ʻEhia i MakeʻOka miliona miliona maʻAkaʻo Post-9 / 11 Wars? Māhele 3: Libya, Suria, Somalia a me Yemen

Ma ke kolu a me ka hope loa o kāna papahana, uaʻimiʻo Nicolas JS Davies i ka make a me nā kaua kūʻokoʻa o US a me nā hakakā hope ma Libia, Suria, Somalia a me Yemen a hoʻokūkū i ka nui o kaʻike kūloko o nā kaua.

Na Nicolas JS Davies, ʻApelila 25, 2108, Hōʻike Hōʻikeʻike.

Ma nāʻaoʻaoʻelua o kēia hōʻike, ua hoʻoholo wau e pili ana Ua pepehiʻiaʻo 2.4 miliona kānaka ma muli o ka hopena o ka hoʻokūkū o US i Iraq,ʻoiai Ua pepehiʻiaʻo 1.2 miliona ma Afghanistan a me Pakistan ma muli o ke kaua i alakaʻi ʻia e US ma Afghanistan. I ka ʻekolu a me ka ʻāpana o kēia hōʻike, e koho au i ka nui o ka poʻe i make ma muli o ka hopena o ka pūʻali koa US a me CIA i Libya, Suria, Somalia a me Yemen.

ʻO nā'āina i hōʻeuʻeu a hoʻokuʻuʻia e ka US ma 2001,ʻo Iraq wale nō ke kumu o kaʻikeʻana i kaʻike ola olaʻole e hiki ai ke hōʻike i nā make makehewaʻole. ʻO kaʻimiʻana i kaʻikeʻeleʻele i kaʻikeʻana i nā mea olaʻole,ʻo ia ka mea e "nānā pono" i nāʻohana no kaʻikeʻana i nā make i hōʻike muaʻoleʻia e nā nūhou pūnaewele a iʻole nā ​​punawai i hoʻopukaʻia.

ʻO kēia mau haʻawina e hana pinepineʻia e nā poʻe hana ma kaʻoihana olakino, e like me Les Roberts ma ke Kulanui Columbia,ʻo Gilbert Burnham ma Johns Hopkins a me Riyadh Lafta ma ke Kulanuiʻo Mustansiriya i Baghdad, nāna i kākau i ka inoa 2006 Lancet like o Iraq make make. I ka pale ʻana i kā lākou aʻo ʻana i ʻIraka a me kā lākou hopena, ua koʻikoʻi lākou i ke kūʻokoʻa o kā lākou hui kime noiʻi Iraqi i ke aupuni noho a he mea nui ia i ka hana o kā lākou aʻo ʻana a me ka makemake o ka poʻe i ʻIraka e kamaʻilio pono me lākou.

Uaʻikeʻia ka nui o nā make e like me nāʻike maʻamau ākea o nā'āina'ē aʻe (e like me Angola, Bosnia, ka Repubalika Republic o Congo, Guatemala, Iraq, Kosovo, Rwanda, Sudan a me Uganda). 5 i nā manawa 20 nā mea i hōʻike muaʻia ma ka hōʻike "passive" e pili ana i nā nūpepa hōʻoia, nā moʻolelo pilikino a me nāʻimi pono o nā pono kanaka.

I kaʻikeʻoleʻiaʻana o nāʻike likeʻole e pili ana i Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, Syria, Somalia a me Yemen, ua loiloi au i nā loiloi pinepine o nā make make a ua ho'āʻo e hoʻoholo i ka nui o ka make maoli o kēia mau pūʻulu pili i ka heluʻia e nāʻano hoʻohanaʻia, ma muli o ka heluna o nā make maoli no ka hōʻikeʻike i nā make i loaʻa i nā palena kaua.

Ua koho wale wau i ka make kolohe. ʻAʻole kekahi o kaʻu mau manaʻo e pili ana i ka make ʻana mai nā hopena kū ʻole o kēia mau kaua, e like me ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā haukapila a me nā ʻōnaehana olakino, ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi i hiki ke pale ʻia a me nā hopena o ka malnutrisi a me nā haumia o ke kaiapuni, kahi mea nui i kēia mau ʻāina.

No Iraq, kaʻuʻike hope loa aneane 2.4 miliona kānaka i make ua kauʻia ma muli o kaʻaeʻana i ka manaʻo o ka 2006 Lancet like a me ka 2007 Ka Manaʻo Noʻeau Hana Hana (ORB), e kūlike ana kekahi me kekahi, a laila e hoʻohana ana i ka mahele like o ka make maoli no ka hōʻike pololeiʻana i nā make (11.5: 1) ma waena o ka Lancet ke aʻo a ʻIke'ApanaʻIke Ira (IBC) ma ka 2006 i ka helu helu IBC no nā makahiki mai ka 2007.

No Afghanistan, ua hoʻoholo wau e pili ana Ua pepehiʻiaʻo 875,000 Afghans. Ua wehewehe wau i nā hōʻike makahiki e pili ana i ka make lehulehu ʻana e ka ʻO ka UN Mission Assistance Mission i Afghanistan (UNAMA) hoʻokumu ʻia ia mau mea ma luna o nā noiʻi i hoʻopau ʻia e ke Komikina Pono Kuleana Pono o Afghanistan (AIHRC), a ke ʻike nei lākou e kāpae i ka nui o nā hōʻike o nā make kīwila i hoʻokolokolo ʻole ʻia e ka AIHRC a i ʻole no ka pau ʻole o kāna mau noiʻi. ʻAʻohe o nā hōʻike a UNAMA i hōʻike ʻia mai nā wahi he nui o ka ʻāina kahi e hana nei nā Taliban a me nā pūʻali kūʻē ʻē aʻe o Afghanistan, a ma kahi o ka nui a i ʻole ka hapa nui o nā ea a US i hana ai a ʻo ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka pō no laila.

Manaʻo wau e like me ka kūponoʻole o ka hōʻikeʻana a UNAMA no nā make kanaka ma Afghanistan i ka hopena o ka hōʻikeʻana i ka hopena o ke Kaua Honuaʻo Guatemala, i ka manawa i hōʻikeʻia e ka Commission UN Verification Historical Verification o 20 mau make ma mua o ka hōʻike muaʻia.

No Pakistan, ua hoʻoholo wau e pili ana Ua pepehiʻiaʻo 325,000. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia i nā kuhi i paʻi ʻia no ka make hakakā, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka awelika o nā lakio i loaʻa i nā kaua ma mua (12.5: 1) i ka helu o nā make kīwila i hōʻike ʻia e ka Ke Keʻena Hoʻoweliweli Pahola (SATP) ma 'Āpana Hema. I Inia.

E manaʻo ana i nā make ma Libia, Suria, Somalia a me Yemen

Ma ka hapakolu a me ka hope o kēia hōʻike, e hoʻoholo wau i ka nui o ka make i hanaʻia e nā US hūnā a me nā hakakā ma Libya, Suria, Somalia a me Yemen.

Ua mahalo nui nā luna koa o ka US Kaʻike o US no ka hūnā a me ke kaua uaʻikeʻo ia i ka pua e ulu pono ana ma lalo o ka hoʻomalu Obama "Wehewehe, hoʻomaha,ʻoluʻoluʻole" ke hoʻokokoke ʻana i ke kaua, a ua huli i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia aʻo i nā kaua US ma Central America i nā 1980. ʻOiai ka US ke kālepaʻana, ke aʻoʻana, ke kauoha a me ka mālamaʻana i nāʻeha make ma Iraq ua kapaʻiaʻo "ka Salvador Option," ma muli o ke kākoʻo o US i Libia, Syria, Somalia, a me Yemen ma hope o kēia'ōnaehana.

ʻO kēia mau kaua ua lilo ia i mea pōʻino no nā poʻe o kēia mau'āina a pau, akā, ua holomua loa ka piliʻana o ka US ma keʻano'ōlelo hoʻopunipuni a hikiʻole i ka hapa nui o nāʻAmelika eʻike iki i ke kuleana o ka US ma ka hanaʻino. ka hopena i hoʻopiha iā lākou.

ʻO keʻano maoli o ka missile hōʻailona kūpono a hōʻailona nui loa ma Suria i ka lāʻoʻApelila 14,ʻo 2018 keʻano likeʻole i ka huakaʻi pōpilikia a US-alakaʻi i hoʻopau iā Raqqa, Mosul a me kekahi poʻe Suria'ē aʻe. ʻO nā kūlanakauhaleʻo Iraqi me ʻoi aʻe ma mua o ka 100,000 bomb a me nā misia mai ka 2014.

Ua make ka poʻe o Mosul, Raqqa, Kobane, Sirte, Fallujah, Ramadi, Tawergha a me Deir Ez-Zor e like me nā kumulāʻau e hāʻule ana i loko o kahi ululāʻau kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai nā mea kūkala komohana a i ʻole nā ​​limahana TV e hoʻopaʻa i kā lākou luku nui ʻia. E like me kā Harold akamai i nīnau ai no nā hewa kaua o ka US ma mua iā ia Ka'ōleloʻoluʻolu 2005 Nobel,

“Ua hana ʻia lākou? A pili anei i nā kulekele ʻē aʻe o US? ʻAe ka pane, ua hana ʻia ia, a aia lākou i nā hihia āpau e pili ana i ke kulekele ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika. Akā ʻaʻole ʻoe makemake e ʻike. ʻAʻole ia i hiki. ʻAʻohe mea i hana ʻia. ʻOiai ke hana ʻia ia, ʻaʻole ia e hana ʻia. ʻAʻole ia he mea. ʻAʻole ia he hoihoi. ”

No ka 'ike piha aku i ka pili nui a ka US i hoʻokani ai i kēia mau kaua, eʻoluʻolu e heluhelu i kaʻuʻatikala, "E hāʻawi ana i ke kaua nui i nā manawa he nui," i paʻiʻia ma Ianuali 2018.

Libia

ʻO ke kānāwai kūpono wale nō no ka NATO a me kona mau aliʻi mō'ī'Alebia e hāʻule i nā pōkole 7,700 a me nā pahi kauaka ma Libua ua kū'ē iā ia me nā pūʻuluʻoihana kūikawā hoʻomaka i ka lāʻo Fepeluali 2011 ʻO ka hoʻonāʻana o ka UN Security Council 1973, i 'ae' ia "nā hana kūpono" no ke kumu kūʻokoʻa o ka paleʻana i nā kupa ma Libia.

Akā ʻo ke kaua kahi i luku ai i nā makaʻāinana he nui aku ma mua o nā kuhi o ka helu i luku ʻia i ke kipi mua i Pepeluali a me Malaki 2011, mai ka 1,000 (kahi UN manaʻo) a 6,000 (e like me ka Libyan Human Rights League). No laila ua holo pono ʻole ke kaua i loko o kāna kumu i ʻae ʻia, i ʻae ʻia, e pale aku i nā makaʻāinana, ʻoiai e kūleʻa ana i kahi mea ʻokoʻa a ʻae ʻole ʻia: ka hoʻokahuli kū ʻole ʻia o ke aupuni Libyan.

Ua pāpā ikaika ʻia ka hoʻonā a SC i ka makahiki 1973 "he mana hana haole o kekahi ʻano ma nā ʻāpana o ko Libyan teritori." Akā ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo NATO a me nā mea kōkua he kaua pōʻino o Libya e nā tausani o Qatari a me nā pūʻali koa kūikawā o ke Komohana, nāna lākou i hoʻolālā i ka neʻeʻana o nā kipi i kēlā me kēiaʻaoʻao o ka'āina, i kāheaʻia i ka makani i nā pūʻali aupuni a alakaʻi i ka hoʻouka hope loa ma ke keʻena poʻokela o ka pūʻali koa Bab al-Aziziya i Tripoli.

ʻO Qatari ka luna o nā 'oihana ʻO Major Hamad Bin Ali Al-Atiya, haʻaheo i haʻi aku i ka AFP,

"Aia mākou i waena o lākou a ʻo nā helu o Qataris ma ka honua i nā haneli i kēlā me kēia wahi. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me nā kamaʻilio ʻana i ka lima o Qatari. ʻO Qatar… mālama i nā hoʻolālā a nā kipi no ka mea he poʻe kīwila lākou a ʻaʻole lawa ka ʻike pūʻali koa. Ua hana mākou ma ke ʻano he loulou ma waena o nā kipi a me nā pūʻali koa NATO. "

Loaʻa nā'ōlelo hoʻoili pono he luna hoʻomalu Palani i ka manawa i loaʻa ai iā ia ka leʻaleʻa i pepehi ai i ka luna Libyan o Muammar Gaddafi, ma hope o kona hopuʻiaʻana, hoʻomāinoinoʻia a hoʻokomoʻia me ka pahi e ka "kipi o ka NATO."

ʻO ka'aha'ōlelo Ke nīnau a ke Kōmike o nāʻAi Moku'āina i ka UK ma 2016, ua hoʻoholo i ka "palena iki i ka palekana i nā maka'āinana i hele i loko o ka manawa kūpono o ka hoʻololi aupuni e ka poʻe koa," i ka hopena o ka politika a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, waena o ka militia a me nā kaua o ka lāhui, nā pilikia pilikino a me nā neʻe malihini, i ka hoʻolaha nuiʻana i nā kuleana o kānaka, ka hoʻolahaʻana o Gaddafi i nā mea kaua ma ka'āina a me ka uluʻana o Isil [Islamic State] ma ka'ākau o'Afelika. "

ʻO ka paʻiʻo Passive i ka makeʻana ma Libia

I ka manawa i hoʻokahuli ʻia ke aupuni Libyan, ua hoʻāʻo nā mea nūpepa e nīnau e pili ana i ke kumuhana koʻikoʻi o nā make kīwila, ka mea koʻikoʻi loa i nā hōʻoia kānāwai a me ka politika no ke kaua. Akā ʻo ka National Transitional Council (NTC), ke aupuni kūpaʻa hou ʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pio a me nā kipi i kākoʻo ʻia e ke Komohana, ua hoʻōki i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā koho lehulehu a kauoha i nā limahana o ka haukapila. ʻaʻole e hoʻokuʻu i kaʻike no ka poʻe kālepa.

I kekahi hihia, e like me Iraq a me Afghanistan, ua hoʻopiha i nā morgues i ka manawa o ke kaua a ua nui nā poʻe i kanu i ka poʻe i aloha ma ko lākou kuahiwi a ma kahi i hiki ai iā lākou, me ka laweʻole aku iā lākou i nā hōkele.

He alakaʻi kipi i hoʻopukaʻia iʻAukake 2011 Ua pepehiʻiaʻo 50,000 Libyans. A laila, ma Kepakemapa 8th 2011, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Naji Barakat, ke Kuhina olakino hou o ka NTC i kahi ʻōlelo Ua pepehiʻiaʻo 30,000 a ua nalowale kekahi 4,000, ma muli o ke ana ʻana i nā haukapila, nā luna kūloko a me nā luna kipi i ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina a ka NTC e hoʻomalu ai i kēlā manawa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia he mau pule ʻē aʻe e hoʻopau ai i ke ana, no laila ua manaʻo ʻo ia e kiʻekiʻe ana ka helu hope loa.

ʻAʻole i pili ka ʻōlelo a Barakat i ka helu kaʻawale o ka make hakakā a me nā make kīwila. Akā ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka 30,000 i hōʻike ʻia ua make he mau pūʻali koa kūpaʻa i ke aupuni, me nā lālā 9,000 o ka Khamis Brigade, alakaʻi ʻia e ke keiki a Gaddafi ʻo Khamis. Ua noi ʻo Barakat i ka lehulehu e hōʻike i ka make i loko o ko lākou mau ʻohana a me nā kikoʻī o ka nalo ʻana o nā kānaka i ka wā i hele mai ai lākou i nā hale pule no nā pule i kēlā Pōʻalima. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka NTC o ka poʻe 30,000 i luku ʻia e like me ka nui o nā mea hakakā ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua.

ʻO kaʻike piha loa o nā makeʻana mai ka hopena o ke kauaʻo 2011 i Libia, he "hōʻailona kūlohelohe kaiaulu" i kapaʻia "ʻO 2011 ka hoʻokūkū hōʻokoʻa Libyan:ʻO ke olaʻana, ka pōʻino, a me ka nohona kanaka."  Ua kākauʻia e nā kauka lapaʻauʻekolu mai Tripoli mai, a ua paʻiʻia ma ka Ka Nupepa Pepa HoʻohaunaʻAmelika ma 2015.

Ua lawe nā mea kākau i nā moʻolelo no ka make ʻana o ke kaua, nā ʻeha a me nā neʻe ʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka Ministry of Housing and Planning, a ua hoʻouna ʻia i nā kime e hana i nā nīnauele he alo me kekahi lālā o kēlā me kēia ʻohana e hōʻoia i ka nui o nā lālā o ko lākou ʻohana i make, ʻeha a ʻeha paha. hoʻoneʻe. ʻAʻole lākou i hoʻāʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i ka luku ʻana i nā makaʻāinana mai ka make ʻana o nā mea hakakā.

ʻAʻole hoʻi lākou i ho'āʻo e helu i kaʻike helu i mua o nā make i hōʻikeʻoleʻia ma o ka'ōnaehana "'ōwili'ōpiopio" o ka Lancet like i ʻIraka. Akā ʻo ka Libyan Armed Conflict study ka moʻolelo piha loa o ka make i hōʻoia ʻia i ke kaua ma Libya a hiki i Pepeluali 2012, a ua hōʻoia i ka make ʻana o 21,490 mau kānaka.

Ma ka 2014, ka hoʻouka kaua a me ka hakakā me ka hakakā ma Libia i hoʻohuiʻia i kahi Wikipedia i kapaʻia ʻO ke kolu o Libian Civil War.  Kāheaʻia kahi hui Lihue'Apana Lipi (LBC) i hoʻomaka i ka hoʻopiʻiʻana i nā make ma Libia, e pili ana ma nā pūnaewele hōʻike, ma keʻano o ʻIke'ApanaʻIke Ira (IBC). Akā ua hana ʻo LBC pēlā no ʻekolu mau makahiki, mai Ianuali 2014 a hiki i Kēkēmapa 2016. Ua helu ʻia 2,825 make ma 2014, 1,523 i 2015 a 1,523 i 2016. (Wahi a ka pūnaewele LBC he mea kūpono wale nō ka helu like ma 2015 a me 2016. .)

ʻO ke aupuni UK ʻO kahi kūlana hoʻoneʻe kaua a me kahiʻikepili hanana (ACLED) ua mālama ka papahana i ka helu o ka make kolohe ma Libia. Ua helu ʻo ACLED i nā make he 4,062 ma 2014-6, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 5,871 i helu ʻia e Libya Body Count. No nā manawa i koe ma waena o Malaki 2012 a me Malaki 2018 ʻaʻole i uhi ʻo LBC, ua helu ʻo ACLED i nā make he 1,874.

Inā ua uhiʻo LBC i ka manawa a pau mai Malaki 2012, a ua loaʻa iā ia ka mea like i ka helu kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o ACLED e like me ia i hanaʻia no 2014-6, ua manaʻoʻia paha ua make nā kānaka 8,580.

E manaʻo ana i ka nui o nā kānaka i pepehiʻia i Libia

Hoʻohuiʻia nā kiʻi mai ka Ke kākoʻoʻo 2011 hoʻonā kaua Libyan a me ko kāua hui pūʻia, ke kiʻi i hoʻohālikelikeʻia Libya Kai Kupaa me ACLED hōʻike i ka hōʻoia o 30,070 i hōʻikeʻia i ka make mai ka lāʻo Fepuari 2011.

Ua kauʻia ka papa hana a ka Libyan Armed Conflict (LAC) ma nā palapala aupuni i kahi'āina i loaʻaʻole kahi hale mālama, aupuni hoʻohuiʻia no nā makahiki 4, aʻo Libiya Libya he huakaʻi holomua e hoʻokomo i kaʻIke Helu ma ka hilinaʻi waleʻana ma nā'ōlelo lohe'ōlelo Pelekania.

I Iraq, ka lakeneka ma waena o ka 2006 Lancet ʻIkeʻia ka heluʻana o ke kula a me ke Iraq ma muli o ka heluʻana o ka IBC i nā kānaka kīwila,ʻoiai Lancet Heluhelu ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea hakakā Iraqi a me nā kamaʻāina hoʻi. ʻAʻole like ia me ka Helu Kino o ʻIraka, ua helu pū ʻia kā mākou kumuwaiwai passive nui ma Libia i nā makaʻāinana a me nā mea hakakā. Ma muli o nā wehewehe laina hoʻokahi o kēlā me kēia hanana i ka Koena Lihue Kai pūnaewele, hiki i ka LBC nui ke helu i nā poʻe hakakā a me nā hapalua o nā poʻe laulā.

ʻO nā mea kaua i kaʻoihana koa i ka helu i ka pololei ma mua o nā kānaka kīwila, a ua hauʻoli ka pūʻali koa i ka nānā pololeiʻana i ka poʻeʻenemi a me kaʻikeʻana iā lākou iho. ʻO kaʻaoʻao kū'ē e pili ana i nā poʻe make kanaka, kahi kokoke i nā hōʻike a pau o nā hewa kīvila i hiki i nā pūʻali koa i pepehi iā lākou ke makemake nui e hoʻopau.

No laila, ma Afghanistan a me Pakistan, ua hana au i nā hakakā a me nā maka'āinana ma kahi kaʻawale, e pili ana i nā lakio maʻamau ma waena o ka hōʻike pūmau me kaʻike kūlohelohe wale nō i nā poʻe kīwila, i kaʻaeʻana i ka make o nā mea hakakā i hōʻikeʻia.

Akā,ʻo nā pūʻali koa e hakakā ana ma Libua,ʻaʻole lākou he pūʻali aupuni me ke kaulahao kapu a me kaʻoihana hoʻolālā e kūpono ai i ka hōʻike ponoʻana i nā mea make ma nā'āina'ē a me nā paio, no laila, uaʻikeʻia ka nui o nā make ma waena o nā hakakā a me nā hakakā e kaʻu mau nā kumu nui, the ʻO Libā Koa Pāʻani ke aʻo a Koena Lihue Kai. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kuhi ka National Transitional Council (NTC) mai ʻAukake a Sepatemaba 2011 o 30,000 mau make i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka nui o nā make kaua ma ka hoʻopaʻa LAC.

I ka 2006 Lancet Ua paʻi ʻia ke aʻo ʻana no ka make ma ʻIraka, ua hōʻike ʻia he 14 mau manawa i ka nui o nā make i helu ʻia ma ka papa inoa o nā make kīwila i Iraq Body Count. Akā ʻike ʻo IBC ma hope he nui nā make mai kēlā manawa, e hōʻemi ana i ka lakio ma waena o ka Lancet ke koho a me ka helu Ibook a IBC i 11.5: 1.

ʻO nā hui hui pūʻia mai ka LibN Assistance Confederation 2011 a me Libʻan Count he mea nui loa o nā make iʻoi aku ka nui o ka make ma mua o ka helu Ira Ira i heluʻia ma Iraq, no ka mea, ua helu pūʻia ka LAC a me ka LBC e nā mea kaua a me nā kānaka kīwila, a no ka Libya Libya Helu pūʻia nā make i hōʻikeʻia ma nā pūnaewele hoʻolaha Arabic,ʻoiaiʻo IBC e hilinaʻi loa ana Nā'ōlelo punaewele English a ke koi nei i "kahi liʻiliʻi oʻelua mauʻikeʻikeʻike pilikino" i mua o ka hoʻopaʻaʻana i kēlā me kēia make.

I nā paio ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i kūleʻa ka hōʻike passive i ka helu ʻana ma mua o ka ʻelima o nā make i loaʻa e nā noiʻi epidemiological ākea, "ʻeleu". Ke lawe nei i kēia mau mea āpau, ʻo ka helu maoli o ka poʻe i luku ʻia ma Libia e like me kahi ma waena o ʻelima a me ʻumikūmālua manawa ka helu i helu ʻia e ka Libya Armed Conflict 2011 study, Libya Body Count a me ACLED.

No laila kuhi wau aia ma kahi o 250,000 Libyans i luku ʻia i ke kaua, ka hana ʻino a me ka haunaele a US a me nā mea kōkua i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma Libya ma Pepeluali 2011, a ke hoʻomau nei a hiki i kēia lā. Lawe i nā lakio 5: 1 a me 12: 1 e helu hala ʻole i nā make ma ke ʻano o nā palena waho, ʻo ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe i pepehi ʻia he 150,000 a ʻo ka mea kiʻekiʻe he 360,000.

Suria

ka "Wehewehe, hoʻomaha,ʻoluʻoluʻole" Ua hoʻomaka ka hana US i Suria ma ka hopena o ka 2011 a me ka hana CIA i ka hamo nā mea'ē aʻe a me nā mea kaua ma o Turkey a me Ioredane i Suria, e hana pū ana me Qatar a me Saudi Arabia no ka hoʻouka kaua i hoʻomaka me nā hoʻopiʻi maluhia Arab Spring e kū'ē ana i ke aupuni Baathist o Suria.

ʻO ka hapanui hemaist a me nā māhele politika Suria ʻo ke kākoʻoʻana i nā kū'ē kū'ēʻole i Suria ma 2011, ua kū'ē ikaika i kēia mau huakaʻi haole e hoʻopuka i kahi kaua kīwila, a ua hoʻopuka i nā'ōlelo ikaika e kū'ē ana i ka hanaʻino, kaʻoihana a me ka lawelaweʻana o nā haole.

Akā, e like me ka hopena o ka manaʻo loiloi i kākoʻoʻo Dekemaba 2011 Qatari ʻO 55% o nā Suria i kākoʻo i kā lākou aupuni,ʻo ka US a me kona mau mea kōkua i hanaʻia e hoʻololi i ko lākou Libian regime hoʻololi hoʻololi i Suria, uaʻike maopopo loa mai i ka hoʻomakaʻana o kēia kaua ke koko aʻoi aku ka luku.

ʻO ka CIA a me kona mau mō'ī aliʻi Arab i hoʻokipa houʻia me na mano o ke au o na mea kaua a me nā tausani o nā jihadis pili Al-Qaeda e pili ana i Suria. ʻO nā mea kaua mai Libia mai, a laila mai Croatia a me nā Balkan. Hoʻohui pū lākou i nā howitzers, nā mea lele pelane a me nā mea kaua kaumaha ʻē aʻe, nā pūkuniahi sniper, nā grenade, nā mortar a me nā mea liʻiliʻi, a me ka US i hoʻolako pono ʻia i nā missile anti-tank ikaika.

I kēia manawa, ma kahi o ka hui pūʻana me ko Kofi Annan mau kōkua i kākoʻoʻia e ka UN e lawe mai i ka maluhia i Suria ma 2012,ʻo ka US a me kona mau kōkua e paʻa ana iʻekolu ʻO nā "Hoa o Suria" mauʻaha kūkā, ma kahi i alualu ai lākou i ko lākou "Plan B", e kākoʻo mau ana i ka hoʻonui i ka kipi o Al-Qaeda.  Ua haʻaleleʻo Kofi Annan i kāna hana alohaʻole i loko o ka hoʻowahāwahā ma hope o ke kākā'ōlelo o ka Moku'āinaʻo Clinton a me kona mau Pelekane, Farani a me Saudi mau kōkua me ka hoʻohenehene i ke kumumanaʻo hoʻomalu.

ʻO ke koena, e like me kā lākou i ʻōlelo ai, he mōʻaukala, kahi moʻolelo o ka laha mau ʻana o ka hana ʻino a me nā haunaele i huki i ka US, UK, Palani, Lūkia, ʻIrana a me nā hoanoho a pau o Suria i loko o ka vortex koko. E like me kā Phyllis Bennis o ka Institute for Politics Studies i ʻike ai, ua mākaukau kēia mau mana kūwaho e kaua no Suria.i ka Suria hope. "

ʻO ka pāʻoihana hōʻeuʻeu a Pelekikena Barack i hoʻouka ai i ka Islamic State ma 2014,ʻo ia kaʻoihana pōkoleʻoi loa o ka pōpilikia mai ka US US ma Vietnam, e hāʻule ana ʻoi aʻe ma mua o ka 100,000 bomb a me nā misia ma Suria a me ʻIraka. ʻO Patrick Cockburn, ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ka Middle East o ko UK kuokoa nūpepa, i hala aku nei i Raqqa, ma muaʻo 6th ka nui o ke kūlanakauhaleʻo Syria, a kākauʻo ia penei, "Ua pau ka luku."

"I nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe o Suria i hoʻopahū ʻia a i hoʻokau ʻia paha a hiki i ka maka o ka poina aia aia ma kahi o hoʻokahi moku i ola pono ʻole," i kākau ai ʻo Cockburn. "ʻO kēia ka hihia ma Mosul i ʻIraka, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o ia i kuʻi ʻia i mau ʻōpala. Akā ma Raqqa ka ʻino a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ʻana e laha āpau. Ke holo pono kekahi mea, e like me ke kukui huakaʻi hoʻokahi, ʻo ia wale nō e hana pēlā i ke kūlanakauhale, hoʻopūʻiwa ka poʻe. "

E manaʻo ana i ka make ma Suria

ʻO kēlā me kēia kuhi ākea o nā heluna o nā poʻe i lukuʻia ma Suria i loaʻa iaʻu ma keʻano pololei a iʻoleʻole Ka hoʻomanaʻo o ka'Āina o ka'Āina (SOHR), holo ʻia e Rami Abdulrahman ma Coventry ma UK He pio politika ʻo ia mai Suria, a hana pū ʻo ia me nā mea kōkua ʻehā ma Suria e huki i kahi pūnaewele e pili ana i 230 mau mea hakakā anti-government ma waena o ka ʻāina. Loaʻa i kāna hana kahi kālā mai ka European Union, a ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mai ke aupuni UK.

Kuhi ʻo Wikipedia i ke kikowaena Syrian no ka noiʻi kulekele ma ke ʻano he kumu kaʻawale me kahi wānana make kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻo kēia ka mea i manaʻo nui ʻia mai nā kiʻi o SOHR. ʻO nā kuhi haʻahaʻa a ka UN e hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o kā SOHR hōʻike.

Ua hoʻohewa ʻia ʻo SOHR no kāna manaʻo kūʻē kūʻē ʻole, e alakaʻi ana i kekahi e nīnau e pili ana i ka pono o kāna ʻike. Me he mea lā ua hoʻomake nui ʻia nā makaʻāinana i luku ʻia e nā ea a US, akā ʻo kēia pū kekahi no ka paʻakikī a me ka weliweli o ka hōʻike ʻana mai nā ʻāina IS, e like me ka hihia ma ʻIraka.

Ua ʻae ʻo SOHR ʻaʻole hiki ke helu ʻia i ka helu o nā kānaka āpau i luku ʻia ma Suria. I loko o kāna hōʻike hou loa i Malaki 2018, ua hoʻohui ʻo 100,000 i kāna helu e uku no ka hōʻike haʻahaʻa, 45,000 hou e hōʻike no nā paʻahao i make a nalowale paha i ka mālama aupuni a me 12,000 no ka poʻe i make, nalo a nalowale paha i ka Islamic State a i ʻole kahi mālama kipi ʻē aʻe. .

Ma ka haʻaleleʻana i kēia mau hoʻololi, Palapala SOHR no ka lā Malaki 2018 palapala i ka make o 353,935 mau mea hakakā a me nā lehulehu ma Suria. Aia kēlā huina i 106,390 mau makaʻāinana; 63,820 pūʻali koa Suria; 58,130 lālā o nā militia pro-aupuni (me 1,630 mai Hezbollah a me 7,686 mau haole ʻē aʻe); 63,360 Islamic State, ʻo Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (ʻo Jabhat al-Nusra ma mua) a me nā jihadis Islamist ʻē aʻe; 62,039 mau mea hakakā kūʻē i ke aupuni; a me 196 mau kino ʻike ʻole ʻia.

ʻO ka hoʻohaunaeleʻana i kēia i loko o nā kānaka kīwila a me nā hakakā,ʻo ia ka 106,488 civians a me nā mea kaua 247,447 i pepehiʻia (me nā pūnaewele huiʻole o 196 i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia), e like me ka 63,820 pūʻali koa Suria.

ʻO ka helu o ka SOHRʻaʻole heʻikepili helu nui e like me 2006 Lancet like i ʻIraka. Akā me ka nānā ʻole i kāna manaʻo pro-kipi, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo SOHR kekahi o nā hana ākea loa e "passively" e helu i ka poʻe make i kēlā me kēia kaua hou.

E like me nā pūʻali koa i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, mālama paha ka Pūʻali Koa Suria i nā helu kūpau kūpono no kāna pūʻali koa ponoʻī. Ke kāpae nei i ka poʻe koa maoli, ʻaʻole ia ma mua o ka SOHR helu ʻana oi aku 20% o nā kānaka'ē aʻe i lukuʻia ma ke Kaua Honuaʻo Suria. Akā no ka maikaʻi o ka hōʻikeʻana a SOHR e like me nā hana o mua e helu i nā mea make ma nāʻano "passive".

Lawe i ka SOHR i hōʻike passively i hōʻike ʻia no ka make kaua kaua ʻole ma ke ʻano he 20% o ka nui maoli i luku ʻia he 1.45 miliona mau kānaka kīwila a me nā mea kaua ʻole koa. Ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pūʻali koa 64,000 o Suria i luku ʻia i kēlā helu, kuhi wau ma kahi o 1.5 miliona mau kānaka i luku ʻia ma Suria.

Inā ʻoi aku ka holomua o SOHR ma mua o nā hana "passive" mua e helu i ka poʻe make i loko o ke kaua, a ua helu ʻia he 25% a i ʻole 30% o ka poʻe i luku ʻia, ʻo ka helu maoli i luku ʻia hiki i ka 1 miliona. Inā ʻaʻole i kūleʻa e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, a kokoke ka helu ʻana i ka mea maʻamau i nā hakakā ʻē aʻe, a laila ua make paha ma kahi o 2 miliona mau kānaka.

Somalia

ʻO ka hapa nui o nāʻAmelika e hoʻomanaʻo nei i ka hanaʻana o US ma Somalia i alakaʻiʻia ai "Black Hawk Down" hanana a me ka haʻalele ʻana o nā pūʻali koa US ma 1993. Akā ʻaʻole hoʻomanaʻo ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika, a ʻaʻole paha i ʻike, ua hana ka US i kekahi "Wehewehe, hoʻomaha,ʻoluʻoluʻole" i ka hana ma Somalia ma ka 2006, ma ke kākoʻoʻana i kahi hōʻeu kaua Kepania.

ʻOʻAmelika keʻoki nei iā ia iho ma nā kāpoku kāpena "ma lalo o ke kāpena o ka Keʻena Islamic Courts Union (ICU), kahi hui o nā ʻaha kuʻuna kūloko i ʻae e hana pū e kiaʻi i ka ʻāina. Ua hui pū ka ICU me kahi mea kaua ma Mogadishu a ua luku i nā mea kaua ʻē aʻe i nohoaliʻi i nā ʻohana pilikino mai ka wā i hiolo ai ke aupuni waena i ka makahiki 1991. ʻO nā poʻe i ʻike maikaʻi i ka ʻāina i mahalo i ka ICU ma ke ʻano he ulu manaʻolana no ka maluhia a me ka paʻa ma Somalia.

Akā i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o kāna "kaua i ka weliweli," ua hoʻomaopopo ke aupuni US i ka Union Islamic Courts ma ke ʻano he ʻenemi a me kahi pahuhopu no ka hana koa. Ua hui pū ka US me ʻAitiopia, ka hoʻokūkū kūloko kuʻuna o Somalia (a me kahi ʻāina Kalikiano nui), a alakaʻi ʻia ka makani a me nā hanaʻoihana kūikawā e kākoʻo i kahi ʻO koʻAitiopa hoʻokūkū kaua iā Somalia e hoʻoneʻe i ka ICU mai ka mana. E like me ia i nā'āina'ē a pau i hōʻeuʻeu ka US a me kāna mau hua'ōlelo mai ka 2001,ʻo ia ka hopena hoʻopau i Somalia i loko o ka hanaʻino a me ka hoʻonāukiuki e hoʻomau nei i kēia lā.

Ke manaʻo nei i ka make ma Somalia

ʻO nā hopena o Passive nā mea i make i ka make ma Somalia mai ka hopena o ka hōʻailona o'Apuria i kōkuaʻia ma 2006 ma 20,171 (ʻO Uppsala Hui Pūnaewele Kū'ē (UCDP) - ma o 2016) a me 24,631 (Kahi Kūʻē Kūʻē a me ka Papahana ʻIkepili Hanana (ACLED)). Akā ʻo kahi NGO kūloko lanakila ʻO Elman Haumāna a me ka Pūnaewele Kuleana kope ma Mogadishu, ka mea i nānā i ka make wale no 2007 a me 2008, heluʻia ka 16,210 violent deaths i kēlā mau makahikiʻelua, 4.7 manawa i ka helu i heluʻia e ka UCDP a me ka 5.8 manawa ACLED hōʻailona no kēlā mau makahikiʻelua.

I Libia, ʻo Libia kino helu wale nō i helu ʻia he 1.45 mau manawa i ka nui o nā make e like me ACLED. Ma Somalia, ua helu ʻo Elman Peace i nā manawa he 5.8 ma mua o ACLED - ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea ʻelua he 4 mau manawa ma mua o ka nui. Hōʻike kēia i ka helu ʻana o Elman Peace ma kahi o ʻelua mau manawa i piha me ka Libya Body Count's, ʻoiai ʻo ACLED e like me ka hapalua o ka maikaʻi i ka helu ʻana i nā make kaua ma Somalia e like me Libya.

Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo UCDP i nā helu o nā make i ʻoi aku ma mua o ACLED mai 2006 a hiki i 2012, ʻoiai ua paʻi ʻo ACLED i nā helu ʻoi aku ma mua o UCDP mai ka makahiki 2013. nā make a ua hoʻomau i ka loaʻa ʻana o 23,916 (ka awelika o 2006 a me 2017) manawa o nā helu i loaʻa i kēia mau pūʻulu mākaʻikaʻi kūloko, ua helu ʻia ma kahi o 5.25 mau make kolohe mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a ʻAitiopa i kākoʻo ʻia e US ma Iulai 4.7.

Akā ʻoiai ua helu ʻo Elman Peace i nā make he nui aku ma mua o UCDP a i ʻole ACLED, he helu "passive" wale nō kēia o nā make kaua ma Somalia. E koho i ka huina pau o nā make kaua i hopena ʻia mai ka hoʻoholo a US e luku i ke aupuni ICU o Somalia, pono mākou e hoʻonui i kēia mau helu i ka lakio i hāʻule ma waena o nā mea i loaʻa i nā hakakā ʻē aʻe, ma waena o 5: 1 a me 20: 1.

Ke noi nei i kahi lakio 5: 1 i kaʻu wanana no ka mea a ka Elman Project i helu ai i kēia manawa e hāʻawi ʻia ana he 625,000 make. Ke noi nei i ka lakio 20: 1 i nā helu haʻahaʻa ʻoi loa e UCDP a me ACLED e hāʻawi i kahi helu haʻahaʻa o 480,000.

ʻAʻole hiki paha i ka Elman Project ke helu nei ma mua o 20% o nā make maoli ma Somalia holoʻokoʻa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo UCDP a me ACLED e helu wale nei i nā hōʻike o ka make ma Somalia mai ko lākou kahua ma Suedena a me UK, ma muli o nā hōʻike i paʻi ʻia, no laila ua helu ʻia ma lalo o 5% o nā make maoli.

Inā hopu wale ka Elman Project iā 15% o ka nui o nā make ma kahi o 20%, hōʻike ʻia ua make nā kānaka 830,000 mai ka 2006. Inā ua loaʻa nā helu a UCDP a me ACLED ma mua o 5% o ka nui o nā make, hiki i ka huina maoli ke haʻahaʻa. ma mua o 480,000. Akā hōʻike ia e hōʻike ana ka Elman Project i kahi ʻāpana ʻoi aku o ka make maoli, kahi mea ʻole e like me ia no kēlā papahana.

No laila, ke manaʻo nei au ua make ka heluna maoli o nā kānaka ma Somalia mai ka manawa o 2006 e kū ma waena o 500,000 a me 850,000, me ka nui o ka makeʻana o 650,000.

Iemene

ʻO ka US kahi ʻāpana o kahi hui kaiaulu e hoʻopahū nei iā Yemen mai ka 2015 i ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻihoʻi i ka Pelekikena mua ʻo Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi i ka mana. Ua koho ʻia ʻo Hadi ma 2012 ma hope o nā kūʻē Arab Arab a me nā haunaele kipi i koi aku ai iā Yemen i kā US i kākoʻo mua ʻia, ʻo Ali Abdullah Saleh, e haʻalele i Nowemapa 2011.

ʻO kā mandate kauoha e huki i kahi kumukānāwai hou a hoʻonohonoho i kahi koho hou i loko o ʻelua mau makahiki. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hana i kekahi o kēia mau mea, no laila ua komo ikaika ka neʻe ʻo Zaidi Houthi i ke kapitala i Kepakemapa 2014, hoʻonoho iā Hadi ma lalo o ka hopu hale a koi aku iā ia a me kāna aupuni e hoʻokō i kā lākou kauoha a hoʻonohonoho i kahi koho hou.

ʻO ka Zaidis kahi ʻāpana Shiite kū hoʻokahi i kū ma luna o 45% o ko Yemen heluna kanaka. Ua noho aliʻi ʻo Zaidi Imams i ka hapa nui o Yemen no hoʻokahi tausani mau makahiki. Ua noho maluhia ʻo Sunnis lāua ʻo Zaidis ma Yemen no nā kenekulia, he laha ka male ʻana a pule lākou i nā hale pule like.

Ua hoʻokahuli ʻia ka Zaidi Imam hope loa i kahi kaua kīwila i nā 1960s. I kēlā kaua, ua kākoʻo nā Saudis i ka poʻe aliʻi aliʻi Zaidi, ʻoiai ʻo ʻAigupita i komo i Yemen e kākoʻo i nā pūʻali repubalika i hoʻokumu i ka Yemen Arab Republic ma 1970.

Ma ka 2014, hōʻoleʻo Hadi e hui pū me nā Houtū, a haʻalele iā ia i Ianuali 2015. Holo ʻo ia i Aden, kona kūlanakauhale ponoʻī, a laila i Saudi Arabia, kahi i hoʻouka ai i kahi hoʻokūkū pōkā i kākoʻo ʻia e US a me ka pā kaua moana e hoʻāʻo e hoʻihoʻi iā ia i ka mana.

ʻOiai ʻo Saudi Arabia e hana nei i ka hapa nui o nā ea lele, ua kūʻai aku ka US i ka hapa nui o nā mokulele, nā pōkā, nā misina a me nā mea kaua ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana nei. ʻO UK ka mea hāʻawi mea kaua nui ʻelua ʻo Saudis. Me ka ʻike ʻole o US ukali a me ka hoʻopihapiha ʻana i ka ea, ʻaʻole hiki i Saudi Arabia ke alakaʻi i nā mokulele ma nā wahi āpau o Yemen e hana nei. No laila kahi ʻoki ʻana o nā mea kaua o US, refueling o ka ea a me ke kākoʻo diplomas hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kaua.

Ka manaʻoʻana i nā make make ma Yemen

Hoʻopukaʻia nā mea i manaʻoʻia e pili ana i ka makeʻana o ke kaua ma Yemen ma muli o ka nānā mauʻana o nā kauka i laila e ka World Health Organization, pinepineʻia e ka ʻO UN Office no ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā mea pilikino (UNOCHA). ʻO ke kuhi hou loa, mai Kēkēmapa 2017, he 9,245 poʻe i luku ʻia, me 5,558 mau kānaka kīwila.

Akāʻo ka UNOCHA o ka lāʻo Dekemaba 2017 i hōʻikeʻia kahi memo e'ōlelo ana, "No ka nui o nāʻoihana olakino e hanaʻole ana a mahele paha kekahi i ka hopena o ke kaua, ua hō'āhewaʻia kēia mau helu aʻoi paha."

ʻOiai ke hana holoʻokoʻa nei nā haukapila, nui ka poʻe i make i ke kaua i hana ʻole i ka haukapila. Ua hōʻeha ʻia kekahi mau haukapila ma Yemen e nā kaua ea Saudi, aia kahi paʻa moana e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka lawe ʻia mai o nā lāʻau, a ua hoʻopili ʻia nā lako uila, ka wai, nā meaʻai a me nā wahie e ka pōkā a me ka pāpā. No laila, ʻo ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka WHO i nā hōʻike make mai kahi haukapila he hapa liʻiliʻi paha ia o nā helu maoli o ka poʻe i make.

Hōʻike ʻo ACLED i kahi huina haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka WHO: 7,846 a i ka hopena o 2017. Akā ʻaʻole like me ka WHO, ua loaʻa i ka ACLED nā ʻikepili no ka makahiki 2018, a ua hōʻike ʻia he 2,193 mau make hou mai Ianuali. Inā hoʻomau ka WHO e hōʻike i ka 18% ʻoi aku ka make ma mua o ACLED, ʻo ka huina o ka WHO a hiki i kēia manawa ʻo 11,833.

ʻOiai ʻo UNOCHA a me ka WHO e hōʻike nei i ka hōʻike hewa nui o ka make ʻana o ke kaua ma Yemen, a me ka lakio ma waena o nā hōʻike passive a me nā make maoli o WHO i ka hopena kiʻekiʻe o ka pae i loaʻa i nā kaua ʻē aʻe, i ʻokoʻa ma waena o 5: 1 a me 20: 1. Kuhi wau aia ma kahi o 175,000 poʻe i luku ʻia - 15 mau manawa o nā helu i hōʻike ʻia e ka WHO a me ACLED - me ka hapa iki o 120,000 a me ka hapa nui o 240,000.

ʻO ke Koikoi Ponoʻo US Wars

Ma ka huina, i nā ʻekolu o kēia hōʻike, ua manaʻo wau ua luku ʻia nā kaua ma hope o 9/11 o ʻAmelika ma kahi o 6 miliona mau kānaka. Maliʻa paha he 5 miliona wale nō ka helu maoli. A i ʻole 7 miliona paha ia. Akā maopopo nō iaʻu he mau miliona ia.

ʻAʻole wale nā ​​haneli haneli wale nō, e like me ka nui o nā poʻe i hoʻomaopopoʻoleʻia, no ka mea,ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoliloʻia nā hōʻuluʻulu o ka "'ōlelo loiloiʻole" i ka hapa nui o nā helu maoli o nā poʻe i lukuʻia ma nā'āina e noho nei ma o kaʻano o ka huhū a me ka hopena ka inaina o ko mākou'āina ua weheʻo ia iā lākou ma hope o 2001.

ʻO ka hōʻike pūnaewele o ka Ka hoʻomana o ke Kulanuiʻo Syrian no nā pono kīnā ua loaʻa maoli ka hapa nui o nā make maoli ma mua o ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā noiʻi i hoʻoholoʻia i hoʻopunipuniʻia e like me keʻano o kaʻike makeʻana e ka ʻO ka Mission Mission Assistance a Afghanistan. Akā ʻo lāua ʻelua wale nō ka hapa o ka make ʻana.

Aʻo ka heluna maoli o nā kānaka i lukuʻia,ʻaʻole loa ia i loko o nāʻumi o nā tausani, e like me ka hapa nui o ka lehulehu ma ka US a ma UK ua alakaʻiʻia e manaʻoʻiʻo, e like me nā manaʻo koho.

Loaʻa iā mākou he mau mea olakino olakino e hoʻoponopono i kaʻike maʻamau i nā'āina a pau o US i komo i ke kaua mai ka manawaʻo 2001, i hiki ai i ke ao ke pane pololei i ka mea kūpono maoli o ka make a me ka lukuʻana i kēia mau kaua.

E like me kā Barbara Lee i hōʻike mua aku ai i kāna mau hoapili ma mua o kona koho balota ʻana i ka 2001, ua "lilo mākou i mea ʻino a mākou e hoʻopailua ai." Akā ʻaʻole i hele pū ʻia kēia mau kaua me nā parade pūʻali koa weliweli (ʻaʻole) a i ʻole nā ​​haʻiʻōlelo e pili ana i ka lanakila ʻana i ka honua. Ma kahi o lākou ua hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka politika "Kaʻikeʻikeʻike" e hoʻopilikia i nāʻenemi hoʻopilikia i nā pilikia, a laila pāʻani i kahi "Wehewehe, hoʻomaha,ʻokoʻa ka leka uila" ke ala, e hūnā i ko lākou uku i ke koko kanaka mai nā poʻeʻAmelika a me ka honua.

Ma hope o 16 mau makahiki o ke kaua, e pili ana i ka 6 miliona mau hanaʻino, ua hoʻopau loaʻia nā'āina 6 a hoʻonui i nāʻoihana he nui, he mea nui ka hōʻoiaʻana o nā poʻeʻAmelika e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai maoli o nā kaua o ko kākou'āina a me ka hopena a me ke alakaʻiʻia he maka makapō iā lākou - ma mua o ko lākou hele lōʻihiʻana, e luku i nā'āina'ē aʻe, e hōʻemi i ke kānāwai o nā kānāwai o nā ao āpau a make i nā miliona miliona o ko kākou mau hoa kanaka.

As Hannah i kākau in ʻO ka Origins of Totalitarianism, "ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke lawe hou i ka mea maikaʻi i ka wā i hala a kāhea wale aku iā ia ko mākou hoʻoilina, e hoʻolei i nā mea maikaʻi ʻole a noʻonoʻo wale ia mea he ukana make e kanu ʻia e ka manawa i ka poina. Ua hele mai ke kahawai kai lalo o ka mōʻaukala Komohana i luna a kāʻili i ka hanohano o kā mākou kuʻuna. ʻO kēia ka mea maoli a mākou e noho nei. "

ʻO Nicolas JS Davies ke kumu o ʻO ke koko i ko mākou mau lima: kaʻAhaʻAmelika a me ka Hahaʻi o Iraq. Ua kākauʻo ia i ka mokuna ma luna o "Obama ma War" ma ka hōʻailonaʻana i ka Pelekikena 44th: he Kāmi'āina Kāleka ma ka Pōʻani Mua o Barack Obamaʻo ia he alakaʻi alakaʻi.