Stansfield Turner, Luna Hoʻokele o Central Intelligence, "ʻO ka hana i Afghanistan a me ka hāʻule ʻana o Détente" ʻaha kūkā, Lysebu, Nukake Sepatemaba 17-20 p. 216.
[23] ʻO J. William Fulbright, "Nānā i Thrall i ka makaʻu," ʻO ka New Yorker, Ianuali 1, 1972 (New York, USA), Ianuali 8, 1972 Helu p. 44-45
[24] ʻO David J. RothKopf - Charles Gati Luna Hoʻoponopono, ZBIG: Ke Kumumanaʻo a me ka Statecraft o Zbigniew Brzezinski (Johns Hopkins University Press 2013), p. 68.
[25] ʻO Erika McLean, Ma waho aʻe o ka 'Aha Kuhina: ʻO Zbigniew Brzezinski's Expansion of the National Security Advisition Position, Kauka i hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ke kekelē o ka Master of the Arts, Kulanui o North Texas, ʻAukake 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84249/
[26] Ibid p. 73
[27] ʻO Betty Glad, ʻO kahi ma waho i ka White House: ʻO Jimmy Carter, kāna mau aʻoaʻo aʻoaʻo, a me ka hana ʻana i ke kulekele ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika (Ithaca, New York: Ke Kulanui o Cornell, 2009), p. 84.
[28] ʻO Raymond L. Garthoff, ʻO Detente a me Confrontation (Wakinekona, DC: Ke Kula ʻo Brookings, 1994 Hōʻano Hou), p 770.
[29] ʻO Tobin "Ka moʻolelo o ka 'Afghanistan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski a me Afghanistan," p. 253
[30] ʻO Raymond L. Garthoff, ʻO Detente a me Confrontation, (Hoʻoponopono Hou), p. 1050. Nānā 202. Ma hope ua hōʻike ʻo Garthoff i ka hanana e like me kā Brzezinski "haʻawina moʻoʻōlelo hewa i hōʻike ʻia ma nā kamaʻilio Molotov-Hitler ma 1940." (Kahi a Carter i kuhi hewa i ka ʻae ʻana i ka waiwai o ke alo) p. 1057.
[31] ʻO Rodric Braithwaite, ʻO Afgantsy: nā Lūkini ma Afghanistan 1979-89, (Ke Kula Nui oʻOxford University, New York 2011), p. 29-36.
[32] ʻO Kauka Gary Sick, ka limahana o ka NSC ma mua, ʻo ʻIrana a me ka loea o ka Hikina Waena, ka hālāwai kūkā ʻo "The Intervensi in Afghanistan and the Fall of Détente", Lysebu, p. 38.
[33] ʻO Nancy Peabody Newell lāua ʻo Richard S. Newell, ʻO ka hakakā no Afghanistan, (Cornell University Press 1981), p. 110-111
[34] ʻO Rodric Braithwaite, ʻO Afgantsy, p. 41
[35] Diego Cordovez, Selig S. Harrison, Ma waho o Afghanistan, p. 27 Ke kuhikuhi nei iā Alexander Morozov, "Ko mākou kāne ma Kabul," New Times (Moscow), Kepakemapa 24, 1991, p. 38.
[36] ʻO John K. Cooley, Nā Kaua Hewa: Afghanistan, ʻAmelika a me ka hoʻoweliweli honua, (Pluto Press, Ladana 1999) p. 12 e kuhikuhi ana iā Kremlin diplomat kiʻekiʻe ʻO Vasily Safronchuk, ʻo Afghanistan i ka wā Taraki, Nā Aupuni, Moscow Ianuali 1991, pp. 86-87.
[37] ʻO Raymond L. Garthoff, ʻO Detente a me Confrontation, (1994 Mana Hou Hou), p 1003.
[38] ʻO Raymond L. Garthoff, ʻO Detente a me Confrontation, p. 773.
[39] ʻO Tobin "Ka moʻolelo o ka 'Afghanistan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski a me Afghanistan," p. 240.
[40] Ibid p. 241.
[41] Nīnauele me Selig Harrison, Wakinekona, DC, Pepeluali 18, 1993.
[42] Diego Cordovez - ʻO Selig Harrison, ma waho o Afghanistan: ʻO ka moʻolelo i loko o ka haʻalele ʻana o Soviet (New York, Oxford: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1995), p. 33.
[43] Ibid.
[44] ʻO Henry S. Bradsher, ʻO Afghanistan a me ka Soviet Union, Hoʻopuka Hou a Hoʻonui ʻia, (Durham: Duke University Press, 1985), ʻaoʻao. 85-86.
[45] ʻO Steve Coll, ʻO Ghost Wars: ka mōʻaukala huna o ka CIA, Afghanistan, a me bin Laden, mai ka Soviet Invasion a Kepakemapa 10, 2001 (Puka Penguin, 2005) p. 47-48.
[46] ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana a nā mea kākau me Malawi Abdulaziz Sadiq, (kahi aikāne a pili aloha iā Hafizullah Amin) Iune 25, 2006.
[47] Diego Cordovez - Selig Harrison, Ma waho o Afghanistan: ʻO ka moʻolelo i loko o ka haʻalele ʻana o Soviet, p. 34.
[48] ʻO Cordovez - Harrison, Ma waho o Afghanistan p. 34 Ke kuhikuhi nei iā Peter Nieswand, "ʻO Guerillas Train ma Pakistan e hoʻokuke aku i ke aupuni ʻo Afghanistan," Wakinekona Post, Pepeluali 2, 1979, p. A 23.
[49] ʻO Ibid. p. 33.
[50] Ibid.
[51] ʻO Peter Nieswand, "ʻO Peking kahi wahie maikaʻi loa he kaua hemolele," Nā MacLean o, (Toronto, Kanada) ʻApelila 30, 1979 p. 24
[52] ʻO Jonathan C. Randal, Hawaii Post, Mei 5, 1979 p. A - 33.
[53] ʻO Robert M. Gates, Mai ke aka: ka moʻolelo ʻo Insider Ultimate no ʻelima mau pelekikena a pehea lākou e lanakila ai i ke kaua anuanu (NūIoka, TOUCHSTONE, 1996), p.144
[54] ʻO Christina Lamb, Ke kali nei no Allah: Paio o Pakistan no ka Demokalaka (Viking, 1991), ʻaoʻao. 222
[55] ʻO Alfred W. McCoy, ʻO nā politika o Heroin, ka CIA hoʻopiʻi ma ke kālepa lāʻau āpau, (Harper & Row, New York - Hoʻoponopono a Hoʻonui Hou ʻia, 1991), pp. 436-437 Ke kuhikuhi nei New York Times, Mei 22, 1980.
[56] ʻO Alfred W. McCoy, "Nā mea make o ke kaua a CIA e kūʻē aku i ka komunism," Boston poepoe honua, Nowemapa 14, 1996, p. A-27
[57] ʻO Alfred W. McCoy, ʻO nā politika o Heroin, ka CIA hoʻopiʻi ma ke kālepa lāʻau āpau, (Hoʻonui Hou ʻia), pp. 452-454
[58] ʻO Alfred W. McCoy, "Nā mea make o ke kaua a CIA e kūʻē aku i ka komunism," Boston poepoe honua, Nowemapa 14, 1996, p. A-27 https://www.academia.edu/31097157/_Casualties_of_the_CIAs_war_against_communism_Op_ed_in_The_Boston_Globe_Nov_14_1996_p_A_27
[59] ʻO Alfred W. McCoy lāua ʻo Alan A. Block (ed.) ʻO ke kaua ma nā lāʻau: ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i ka holo pono ʻole o ka US Narcotics Policy, (Boulder, Colo .: Westview, 1992), p. 342
[60] ʻO Catherine Lamour lāua ʻo Michel R. Lamberti, ʻO ka Honua Honua: Opium mai nā Growers a i Pushers, (Penguin Books, 1974, English English) pp. 177-198.
[61] ʻO William Safire, "ʻO kā Clifford ʻāpana i ka Scandal Bank, aia wale nō ia o Iceberg," ʻO Chicago Tribune, Lulai 12, 1991 https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-12-9103180856-story.html
[62] ʻO John Helmer, "Zbigniew Brzezinski, ka Svengali o ko Jimmy Carter Pelekikena i make, akā ke ola nei ka ʻino." http://johnhelmer.net/zbigniew-brzezinski-the-svengali-of-jimmy-carters-presidency-is-dead-but-the-evil-lives-on/
[63] Samira Goetschel - Ko mākou ponoʻī ponoʻī bin Laden, 2006. Ma 8:59
[64] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNJsxSkWiI0
