I nā maka o nā mea he nui o ka honua, ua lawe ka diplomasi i kahi noho hope o ka hana kaua i ka politika o US. ʻO ka papahana drone he kumu hoʻohālike nui.
Na Ann Wright | Iune 2017.
Ua hana hou iā Iune 9, 2017, mai Ka Nupepa Kuokoa Pūnaewele.
ʻO ka MQ-9 Reaper, kahi pahu hakakā, i ka lele.
Wikimedia Commons / Ricky Maikaʻi
ʻAʻole i hoʻomaka ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka kulekele ʻē aʻe o ka US me ka Pelekikena Donald J. Trump; i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻi i nā mau makahiki he nui. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻo nā lā mua o 100 a Trump i ke keʻena he mea hōʻailona, ʻaʻohe manaʻo o kona e hoʻolōʻihi i ka hiki.
I loko o hoʻokahi pule i ka mahina o ʻApelila, ua hoʻokū ka luna o Trump i nā missiles 59 Tomahawk i loko o kahi mokulele o Suria, a ua waiho i ka pahu nui loa loa i ka ʻĀina US e pili ana i ka poʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ISIS ma Afghanistan. ʻO kēia 21,600-paona mea hoʻohana waiwai kolohe i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ma ka hakakā ʻana — ʻo ka Massive Ordinance Air Blast a MOAB, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "The Mother of All Bombs" - ua hoʻohana ʻia ma ka moku Achin o Afghanistan, kahi i loaʻa ai nā limahana nui o ka puʻuwai limahana ʻo Mark De De Ua pepehi ʻia ʻo Alencar ma kahi hebedoma ma mua aʻe. (Ka hoʻāʻo wale ʻia ka pōpoki ma ʻelua, ma Elgin Air Base, Florida, ma 2003.)
No ka hōʻike ʻana i ka makemake o ke alakaʻi hou no ka ikaika ma luna o ka diplomasi, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻoholo e hoʻokolohua me ka mana explosive o ka mega-bomb e ka General John Nicholson, ka mea o ka luna aupuni o ʻAmelika ma Afghanistan. I ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kēlā hoʻoholo, Pres. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Trump ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka "mana" no ka pūʻali koa US e hoʻokō i nā misionari a lākou e makemake ai, ma nā wahi āpau o ke ao nei - ʻo ia hoʻi ke kumu me ka ʻole o ka kūkākūkā ʻana i ke kōmike mālama hoʻomalu aupuni.
Ke ʻōlelo nei nō hoʻi iā Pres. Ua koho ʻo Trump i nā loina no nā kūlana palekana ʻelua o ka palekana o ka lehulehu e hoʻopiha ʻia e nā kānaka kīwila: ʻo ke Kākau'ōlelo o ka Puʻāina a me ke Kāleka Hoʻohui Aupuni. Akā ʻekolu mau mahina i kona aupuni, ua waiho ʻo ia i nā mea nui o nā kūlana aupuni aupuni i ka hoʻokele aupuni, Defence a ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe.
Ke hoʻonui nui ʻia nei kahi papa hoʻoweliweli
ʻO nā lālā o ka hui mokuahi ʻo 1174th Fighter Wing Maintenance Group i ka hui ma kahi MQ-9 Reaper ma hope o ka hoʻi ʻana mai i kahi kula hoʻoilo hoʻoilo ma Wheeler Sack Army Airfield, Fort Drum, NY, Peb. 14, 2012.
Wikimedia Commons / Ricky Maikaʻi
Oiai o Pres. ʻAʻole naʻe ʻo Trump i hoʻopuka i kahi kulekele e pili ana i nā mea hoʻopaʻi politika, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka mea e manaʻo ai ʻo ia e hoʻololi i ka hana o ka hilinaʻi i nā luku drone i hoʻokumu ʻia e kona poʻe mua.
Hoʻihoʻi ma 1976, akā, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo Pelekikena Gerald Ford i kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa loa i ka wā i hoʻopuka ai ʻo ia Nā Hoʻokālā Kiʻekiʻe 11095. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hoʻolaha kēia ua "ʻaʻohe limahana o ke Aupuni Hui Pūʻāina e komo, a i ʻole ai i hui pū ai e komo i loko o ka pepehi kanaka politika."
Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i kēia pāpā i hope o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o ka Kōmike o ka Ekalesia (ʻo ke Kōmike Maikaʻi o ke Senate e aʻo i nā hana ʻola Aupuni me ka mahalo ʻana i nā hana naʻauao, i alakaʻi ʻia e Sen. Frank Church, D-Idaho) a me ke Komite Pike (ʻO kona hoa o ka hale, alakaʻi ʻia e Rep. Otis Ua hōʻike ʻo G. Pike, DN.Y.) i ka nui o ka hana pepehi kanaka pepehi kanaka o Central Center e kūʻē i nā alakaʻi o nā ʻāina ʻē i nā 1960 a me 1970.
Me kekahi mau mea ʻokoʻa, ua paʻa nā pelekikena hou i ka pāpā. Akā ma 1986, kauoha ʻo Pelekikena Ronald Reagan i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana ma ka hale ikaika o Libya Muammar Gaddafi ma Tripoli, no ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i ka ʻaʻe ʻana o kahi pō pōkoki ma Berlin e make ai kahi limahana US a ʻelua mau kānaka Kelemania a hōʻeha iā 229. I loko o nā minuke 12 wale nō, ua hāʻule nā hoʻolālā Amerika iā 60 ʻehā o nā pōpoki US ma ka hale, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e pepehi iā Gaddafi.
ʻUmikūmālua makahiki ma hope aku, ma 1998, kauoha ʻo Pelekikena ʻo Bill Clinton i ka puhi ʻana o nā mokulele holo moana ʻo 80 ma nā hale al-Qaida ma Afghanistan a me Sudan, ma ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i nā ʻaomahika o nā kaahiki US ma Kenya a me Tanzania. Ua hoʻāpono ka luna ʻo Clinton ma kēia hana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka pepehi kanaka ʻaʻole i uhi i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia e ke aupuni US.
I ka lā ma hope iho o ko al-Qaida hoʻokō ʻo SeptN 11, 2001, i ke kaua ʻana ma luna o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo Pelekikena George W. Bush i ka ʻimi naʻauao e "loaʻa" e ʻae ana i ka Central Intelligence Agency e komo i ka hana "lethal covert" e pepehi iā Osama bin Laden a me luku i kāna pūnaewele hoʻoweliweli. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo White House a me CIA loio ua kumukānāwai kēia kauoha ma nā kumu ʻelua. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻokomo lākou i ka mana o Clinton ka luna o EO 11905 ʻaʻole i kaohi i ka hana a ʻAmelika e hana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli. ʻOi aku ka pīhoihoi, ua ʻōlelo lākou ʻaʻole i pili ka pāpā i ka pepehi kanaka i ka wā o ke kaua.
Hoʻouna i nā Drones
ʻO ka hōʻole kūleʻa o ke keʻena no Bush i ka pāpā i ka luku ʻana a i ka pepehi kālai aupuni paha e kūʻē i kahi hapahā o ka makahiki o ke kuleana o ke aupuni ʻē aʻe a Bipartisan US. Wehe aʻela i ka puka i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa ea maniona unmanned e mālama i ka luku ʻia (kahi euphemism no ka mea pepehi kanaka).
Ua lele aku ka mokulele o ka mokulele ʻo US i nā kaʻa ʻenemi i holo ʻole ʻia (UAV) no ka mea, ʻo ka 1960 ka nui, akā no nā papa loiloi ʻike ʻole. Ma hope o 9 / 11, akā, ka ʻōnaʻi o ka Palekana a me ke Central Intelligence Agency hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā "drones" (me ka mea i kapa koke ʻia i ka lima) e pepehi i nā alakaʻi a me nā wāwae wāwae o al-Qaida a me Taliban.
Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i Afghanistan a me Pakistan no kēlā kumu, akā ma hope o ka haunaele drone i luku ʻia i ka poʻe koa, ʻoiai he hui nui i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia no kahi mare, ua kauoha ʻia ke aupuni Pakistan ma 2011 e hoʻopau ʻia nā mākeke US a me nā pūʻali koa US. mai kona kahua mokulele Shamsi. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻia nā mea hoʻomake i alakaʻi ʻia ma Pakistan e nā drones i waho o ka ʻāina.
Ma 2009, ua koho ʻo Pelekikena Barack Obama i kahi i haʻalele ai ʻo ka mea i hana mua ma mua. Ke hoʻonui nui ʻia nei ka hopohopo lehulehu a me ka pili e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mokulele e hoʻomalu ʻia ana e ka CIA a me nā pūʻali pūʻali koa i kapa ʻia ʻo 10,000 mau mile mai kahi o ka poʻe i kauoha ʻia ai lākou e pepehi, ua ʻae ʻia ka Hale Paʻa e hōʻike i ka papahana make pepehi i wehewehe a wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka lilo ʻana o nā mea holo ka papahana.
Ma kahi o ka nānā ʻana i ka papahana, eia nō naʻe, ua pālua ka luna o Obama. Ua koho pono ʻia nā koa āpau o ka pūʻali koa i kahi wahi e kūʻē mai ai ka huakaʻi, a no laila ke lilo ʻana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kī ʻana o nā inoa. nā pākana, "hiki ke komo i ka poʻe kamaʻāina ʻAmelika.
Ua hiki koke i kēlā hana kūloko i kahi meka nui. Ma ʻApelila 2010, Pres. Ua ʻae ʻo Obama i ka CIA e "hoʻopuka" ʻo Anwar al-Awlaki, he kamaʻāina ʻAmelika a he kahuna mua hoʻi ma ka hale aliʻi ʻo Virginia, no ka pepehi kanaka. ʻAʻole i emi iki ma mua o hoʻokahi mau makahiki ma mua, ua kono ke Keʻena Kakauolelo o ka pūʻali koa i ke kahuna e komo i kahi lawelawe interfaith ma hope o 9 / 11. Akā ua lilo ʻo al-Awlaki ma hope o ka "kaua e pili ana i ka weliweli," ka neʻe i ka home o kona makua kāne i Yemen, a ua kōkua iā al-Qaida recruit members.
ʻO ka hōʻole hoʻoiho o ka Bush hoʻokolokolo i ka pāpā i ka mea i pepehi ʻia e wehe ai i ka puka i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa aʻa i hana ʻole ʻia e hana i kahi o ka make.
Ma Sept. 30, ua 2011, ka pahu luku hake iā al-Awlaki a me kekahi kanaka ʻAmelika ʻo Samir Khan, kahi e hele nei me Yemen. Ua luku ʻo Drones US i ke keiki a 16 makahiki X al-Awlaki, ʻo Abdulrahman al- Awlaki, he kamaʻāina ʻAmelika, 10 mau lā ma hope mai i kahi hoʻouka kaua pūʻulu o nā ʻōpiopio e puni ana i kahi ahi. ʻAʻole i wehewehe pono ke aupuni ʻo Obama inā ua pākahi ʻia ke keiki ʻo 16 i ke keiki hoʻokahi no ka mea he keiki ʻo ia ʻo al-Awlaki a inā he mea nāna i kū i kahi ʻoihana "haina", e kūpono ana i ka wehewehe ʻana i kahi kāne militar. Eia naʻe, i ka manawa o ka hui pā White House, ua nīnau aku ka mea hoʻopuka nūpepa iā Robert Gibbs pehea e pale aku ai i nā luku, a ʻoi loa ka make ʻana o kahi kamaʻāina US-ʻAmelika i "kuhi ʻia ʻole me kahi kaʻina hana, ʻaʻohe hoʻokolokolo."
ʻAʻole he mea i pane aku ʻo Gibbs i mea e kōkua ai i ke kiʻi US i ko ka honua Muslim: "E ʻōlelo aku au i loaʻa he makua koʻikoʻi ʻē aku ʻoe inā e pili maoli ana i ka pono o kā lākou keiki. ʻAʻole au i manaʻo i ka lilo ʻana i mea hoʻoweliweli j-Qaida jihadist ʻo ke ala maikaʻi loa e hele ai i kāu ʻoihana.
Ma ka lā Ianuali 29, 2017, ʻo 8, ke kaikamahine XNUMX, he kaikamahine kanikau ʻo Nawar al-Awlaki i pepehi ʻia i kā US commando attack i Yemen i kauoha ʻia e ka mea i kū i hope o Obama, ʻo Donald Trump.
I ka wā, ua hoʻomau ka nūhou i ka hanana ʻana o nā poʻe koa i pepehi ʻia i nā pahu drone ma ka ʻāina, kahi e hoʻopaʻi pinepine ʻia ana i nā pāʻina mare a me nā kahu. Ua hiki i ka poʻe nui o nā wahi ma ke kahawai ʻo Afghan-Pakistan ke lohe i ka leo o nā leo i neʻe aku nei i ko lākou wahi a puni ka uaki ʻana, me ka hōʻeha ʻana i nā ʻenekalanʻo no nā mea āpau e noho ana ma kēia wahi, ʻoiai nā kamaliʻi.
Ua pāpā ikaika ʻia ke aupuni ʻo Obama no ka haʻi ʻana i ka pālua “ʻelua-pā” - e kā ana i kahi hale uʻi a i ʻole kaʻa me kahi ahi ahi ahi no Hellfire, a laila ʻae aku i kahi pahu lua i loko o ka hui i hele mai i ke kōkua o ka poʻe i hōʻeha ʻia i ka mua kaua aku. I ka nui o nā manawa, ʻo ka poʻe i holo e kōkua i nā mea hoʻopakele i loko o ka hale i wāwahi ʻia a i ʻole ke ahi ʻana he mau poʻe noho kūloko, ʻaʻole he militants.
He ulu nui e hoʻonui ai i ka Tactic
ʻO ka rationale kuʻuna i hāʻawi ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻalā, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻopau ai i ka pono no nā "kāmaʻa ma ka ʻāina" - inā nā lālā o nā pūʻali koa a me nā limahana koa CIA. Ua ʻōlelo nō hoʻi nā luna US no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā UAV naʻauao ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka holo ʻana o kā lākou mau ʻeha. (Left oleid, akā aneʻa maoli kekahi mea e hoʻoikaika hou ai, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pona i mea e pio ʻole ai kekahi mau pūʻali koa i hoʻopiʻi ʻia, no laila e pale aku ai i nā politika a me nā hoʻopiʻi ʻē aʻe o ka paʻa.)
Inā he mauʻoiaʻiʻo kēia mau ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole lākou i kamaʻilio ma ka hopena o ke loiloi ma ke kulekele ʻē aʻe o US. ʻO ka hopohopo nui loa ka mea i hāʻawi i nā drones i nā pelekikena e hoʻopiʻi i nā nīnau o ke kaua a me ka maluhia ma ke koho ʻana i kahi koho e ʻike ʻia ana e hoʻolako i ka papa waena, akā he mau ʻāpana hopena lōʻihi loa no ka kulekele US, a me nā kaiāulu. ma ka hopena hopena.
I ka lawe ʻana i ka pilikia o ka nalowale o nā limahana US ma waho o ke kiʻi, e hoʻāʻo paha nā luna alakaʻi o Wakinekona e hoʻohana i ka ikaika e hoʻonā i kahi pilikia o ka palekana ma mua o ka kūkā ʻana me nā poʻe i pili. Eia kekahi, ma ko lākou ʻano maoli, hiki i nā UAV ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻopaʻi ma luna o ʻAmelika ma mua o nā mea kaua i ʻike ʻia. I nā poʻe he nui i ka Middle East a me Asia Hema, ʻo nā loilo he hōʻailona o ka nāwaliwali o ke aupuni US a me kona pūʻali koa, ʻaʻole he ikaika. ʻAʻole anei ka poʻe koa wiwo ʻole e hakakā ma mua o ka ʻāina, i nīnau ai lākou, no ka hūnā ʻana ma hope o ka malia lele i ka lewa, i lawelawe ʻia e ka ʻōpio o kahi noho i loko o kahi noho he mau kaukani mau mile ka nui?
Ke ʻae nā alakaʻi i nā pelekikena e hoʻopiʻi i nā nīnau o ke kaua a me ka maluhia ma ke koho ʻana i kahi koho e ʻike ʻia ana e hoʻolako i kahi papa waena, akā ʻoiai he mau ʻāpana hopena lōʻihi loa no ka kulekele US.
Mai ka 2007, ʻo ka 150 NATO limahana ka mea i hopohopo i ka "insider attack" e nā lālā o ka pūʻali koa Afghan a me nā pūʻali koa aupuni e aʻo ʻia ana e ka hui. ʻO ka nui o ka poʻe Afghans i hana i kēlā me kēia "ʻala i ka uliuli" ka pepehi kanaka a nā limahana ʻAmelika, ka mea like me ka mea pili a me ka mea koa, mai nā wahi o nā iwi i ka palena ʻo Afghanistan a me Pakistan kahi i kuhi ʻia ai nā pahu drone. Lawe lākou i ka hoʻopaʻi no ka make o ko lākou mau ʻohana a me nā hoa aloha ma o ka luku ʻana i kā lākou mau pūʻali koa US.
ʻO ka huhū i nā heʻe i ka heʻe i loko o ka United States pū kekahi. Ma Mei 1, 2010, Pakistani-ʻAmelika Faisal Shahzad i hoʻāʻo e waiho i kahi pōmaikaʻi kaʻa ma Times Square. I loko o kāna noi hewa, hōʻoia ʻo Shahzad i ka huli ʻana i nā kānaka kīwila me ka haʻi ʻana i ka luna kānāwai, “A loaʻa ka drone ma Afghanistan a me Iraq, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻike i nā keiki. Pepehi lākou i nā wāhine, keiki; pepehi lākou i kēlā me kēia kanaka. Ke luku nei lākou i ka Mahometa āpau. "
E like me 2012 ke kikowaena o ka mokulele o US ka mea hou aku i ka poʻe hoʻokele drone ma mua o nā pailaka no ka mokulele mokulele — ma waena o 2012 a me 2014, ua hoʻolālā lākou e hoʻohui i nā piliona 2,500 a kākoʻo i ka poʻe i ka papahana drone. Ma aneane ʻelua mau manawa ʻelua ka nui o nā diploma e hoʻokele ai ke Keʻena ʻOihana Aupuni i ke ʻelua makahiki.
Ua hopohopo ka manaʻo a me ka hopohopo media e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Obama i nā hālāwai o ka Pōʻalua maʻamau i alakaʻi ʻia e ka pelekikena i nā pahuhopu o ka papa pepehi kanaka. I ka nūhou honua, ʻo "Terror Martdays" ua lilo ia i mea hōʻike o nā kulekele ʻē aʻe a ʻAmelika.
ʻAʻole maikaʻi loa
No nā poʻe he nui a puni ka honua, ua kāohi ʻia ke kulekele ʻē aʻe o US no nā makahiki 16 i hala e nā hana kaua ma ka Middle East a me Asia Hema, a me nā ʻāina nui a me nā hana koa moana ma Northeast Asia. ʻO ka wā o ka honua, ʻo nā hoʻoikaika ʻana o ʻAmelika i nā wahi o ka ʻoihana, ke kālepa, nā pilikia kūlohelohe a me nā pono kīwila i kū i kahi kūlana i ke kūlana o nā kaua mau.
ʻO ka hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hakakā drone e hoʻokau i ka pepehi kanaka e hoʻomakeu wale ʻia ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka makemake o ka ʻAmelika a me ka hilinaʻi. Ma laila ka pāʻani i ka lima o nā ʻenemi nui a mākou e ʻimi nei e lanakila.
Ma loko o kāna hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana, ua hoʻohiki ʻo Donald Trump e waiho mau ʻo ia ʻo "ʻAmelika Mua," a ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e makemake ʻo ia e puka i waho o ka ʻoihana o ke aupuni hoʻololi. ʻAʻole i hope loa ka mālama iā ia i kēlā hoʻohiki ma ka aʻo ʻana mai o kāna mau mea kuhihewa ʻia i mua o kona mau mua a me ke hoʻi ʻana i ka hoʻomau i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka kulekele politika o ʻAmelika.
Ua hoʻopau ʻo Ann Wright i nā makahiki 29 i ka US Army a me nā Pūʻali Koa Kāleka, i hoʻolilo ʻia he koloka. Ua lawelawe ʻo 16 i nā makahiki ma ka ʻĀina Haole ma Nicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sierra Leone, Micronesia a me Mongolia, a alakaʻi i ka hui liʻiliʻi i wehe hou i ka ʻĀina US ma Kabul i Dekemaba 2001. Ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ka Pōʻalua 2003 i ka mea kūʻē i ke kaua ma Iraq, a he mea kākau kumu ʻo Dissent: Voices of Conscience (Koa, 2008). Ke ʻōlelo nei ʻo ia a puni ka honua e pili ana i ka militarization o ke kulekele ʻē aʻe a me ka mea komo ikaika ma ka hui he kaua anti-US.
ʻO nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala iho nō ka mea kākau a ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo i ka manaʻo o ke Keʻena o ke Aupuni, ke Keʻena ʻoihana a i ʻole ke aupuni US.
