Na Hippolyte Djounguep, World BEYOND War, Malaki 21, 2021
Ua hānau ʻia wau a ulu aʻe ma Cameroon, kahi awa o ka maluhia a hiki i ka wā i hala aku nei i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka ʻāina i kāna hoʻouka kaua mua. Ua noho mākou me nā mea mahuka he nui i ko mākou mau kūlanakauhale - nā kāne, nā wahine a me nā keiki i ʻauheʻe i ko lākou ʻāina no ke kaua. ʻO lākou ʻo Rwandans, Burundians, Angolans, Chadians, Central Africa, Nigerians, Congolese a ʻo Sudan kekahi.
Ua haʻi mai kēia mau mea mahuka iā mākou pehea ka hana o ke kaua ma ko lākou wahi a pehea lākou e hele ai i nā haneli mau kilomita a hiki i Cameroon. Ua hele mai lākou mai nā wahi like ʻole, akā ua loaʻa nā mea āpau i nā pōpilikia like i ka wā o ke kaua. ʻIke koke wau i ko lākou ʻeha, ko lākou ʻeha a me kā lākou lawe ʻia ʻana i Cameroon kahi e hoʻomaka ai lākou mai ka ʻole. I kēlā manawa, e like me kēia lā, i kēlā me kēia lā i ka pāpāho ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka nūhou e nā kaua a puni ʻo ʻApelika a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole. Ua hoʻomaka wau e hana i ka hoʻokō e hana no ka maluhia hou ma ʻApelika.
Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kaʻu kekelē i nā Palapala Hepanika ma ke Kulanui o Yaoundé, ua ukali wau i ke aʻo a ka haku ma Peace Journalism mai ke Kumu Kula Kaiapuni a me nā Pili Honua o ke Kulanui Protestant o Central Africa ma Yaoundé. Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kaʻu palapala puka, ua hoʻomaka wau i kaʻu odyssey i ka makahiki 2012, ma Côte dʻIvoire, kahi ma kahi pae o ke kūkulu hou ʻana o ka hakakā a laila i kekahi mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina nui, e luʻu nei ma lalo o ke kaupaona palena ʻole, nā hakakā kaua. Ke ʻimi mau nei i nā paradigms hou o ke kaua a me ka maluhia, kau wau i koʻu dynamism a me kaʻu ʻike i ka lawelawe ʻana o nā ʻoihana e hana nei i ka hoʻomalu maluhia a me nā hoʻokele hakakā ma ʻApelika.
E hoʻomaka ana ma Côte dʻIvoire ma 2012, ua hoʻomaka wau e noiʻi i ka ikaika o ka hakakā inter-Ivorian ma kekahi ʻaoʻao a, ke kuleana o ka pāpāho i ka hakakā ma kekahi. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i puka mai ka ʻāina mai nā makahiki he ʻumi o ke kipi kaua a me ʻewalu mau mahina o ka pilikia ma hope o ke koho balota politika. No laila he ʻāina haehae, hoʻonohonoho ʻole ʻia i hōʻike ʻino loa i nā maka o ke kaua kīwila nona nā hopena e ʻike hou a ʻike maka ʻia ana. He aha ka mea i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā nalu o ka lekiō e kūkulu hou i ka lole kaiāulu, ka lokahi i hina a hoʻihoʻi i ka hilinaʻi ma waena o nā Ivorians? I loko o kēlā ʻano pōʻaiapili, me nā pilina interpersonal a intergroup e hōʻino ana i ka lawe i ka prejudices i hoʻokūpaʻa i ka hilinaʻi ʻole a me ka supremacism ma waena o nā kaiāulu, pono e hoʻopau koke i kēia manaʻo inegalitarian e hoʻomalu nei i nā pilina kaiāulu. No laila ua koho wau i kahi hoʻolālā o kahi papahana lekiō e kia nui ana i ka mōʻaukala: "Kuʻuna a Hoʻolaulea", hoʻolaha ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā mai ka Pōʻakahi a ka Pōʻalima i ke ahiahi nui a me nā lū ʻana ma hope o ka pō ma Radio de Côte dʻIvoire, ka mea i uhi i ka teritori holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO kēia papahana lekiō e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea hoʻolohe, nā Ivorians, ka moʻolelo maoli o nā poʻe o Cote dʻIvoire. Ua hōʻike mākou i ka mōʻaukala, ma nā ʻōlelo aupuni like ʻole o ka ʻāina, e like me ka puʻuwai o ka hoʻolaulea ʻana. ʻO ka mōʻaukala kahi kumu nui i ka ulu ʻana o ka lāhui kanaka, a e kū kūʻē i ka mōʻaukala o nā kaua i hala iho nei e aʻo e mahalo i nā ʻokoʻa o ka poʻe i hakakā ma mua. He kī kēia i ka hoʻolaulea.
Hiki i ka mōʻaukala ke hāʻawi i ke ʻano i ke ola a hiki ke hāʻawi iā mākou i kumu e hoʻokolokolo pono ai i ko mākou kūlana i kēia manawa. Aia ko ka Ivorian poʻe i ko lākou mōʻaukala a ma o ia mea mākou i hoʻomaka ai i ka hana o ka hoʻolaulea, kumu i ke kūkulu hou ʻana o ka ʻāina. ʻO ka mea nui loa, me ka manaʻolana o ka launa hou, ua kāhea ʻia nā Ivoria āpau no ke kala.
ʻO kēia akeakamai o ka hoʻolaulea a me ke kala kala ʻana ka mea i aneane like me nā papahana a pau ma ONUCI FM mau papahana: ka lekiō o United Nations ma Côte dʻIvoire. ʻO kēia ʻanuʻu mua i kaʻu odyssey i ʻae iaʻu e kākau i kahi puke i kapa ʻia ʻo “Médias et conflits. ʻO Les Radios de Paix Dans le Processus de Reconstruction Post Crise Politico-Miliatire en Côte dʻIvoire "(" Media a me nā hakakā: Peace Radio i ka Post-Political-Military Crisis Reconstruction Process ma Côte dʻIvoire ") i ka 2012.
I kekahi mau mahina ma hope o koʻu noho ʻana i ka lepo Ivorian, ua hele au i ka Central African Republic ma 2014 me ka Institute for Peace and Security Studies. Ua like ka pahuhopu me Côte dʻIvoire: kālailai i ka ikaika o nā hakakā ma waena o ʻApelika Waena.
I loko o kēia hakakā ʻo Central ʻApelika Waena, ua hakakā kekahi mau pūʻali koa lako kaua ma ke kumu o nā antagonism haipule: he animistic ka nui o ka lehulehu, akā naʻe ua komo ka Muslim a me nā Kristiano i loko o ke kaua kūloko o ka hana hoʻomāinoino kolohe. ʻO kā mākou mau noi no kahi hopena mau loa o ka maluhia ka hana hou ʻana i nā mea hana o ka mokuʻāina a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā ʻoihana ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi aupuni kuikawa nona ka manaʻo e hoʻonohonoho i nā koho balota kemokalaka, manuahi a hilinaʻi hoʻi no ka puka ʻana o ke alakaʻi kūpono a kūpono hoʻi no ka pono. o ka lāhui holoʻokoʻa.
I kēlā makahiki nō, ua hele au i Tanzania no ka ʻimi noiʻi hou ʻana e pili ana i ka loiloi o ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka UN Security Council Resolution 2098 e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i brigade interven i loko o MONUSCO. hana ʻia me "ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana hōʻeha kuhi ʻia" e kūʻē i nā hui kipi ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka Lepupalika Kemokalaka ʻo Kongo (DRC). Mai ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Arusha ma ka wāwae o Mount Kilimanjaro ma ka ʻākau o Tanzania ua hele au i Kigali ma Rwanda a me Goma ma ka DRC ma ka ʻĀina Nui ʻApelika Nui kahi i nui ai nā pūʻali koa.
Ua hoʻokipa wau i kēia ʻōlelo hoʻoholo a ka ʻaha Security Council, i hoʻolālā ʻia e kamaʻilio ākea i nā kumu kumu o ka paʻa ʻole o ka hikina DRC a me ka ʻĀina Nui ʻo Lakes ma o ka paipai ʻana a me ka hana maʻamau ʻana i nā mikiona o nā pāpale mahiole uliuli i waena o nā hui pūʻali e hōʻole ana i nā hoʻāʻo ʻana e kamaʻilio.
I kēlā makahiki nō, i ka 2014, ua holo wau no ka moku ʻo Lake Chad. Ua alakaʻi kēia iaʻu iā Maroua ma ka ʻākau o Cameroon a me Ndjamena ma Chad e alakaʻi i kahi loiloi e pili ana i ka evolution o Boko Haram ma ka moku ʻo Great Lake Chad. ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli i kāna mau hana mua ma ʻApelika, a no laila he hakakā strate hou e hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ke ʻano he hui kūwaho me nā lālā kūloko. I kēia ʻano, ʻo Boko Haram kahi ʻāpana kūloko o ka hoʻoweliweli honua.
Ua hala wau he mau pule ma waena o ke ahi o nā hakakā ideological o Boko Haram a me ka Joint Multinational Force, kahi hui o nā pūʻali koa o nā ʻāina e pili ana iā Lake Chad. Ma ke aʻo pono ʻana i kēia hakakā kūkaʻina hou ma ka moku ʻo Lake Chad, ua hiki iaʻu ke hoʻomaopopo ʻo ka pahuhopu o Boko Haram ka hana ʻana o kahi caliphate mai ka lehu o ke aupuni Islam o Carnem Bornou i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka 18th kenekulia e Otman Dan Fodio. He hoʻoweliweli honua ia e ulu nei i ka nele o kahi mokuʻāina i kēia mau wahi e kaohi ʻia e Boko Haram, a kahi e ulu nui ai ka ʻilihune.
I kēia hoʻoweliweli, no laila he pane honua e pono e hoʻāʻo. Ma luna o nā mea āpau, pono e hoʻoikaika ʻia nā mana a me nā nohona o nā lehulehu i maʻalahi i ka hoʻopunipuni a kiʻi ʻia e kēia nebula. Mai kēia mau mikiona ʻokoʻa i nā wahi o ʻApelika Nui Lakes a me Lake Chad, ua hana wau i ʻelua mau puke: “Perspective des Conflits. ʻO La Paix Démocratique, ʻo Arme Contre Toute Éventualité de Guerre "(" ʻIke i nā Kūʻē. Ka Maluhia Demokalaka, Pūʻali Kūʻē i nā Manawa o ke Kaua ") a me" Conflits et Paix. ʻO Lʻimpulsion des Médias Dans la Construction dʻune Paix Véritable "(" Nā Kūʻē a me ka Maluhia. ʻO ka Drive's Media i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka maluhia maoli "), i paʻi ʻia ma 2014.
Ma hope o kaʻu "huakaʻi" i nā Lakes Nui ʻApelika, ua kipa aku wau iā ʻAitiopa, i ka mua ma 2014 a laila ma 2015 a me 2016, ma ke ʻano he kūkā kamaʻilio ma waena o nā mea hana like ʻole o ka hakakā ma South Sudan, i kū kaʻawale mai Sudan ma Iulai 4, 2011. I Kēkēmapa 2013 ua komo kēia mokuʻāina ʻōpio i loko o kahi kaua kīwī a me ka hana kolohe. ʻO kēia lāhui ʻōpio hoʻohiki me nā waihona nui o nā mea maka i loaʻa he GDP makahiki ma mua o US $ 11,000 i kēlā me kēia makahiki no kēlā me kēia capita a me kahi ulu ulu o 13%. Aia i loko o kēia ʻano o ka ulu piha o ka hoʻokele waiwai i ʻike ʻia e ka mokuʻāina ʻApelika ʻōpio i nā manawa pōʻino loa o ka ulu ʻana o kāna mōʻaukala.
ʻO ka mea e kahaha nui ai mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia kaua kīwila ka hiki ʻole o ka mokuʻāina e hoʻolako i nā pono hana, e hōʻoia i ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ke aniau paʻa e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻopukapuka. Hōʻike kēia i ka nele o ke kūlana makua a me ka kuanaʻike o ka lāhui ʻōpio. Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Pelekikena Salvar Kiir a me kāna Hope Pelekikena Rieck Machar a me kā lākou mau hoa i ka ʻāina i loko o ke kaua kūloko ma o ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano hana hewa āpau a me nā hana ʻino. ʻOiai nā ʻaelike maluhia like ʻole i kau inoa ʻia e nā mea hakakā, ua ulu ka palekana ʻole. Ua puka mai kekahi mau ʻōlelo hoʻomalu maluhia mai kaʻu mau hōʻike o kēia mau ʻona like ʻole: ka wikiwiki o ka pau ahi, ka pono e hoʻokumu i kahi papahana DDR a me ka hoʻohou o ka papa aliʻi, ka pono e hoʻopau i ka impunity ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā lawehala kaua āpau, ka mea nui o ka " kānāwai kānāwai "e hōʻoia i ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi hana" distributive Justice "paʻa no ka hana hou ʻana o ka ʻāina.
Ma kēia kumuhana, ua kākau wau i kahi puke i kapa ʻia ʻo “Géoéconomie dʻune Afrique Émergente. ʻO De LʻAbondance des Ressource à la Justice Distributive "(" Geoeconomics o kahi ʻApelika e kū nei. Mai ka nui o nā kumuwaiwai i Distributive Justice "), paʻi ʻia ma 2016.
Ua hoʻomau ʻia kuʻu odyssey i ka makahiki 2017 ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekane nui o Cameroon ma kahi o kahi kaua kīwila e hoʻoili ʻia ana ma waena o ka poʻe ʻōlelo Pelekane liʻiliʻi a me ke aupuni Cameroonian. Ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Buea i haʻalele ai wau i kaʻu mau ʻeke lawe e aʻo ai i kēia hakakā. ʻO nā hua o kaʻu noiʻi e pili ana i kēia pilikia ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kekahi mau ʻatikala a i loko o kahi puke i paʻi ʻia ma 2020 i kapa ʻia ʻo “Crise anglophone au Cameroun. ʻO Guerre sauvage? ” ʻO ka hopena aʻu e kākoʻo nei no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia pilikia penei: Ka hoʻokumu koke ʻana i kahi pauahi; ka hoʻokuʻu koke ʻia ʻana o nā pio a pau o ka pilikia Anglophone; ka wehe ʻana o kahi kūkā kamaʻilio kālaiʻāina e pili ana i nā mea hana keaka a pau e hoʻopaʻapaʻa i nā nīnau āpau, e like me ke ʻano o ka mokuʻāina a me ka hana hou ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana koho i mea e ʻae ai i nā lehulehu e hoʻolako iā lākou iho me nā alakaʻi kūpono.
Pono mākou e kamaʻilio pū me nā poʻe Cameroon āpau me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia, me nā mea e pale aku ai, no kēia manawa, ka manaʻo no ka hoʻokaʻawale. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻōnaehana a me ka politika e hāpai i ka hoʻololi demokratika, deconcentration a me ke kaʻapuni ʻana o ka mana i mālama ʻia ma kahi o 40 mau makahiki e kahi mea kiaʻi a kūpaʻa hoʻi ka liʻiliʻi: ka hoʻololi o ka mana. ʻO ke kūlana i mālama ʻia ma Cameroon no nā makahiki he kanahā a ʻoi aku ka kānalua e alakaʻi ʻia ana i ka hōʻino ʻana o ka mokuʻāina, a e alakaʻi ʻia ai paha i kāna luku ponoʻī.
Eia nā ʻanuʻu mua o kaʻu odyssey ʻApelika e ʻimi nei i nā hopena mau loa no ka maluhia. ʻApelika, hoʻowahāwahā ʻia koʻu ʻApelika e kēia mau hakakā e kupu mau ana a i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia kahi lāhui. ʻO kēia mau hakakā kūkaʻina hou nona ka ʻano a me nā kumu i ʻokoʻa aʻe mai kekahi paio a i kekahi. Eia naʻe, ua hiki mai ka manawa e loaʻa nā hopena mau loa no ka maluhia a, ma mua o nā mea āpau, e hoʻomohala i nā hana pale pale. ʻO koʻu makemake e alakaʻi i kekahi mau noiʻi noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ke kuikahi pāpā mea kaua nukle i komo i ka mana ma Ianuali 22, 2021: ka noiʻi maluhia a me ka hoʻomalu lima no ka maluhia mau loa ma ka honua.
ʻO Hippolyte Djounguep kahi mea kālaihonua geopolitical, hāʻawi ma BBC, Le Point, Sputnik News Palani a me AfricaPresse.Paris.
