Pehea ka hanaʻana o nā hana ma Somalia 25 Years A Influence Operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and Yemen Today

Na Ann Wright,ʻAukake 21, 2018.

I kekahi mau lā i hala aku nei, ua kāhea mai kahi mea kākau moʻolelo iaʻu e pili ana i kahi memo i kapa ʻia ʻo "ʻ Legallelo a me nā pono kīvila kanaka o ka UNOSOM pūʻali koa" i kākau ai ma 1993, iwakāluakūmālima mau makahiki i hala. I kēlā manawa, ʻo wau ke poʻokela o ka Justice Division o nā United Nations Operations ma Somalia (UNOSOM). Ua kōkua ʻia au mai ka US Department of State e hana ma kahi kūlana o United Nations Somalia e pili ana i kaʻu hana ma Ianuali 1993 me ka pūʻali koa US e kūkulu hou i kahi ʻōnaehana mākaʻi Somalia i kahi ʻāina me ke aupuni ʻole.

Ua noʻonoʻo ka nīnau a ka mea kākau moʻolelo i nā kulekele a me nā hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi i hanaʻia ma Clinton, Bush, Obama a me nā hoʻoponopono o ka hoʻokūkū i ka US / UN i ka hana ma Somalia i nā makahiki he iwakāluakūmālima.

Ma Kēkēmapa 9,1992, ka mahina hope loa o kona pelekikena, ua hoʻouna ʻo George HW Bush iā 30,000 US Marines i Somalia e wehe no ka pololi Somalis i nā laina lako meaʻai i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā pūʻali koa Somalia nāna i hana i ka wī a me nā make ma loko o ka ʻāina. I Pepeluali 1993, ua hoʻohuli ke aupuni ʻo Clinton i ka hana aloha kanaka i United Nations a ua haʻalele koke ʻia ka pūʻali koa US. Eia nō naʻe, i Pepeluali a me Malaki, ??? ua hiki i ka UN ke hōʻiliʻili i kekahi mau ʻāina wale nō e hāʻawi i nā pūʻali koa i nā pūʻali UN. Ua nānā nā pūʻali koa Somalia i nā kahua mokulele a me nā awa kū moku a hoʻoholo i ka nui o ka UN ma lalo o 5,000 pūʻali koa i ka helu ʻana i ka nui o nā mokulele e lawe ana i nā pūʻali koa a lawe mai i nā pūʻali koa i Somalia. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Warlords e hoʻouka i nā pūʻali koa UN ma lalo o ka ikaika i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻoikaika i ka mikiona UN e haʻalele iā Somalia. Ua hoʻonui ka hoʻouka kaua militia Somalia i ka wā o ka Spring o 1993.

I ka hoʻomauʻana o nā pūʻali koa US / UN i nā pūʻali koa i ka mahinaʻo Iune, ua nui ka hopohopo i waena o nā limahana o ka UN e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i nā kumuwaiwai mai ka pilikino kōkua aloha e hōʻeuʻeu i nā pūʻali koa a me nā heluna nui o Somalia i ka wā o kēia mauʻoihana kaua.

ʻO ke alakaʻi militia Somalia kaulana loa ʻo General Mohamed Farah Aidid. ʻO Aidid kahi pūkaua mua a diplomat no ke aupuni o Somalia, ka luna hoʻomalu o United Somali Congress the a ma hope alakaʻi i ka Somali National Alliance (SNA). Me nā hui kūʻē kūʻē ʻē aʻe, ua kōkua ka pūʻali koa o General Aidid e kipaku aku i ka dictator Pelekikena ʻo Mohamed Siad Barre i ka wā o ke kaua kūloko Somalia i nā 1990 mua.

Ma hope o ka ho'āʻoʻana o nā pūʻali koa US / UN e pani i kahi pūnaewele o Somalia, ma ka mahinaʻo Iune 5, 1993,ʻo General Aidid ka nui o ka hoʻouka kauaʻana ma nā pūʻali koa UN ma ka manawa i hoʻoneʻe ai kona pūʻali koa i nā koa Pakistani. ʻO ka UNM peacekeeping mission, pepehi i 24 a me kaʻehaʻana i ka 44.

Ua pane aku ka UN Security Council i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka pūʻali koa UN me Security Council Resolution 837 i ʻae ʻia "nā hana kūpono āpau" e hopu ai i ka poʻe nāna ka hoʻouka kaua i ka pūʻali koa Pakistan. ʻO ke poʻo o ka mikiona o Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa ma Somalia, ua haʻalele ʻo US Navy Admiral Jonathan Howe, i kahi makana he $ 25,000 ma General Aided, ka manawa mua i hoʻohana ʻia ai kahi makana e United Nations.

ʻO ka memo aʻu i kākau ai i ulu aʻe mai loko mai o kahi hoʻoholo e hoʻolei i nā helikopter US Army i kahi hale i kapa ʻia ʻo Abdi House ma Mogadishu, Somalia i ka wā e ʻimi nei iā General Aidid. Ma Iulai 12, kahi hana pūʻali koa US kūʻē kūʻē iā General Aidid i ka hopena o ka make ʻana ma luna o 60 Somalis, ʻo ka hapanui o lākou he ʻelemakule e hui ana e kūkākūkā pehea e hoʻopau ai i ka hakakā ma waena o nā pūʻali koa a me nā pūʻali koa US / UN. ʻEhā mau mea nūpepa ʻo Dan Elton, Hos Maina, Hansi Kraus a me Anthony Macharia i hele aku e hōʻike e pili ana i ka hana ikaika a ka pūʻali koa US ma kahi kokoke i ko lākou hōkele i luku ʻia e ka lehulehu Somali i ʻākoakoa a ʻike i ka nui o kā lākou poʻe lunakahiko hanohano i make.

E like me ka moʻolelo o ka 1^st ʻO ka pae kaua o ka 22^nd ʻO Infantry i alakaʻi i ka hoʻouka kaua, "ma 1018 mau hola ma Iune 12, ma hope o ka hōʻoia o ka pahuhopu, ʻeono mau pūkā helikopa Cobra i kī ʻia he ʻumikūmāono mau missile TOW i loko o ka Hale Abdi; Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia nā pū kaulahao 30-millimeter i kahi hopena maikaʻi. Hoʻomau kēlā me kēia Cobras i ke kī ʻana iā TOW a me nā kaulahao pū i loko o ka hale a hiki i kahi o 1022 mau hola. ” I ka pau ʻana o ʻehā mau minuke, ma ka liʻiliʻi he 16 mau missile anti-tank TOW a he mau kaukani pūkuniahi 20mm i kī ʻia i loko o ka hale. Ua hoʻomau ka pūʻali koa US ua loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻike mai nā mea hoʻolaha uku e hele ana ʻo Aidid i ka hālāwai.

I ka 1982-1984, he pūʻali koa US wau he kumu aʻo o ke Law of Land Warfare a me nā ʻĀina Geneva ma ka JFK Center no Special Warfare, Fort Bragg, North Carolina kahi o kaʻu mau haumana he US Special Forces a me nā ʻ Operlelo Kūʻai Kūʻē ʻē aʻe. Mai koʻu ʻike e aʻo ana i nā kānāwai kūwaho i ke ʻano o ke kaua, ua hopohopo nui wau e pili ana i nā hopena kū kānāwai o ka pūʻali koa ma ka Hale Abdi a me nā hopena maikaʻi o ia mea i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kikoʻī o ka hana.

E like me ke poʻo o ka UNOSOM Justice Division, ua kākau ʻo ia i ka memo e hōʻike ana i koʻu hopohopo i ka luna nui o UN ma Somalia, ka Lunamakaʻāinana kūikawā a ke Kakauolelo Nui o UN no Jonathan Howe. Ua kākau wau: "Ke hāpai nei kēia hana pūʻali koa UNOSOM i nā pilikia kū kānāwai a me nā pono kanaka mai kahi kuanaʻike UN. Hoʻomaka ka pilikia i ka ʻaha a ka ʻaha kūkā o ka Council Security Council (ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka pūʻali koa Pakistan e nā pūʻali koa o Aidid) e ʻae ana iā UNOSOM e "hana i nā hana kūpono āpau" e kūʻē i nā kuleana no ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka UNOSOM. nā kānaka me ka hiki ʻole ke hāʻawi pio i loko o kekahi hale i manaʻo ʻia he hale SNA / Aidid paha, a i ʻae ʻia paha e ka ʻaha kūkā palekana e kuleana ʻia no ka hoʻouka kūʻē ʻana i nā pūʻali koa UNOSOM e loaʻa i ka manawa kūpono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā pūʻali UNOSOM a wehewehe i ko lākou noho ʻana i kahi hale SNA / Aidid a laila hoʻokolokolo ʻia i loko o kahi aloaliʻi kū kānāwai o ke kānāwai e hoʻoholo inā he kuleana lākou no ka hoʻouka kūʻē ʻana i nā pūʻali koa UNOSOM a i ʻole he poʻe noho wale (kūloko a mau paha) o kahi hale, i manaʻo ʻia a i ʻike ʻia paha he wahi SNA / Aidid. ”

Ua nīnau wau inā he pono i nā United Nations e hoʻokau i kēlā me kēia kanaka a "inā e hoʻokau ʻo United Nations iā ia iho i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ke kūleʻa i ka mea ma mua he mikiona kōkua kanaka e pale i nā lako meaʻai ma Somalia? ' Ua kākau wau, "Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei mākou ma ke ʻano he kulekele, pono e hāʻawi koke ʻia ka hoʻolaha mua o ka luku ʻia ʻana o kahi hale me nā kānaka o loko. Mai ke kuanaʻike kū kānāwai, pono a me nā pono kīvila kanaka, aʻoaʻo mākou i ka hana ʻana i nā pūʻali koa i hōʻike ʻole i ka hoʻouka kaua i ka poʻe e noho ana i nā hale. "

E like paha me ka manaʻo o kekahi, ʻo ka memo e ninaninau nei i ke kūpono a me ka pono o ka pūʻali koa i hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻole ʻia me ke poʻo o ka mikiona UN. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i kamaʻilio hou ʻo Admiral Howe iaʻu i koʻu manawa i koe me UNOSOM.

Eia naʻe, he nui nā mea i loko o nā'enela kōkua a ma loko o ka UN UN i hopohopo nui i ka hoʻohanaʻana o ka helikopter i ka ikaika a ua hoʻololi i ka UN i loko o ka hoʻonāukiuki ma ke kaua kūloko o Somalia. ʻO ka hapanui o nā limahana o UNOSOM ua hauʻoli nui loa wau ua kākau au i nā memo aʻo kekahi o lākou i hoʻopuka aku i ka memo a Washington Post kahi i kākauʻia ai ma kahiʻoʻAukake 4, 1993 "ʻO ka UN Report e hōʻoia ana i nā hana o nā koa o Somalia Mālama Kuleana. "

Ma hope loa, e nānā i hope,ʻo ka pūʻulu hōʻike pūʻali koa no ka 1^st ʻO ka Battalion o ka 22^nd Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo Infantry ʻo ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Iulai 12 i ka hale ʻo Abdi a me ka nui o ke ola e pili ana i ka ʻike hewa ka kumu o ka huhū Somalia i hopena i ka nui o ke ola no ka pūʻali koa US ma ʻOkakopa 1993. "ʻO kēlā hoʻouka kaua UN i alakaʻi ʻia e ka Brigade Mua. ʻo ia paha ka mauʻu hope loa i alakaʻi i ka hoʻohālua o ka pūʻali koa Ranger i ʻOkakopa o 1993. E like me ke alakaʻi ʻana o kahi alakaʻi SNA i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana 12 Iulai i Bowden's ʻO Black Hawk Down: "He mea hoʻokahi no ka honua e komo i loko e hānai i ka pōloli, a no ka UN e kōkua iā Somalia e kūkulu i kahi aupuni maluhia. Akā ʻo kēia ʻoihana o ka hoʻouna ʻana i US Rangers e lele ana i lalo i ko lākou kūlanakauhale e luku ana a kāʻili ʻia i ko lākou mau alakaʻi, he nui loa kēia.

ʻO ka 1995 Human Rights Watch hōʻike pūʻia ma Somalia ʻike ʻia ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana ma ka hale ʻo Abdi ma ke ʻano he uhaʻi i nā kuleana kanaka a me kahi kuhi hewa politika nui na UN. "Ma waho aʻe o ka hana hewa ʻana i nā kuleana kanaka a me ke kānāwai kōkua kanaka, ʻo ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka hale ʻo Abdi kahi kuhi politika weliweli. Ua manaʻo nui ʻia e like me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā mea kīwila lehulehu nui, ma waena o lākou nā mea e kākoʻo ana i ka hoʻolaulea ʻana, ua lilo ka hoʻouka hale ʻo Abdi i hōʻailona o ka nalowale o ke alakaʻi a UN ma Somalia. Mai ka mea hoʻokūkū aloha kanaka, ʻo ka UN ponoʻī i ka pae no ka mea a ka mea nānā maʻamau e like me ka pepehi kanaka nui. ʻO ka United Nations, a me nā pūʻali koa ʻAmelika, ua lilo ka hapa nui o nā mea i koe o kāna kūlana kiʻekiʻe. ʻOiai ʻo ka hōʻike e pili ana i ka hanana i hana ʻia e ka United Nations Justice Division ua pāpā ʻo UNOSOM no ke noi ʻana i nā pūʻali koa o ke kaua i hōʻike ʻia a me ka hakakā ākea i kāna mikiona kōkua kanaka, ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia ka hōʻike. E like me ka makemake ʻole e hana i nā pono kīvila o ke kanaka i ka hana pū ʻana me nā alakaʻi o ke kaua, ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe hoʻomalu i ka maluhia e hōʻalo i kahi ninaninau ākea a lehulehu i kā lākou moʻolelo ponoʻī e kūʻē ana i nā kūlana kūwaho kūwaho. "

Aʻo ka hakakā, ua hoʻoholoʻia nā kaua ma waena o ka pūʻali UN / US i kahi hanana i hoʻopau ai i ka manaʻo politika o ke kāpena Clinton e hoʻomau i ka hana pūʻali koa ma Somalia a hoʻihoʻi iaʻu i Somalia no nā mahina hope loa o ka US ma Somalia.

Ua hoʻi mai wau mai Somalia a i ka US i ka hopena o Iulai 1993. I ka hoʻomākaukau no kahi hana ma Kyrgyzstan ma Central Asia, aia wau i ke aʻo ʻōlelo Lūkini ma Arlington, Virginia ma ʻOkakopa 4, 1993 i ka wā i komo ai ke poʻo o ke kula ʻōlelo o ka Mokuʻāina State e nīnau ana koʻu lumi papa, "ʻO wai o ʻoukou ʻo Ann Wright?" I koʻu hoʻomaopopo ʻana iaʻu iho, ua haʻi ʻo ia iaʻu ua kāhea ʻo Richard Clarke, ka luna o Global Affairs no ka National Security Council a ua noi mai iaʻu e hele koke wau i ka White House e kamaʻilio pū me ia e pili ana i kahi mea i hana ʻia ma Somalia. Ua nīnau ka luna hoʻokele inā ua lohe wau i ka nūhou o ka nui o ka make o US ma Somalia i kēia lā. ʻAʻole wau.

Ma kaʻOkakopa 3, ua hoʻounaʻiaʻo 1993 US Rangers a me nā Koa Nui no ka hopuʻana iʻelua mau kōkua kōkua Aidid kokoke i ka Olympic Hotel ma Mogadishu. ʻElua mau helikopterʻo US i pupuhiʻia e nā pūʻali koa milia a ua hahauʻia ka helicopterʻekolu no ka mea i hoʻihoʻiʻia ia i kona kumu. Ua hoʻounaʻia kekahi mikioni hoʻopakele a US no ka kōkuaʻana i nā luina helicopter i hoʻolālāʻia a ua hōʻokiʻia kekahi hapa e pono ai kahiʻoihana hoʻolālāʻelua me nā kaʻa kaua i alakaʻiʻia e nā pūʻali UN i haʻiʻoleʻia e pili ana i ka misionari mua. Ua hala nāʻumikūmāwalu mau koaʻAmelika i kaʻOkakopa 3,ʻo ia ka hopena hakakā o nā kaua i ka lā hoʻokahi i hōʻehaʻia e ka US Army mai ka Pakuna Vietnam.

Ua ʻauhau wau i ka White House a hui me Clarke a me kahi limahana NSC ʻōpio ʻo Susan Rice. 18 mahina ma hope mai ua koho ʻia ʻo Rice ma ke ʻano he Kakauolelo Kōkua no ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ka ʻOihana Mokuʻāina a ma 2009 i koho ʻia e Pelekikena Obama ma ke ʻano he ʻelele US no nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa a laila ma 2013, ma ke ʻano he kākāʻōlelo aʻoaʻo palekana no Obama

Ua haʻi mai ʻo Clarke iaʻu i ka make ʻana o nā pūʻali koa he ʻumikūmāwalu US ma Mogadishu a ua hoʻoholo ke aupuni ʻo Clinton e hoʻopau i kona komo ʻana i Somalia - a no ia mea, ua pono ka US i kahi hoʻolālā puka. ʻAʻole pono ʻo ia e hoʻomanaʻo iaʻu i koʻu wā i hele mai ai ma kāna keʻena i ka hopena o Iulai i koʻu hoʻi mai mai Somalia mai, ua haʻi aku wau iā ia ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻo US i kālā piha no nā papahana ma ka UNOSOM Justice Program a me kēlā kālā no ka Somali Hiki ke hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ka polokalamu mākaʻi no kahi o ka palekana palekana ʻole i Somalia.

Ua'ōleloʻo Clarke iaʻu uaʻae'ē ka'Āina Moku'āina e hoʻopau i kaʻu'ōlelo Lūkini aʻo wau e lawe aku i kahi hui mai ka Polokalamu Hoʻohewa a Haʻawina Kuleana Kuleana o ka 'Oihana Hoʻokolokolo (ICITAP) hoʻi i Somalia a hoʻokō i kekahi o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mai kaʻu mau kūkākūkā ʻana me ia — ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kula hoʻomaʻamaʻa mākaʻi no Somalia. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e loaʻa iā mākou he $ 15 miliona mau kālā no ka papahana — a pono wau e loaʻa ka hui ma Somalia ma ka hoʻomaka o ka pule aʻe.

A pēlā mākou i hana ai-ma ka pule aʻe, loaʻa iā mākou kahi hui 6 kanaka mai ICITAP ma Mogadishu. a i ka pau ʻana o ka makahiki 1993, ua wehe ʻia ke kula ʻoihana mākaʻi. Ua hoʻopau ka US i kona komo ʻana i Somalia i ka waena waena o 1994.

He aha nā haʻawina mai Somalia mai? Minamina, ʻaʻole lākou i aʻo ʻia i nā hana pūʻali koa US ma Afghanistan, ʻIraka, Suria a me Yemen.

ʻO ka mea mua, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka makana no General Aidid i kumu hoʻohālikelike no ka ʻōnaehana makana i hoʻohana ʻia e nā pūʻali koa US ma 2001 a me 2002 ma Afghanistan a me Pakistan no nā mea hana Al Qaeda. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i pau i ka hale paʻahao o US ma Guantanamo i kūʻai ʻia e ka US ma o kēia ʻōnaehana a 10 wale nō o ka 779 mau kānaka i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Guantanamo i hoʻokolokolo ʻia. ʻAʻole i hoʻokolokolo ʻia ke koena a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ko lākou ʻāina home a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāina ʻekolu no ka mea ʻaʻohe a lākou pili me Al Qaeda a ua kūʻai ʻia aku e nā ʻenemi e loaʻa kālā.

ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka hoʻohana kaulike ʻole o ka ikaika o ka puhi ʻana i kahi hale holoʻokoʻa e luku i nā poʻe i hoʻokau ʻia i lilo i kahua o ka papahana drone pepehi kanaka US. ʻO nā hale, nā ʻahaʻaina nui, a me nā kaʻa kaʻa o nā kaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia e nā missile ahi o nā drones pepehi kanaka. ʻO ke kānāwai o ke kaua ʻāina a me nā kuʻikahi Geneva e hana pinepine ʻia ma Afghanistan, ʻIraka, Suria a me Yemen.

ʻO ke kolu, mai hoʻokuʻu i ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻole i kahi hana koa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, e ʻōlelo ka pūʻali koa ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike he maikaʻi ʻole ka ʻike, akā e kānalua loa kekahi i kēlā kumu. "Ua manaʻo mākou aia nā mea kaua o ka luku nui i ʻIraka" - ʻaʻole ia he ʻike maikaʻi ʻole akā ʻo ka hana ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike e kākoʻo i nā mea a pau o ka nuʻukia.

ʻO ka hoʻolohe ʻole i nā haʻawina o Somalia ua hoʻokumu i ka ʻike, a ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka pūʻali koa US ʻaʻohe hopena kū kānāwai i nā hana koa. I Afghanistan, ʻIraka, Suria a me nā Yemen o nā hui kīwila i hoʻouka ʻia a pepehi ʻia me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole ʻia a me ke alakaʻi poʻokela o ka ʻimi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo o ka pūʻali koa inā ua hoʻokō nā hana i ke kānāwai kūwaho. Kupaianaha, ua nalowale paha ia i nā mea hana kulekele kiʻekiʻe i ka nele o ke kuleana no nā hana pūʻali koa US i hoʻonohonoho i nā pūʻali koa US a me nā pono US e like me US Embassies i nā crosshair o ka poʻe e makemake ana i ka hoʻopaʻi no kēia mau hana.

E pili ana i ka mea kākau: Ua lawelawe ʻo Ann Wright i nā makahiki 29 ma ka US Army / Army Resares a ua hoʻomaha ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kolone. He diplomat ʻo ia ma Nicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sierra Leone, Micronesia, Afghanistan a me Mongolia. Ua haʻalele ʻo ia mai ke aupuni US ma Malaki 2003 i ke kūʻē ʻana i ke kaua ma ʻIraka. ʻO ia ka mea kākau o "Dissent: Leo o ka Manaʻo Manaʻo."