By Haulepa Haumāna Digest,'Aukake 12, 2021
Hōʻuluʻulu kēia hōʻike a hōʻike i kēia noiʻi: Nylen, AJ (2020). ʻO ka pono Frontier: Kānāwai kūwaho a me nā wahi 'lawless' i ka "War on Terror". Ka Nūpepa ʻEulopa o nā Pili Honua, 26 (3), 627-659. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066119883682
ʻO kēia kālailai ka mua o nā ʻāpana ʻehā e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ka 20th lā hoʻomanaʻo o Kepakemapa 11, 2001. I ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hana akeakamai i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā kaua US ma ʻIraka a me Afghanistan a me ke Kaua Honua Terror (GWOT) ākea ākea, ua manaʻo mākou no kēia moʻo e hoʻonāukiuki i ka noʻonoʻo hou ʻana i ka ʻO ka pane a US i ka hoʻoweliweli a e wehe i ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā ala ʻē aʻe ʻole i hōʻeuʻeu i ke kaua a me ka hana politika.
Nā Po'omana'o
- Ua kūkulu ke kia'āina ʻo Obama i ka manaʻo o nā palena palena ʻāina — nā wahi i kū ʻole i ka mokuʻāina akā hāʻule i loko o nā palena ʻāina o ka mokuʻāina — e “kāpae i nā kaohi kānāwai” i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūʻali koa a “e uhi i nā mea a ka poʻe e noʻonoʻo ai i ka lawena kū kānāwai. i ke kaua drone US.
- Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā Kuʻikahi Geneva e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i nā hahau drone a US ma Pakistan, Yemen, a me Somalia ma o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā palena palena i loko o kēia mau ʻāina ma ke ʻano he "lawless," "chaotic," a me "mamela ʻole," no laila hemo ʻana i kēia mau ʻāpana o ke kūʻē a hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi aupuni extraterritorial. hana ʻino.
- Ma ke hōʻike ʻana i ke kaua ma luna o ka hoʻoweliweli ma ke ʻano he hakakā kūʻē kūwaho ʻole, ua hiki i ke Aupuni ʻo Obama ke "koi e hoʻomau ʻia a mahalo i ke kānāwai kūwaho i kāna hana pūʻali koa. o nā lula. ”
ʻIke Key no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana
- ʻO nā ʻōkuhi drone ʻole i nānā ʻole ʻia ma nā lāhui lehulehu i waena o nā hoʻoilina o ka US pane i ka hoʻoweliweli ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Kepakemapa 11th-ʻO ka manawa kēia e hōʻole ai i ka manaʻo o ka drone strikes kahi mea pono a me ka pono no ka maluhia aupuni a hōʻoia hou i ka mana o ka ʻahaʻōlelo i ka hana kaua.
hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo
ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli o Sepatemaba 11, 2001, ua hoʻomaka i kahi wā hou i ka kulekele palekana haole a me ka ʻāina ʻo US, ʻo ia hoʻi ka 2001 ʻApono e hoʻohana i ka Pūʻali Koa (AUMF). Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka AUMF e nā luna pelekikena ʻekolu e hōʻoia i ka hana pūʻali koa US e kūʻē iā al-Qaeda a me nā "pūʻali koa pili" i kapa ʻia nā palena palena ʻāina - nā wahi i waho o ka mokuʻāina akā hāʻule i loko o nā palena ʻāina o ka mokuʻāina a i kekahi manawa lawelawe ʻia e nā ʻohana a i ʻole nā hui kūloko e kūʻē i ka mokuʻāina. ʻAʻohe o nā panalāʻau palena ʻāina akā hoʻokumu ʻia i ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ka hui politika i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ke kānāwai kūwaho.
Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei i nā loina loio e pili ana i ke kānāwai o ke kaua, ua nīnau ʻo Alexandria J. Nylen pehea i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka haʻiʻōlelo o ke kānāwai kūwaho e kōkua ai i ka hoʻouka kaua US extraterritorial i nā panalāʻau i loko o Pakistan, Yemen, a me Somalia. Kūkākūkā ʻo ia ʻo ke aupuni US ma lalo o ke Aupuni ʻo Obama i kūkulu i ka manaʻo o nā palena palena ʻāina e "sidestep legal constraints" i jus ad bellum a ke kuhi nei ma Bello nā lula o ka pūʻali koa "e uhi i nā mea a ka poʻe e manaʻo ai i ke ʻano kū kānāwai." ʻO kāna hopena i hōʻike ʻia e hōʻike ana "pehea ka hana ʻino, ka ʻike ʻana, a me nā mea o ka teritori i loko o nā hana o ka mana mokuʻāina," e hāʻawi ana i nā mea kīwila e pono ai e pale aku i ka hoʻoweliweli honua.
| ʻO Jus ad bellum: "Pili i nā kūlana i hiki i nā mokuʻāina ke hoʻohana i ke kaua a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pūʻali koa i ka nui."
ʻO Jus i bello: "Hoʻoponopono i ka hana o nā ʻaoʻao i komo i ka hakakā pūʻali. IHL (law international humanitarian law) pili like me jus i bello; ʻimi ia e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka ʻeha i nā hakakā kaua, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka pale ʻana a me ke kōkua ʻana i nā mea a pau i hōʻeha ʻia i ka hakakā kaua i ka mea hiki. " ICRC. (2015, 22 Ianuali). He aha nā jus ad bellum a me jus i bello? Loaʻa ʻia ma Iulai 22, 2021, mai https://www.icrc.org/en/document/what-are-jus-ad-bellum-and-jus-bello-0 |
Nānā mua ka noiʻi pehea e hiki ai ke wehewehe ʻia nā kānāwai kūwaho e kūpono i nā papa politika o nā ʻāina ikaika a, ʻo ka lua, hāʻawi i kahi loiloi haʻiʻōlelo o 16 mau palapala (memo kūloko a me nā haʻiʻōlelo ākea) mai ka Obama Administration e pili ana i ke kū kānāwai o ka drone strikes.
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ke aupuni mōʻī e kākoʻo ana i ke kānāwai kūwaho, e hoʻokumu ana i kahi binary “ma loko / waho” e kīloi ana i nā panalāʻau e hōʻole i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kānāwai, e like me nā teritori o mua, me ke kānāwai ʻole. ʻO kēia ka hopena i nā "ʻāpana hina hina kānāwai" kahi e hiki ai i nā ʻāina ikaika ke wehewehe i nā panalāʻau i nā ala e hoʻonui ai i nā wahi i manaʻo ʻia he nele i nā keʻena politika a me nā loio a e koho pono i nā kānāwai kūwaho e holomua i kahi hopena militarized i kahi hemahema i kauoha ʻole ʻia. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua ʻike ka loiloi haʻi ʻōlelo a ka mea kākau i ka wehewehe ʻia ʻana o nā panalāʻau e ka ʻOihana Hoʻokele ʻo Obama ma ke ʻano he “lawless,” “chaotic,” a me “unforgiving,” a kūkulu ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau wahi kūʻokoʻa mai nā ʻāina kahi o lākou. ʻO ka hopena, ua "hoʻokau ʻia kēia mau panalāʻau i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hana ʻino a ka mokuʻāina," no ka mea hiki i nā ʻāina ikaika ke hoʻokau i kahi "manaʻo wahaheʻe [e kuhikuhi ana iā lākou" he mea kūpono ʻole ka pale ʻana mai ka huhū kūwaho. " Ke hoʻokau nei i ka lula o ke kānāwai ma nā palena palena ʻāina ma o ka pūʻali koa i lilo i kumumanaʻo kulekele i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he "normative good," me ka nānā ʻole i ka noho ʻana o nā kūkulu aupuni kūloko ʻole o Euro-ʻAmelika i kēlā mau panalāʻau.
Ma ke koho ʻana i kahi o ka drone e kuʻi ai ma ke ʻano he territory territories, kahi mahele ma waho o ka ʻike kuʻuna o ke aupuni kūʻē i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke kānāwai kūwaho, ua kūlou ke Aupuni ʻo Obama i ka wehewehe o jus ad bellum a ke kuhi nei ma Bello nā loina e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūʻali koa. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi haʻi'ōlelo ʻana i ka hilinaʻi o kā Obama Administration ma Nā Geneva Kūlana e hōʻoia i ke kūpono o ka hana drone ma Pakistan, Yemen, a me Somalia. ʻO ka mea mua, e pili ana jus ad bellum kumuhana, hoʻopaʻapaʻa ke Aupuni i ke kaua kūʻē iā Al-Qaeda i kūpono ʻia ma ke ʻano he hakakā hakakā kūwaho ʻole (NIAC), ka mea e ʻae ai i ka pūʻali koa US e hana i nā ʻōkuhi drone i nā wahi ma waho o nā wahi kaua ikaika, e pili ana i ke kuleana o ka US e pane a pale iā ia iho i nā hoʻouka kaua koke. Ua kau ʻia kēia kuleana ma ka wehewehe hou ʻana i ka hihia o ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo Kiʻekiʻena ʻo US Hamdam vs. Rumsfeld, ka mea i wehewehe i nā hana pūʻali koa US e kūʻē iā Al-Qaeda ma ke ʻano he NIAC, akā pili wale kēlā kuhi ʻana i nā hana a ka US ma Afghanistan. I nā pepa keʻokeʻo kū kānāwai i loiloi ʻia no ka loiloi haʻi'ōlelo. Hamdam vs. Rumsfeld ua noi ʻia i nā hana counterterrorism a puni ka honua.
| Nā Geneva Kūlana: "ʻO nā Kuʻikahi Geneva a me kā lākou mau Protocols hou he mau kuʻikahi honua [aia] ma ke kumu o ke kānāwai kōkua kanaka kūwaho, ke kino o nā kānāwai kūwaho e hoʻoponopono ana i ka hana o ka hakakā kaua a ʻimi e kaohi i nā hopena."
ICRC. (2014, Ianuali 1). Nā Kuʻikahi Geneva o 1949 a me kā lākou Protocols Hou. Loaʻa ʻia ma Iulai 23, 2021, mai https://www.icrc.org/en/document/geneva-conventions-1949-additional-protocols Nā hakakā kaua kūwaho ʻole (NIAC): "Pili i kahi kūlana o ka hana kolohe e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka hakakā me ka pūʻali koa ma waena o nā pūʻali aupuni a me hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku nā pūʻali koa, a i ʻole ma waena o nā hui ponoʻī, e ala aʻe nei ma ka panalāʻau o kahi mokuʻāina." ICRC. (2012, ʻOkakopa 12). Nā hakakā kūloko o nā kūlana ʻino ʻē aʻe – He aha ka ʻokoʻa o nā mea i hōʻino ʻia? Nīnauele me Kathleen Lawand. Loaʻa ʻia ma Iulai 23, 2021, mai https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/interview/2012/12-10-niac-non-international-armed-conflict.htm |
ʻO ka lua, e pili ana ke kuhi nei ma Bello kumumanaʻo, ua kūʻē ʻo ka Hoʻokele Obama e pili ana nā kānāwai āpau i nā palena palena ʻole inā alakaʻi ʻia e like me nā loina i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o ke kānāwai NIAC. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole kikoʻī ke kānāwai kūwaho e pili ana i nā loina e pili ana i nā NIAC i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke kaua waena. Ua ʻae kēia i ka Administration "e koi e hoʻomau i ka ld a mahalo i ke kānāwai kūwaho i kāna hana pūʻali koa ...
ʻAʻole hōʻike ka loiloi kūkākūkā i kahi kuhikuhi i "kānāwai kūloko a i ʻole ke kauoha ʻana i nā loina" i nā wahi e pili ana i nā drone strikes. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ua hana ka drone strikes i ke aupuni kūloko ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī i kēia mau panalāʻau. Hōʻike kekahi hiʻohiʻona i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ka ʻāina ʻo North Waziristan o Pakistan kahi a ka US i hoʻouka aku ai i kahi ʻaha kūkā kūloko ma kahi hālāwai o ʻelua mau lā, a ua luku ʻia he 50 mau kānaka. ʻOiai ʻo ka US i kūʻē i ka pono o kēia hoʻopiʻi drone ma o kāna noʻonoʻo loio ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā mea ʻike maka ʻaʻole kekahi o nā mea i hōʻino ʻia he militants. ʻO ka hopena, makaʻala nā ʻaha kūkā kūloko e hui, makaʻu o kuhi hewa ʻia kā lākou hana e like me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana e nā pailota drone US. ʻO nā mīkini loio i kākau ʻia ma aneʻi, i hui pū ʻia me kēia ʻike ʻole o nā ʻāina ma muli o kā lākou palena palena ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana kūwaho i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka mana aupuni.
Hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa
Kākoʻo kēia noiʻi i ke ʻano politika o ke kānāwai a me kāna hana i kākau ʻia e Martin Luther King Jr. i loko o kāna Palapala mai kahi hale paʻahao ʻo Birmingham: "I kekahi manawa aia nō ke kānāwai ma kona alo a kūpono ʻole hoʻi i kāna noi. Ua kākau ʻia nā Kuʻikahi Geneva e pale aku i nā makaʻāinana mai ke kaua akā ua hoʻohuli ʻia e nā ʻāina ikaika - ʻo ia hoʻi ka US - e hōʻoia i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā lehulehu kīwila e alualu ai i nā hana counterterrorism honua. ʻO ka mea nui, ua hoʻomohala nā lawelawe Repubalika a me Kemokalaka i kēia wehewehe a hoʻomau i nā drone strike me ka mana i nānā ʻole ʻia a me ka nānā ʻole ʻana o ka ʻahaʻōlelo. ʻO kēia ka hoʻoilina o ka US pane i ka hoʻoweliweli ma hope o Kepakemapa 11th, a he mea nui ia e nānā hou i nā drone strikes ma ke ʻano he kumu no ka maluhia aupuni.
ʻAʻoleʻike iki ʻia e ka lehulehu e pili ana i nā hahau drone, akā ua hoʻonui ka ʻike no ka pilikia ma muli o nā kulu whistleblower a puke pai noiʻi. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā loiloi o ke kaua drone e pili ana i nā loina a me ka maikaʻi. Hōʻike nā hōʻike mai nā whistleblowers a me nā mea noiʻi noiʻi i ka nui o ka lehulehu o nā ʻōiwi drone, ʻoiai nā ʻōlelo a ke aupuni kūhelu i ka pololei o ka hoʻopiʻi drone i ka māka ʻana. ʻO kahi laʻana, i ka wā he ʻelima mau mahina ma Afghanistan, kokoke i 90% o ka poʻe i luku ʻia ʻaʻole nā "pahuhopu i manaʻo ʻia." ʻAʻole wale ka hahau drone i kā lākou pahuhopu, akā ua loaʻa i kā lākou hoʻohana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka hakakā ʻana i nā ʻoihana hoʻoweliweli i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻolālā. E nānā i ka Taliban ma Afghanistan: ʻo ka hui mua loa a me ka ʻāina i lilo i pahuhopu o ka US counterterrorism hana e holo nei a, inā he ʻoiaʻiʻo nā hōʻike mua, ke hoʻomaka nei. ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā drone unmanned e hoʻokō i nā hoʻouka ku-e aku i ke aupuni o Afghanistan. ʻAʻole wale ka Taliban i hoʻomau i mua o ka US drone strikes a me ka pūʻali koa i komo, akā ua hoʻonui lākou i ko lākou hiki a me nā lako hana e hoʻomau i kā lākou hana hōʻeuʻeu e loaʻa hou ka kaohi iā Afghanistan.
Ke hoʻi nei a noʻonoʻo hou i ka huaʻōlelo i ʻae ʻia o "nā pahuhopu i manaʻo ʻia," ʻo ka noi ʻana o ke kaua drone e hōʻike i kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi e like me ka mea e hoʻolei i nā kāne koa i nā koa i kēia mau wahi ma ke ʻano he pūʻali koa, me ka nānā ʻole i kā lākou kuleana maoli i ka hakakā. ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia i kāna hoʻokō ʻana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pili ka makaʻu i ka lilo o ke ola no nā makaʻāinana. Research hōʻike i ka ʻehaʻeha nui a nā kaiāulu i nā wahi i hopu ʻia o drone e hōʻeha i ka ʻike, e wehewehe nei i nā haʻalulu o ka naʻau, nā moeʻuhane, ka nele o ka makemake, ka hiamoe, a me nā ʻōuli a me nā ʻano kino. ʻAlike nā hōʻailona o ka ʻehaʻeha aia ma ka pūʻali koa US i hana ʻia me ka ʻohiʻohi ʻana i ka naʻau.
Eia nō naʻe, me kēia mau pilikia me ka hahau drone, hoʻomau ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka US. e like me Iulai 2021 i Somalia. ʻO ka nele o ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻahaʻōlelo a me ka ʻae ʻana no ka hana pūʻali koa kekahi kumu e hoʻomau ai ka hahau drone. Ke hoʻihoʻi nei i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoholo ma o ka hōʻoia hou ʻana i kāna mana hana kaua e hiki ke kōkua i ka huki ʻana i ka mana kīnā ʻole o ka Pelekikena e pōpilikia i nā lehulehu. E noʻonoʻo, e laʻa, inā ua hoʻokūpaʻa ka ʻahaʻōlelo i kāna mana a ʻaʻa aku i ke kumu kū kānāwai o ko Obama Administration, kuhikuhi ʻana i ka uninterpretation o nā ʻaha hoʻokolokolo a me nā Geneva Convention a hōʻole e ʻae i ka hana koa. E noʻonoʻo hoʻi inā, ma kahi o ka lawe ʻana i kahi palekana palekana koa alakaʻi hewa, ua pane ka US i ka hoʻoweliweli me nā mea hana hoʻomalu. Ehia mau lāhui civila e ola nei i kēia lā, a pehea mākou e kokoke aku ai i kahi honua kahi i ʻike ʻole ai nā pūʻulu kipi kipi e kākoʻo a kākoʻo? [KC]
Nā nīnau nīnau
- Ke noi nei i nā Kuʻikahi Geneva, i kākau ʻia e pale aku i nā makaʻāinana mai ke kaua, e hōʻoia i ka hōʻeuʻeu drone e hōʻemi i ka mana o ke kānāwai kūwaho ma o ka hōʻike ʻana pehea e hiki ai i nā ʻāina ke kaʻapuni i kāna mau kumumanaʻo, a i ʻole e hōʻike i kona ikaika no ka mea koi ʻia nā ʻāina e hoʻohana i kēia mau kānāwai i ka wā e alakaʻi ana i kāna hana koa.
- Ma mua o ka hana a ka ʻahaʻōlelo, he aha nā ala ʻē aʻe e hoʻopau ai i ke kaua drone a US, a he aha nā ala hou e hiki ai ke hoʻohana e hōʻemi i ka hoʻoweliweli o ka hoʻoweliweli (ʻike ʻia a maoli paha)?
Hoomau ia ka heluhelu ana
Lederach, JP (2011). Ke kuhikuhi nei i ka hoʻoweliweli: He kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana i kahi hana. Ma JP Lederach, R. Clos, D. Ansel, A. Johnson, L. Weis, J. Brandwein, & S. Lee (Eds.), Somalia. Ke hana nei i kahi no nā ala hou i ka maluhia (pp. 7-19). Ke Keʻena Ola & Peace. Loaʻa ʻia ma ʻAukake 2, 2021, mai https://kroc.nd.edu/assets/239570/somalia_lpi_kroc.pdf
Scahill, J. (2015, ʻOkakopa 15). ʻO ka paʻakikī pepehi kanaka. ʻO ke kuʻina. Loaʻa ʻia ma ʻAukake 2, 2021, mai https://theintercept.com/drone-papers/the-assassination-complex/
Woods, C. (2012, Kepakemapa 25). ʻO 'Drones ke kumu o ka ulia pōpilikia i waena o nā makaʻāinana,' ʻike nui ʻia. ʻO ka Bureau of Investigation Journal Journal. Loaʻa ʻia ma ʻAukake 2, 2021, mai https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2012-09-25/drones-causing-mass-trauma-among-civilians-major-study-finds
McCann, S. (2021, Iulai 28). ʻAʻole pono ʻo Biden e hoʻolōʻihi i ka komo ʻana o US ma Somalia. Pāpā Inkstick. Loaʻa ʻia ma ʻAukake 3, 2021, mai https://inkstickmedia.com/biden-shouldnt-prolong-us-intervention-in-somalia/
Initiative Kāohi Pale Kaua. (2021, Iune 21). Ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūʻali koa (AUMF) ma ʻIraka. Hiki i nā mea hou aʻe ke hoʻopau i nā kaua mau loa a loaʻa ka palekana maoli. Loaʻa ʻia ma ʻAukake 2002, 2, mai https://warpreventioninitiative.org/aumf-repeal/
Peace Science Digest. (2021, ʻApelila 16). ʻO ka ʻike kuʻuna ma US counterterrorism a me ka noe o ke kaua pau ʻole. Loaʻa ʻia ma ʻAukake 2, 2021, mai https://peacesciencedigest.org/artificial-intelligence-in-u-s-counterterrorism-and-the-inescapable-fog-of-endless-war/
ʻO nā hui
Airwars: https://airwars.org
ʻO ka Bureau of Investigative Journalism: https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com
ʻO Quincy Institute no ka Statecraft kuleana: https://quincyinst.org
