Ke Kahi Laulua

Na Pat Elder, Okatoba 21, 2019

ʻO ka hoʻonāʻana i ka make ma ka Norton Air Force Base ma San Bernardino, Ua hoʻoweliweli ʻo Kaleponi i ko 35 olakino olakino ma hope o ka pani ʻana o ke kumu.

ʻO Norton Air Force Base kahi papa inoa logistics a me nā wahi hahana kiʻekiʻe, nā mea e like me ka hale kūʻai nui o Amazon e pani i nā mea kaua a puni ka honua. I ka pani ʻana o ka waihona ma 1994, ʻike ka Pahu Pūnaewele i ka mea e hoʻopā ai ka pōʻaiapuni a puni, ʻoiai me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe e noʻonoʻo nei i kēlā ala. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Norton ma 1940 ma keʻano he pūʻali koa Air Corps. ʻO 79 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua waiho ka waihona i kahi hoʻoilina o ka ʻāina i hoʻopili kino ʻia, ka wai o lalo, a me ka wai kai.

Mahea paha, ʻo ka hila lethal loa i waiho ʻia e ka Air Force ʻo Per- a me Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances, a i ʻole PFAS, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka pahū i ka wā o nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa ahiahi ahi. 

E nānā i ka KA HOʻOPIʻI MAKAHI MAKAHI MAKAHI MAKAHI MAKAHI MAKAHI MAKAHI MAKAHI MAKAHI MAKAHI MAKAHI MAKAHI., ʻAukake 2018. Ua mālama ʻia ka nānā pūnaewele ʻana e Aerostar SES LLC no ka Air Force Civil Engineer Center. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka nānā ʻana e hoʻoholo ai i ka noʻonoʻo o PFOA, PFOS, a i ʻole ka huina o nā mea ʻelua i ka wai lepo a me ka lepo. Ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia ka nānā ʻana me ka ʻike ʻana i nā ala wai inu olakino kanaka, a inā pono, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i nā hopena i ka wai inu.

Ua ʻike ʻia ka wai o ka wai ma lalo o ka waihona ma mua i hoʻohaumia ʻia me PFOS ma nā pae he 18.8 o ka triona. Ua ʻōlelo nā ʻepekema ʻo Harvard he weliweli paha ka 1 ppt. Lawe ʻia nā laʻana mai lalo hohonu o ka honua - 229.48 a 249.4 kapuaʻi ma lalo o ka papa honua. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau carcinogens 249.4 kapuaʻi i lalo e hōʻike ana i ka lōʻihi o ka lele ʻana o nā kemika i loko o nā aquifers hohonu mai ko lākou hoʻohana mua ʻia ʻana i ka makahiki 1970. 

Ua hoʻokūpaʻa hou ʻo Kaleponi nā pae hoʻolaha no ka PFOS ma 6.5 ppt a me PFOA ma 5.1 ppt no ka wai inu, ʻo ia hoʻi ka wai o ka ʻāina o Norton ʻaneʻane ʻekolu mau manawa ma luna o kēlā pae. Ua loaʻa ka lepo i loko o 5,990 micrograms per kilogram (μg / kg) o PFOS, kahi kokoke ʻelima mau manawa ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kūlana EPA manawaleʻa o 1,260 µg / kg.

Aia i ka nānā pūnaewele kahi ʻōlelo a me ka ʻāpana pane kahi e nīnau ai nā mea hoʻokele i ka Air Force no ka wehewehe ʻana a me ka ʻike hou aku. Mālama ka Air Force i ke "ʻole piha ke ala wai ʻike wai inu." I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ke ʻōlelo nei ka Air Force ʻaʻohe ala no PFAS e kiʻi ai i nā lako wai inu. Wahi a ka EPA he manawa maʻa mau e hoʻopau i kēia ma muli o ka ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia e ka Air Force. 

Ua noi ka EPA i ka ʻĀkō i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka neʻe mai o ka AFFF mai nā wahi kumu i ʻike ʻia mai ka manawa o nā hoʻokuʻu. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻōlelo ka Koa Koa Hōʻea i nā carcinogens i hele wale i ka mile 4, ʻoiai ʻo ka nīnau ʻana o ka EPA i kēlā helu, e hoʻopiʻi ana e ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe. Ke noi nei ka EPA i ka hoʻokolohua Air Force hoʻāʻo i nā luawai o ka ʻĀina a me nā lehulehu wai i loko o 4 mau mile o ka waihona mua.

ʻO ka mea nui loa, ua kāohi ka Air Force i ka hopena o ka hopena o ka hopena o ka hopena PFAS ma nā lepo a me ka wai o ka wai ma nā kumuwaiwai Kūkulu 694 a me ka Facility 2333. Hoʻolei pū ka Air Force i kahi kūkā kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka pauma a me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻamaʻa i mālama ʻia no kekahi mau makahiki ma Norton. He haʻalele nui ia no ka mea ua hoʻopili ka ʻōnaehana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā hoʻokuʻu AFFF. Ua noi ka EPA i ka Air Force e hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i kahi o nā luawai lawe e pili ana i nā wahi kumu AFFF, pehea ka lōʻihi o kā lākou hana ʻana, pehea e mālama ai a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka wai, a pēlā aku. 

He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau mea āpau i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hopena i ke olakino lehulehu. Ke hana ʻia nei ke ʻano like o ka obfuscation ma nā pae āpau o ke Keʻena Hoʻokele, akā eia naʻe, pili ka hewa i kā mākou olakino.

Ma lalo kahi ʻāpana o ka nuku i waena o nā kaila wai o Kaleponi a me ka Pūʻulu Honu. Hāʻawi ʻia i kahi ʻike i nā moʻomeheu o nā hopena. ^ E Ha yM. Heluhelu i nā ʻōlelo a Stephen Niou, Kaleponi Ke Kula o Toxic Substances (DTSC) a me Patricia Hannon o ka Papa ʻona Mana Waiwai Waiwaiʻo Santa Ana. A laila, heluhelu i nā pane mai ka Kāma Hue.

Ke waiho nei ka Air Force i ke kānāwai, "Concentrations o PFOS hiki paha i kahi pilikia i ke olakino kanaka. Eia nō naʻe, i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā kūlana pekelala a i ʻole mokuʻāina i hoʻokō ʻia ma ke kānāwai, ʻaʻole pono e hana hou ʻia a hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻia ʻana o kēia mau ana. Ma muli o ka maopopo ʻole o nā pilikia i ke olakino kanaka mai ka PFAS i ka lepo a ʻaʻohe kūlana i hoʻolaha ʻia, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā ʻōlelo hoʻoliʻiliʻi i kēia manawa. " 

Ke hilinaʻi nei ka Pūʻali Koa ma luna o ka EPA a me Congress e pale i ka culpability aʻo ke hoʻomau mau nei i ka mea ākea. Hana ʻia ka hana a EPA ma ka pae kaiāulu, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ʻaneʻi, akā ʻo kona hōʻole ʻia, i ka pae federal, e hoʻonohonoho i nā nui o nā mea i kinai ʻia no nā kemika PFAS.

Aia ka mea mua ʻo Norton AFB ma ka kihi ʻākau ʻākau o kēia kahakaha. E kahe ana ke kahawai ʻo Santa Ana mai ke kumu a hiki i Corona. E nānā i ka laha ma ka heluhelu ʻana o ka wai ma waena o Corona ma ka lalo / waena o ka pakuhi. ʻElua mau kumu i ʻike ʻia e hoʻohaumia i ke kaiāulu me PFAS: ka US Air Force a me ka hui ʻo 3M, aia ma Corona. 3M a ke ʻāhewa nei ka Air Force i ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika - a e moe wahaheʻe ana ia no ʻelua hanauna.

Addendum

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka PFAS o ka palena ʻo Santa Ana e Norton Air Force Base kahi hapa iki o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia e pili ana i ka pūnaewele. ʻO kekahi o nā meaʻenehana lethal i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka lepo, ka wai lepo, nā wai kai, a me ka lewa i ka ʻāina a puni ʻo Norton. He ʻoluʻolu ʻole ka Kāʻe Honu ma muli o kāna ʻano ʻoihana o ka ʻāina. 

Eia ka mea loaʻa i nā mea ʻona nāona ma ka mokulele kikowaena mokulele Norton mua. E nānā i ka ʻaha no nā mea hoʻowalewale a me nā maʻi maʻi loiloi Nā Pūnaewele Toxicological no ka 'ike ma kēlā me kēia haumia. Hele pinepine kēia mau kemika i loko o kā mākou kino e hana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, maʻi, a me ka make.  

ʻO 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE, 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE, 1,2- KOHOLA, 1,2-HIKI LOA, 1,2-DICHLOROETHENE (CIS AND TRANS KAHIKI), 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE, ANTIMONY, ARSENIC, BENZENE, BENZO (B) FLUORANTHENE, BENZO (K) FLUORANTHENE, BENZO [A] ANTHRACENE, BENZO [A] PYRENE, BERYLLIUM, CADMIUM, CHLORDANE, ʻLLINA HUIʻEIA A ME KA HALE. NA MEA, CHLOROBENZENE, CHLOROETHENE (VINYL CHLORIDE), CHLOROETHENE (VINYL MAILE), MAILIʻI, NAʻEA, CIS-1,2-DICHLOROETHENE, COPPER, CYANIDE, Kaʻikaʻi (MIXED ISOMERS), ETHYLBENZENE, INDENO (1,2,3-CD) PYRENE, LEAD, KANAʻIʻAPANAʻA NAPHTHALENE, NICKEL, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs), POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS), RADIUM-226, SELENIUM SILVER, TETRACHLOROETHENE, THALLIUM, TOLUENE, TRANS-1,2-DICHLOROETHENE, TRICHLOROETHENE, XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS), ZINC.