He wahaheʻe ʻo Hiroshima

Na David Swanson, World BEYOND War,'Aukake 5, 2021

I ka 2015, ʻo Alice Sabatini ka mea hoʻokūkū 18 makahiki i ka hoʻokūkū Miss Italia ma Italia. Nīnau ʻia ʻo ia i ke ʻano o ka wā i hala e makemake ana ʻo ia e noho. Pane ʻo ia: WWII. ʻO kāna wehewehe ʻana e hoʻomau ana kāna mau puke kikokiko e pili ana iā ia, no laila makemake ʻo ia e ʻike maoli, a ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hakakā me ia, no ka mea na nā kāne wale nō i hana i kēlā. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻomāʻewaʻewa nui. Ua makemake anei ʻo ia e pōpō ʻia a pōloli paha a hoʻouna ʻia i kahi hoʻomoana? He aha ʻo ia, hūpō? Ua kiʻi kekahi iā ia i kahi kiʻi me Mussolini lāua ʻo Hitler. Ua hana kekahi i kekahi kiʻi o kahi sunbather e ʻike ana i nā pūʻali e holo mai ana i kahakai.[I]

Akā hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he 18 makahiki i ka 2015 e ʻike i ka hapa nui o nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia o WWII he poʻe kīwila - nā kāne a me nā wahine a me nā keiki? ʻO wai ka mea i haʻi aku iā ia? ʻAʻole nō kāna mau puke kikokiko. ʻO ka hapa nui loa ʻaʻole ia o ka saturation pau ʻole o kāna moʻomeheu me nā leʻaleʻa themed WWII. He aha ka pane a kekahi i manaʻo ai e hāʻawi ʻia ka mea hoʻokūkū i ka nīnau i nīnau ʻia ai iā ia, ma mua o WWII? Ma ka moʻomeheu US pū kekahi, kahi e hoʻohuli ai i ka ʻōlelo ʻItalia, kahi manaʻo nui no ka hana keaka a me nā pōpilikia a me nā mea hoʻomākeʻaka a me nā heroism a me nā moʻolelo moʻolelo o WWII. Koho i ka 100 mau awelika o ka poʻe nānā ma Netflix a i ʻole Amazon a maopopo iaʻu he hapa nui o lākou e hāʻawi i ka pane like me Alice Sabatini, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua haʻi ʻia ʻo ia ka lanakila o ka hoʻokūkū, kūpono e pani i nā ʻĀkālia āpau a i ʻole nā ​​mea āpau. hana ʻo Miss Italia.

Kāhea ʻia ʻo WWII "ke kaua maikaʻi," a i kekahi manawa ua manaʻo ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano he nui a i ʻole he ʻokoʻa ma waena o WWII, ke kaua maikaʻi, a me WWI, ke kaua maikaʻi ʻole. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kaulana ia e kāhea iā WWII "ke kaua maikaʻi" i ka wā a ma hope koke paha o ka hiki ʻana, ke maʻalahi ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me WWI. Ua kōkua paha nā mea like ʻole i ka ulu ʻana o ke kaulana o kēlā huaʻōlelo i loko o nā makahiki he umi, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike no ka Holocaust (a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻole i ka pili o ke kaua iā ia),[Ii] eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻaʻole like me nā mea komo nui ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ia i pōpilikia ʻia a hoʻouka ʻia (akā ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ia no nā kaua he ʻē aʻe o ka US). Manaʻo wau ʻo ke kumu nui ke kaua ma Vietnam. Ma muli o ke emi ʻana o ke kaua a me ka liʻiliʻi o ke kaulana ʻana, a ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia o nā manaʻo e kahi wā hanauna, e ka mahele ma waena o ka poʻe i ola ma waena o WWII a me ka poʻe i ʻole, nui ka poʻe i ʻimi e hoʻokaʻawale iā WWII mai ke kaua ma Vietnam. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "maikaʻi," ma mua o ka "kūpono", a i ʻole "pono," i maʻalahi ʻia e ka mamao mai ka manawa mai WWII, a na WWII propaganda, ka hapa nui o ia mau mea i hana ʻia (a ke hana mau ʻia nei) ma hope o ka hopena o WWII. Ma muli o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā kaua a pau, ua manaʻo ʻia he kipi a kipi hoʻi ia, hiki i nā poʻe loiloi o ke kaua ma Vietnam ke kuhikuhi iā WWII ʻo "ke kaua maikaʻi" a hoʻokumu i ko lākou koʻikoʻi kaulike a me ka lawena. Ma ka makahiki 1970 wale nō ua kākau ke kākau moʻolelo ʻo Michael Walzer i kāna pepa, "Ke Kaua Honua II: No ke aha i like ʻole ai kēia kaua?" e ʻimi nei e pale aku i ka manaʻo o ke kaua kūpono e kūʻē i ka makemake ʻole ʻia o ke kaua ma Vietnam. Hāʻawi wau i kahi hōʻole i kēlā pepa ma ka Mokuna 17 o Ke haʻalele nei i ke Kaua Honua II ma hope. Ua ʻike mākou i kahi hanana like i nā makahiki 2002 a 2010 a ʻoi paha, me nā poʻe loiloi he lehulehu ʻole o ke kaua ma ʻIraka e hoʻokūpaʻa ana i kā lākou kākoʻo no ke kaua ma Afghanistan a me ka hoʻohuli hewa ʻana i nā mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai ke kiʻi o kēlā "kaua maikaʻi" hou. ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu he nui, inā kekahi, e kapa aku iā Afghanistan he kaua maikaʻi me ka ʻole o ke kaua ma ʻIraka a i kapa ʻia ʻo WWII kahi kaua maikaʻi me ka ʻole o ke kaua ma Vietnam.

I Iulai 2020, ʻo Pelekikena US Donald Trump - i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana ʻaʻole pono e hoʻololi ʻia nā inoa o nā kahua kaua ʻo US no Confederates - ua hoʻolaha ʻo ia kēia mau kumu i loko o "nā kaua honua maikaʻi." "Ua lanakila ʻelua mau kaua o ka honua," i ʻōlelo ʻo ia, "ʻelua mau kaua o ka honua, nā kaua maikaʻi o ka honua i kolohe a weliweli."[Iii] Ma hea i manaʻo ai ʻo Trump he nani nā kaua honua, a ʻo ko lākou nani ka mea ʻino a me ka weliweli. ʻO ia paha ka wahi like a Alice Sabatini i hana ai: ʻo Hollywood. ʻO ia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni Hoʻoikaika Ryan Ryan i alakaʻi iā Mickey Z i ka makahiki 1999 e kākau i kāna puke, ʻAʻohe Kaua Maikaʻi: Nā Mele o ke Kaua Honua II, kumu me ka inoa Ka mālama ʻana i ka mana pilikino: ka moʻolelo huna o ke “Kaua Maikaʻi.”

Ma mua o ka hoʻi wikiwiki ʻana i kahi mīkini manawa e ʻike ai i ka hanohano o WWII, makemake wau e ʻohi i kahi kope o ka puke 1984 a Studs Terkel, Ke Kaua Maikaʻi: Kahi ʻallelo waha o ke Kaua Honua II.[Iv] ʻO kēia nā moʻolelo o nā kānaka mua o WWII e haʻi nei i ko lākou hoʻomanaʻo 40 mau makahiki ma hope. He ʻōpio lākou. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia lākou i loko o kahi kaikunāne hoʻokūkū ʻole a noi ʻia e hana i nā mea nui a ʻike i nā wahi maikaʻi. Kupaianaha ia. Aia ka puhipaka, a me ka hoʻohiki ʻana, a me ka waiʻona i hiki iā ʻoe ke lawe iā ʻoe iho e kī aku i nā kānaka, a me ka hana ʻino me ka pahuhopu maʻalahi o ke ola ʻana, a me nā paukū o nā kino make i loko o nā ʻauwaha, a me ka makaʻala kiaʻi mau ʻana, a me ka lawehala loa ʻana i ka hewa o ka pono, a ka makaʻu, a me ka ulia pōpilikia, a ʻaʻohe ʻano o ka helu ʻana i ka pono i kūpono ai ke komo ʻana - e hoʻolohe wale ʻia ka hoʻolohe ʻāʻī ʻole a mihi hoʻi ma hope. A aia ke aloha ʻāina lapuwale o ka poʻe i ʻike ʻole i ke kaua maoli. A aia ka poʻe āpau i makemake ʻole e ʻike i nā mea ola i hōʻino ʻia. "He aha ke ʻano o ke kaua a ka poʻe kamaʻāina i manaʻo ai ua kaua pū kekahi?" wahi a kekahi koa kahiko.

ʻO nā kaʻao i hana i ka hapa nui o ka manaʻo o ka hapanui o ka poʻe ʻike e pili ana iā WWII ʻaʻole like me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā hoʻoweliweli i ko mākou honua maoli. Nānā wau i kēlā mau kaʻao i loko Ke haʻalele nei i ke Kaua Honua II ma hope, ka mea e hōʻike ana i ka hōʻole ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā aupuni ʻē aʻe o ka honua e hoʻopakele i ka poʻe i hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka luku ʻia e nā Nazis, ua hakakā makehewa nā mea hoʻouluulu e kiʻi i ka US a me UK a me nā aupuni ʻē aʻe e hoihoi i ka mālama ʻana i nā miliona o nā ola maikaʻi loa; ʻo ka hui ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i loko o ka heihei kaua a me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki me Iapana no nā makahiki a ʻimi e hoʻokumu i kahi kaua a ʻaʻole i pūʻiwa iā ia; ʻo ka lāhui Nordic a me nā kumumanaʻo eugenics ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia e nā Nazis i hoʻokumu nui ʻia ma Kaleponi; ua aʻo ka Nazis i nā kānāwai hoʻokaʻawale ma United States a hoʻohana iā lākou i mau hiʻohiʻona; pono pono ke kālā hui US a me nā lako i ka hana kaua Nazi; ʻo kēlā luku kanaka kahi hana Komohana ma ke ʻano hou; ʻaʻole pono ke kaua e kū; ua nānā ke aupuni o ʻAmelika i ka Soviet Union ma ke ʻano he ʻenemi mua loa ʻoiai ke pili pū me ia; ua hana ka Soviet Union i ka hapa nui o ka lanakila ʻana iā Kelemania; ua ikaika loa ka nonviolence e kūʻē iā Nazis; aia he kūʻē koʻikoʻi i ke kaua ma United States; ʻaʻole ʻo ka hoʻolilo kaua ke ala maikaʻi loa e hoʻonui i ka hoʻokele waiwai; a pela aku; a pela aku; a ʻoiai he mea ʻole e haʻi ʻia e pili ana iā Hiroshima he ʻoiaʻiʻo.

Aia kekahi kaʻao i ke komo ʻana i WWII, ua hana ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka honua i kahi makemake nui ʻia e ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kēia manawa ka honua. I ka 2013, ua hāʻawi ʻo Hillary Clinton i kahi haʻi ʻōlelo i nā panakō ma Goldman Sachs a ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua haʻi aku ʻo ia iā Kina ʻaʻohe kuleana e kāhea i ke kai Kina Hema ʻo ke kai Kina Hema, e hiki nō i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ke koi iā ia ka mea holoʻokoʻa. Pacific ma muli o ka "hoʻokuʻu" iā ia i WWII, a me ka "ʻike" ʻana iā Iapana, a me ke "kūʻai" ʻana iā Hawaiʻi.[V] ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu pehea ka maikaʻi e hoʻopau ai i kēlā. Maliʻa paha hiki iaʻu ke ʻōlelo aku e nīnau aku i kekahi poʻe i Iāpana a i ʻole i Hawaii i ko lākou manaʻo. Akā he mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole kahe o ka hoʻomāʻewaʻewa no Hillary Clinton o ke ʻano i ʻike ʻia e Alice Sabatini. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka huhū o ka lehulehu e pili ana i kēia kuhikuhi i WWII ke hoʻolaha ʻia i ka makahiki 2016.

Malia paha ʻo nā kaʻao ʻano ʻē loa, ʻo ia nā mea e pili ana i nā mea kaua nukelea, keu hoʻi ka manaʻo ma o ka pepehi kanaka ʻana i nā poʻe he nui me lākou i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ola, a i ʻole ka ʻano kūpono o nā ola, i pakele ai. ʻAʻole mālama nā nukes i nā ola. Ua lawe lākou i ke ola, 200,000 paha o lākou. ʻAʻole lākou i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopakele i ke ola a i ʻole e hoʻopau i ke kaua. A ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻopau i ke kaua. ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua Lūkia kēlā i hana. Akā e pau ana ke kaua, me ka ʻole o kekahi o ia mau mea. Ua hoʻopau ʻo ka United States Strategic Bombing Survey, "… ʻoiaʻiʻo ma mua o 31 Kekemapa, 1945, a i nā manawa āpau ma mua o ka 1 Nowemapa, 1945, ua hāʻawi pio ʻo Iapana inā ʻaʻole i hoʻokau ʻia nā pōpoki atomic, inā ʻaʻole i komo ʻo Russia. ke kaua, a inā ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia a noʻonoʻo ʻole ʻia kahi hoʻouka kaua. "[VI]

ʻO kekahi mea kūʻē i hōʻike i kēia manaʻo like i ke Kākauʻōlelo o ke Kaua a, ma kāna moʻokāki ponoʻī, iā Pelekikena Truman, ma mua o nā pōkā ʻana ʻo General Dwight Eisenhower.[VII] Ma lalo o ke kākau ʻōlelo o ka pūʻali koa Ralph Bard, ma mua o ke kūpahū ʻana, ua koi aku iā Iāpana e hāʻawi i kahi ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo.[viii] ʻO Lewis Strauss, Kākoʻo no ke Kākauʻōlelo o ka Navy, a ma mua hoʻi o nā pōkā pahū, ua paipai i ka puhi ʻana i kahi ulu lāʻau ma mua o ke kūlanakauhale.[IX] Ua ʻae nō ʻo General George Marshall me kēlā manaʻo.[x] Ua hoʻonohonoho nā kānaka ʻepekema Atomic ʻo Leo Szilard i nā ʻepekema e noi i ka pelekikena e kūʻē i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pōkā.[xi] Ua hoʻonohonoho ka ʻepekema Atomic ʻo James Franck i nā ʻepekema nāna i kākoʻo i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kaua atomic ma ke ʻano he kulekele kulekele kīwila, ʻaʻole wale i kahi hoʻoholo koa.[xii] ʻO kekahi ʻepekema ʻē aʻe, ʻo Joseph Rotblat, ua koi aku e hoʻopau i ka papahana Manhattan, a haʻalele i ka wā i pau ʻole.[xiii] ʻO kahi balota o nā ʻepekema US i hoʻomohala i nā pōkā, i lawe ʻia ma mua o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana, ua ʻike he 83% makemake i kahi pōkā nukelea i hōʻike ākea ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i hoʻokahi ma Iapana. Ua hūnā ka pūʻali koa US i kēlā wahi koho.[xiv] Ua mālama ʻo General Douglas MacArthur i kahi ʻaha kūkā nūhou ma ʻAukake 6, 1945, ma mua o ka pōkā ʻana o Hiroshima, e hoʻolaha aku ua hoʻomāʻā ʻia ʻo Iapana.[xv]

Ua haʻi huhū ka luna o nā luna nui o nā limahana limahana ʻo Admiral William D. Leahy i ka makahiki 1949 e hōʻoiaʻiʻo aku ana ʻo Truman iā ia wale nō nā pūʻali koa e wili ʻia, ʻaʻole nā ​​makaʻāinana. "ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia mea kaua barbararous ma Hiroshima a me Nagasaki i mea kōkua ʻole i kā mākou kaua kūʻē iā Iapana. Ua eo mua ka Kepani a mākaukau e hāʻawi pio, "wahi a Leahy.[xvi] ʻO nā luna koa kiʻekiʻe nāna i ʻōlelo ma hope koke iho o ke kaua e hāʻawi pio ʻo Iapana me ka ʻole o nā pōkā nukelea me General Douglas MacArthur, General Henry "Hap" Arnold, General Curtis LeMay, General Carl "Tooey" Spaatz, Admiral Ernest King, Admiral Chester Nimitz , Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, a me Brigadier General Carter Clarke. E like me kā Oliver Stone a me Peter Kuznick e hōʻuluʻulu ai, ʻehiku o nā luna ʻelima mau hōkū ʻelima o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i loaʻa i ko lākou hōkū hope loa ma ke Kaua Honua II a ma hope paha - Generals MacArthur, Eisenhower, a me Arnold, a me Admirals Leahy, King, Nimitz, a me Halsey. - i ka makahiki 1945 hōʻole i ka manaʻo e pono i nā pōpoki atomic e hoʻopau ai i ke kaua. "Minamina, eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike iki ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana ua kaomi lākou i kā lākou hihia me Truman ma mua o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo."[xvii]

Ma ʻAukake 6, 1945, ua wahaheʻe ʻo Pelekikena Truman ma ka lekiō no ka hoʻokau ʻia ʻana o kahi pōkā nukili ma kahi kahua kaua, ma mua o ke kūlanakauhale. A ua hoʻāpono ʻo ia iā ia, ʻaʻole like me ka wikiwiki o ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, akā ma ke ʻano he hoʻopaʻi no nā lawehala Kepanī. “ʻO Mr. Ua hauʻoli ʻo Truman, ”i kākau ai ʻo Dorothy Day. He mau pule ma mua o ka waiho ʻia ʻana o ka pōkā mua, ma Iulai 13, 1945, ua hoʻouna aku ʻo Iapana i kahi leka uila i ka Soviet Union e hōʻike ana i kona makemake e hāʻawi pio a hoʻopau i ke kaua. Ua haki ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā code a Iāpana a heluhelu i ka kelekaʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻo Truman i kāna puke pai i ka "telegram mai Jap Emperor e noi ana i ka maluhia." Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo Pelekikena Truman ma o nā kahawai Suisa a me Pokukala o ke komo ʻana o ka maluhia Kepani a hala ʻekolu mau mahina ma mua o Hiroshima. Ua kūʻē wale ʻo Iapana i ka hāʻawi pio ʻana me ka hāʻawi ʻole i kāna mōʻī, akā ua koi ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kēlā mau ʻōlelo a hiki i ka wā i hāʻule ai nā pōkā, a laila ua ʻae ʻo ia iā Iapana e mālama i kāna mōʻī. No laila, ʻo ka makemake e hoʻokuʻu i nā pōkā ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ke kaua. ʻAʻole hoʻopōkole nā ​​pōā i ke kaua.[xviii]

Ua haʻi aku ke kākāʻōlelo Pelekikena ʻO James Byrnes iā Truman e waiho ana i nā pōkā i hiki i ka United States ke "kuhikuhi i nā ʻōlelo no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kaua." Ua kākau ʻo Kakauolelo o ka Navy James Forrestal i kāna diary e "makemake nui ʻo Byrnes e hoʻopau i ka hihia Kepani ma mua o ka komo ʻana o nā Lūkini." Ua kākau ʻo Truman i kāna puke pai e hoʻomākaukau ana nā Soviets e hele kūʻē aku iā Iapana a me "Fini Japs ke hiki mai ia." Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻouka kaua Soviet ma mua o nā pōkā, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia e lākou. ʻAʻohe o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hoʻolālā e hoʻouka no nā mahina, a ʻaʻohe hoʻolālā ma ka pālākiō e makaʻu i ka helu o nā ola a nā kumu kula o ʻAmelika e haʻi ai ua hoʻopakele ʻia ʻoe.[xix] ʻO ka manaʻo o ka hoʻouka kaua nui ʻana o US e kokoke mai ana a ʻo kahi wale nō koho ʻē aʻe i nā kūlanakauhale nuking, no laila i mālama nā kūlanakauhale nuking i mau ola he nui o nā US, he kaʻao. Ua ʻike ka poʻe mōʻaukala i kēia, e like me ka ʻike o ko George Wakinekona ʻaʻohe ona niho lāʻau a haʻi mau paha i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, a ʻaʻole ʻo Paul Revere e holo kaʻawale, a ʻo ke kauā kauā a Patrick Henry e pili ana i ke kūʻokoʻa i kākau ʻia he mau makahiki ma hope o kona make ʻana, a ʻo Molly. ʻAʻohe ʻo Pitcher.[xx] Akā loaʻa ka mana i nā kaʻao. ʻO nā ola, ma ke ala, ʻaʻole ia ka waiwai kūikawā o nā koa US. He ola ko ka poʻe Kepanī.

Ua kauoha ʻo Truman e hāʻule nā ​​pōā, hoʻokahi ma Hiroshima ma ʻAukake 6 a me kekahi ʻano o ka pōkā, kahi pōkā plutonium, kahi a ka pūʻali koa i makemake ai e hoʻāʻo a hōʻike, ma Nagasaki ma ʻAukake 9th. Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka bombing Nagasaki mai ka 11^th i ka 9^th e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka likelika o Iapana e hāʻawi pio mua.[xxi] Ma ʻAukake 9th hoʻi, ua kūʻē ka Soviet i ka poʻe Kepanī. I loko o nā pule ʻelua e hiki mai ana, ua luku nā Soviet i ka 84,000 Kepanī ʻoiai e nalowale ana he 12,000 o ko lākou mau koa ponoʻī, a ua hoʻomau ka pōmaikaʻi a ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa iā Iapana me nā mea kaua ʻole nukleila - e puhi ana i nā kūlanakauhale Kepani, e like me ka mea i hana ʻia i Iapana ma mua o ʻAukake 6^th , ke hiki mai ka manawa e koho i ʻelua kūlanakauhale i nuke, ʻaʻole nui nā mea i koe e koho ai. A laila hāʻawi pio ʻo Iapana.

ʻO ia ke kumu e hoʻohana ai i nā mea kaua nukelea he kaʻao. He kumu paha ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i nā mea kaua nukelea. Hiki iā mākou ke ola i ka hoʻohana hou ʻana o nā mea kaua nukleo he kaʻao. Aia kekahi kumu e hana i nā mea kaua nukleila ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻohana i nā mea lapuwale loa a lilo i kaao. A hiki iā mākou ke ola mau loa i ka loaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea kaua nukelea me ka ʻole o kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻole a hoʻohana ʻole paha iā lākou he pupule maoli.[xxii]

No ke aha nā kumu moʻolelo o US i nā kula haʻahaʻa o US i kēia lā - i ka 2021! - haʻi i nā keiki ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā pōkā nukelea ma Iapana e hoʻopakele i nā ola - a i ʻole "ka pōkā" (singular) e hōʻalo ai i ka haʻi ʻana iā Nagasaki? Ua ninini nā kānaka noiʻi a me nā polopeka i nā hōʻike no 75 mau makahiki. Ua ʻike lākou ua ʻike ʻo Truman ua pau ke kaua, ua makemake ʻo Iāpana e hāʻawi pio, e hoʻouka kaua ana ka Soviet Union. Ua kākau lākou i nā kūʻē ʻana āpau i ka pōpilikia ʻana ma loko o ka pūʻali koa US a me ke aupuni a me ke kaiāulu ʻepekema, a me ka hoʻoikaika e hoʻāʻo i nā pōpō i komo nui ka hana a me ka uku, a me ka mea e hoʻoweliweli ai i ka honua a me nā mea nui hoʻi. ka Soviets, a me ka hamama a hilahila hoʻi e kau ana i ka ʻole o ka waiwai i nā ola Kepani. Pehea i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā kaʻao he mana e mālama ʻia ai nā mea e like me nā skunks ma kahi pīkino?

Ma kā Greg Mitchell puke 2020, ʻO ka hoʻomaka a i ʻole ka hopena: Pehea ʻo Hollywood - a me ʻAmelika - ua aʻo e haʻalele i ka hopohopo a me ke aloha i ka pōkā, he moʻolelo kā mākou no ka hana ʻana i ke kiʻi 1947 MGM, Ka Hoʻomaka a i Ka hopena paha, i hana akahele ʻia e ke aupuni US e paipai i nā mea wahaheʻe.[xxiii] Pahu ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Ua nalowale kālā. ʻO ka mea kūpono no kahi lālā o ka lehulehu o ka US ʻaʻole ia e nānā i kahi pseudo-documentary maikaʻi ʻole a luhi hoʻi me nā mea hana keaka i nā ʻepekema a me nā warmongers nāna i hana i kahi ʻano hou o ka pepehi kanaka-nui. ʻO ka hana kūpono e hōʻalo i nā manaʻo o kēia mea. Akā ʻo ka poʻe hiki ʻole ke alo aʻe ua hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou kahi moemoeā aniani ākea. Hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā ma ka pūnaewele no ka manuahi, a e like me kā Mark Twain i ʻōlelo ai, he waiwai kēlā me kēia denari.[xxiv]

Wehe ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni me ka mea a Mitchell e hōʻike nei i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hōʻaiʻē iā UK a me Kanada no kā lākou kuleana i ka hana ʻana i ka mīkini make - i manaʻo ʻia he cynical inā hoʻopunipuni ke ʻano o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i kahi mākeke nui no ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Akā ʻike ʻia he ʻoi aku ka hewa ma mua o ka hōʻaiʻē. He hana kēia e hoʻolaha aku ai i ka hewa. Lele koke ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana iā Kelemania no ka hoʻoweliweli ʻino o ka nuking i ka honua inā ʻaʻole nuke ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i mua. (Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i kahi pilikia i kēia lā i ka poʻe ʻōpio e manaʻoʻiʻo ua hāʻawi pio ʻo Kelemania ma mua o Hiroshima, a i ʻole ua ʻike ke aupuni US ma 1944 ua haʻalele ʻo Kelemania i ka noiʻi pōkā atomika i 1942.[xxv]) A laila hana ka mea hana keaka maikaʻi ʻole i ka manaʻo ʻo Einstein i ka papa inoa lōʻihi o nā ʻepekema mai nā wahi a puni o ka honua. A laila ʻōlelo kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe e eo ana nā keiki maikaʻi i ke kaua a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hana ʻana i nā pōkā hou inā makemake lākou e lanakila.

Ua haʻi pinepine ʻia mākou i nā pōkā nui e lawe mai i ka maluhia a hoʻopau i ke kaua. Hoʻokomo pū kekahi mea hoʻohālike ʻo Franklin Roosevelt i kahi hana a Woodrow Wilson, e koi ana i ka pōkā atom i hoʻopau i nā kaua āpau (kahi mea kupaianaha o ka poʻe i manaʻo maoli ua hana ia, ʻoiai i ke alo o nā makahiki he 75 i hala o nā kaua, kahi a nā polofesa US i hōʻike ai. ka Maluhia Nui). Ua haʻi ʻia mākou a hōʻike ʻia i nā mea lapuwale i hana ʻia, e like me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka US pepa iā Hiroshima e aʻo aku i ka poʻe (a no 10 mau lā - "ʻO 10 mau lā ka ʻoi aʻe o ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ma mua o kā lākou i hāʻawi mai ai iā mākou ma Pearl Harbor," kahi hoʻopuka inoa) a ʻo ka Ua kī aku ʻo Iapana i ka mokulele i ka wā e hoʻokokoke ana i kāna pahu hopu. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu ka US i hoʻokahi leaflet ma Hiroshima akā ua hana - ma ke ʻano SNAFU maikaʻi - hāʻule nā ​​tona o nā leaflets ma Nagasaki i ka lā ma hope o ka bombā ʻia ʻana o Nagasaki. Pēlā nō, ua make ka hero o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni mai kahi ulia pōpilikia ʻoiai e hoʻokuʻikuʻu ana me ka pōkā e hoʻomākaukau ai no ka hoʻohana ʻana - he mōhai koa no ke kanaka no ka poʻe i loaʻa maoli i ke kaua - nā lālā o ka pūʻali koa US. Wahi a ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo nā poʻe i pōpilikia "ʻaʻole loa lākou e ʻike i ka mea i pā aku iā lākou," ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe hana kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e ʻike nei i ka ʻehaʻeha o ka poʻe i make lohi.

ʻO kekahi kamaʻilio ʻana mai nā mea hana kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i kā lākou kākāʻōlelo a me ka hoʻoponopono, ʻo General Leslie Groves, i hoʻopili ʻia i kēia mau huaʻōlelo:[xxvi]

ʻO ke kumu nui ka make ʻana o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni, i koʻu manaʻo, ʻaʻole ia i kiʻi ʻia e nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kā lākou hana i kēlā me kēia makahiki no 75 mau makahiki, he ʻāpana i hoʻohui ʻia, a noʻonoʻo iho i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, akā ke kumu wale nō e noʻonoʻo ai kekahi i ka pōpoki i. nā ʻatikala e kamaʻilio nei e pili ana no ka lōʻihi loa o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni ua waiho ʻia lākou. ʻAʻole mākou e ʻike i nā mea e hana nei, ʻaʻole mai ka lepo, mai ka lani wale nō.

Ua like ka puke a Mitchell me ka nānā ʻana i ka sausage i hana ʻia, akā like pū kekahi me ka heluhelu ʻana i nā transcripts mai kahi kōmike i hui pū kekahi o nā ʻāpana o ka Baibala. ʻO kēia kahi moemoeā o ka Policeman Global i ka hana ʻana. A ʻinoʻino ia. Kaumaha loa ia. ʻO ka manaʻo maoli no ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni mai kahi ʻepekema i makemake i ka poʻe e hoʻomaopopo i ka pilikia, ʻaʻole e hoʻonani i ka luku. Ua kākau kēia ʻepekema iā Donna Reed, kēlā wahine maikaʻi i male iā Jimmy Stewart ma He Ola Kupaianaha, a ua ʻōwili iā ia ke kinipōpō. A laila ua ʻōwili ʻo ia i kahi ʻeha e hū ana no 15 mau mahina a voilà, ua kū mai kahi turd cinematic.

ʻAʻole loa he nīnau e haʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. He kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ia. Hana ʻoe i nā mea. A hana ʻoe āpau i hoʻokahi ala. ʻO ka script no kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i kēlā me kēia manawa nā ʻano nonsense āpau i kū ʻole, e like me ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā Nazis i ka poʻe Kepanī i ka pōpoki atomika - a ke hoʻonohonoho nei ʻo Iapana i kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua no nā ʻepekema Nazi, e like me ka hoʻi i ka honua maoli i kēia manawa ke hoʻonohonoho nei ka pūʻali koa US i nā hale hana no nā ʻepekema Nazi (ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻepekema Kepani). ʻAʻohe o kēia mea ʻoi aku ka ludicrous ma mua o ʻO ke kāne ma ka pā hale kiʻekiʻe, e lawe i kahi hiʻohiʻona o 75 mau makahiki o kēia mea, akā he kakahiaka kēia, he seminal kēia. Nā ʻōlelo lapuwale i hana ʻole ʻia i loko o kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, ʻaʻole pau nā poʻe i ka hilinaʻi a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā haumāna no nā makahiki he nui, akā maʻalahi hiki ke loaʻa. Ua hāʻawi ka poʻe hana kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i ka kāohi hoʻoponopono hope loa i ka pūʻali koa US a me ka White House, a ʻaʻole i nā ʻepekema i loaʻa ka mana. Nui nā ʻāpana maikaʻi a me nā ʻāpana pupule i manawa manawa ʻole i ka palapala, akā ua hauʻoli no ka pono o ka hoʻolaha pono.

Inā he hōʻoluʻolu ia, ʻoi aku paha ka maikaʻi. Aia ʻo Paramount i ka heihei kiʻi ʻiliahi nukelea me MGM a ua hoʻohana ʻo Ayn ​​Rand e hoʻolālā i ka palapala hyper-patriotic-capitalist. ʻO kāna laina pani "Hiki i ke kanaka ke hana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa - akā ʻaʻohe mea e hiki ke hoʻohana i ke kanaka." Laki no mākou āpau, ʻaʻole holo pono ia. Minamina, ʻoiai ʻo John Hersey's He kakaho no Adano he kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma mua o Ka Hoʻomaka a i Ka hopena paha, ʻaʻole i hoʻopiʻi kāna puke kūʻai kūʻokoʻa ma Hiroshima i nā hale kiʻi ʻehā e like me ka moʻolelo maikaʻi no ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Eia nō naʻe Kauka Strangelove ʻaʻole e ʻike ʻia a hiki i ka makahiki 1964, a ma ia manawa ua mākaukau ka poʻe he nui e nīnau i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o "ka pōkā" akā ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ma mua, e nāwaliwali ana nā nīnau āpau o ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO kēia pili i nā mea kaua nukelea i kūlike i ke kaua ma ka laulā. Hiki i ka lehulehu o ka US ke nīnau i nā kaua a pau e hiki mai ana, a ʻo kēlā mau kaua hoʻi i lohe ʻia mai nā makahiki he 75 i hala aku nei, ʻaʻole naʻe ʻo WWII, e hoʻonāwaliwali nei i nā nīnau āpau no nā kaua e hiki mai ana. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua loaʻa i kahi koho balota hou ka mākaukau weliweli e kākoʻo i ke kaua nukelea e ka lehulehu o US.

I kēlā manawa Ka Hoʻomaka a i Ka hopena paha ua kope ʻia a nīmū ʻia, ke hopu ana ke aupuni US i kahi huna a peʻe i nā ʻāpana āpau i hiki ke loaʻa i nā kiʻi maoli a i ʻole ka palapala ʻana i nā pā pahū. Loaʻa iā Henry Stimson kāna manawa Colin Powell, e neʻe nei i mua e hoʻolaha i ka hihia no ka kākau ʻana no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā pōmaʻa. Ua hoʻonui hou ʻia nā pōmaika hou a kūkulu ʻia, a ua lehulehu nā lehulehu i neʻe aku mai ko lākou mau mokupuni mokupuni, wahaheʻe ʻia, a hoʻohana ʻia nō hoʻi i nā mana o nā nūhou e hōʻike ʻia ana he mau hoa hauʻoli i ko lākou luku ʻia ʻana.

Kākau ʻo Mitchell i kekahi kumu i hoʻolilo ai ʻo Hollywood i ka pūʻali koa i mea e hoʻohana ai i kāna mau mokulele, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ka hana ʻana, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā inoa maoli o nā huapalapala i ka moʻolelo. ʻIke wau i ka paʻakikī o ka manaʻo ʻana he koʻikoʻi kēia mau kumu. Me ka moʻohelu kālā palena ʻole e hoʻolei nei i loko o kēia mea - me ka uku ʻana i ka poʻe e hāʻawi ana i ka mana veto iā - hiki iā MGM ke hana i kāna mau mea pale ponoʻī ʻole a me kāna ao manu ponoʻī. He mea leʻaleʻa e hoʻokalakupua i kekahi lā e hiki i ka poʻe e kūʻē i ka pepehi kanaka lehulehu ke lawe i kahi mea e like me ka hale kū hoʻokahi o ka US Institute of "Peace" a koi aku iā Hollywood e hoʻokō i nā kūlana o ka neʻe maluhia i mea e kiʻiʻoniʻoni ai. Akā ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe kālā o ka neʻe maluhia, ʻaʻohe hoihoi o Hollywood, a hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia kekahi hale i kahi ʻē. Ua hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo Hiroshima ma kahi ʻē, a ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. ʻO ka pilikia nui ma aneʻi, ʻo ia ka ideology a me nā ʻano o ka lawelawe.

Aia kekahi mau kumu e makaʻu ai i ke aupuni. Ke kiu nei ka FBI i ka poʻe i pili, e like me nā ʻepekema makemake e like me J. Robert Oppenheimer nāna i hoʻomau i ke kūkākūkā ʻana i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, e kanikau nei no ka weliweli, akā ʻaʻole loa e ʻaʻa e kūʻē iā ia. Ke kīkē wale nei kahi Red Scare hou. Hoʻohana ka poʻe mana i ko lākou mana ma o nā ʻano maʻamau maʻamau.

E like me ka hana ʻana o Ka Hoʻomaka a i Ka hopena paha makani i ka hoʻopau ʻana, kūkulu ia i ka manawa like i hana ai ka pōkā. Ma hope o ka nui o nā kākau ʻana a me nā bila a me nā loiloi, a me ka nui o ka hana a me ka honi ʻana i ka hoki, ʻaʻohe ala e hoʻokuʻu ʻole ai ka studio. I ka wā i puka mai ai, ua liʻiliʻi ka poʻe i ʻike a hui pū ʻia nā loiloi. ʻO Nu Ioka i kēlā me kēia lā PM ua loaʻa i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni e "hōʻoluʻolu," aʻu i manaʻo ai ʻo ke kumu nui ia. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka Misiona.

ʻO ka hopena a Mitchell i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ka pōpoki ʻo Hiroshima he "hana mua," a e hoʻopau ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kāna kulekele hoʻopiʻi mua. Akā ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole ia he mea like. ʻO ka ʻōkahi wale nō ia, a ʻo ka mua a me ka hope loa. ʻAʻohe pōkā nukelea ʻē aʻe e lele lele ana ma ke ʻano he "lua o ka hahau." I kēia lā, i ka manawa pōʻino ka pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana, ʻo ka mea mua, ʻelua a ʻekolu paha, a ʻo ka pono e hui hope loa i ka hapa nui o nā aupuni o ka honua e ʻimi nei e hoʻopau i nā mea kaua nuklea āpau - kahi, ʻoiaʻiʻo, pupule paha i kekahi mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka moolelo o WWII.

Aia nā hana ʻoi aku ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o Ka Hoʻomaka a i Ka hopena paha hiki iā mākou ke huli i no ka hōʻeuʻeu moʻolelo. O kahi laʻana, ʻO ka Golden Age, kahi puke i paʻi ʻia e Gore Vidal i ka makahiki 2000 me nā ʻālohilohi e nā Kālepa Post, a ʻO ka loiloi puke puke ʻo New York Times, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia i kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, akā haʻi i kahi moʻolelo kokoke loa i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.[xxvii] In ʻO ka Golden Age, ukali mākou ma hope o nā puka pani āpau, e like me kā ka Pelekane neʻe ʻana no ke komo ʻana o US i ke Kaua Honua II, e like me kā Pelekikena Roosevelt i hoʻohiki ai i ke Kuhina Nui Churchill, ʻoiai nā mea aloha i hana i ka ʻaha kūkā Republican e hōʻoia i ka koho ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i nā moho i 1940 mākaukau. e hoʻouka kaua i ka maluhia ʻoiai ke hoʻolālā kaua nei, ʻoiai ʻo Roosevelt e makemake nei e holo no ka manawa mua ʻekolu ma ke ʻano he pelekikena o ka wā kaua akā pono e ʻoluʻolu iā ia iho me ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kahi kikoʻī a me ka hoʻokūkū ʻana ma ke ʻano he pelekikena drafttime i kahi manawa i manaʻo ʻia he makaʻu kūloko, a ʻo Roosevelt e hana nei e hoʻonāukiuki ʻO Iapana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i kāna manawa makemake.

A laila ma laila ka mea kākau moʻolelo a me ka puke moʻo kahiko ʻo WWII ʻo Howard Zinn, ʻO ka Bomb.[xxviii] Ua wehewehe ʻo Zinn i ka pūʻali koa US e hoʻohana nei i ka napalm ma ka waiho ʻana iā ia a puni kahi kūlanakauhale Farani, e puhi nei i kekahi a me nā mea āpau i pili. Aia ʻo Zinn i loko o kekahi o nā mokulele, e hana ana i kēia hewa weliweli. I ka waenakonu o ʻApelila 1945, ua pau ke kaua ma ʻEulopa. Ua ʻike ka poʻe āpau e pau ana. ʻAʻohe kumu koa (inā ʻaʻole ia he oxymoron) e hoʻouka kaua i nā Kelemania e noho kokoke ana iā Royan, Palani, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi e puhi i nā kāne, nā wahine, a me nā keiki Farani ma ke kaona a make. Ua luku aku ka poʻe Pelekania i ke kaona i Ianuali, like pū me ka pōpoki iā ia no ka mea kokoke i nā pūʻali koa Kelemania, i ka mea i kapa nui ʻia he kuhi hewa nui. Ua kuhi hewa ʻia kēia kuhi hewa ma ke ʻano he ʻaoʻao hiki ʻole ke alo ʻia o ke kaua, e like me nā ahi ahi weliweli i hōʻea kūleʻa i nā pahuhopu Kelemania, e like me ka pōkā hope ʻana o Royan me napalm. Hoʻopiʻi ʻo Zinn i ke Kānāwai Allied Supreme no ka ʻimi ʻana e hoʻohui i kahi "lanakila" i nā pule hope loa o ke kaua i lanakila ai. Hoʻāhewa ʻo ia i ka moemoeā o nā luna koa kūloko. Hoʻopiʻiʻo ia i ka makemake o ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hoʻāʻo i kahi mea kaua hou. A hoʻopaʻi ʻo ia i nā mea āpau e pili ana - pono e hoʻopili iā ia iho - no "ke kumu mana loa o nā mea āpau: ka maʻamau o ka hoʻolohe, ke aʻo ākea o nā moʻomeheu āpau, ʻaʻole e hele i waho o ka laina, ʻaʻole hoʻi e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kēlā. hāʻawi ʻia e noʻonoʻo e pili ana, ke kumu maikaʻi ʻole o ka loaʻa ʻole o kekahi kumu a i ʻole makemake e uwao. ”

I ka hoʻi ʻana o Zinn mai ke kaua ma ʻEulopa, ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻouna ʻia ʻo ia i ke kaua ma ka Pākīpika, a hiki i kona ʻike ʻana a ʻoliʻoli hoʻi i ka ʻike ʻana i ka nūhou o ka pōkā atomika i kau ʻia ma Hiroshima. He mau makahiki wale nō ma hope mai ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo Zinn i ka lawehala nui ʻole o ka nui o nā heluna i ka heleleʻi ʻana o nā pōkā nukelea ma Iapana, nā hana e like me kekahi ʻano i ka pōkā hope loa o Royan. Ua hala ke kaua me Iapana, ke ʻimi nei nā Iapana i ka maluhia a makemake e hāʻawi pio. Ua noi wale ʻo Iapana e ʻae ʻia e mālama i kāna mōʻī, kahi noi i ʻae ʻia i hope. Akā, e like me napalm, ʻo nā pōkā nukelea nā mea kaua e pono ai ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.

Hele hou ʻo Zinn e hoʻopau i nā kumu kaʻao i ka wā o ke United States i ke kaua e hoʻomaka ai. ʻO ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻEnelani, a me Palani nā mana emepela e kākoʻo ana i nā kūʻē kūwaho hoʻi o kekahi i nā wahi e like me ka Philippines. Ua kūʻē lākou i ka mea like mai Kelemania a me Iapana, akā ʻaʻole ka huhū iā ia iho. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā tini a me nā lākeke o ʻAmelika mai ka Pākīpika Hema. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no nā makahiki he nui i ka nele o ka hopohopo no ka poʻe Iudaio i hoʻouka kaua ʻia i Kelemania. Ua hōʻike ʻia i kona nele i ke kūʻē i ka hoʻokalakiko ma o ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me ko ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Ua wehewehe ʻo Franklin Roosevelt i nā hoʻolaha bombing fascist ma luna o nā wahi kīwila ma ke ʻano he "barbarity inhuman" akā ua hana like ia ma kahi pālākiō nui loa i nā kūlanakauhale Kelemania, ka mea i ukali ʻia e ka luku ʻia ʻana ma kahi pālākiō ʻo Hiroshima a me Nagasaki - nā hana i hiki mai ma hope o nā makahiki he hoʻomeamea ʻana i ka poʻe Kepanī. Ma ka ʻike he hiki i ke kaua ke hoʻopau me ka ʻole o kekahi pōpoki hou, a ke ʻike nei e make ana nā pio pio o ʻAmelika e ka pōkā i hāʻule ʻia ma Nagasaki, ua hele mua ka pūʻali koa US a hoʻokuʻu i nā pōkā.

ʻO ka hui ʻana a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā kaʻao WWII ka moʻolelo nui a Ted Grimsrud, ma hope o Walter Wink, i kapa aku ai i ka "kaʻao no ka hana hoʻōla hoʻōla," a i ʻole "ka manaʻo hoʻomana haipule e hiki ai iā mākou ke" hoʻopakele "ma o ka hana ʻino." Ma ke ʻano he hopena o kēia kaʻao, kākau ʻo Grimsrud, "ʻO ka poʻe i ke ao hou (e like me ka honua o ka wā kahiko), a ʻaʻole ka poʻe liʻiliʻi loa o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hilinaʻi nui i nā mea hana o ka hana ʻino e hāʻawi i ka palekana a me ka manawa o ka lanakila. luna o ko lākou poʻe ʻenemi. ʻO ka nui o ka hilinaʻi a ka poʻe i waiho i loko o ia mau mea kani paha e ʻike maopopo ʻia ai i ka nui o nā kumuwaiwai a lākou e hāʻawi ai i ka hoʻomākaukau no ke kaua. "[xxix]

ʻAʻole koho ʻike ka poʻe e manaʻoʻiʻo i nā kaʻao o WWII a me ka hana ʻino. Wehewehe ʻo Grimsrud: Manaʻo mākou he ʻāpana wale ka hana kolohe i ke ʻano o nā mea; ʻike mākou i ka ʻae ʻana i ka hana ʻino i mea maoli, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hilinaʻi. No laila ʻaʻole maopopo iā mākou iho e pili ana i ka nui o ka hilinaʻi o kā mākou ʻae ʻana i ka hana ʻino. Manaʻo mākou ʻo mākou ike ma ke ʻano he ʻoiaʻiʻo e holo pono ka hana ʻino, pono ka hana ʻino, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻalo ʻia ka hana ʻino. ʻAʻole mākou i ʻike ma kahi o mākou, hana mākou i ke ao o ka manaʻoʻiʻo, nā kaʻao, nā hoʻomana, e pili ana i ka ʻae ʻia o ka hana ʻino. ”[xxx]

He mea nui ka hana e pakele ai i ka moʻo o ka hoʻōla hoʻōla, no ka mea aia ma laila mai ka wā kamaliʻi: "Lohe nā kamaliʻi i kahi moʻolelo maʻalahi i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, nā pāʻani wikiō, nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a me nā puke: maikaʻi mākou, hewa nā ʻenemi, ʻo ke ala wale nō e hana ai. me ka hewa ka mea e lanakila ai me ka ʻino, e ʻolokaʻa.

Pili ka moʻo o ka hoʻōla hoʻōla i ke kikowaena o ka mokuʻāina. ʻO ka pono o ka lāhui, e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia e kāna mau alakaʻi, kū i ke kumu kiʻekiʻe loa no ke ola ma ka honua. ʻAʻohe akua ma mua o ka lāhui. ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu wale kēia kaʻao i kahi hoʻomana patriotic ma ka puʻuwai o ka mokuʻāina, akā hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻāpana akua imperialistic imperative imperative. . . . ʻO ke Kaua Honua II a me kāna hopena pololei i hoʻokele i ka ulu ʻana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i loko o kahi kaiāulu pūʻali koa a. . . hilinaʻi kēia militarization i ka moemoeā o ka hoʻōla hoʻōla no kāna hānai. Ke hoʻomau nei ka poʻe ʻAmelika e ʻapo i ka moʻo o ka hoʻōla hoʻōla a ʻoiai ke alo o nā hōʻike e hōʻike ana i ka hopena o ka militarization i hōʻino i ke aupuni a ka lehulehu a ke luku nei i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina. . . . I kēia mau lā i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1930, ua liʻiliʻi ka hoʻolilo kālā ʻana o ka pūʻali koa ʻAmelika a kūʻē i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā 'entanglements haole'. "[xxxi]

Ma mua o ka WWII, ua kākau ʻo Grimsrud, "i ka wā i komo ai ʻo ʻAmelika i ka hakakā pūʻali koa. . . i ka hopena o ka hakakā ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka lāhui. . . . Mai ke Kaua Honua II, ʻaʻohe demobilization piha no ka mea ua neʻe pololei mākou mai ke Kaua Honua II i ke Kaua Anuanu i ke Kaua ma ka Terrorism. ʻO ia, ua neʻe mākou i kahi kūlana kahi 'ʻo nā manawa a pau nā manawa o ke kaua.' . . . No ke aha nā elite ʻole, nā mea i hāpai i nā kumukūʻai weliweli ma ka noho ʻana i kahi kaiāulu kaua mau, e waiho i kēia hoʻonohonoho, ʻoiai i nā manawa he nui e hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo ikaika. . . . Maʻalahi ka pane: ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki no ke ola. ”[xxxii]

[I] Ua pau ʻo Sabatini i ka ʻeha mai ke kaumaha, nā hōʻeha weliweli, a me ke olakino maikaʻi ʻole. E ʻike iā Luana Rosato, ʻO Il Giornale, "Miss Italia, Alice Sabatini: 'Dopo la vittoria sono caduta in depressione'," Ianuali 30, 2020, https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/spettacoli/miss-italia-alice-sabatini-vittoria-depressione-1818934 .html

[Ii] ʻO Geoffrey Wheatcroft, ʻO ka Guardian, "Ka moʻolelo o ke kaua maikaʻi," Kekemapa 9, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2014/dec/09/-sp-myth-of-the-good-war

[Iii] ʻO Raw Story, Youtube.com, "Hoʻowahāwahā ʻo Trump i ka inoa hou ʻana o nā kumu Confederate ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana e kapa iā lākou ma hope o Al Sharpton," Iulai 19, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7Qer5K3pw4&feature=emb_logo

[Iv] Pōhaku Terkel, ʻO ke kaua maikaʻi: He moʻolelo haʻi waha o ke Kaua Honua II (The New Press, 1997).

[V] WikiLeaks, "Nā haʻi ʻōlelo uku HRC," https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/927

[VI] ʻO ka Nūhou Bombing Strategic o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: ka hakakā a Iapana e hoʻopau i ke kaua, Iulai 1, 1946, https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/united-states-strategic-bombing-survey-japans-struggle-end- kaua? documentid = NA & pagenumber = 50

[VII] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 164.

[viii] Memo Bard, Iune 27, 1945, http://www.dannen.com/decision/bardmemo.html

[IX] ʻO Christian Kriticos, Nā Miliona, "He Kono e Hoʻomaha: ʻO John Hersey's 'Hiroshima' ma 70," ʻAukake 31, 2016, https://themillions.com/2016/08/invitation-hesitate-john-herseys-hiroshima.html

[x] ʻO Christian Kriticos, Nā Miliona, "He Kono e Hoʻomaha: ʻO John Hersey's 'Hiroshima' ma 70," ʻAukake 31, 2016, https://themillions.com/2016/08/invitation-hesitate-john-herseys-hiroshima.html

[xi] ʻO kā petition s Leo Szilard i ka Pelekikena, https://www.atomicarchive.com/resource/documents/manhattan-project/szilard-petition.html

[xii] Hōʻike a ke Kōmike no nā pilikia politika a me nā pilikanaka, https://www.atomicarchive.com/resource/documents/manhattan-project/franck-report.html

[xiii] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 144.

[xiv] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 161.

[xv] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 166.

[xvi] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 176.

[xvii] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), pp. 176-177. ʻ sayslelo ka puke he ʻeono o ʻehiku, ma mua o ʻehiku o ʻewalu. ʻ tellslelo ʻo Kuznick iaʻu ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻokomo mua iā Halsey no ka mea ua loaʻa iā ia kona hōkū ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaua.

[xviii] Ma ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā ʻōlelo hāʻawi pio a hoʻopau i ke kaua ma mua me ka ʻole o nā pōkā nukili, e ʻike iā Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), pp. 146-149.

[xix] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 145.

[xx] ʻO Ray Raphael, Nā Mīkini hoʻokumu: Nā moʻolelo e hūnā i kā mākou hala aloha ʻāina (The New Press, 2014).

[xxi] ʻO Greg Mitchell, ʻO ka hoʻomaka a i ʻole ka hopena: Pehea ʻo Hollywood - a me ʻAmelika - ua aʻo e haʻalele i ka hopohopo a me ke aloha i ka pōkā (The New Press, 2020).

[xxii] ʻO Eric Schlosser, Ka Papa a me ka Manaʻoʻana: Nā Puʻukū Nuclear, ka Makikekole Dam, a me ka Illusion o ka palekana (Puke Penguin, 2014).

[xxiii] ʻO Greg Mitchell, ʻO ka hoʻomaka a i ʻole ka hopena: Pehea ʻo Hollywood - a me ʻAmelika - ua aʻo e haʻalele i ka hopohopo a me ke aloha i ka pōkā (The New Press, 2020).

[xxiv] "ʻO ka hoʻomaka a i ʻole ka hopena = Kiʻi ʻoniʻoni," https://archive.org/details/TheBeginningOrTheEndClassicFilm

[xxv] ʻO Oliver Stone lāua ʻo Peter Kuznick, Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 144.

[xxvi] ʻO Greg Mitchell, ʻO ka hoʻomaka a i ʻole ka hopena: Pehea ʻo Hollywood - a me ʻAmelika - ua aʻo e haʻalele i ka hopohopo a me ke aloha i ka pōkā (The New Press, 2020).

[xxvii] ʻO Gore Vidal, ʻO ke au gula: kahi puke (Waina, 2001).

[xxviii] ʻO Howard Zinn, ʻO ka Bomb (Nā puke kukui o ke kūlanakauhale, 2010).

[xxix] ʻO Ted Grimsrud, ʻO ke kaua maikaʻi ʻaʻole ia a no ke aha e koʻikoʻi ai: Ka Hoʻoilina Moral o ke Kaua Honua II (Cascade Books, 2014), pp. 12-17.

[xxx] ʻO Ted Grimsrud, ʻO ke kaua maikaʻi ʻaʻole ia a no ke aha e koʻikoʻi ai: Ka Hoʻoilina Moral o ke Kaua Honua II (Nā puke Cascade, 2014).

[xxxi] ʻO Ted Grimsrud, ʻO ke kaua maikaʻi ʻaʻole ia a no ke aha e koʻikoʻi ai: Ka Hoʻoilina Moral o ke Kaua Honua II (Nā puke Cascade, 2014).

[xxxii] ʻO Ted Grimsrud, ʻO ke kaua maikaʻi ʻaʻole ia a no ke aha e koʻikoʻi ai: Ka Hoʻoilina Moral o ke Kaua Honua II (Nā puke Cascade, 2014).