Hōʻike kiʻi: Costa Rica Hoʻokahuli i kona Koa, Mai hōʻinoʻia

Na David Swanson, World BEYOND War, Iune 4, 2015

ʻO ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hiki mai ana, He maluhia wiwo ʻole: Ke ala o Demilitarization o Costa Rica, pono e hāʻawi ʻia i kēlā me kēia ʻano hana o ke kākoʻo a me ka hāpai ʻana. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, palapala ia i ka hōʻino loa ʻia o nā kānāwai o ka physics, ke ʻano o ke kanaka, a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, e like me ka mea i hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

I ka makahiki 1948 ua hoʻopau ʻo Costa Rica i kāna pūʻali koa, kahi mea i manaʻo ʻia he hiki ʻole i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Kākau kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni pehea i hana ai a pehea nā hopena. ʻAʻole wau makemake e hāʻawi i ka hopena akā e ʻae ʻoe iaʻu e ʻōlelo i kēia: ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia kahi kipi Muslim kipi o Costa Rica, ʻaʻole i hiolo ka hoʻokele waiwai Costa Rican, a ʻike ʻia nā wahine Costa Rican i kahi mea hoihoi i Costa Nā kāne Rika.

Pehea e hiki ai kēia? E kali, he malihini.

Kūponoʻo Costa Rica i ka hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā, kūlana kiʻekiʻe, e like me ke kālepa piliʻole, a me ka palekana olakino, a me ka pale ola. Uaʻike maikaʻiʻiaʻo Costa Ricans ma mua o nāʻAmelika, ke ola lōʻihi aku, i ka mea e hauʻoli ai (ʻo kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo ka hapanui o ka honua i nāʻike likeʻole), a alakaʻi i ka honua i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka ikehu hou (100% ike hou i kēia manawa ma Costa Rica). ʻO Costa Rica he hale paʻa kona,ʻo kaʻoihana hoʻomanaʻana eʻoi aku ana i kaʻoi aku (ʻoi aku) (ka makemake), ka loaʻa pālota, ka nui o nā papahana, ʻO Citizen-United, Diebolded, ka home o ka lohe pinepineʻana iā Bush v Clinton.

Peheaʻo ia i koho wale aku aiʻo Bernie Sanders o ka pelekikenaʻo US no Scandinavia he wahi e aʻo mai ai, aʻaʻole loaʻo iaʻo Iceland wale nō i ka pūʻali koa? Hiki paha i ka hōʻemi kauaʻana i ka meaʻaeʻole i kūpono i ka politika oʻAmelika.

Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Costa Rica i kahi moʻomeheu o ka maluhia, me kahi ʻōnaehana aʻo e aʻo i nā keiki i nā hoʻonā kipi nonviolent. E like me ka mea i ulu aʻe e haʻi ʻia mai ʻaʻole pono mākou e hoʻohana i ka hana ʻino, ʻoiai e ʻike pū ana i ka papahana lehulehu o kuʻu kaiāulu ʻo ia ka pūʻali koa US, hiki iaʻu ke noʻonoʻo i ka mana o ke kūpaʻa i loaʻa i kahi papa hana aʻo e hele nei i kāna kamaʻilio ponoʻī. Ua kūkulu ʻo Costa Rica i kahi kaiāulu o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a, e like me ka mea i haʻi ʻia i loko o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, "kahi ʻano kipi ʻole i ka poʻe ʻilihuna." Hōʻike ka Ticos i ke kākoʻo no ke kūlana pōmaikaʻi a no nā ʻoihana like me "solidarity" a me "aloha."

Pehea i hiki ai kēia? Hāʻawi ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i nā mea hou aʻe ma mua o kaʻu i ʻike mua ai. ʻO Rafael Calderón Guardia, pelekikena mai 1940 a 1944, i hoʻomaka i ke kūlana pōmaikaʻi ma ke ala nui ma o kahi hui kūʻokoʻa mua o Cold War i komo pū me ka hale pule Katolika a me ka pāʻina komunista. I ka makahiki 1948, holo hou ʻo Calderón i pelekikena, nalo, a hōʻole ʻole e ʻike i nā hopena. ʻO kekahi kanaka kupaianaha i kapa ʻia ʻo José Figueres Ferrer, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo "Don Pepe," nāna i aʻo iā ia iho ma ka hale waihona puke lehulehu o Boston a hoʻi i Costa Rica e hoʻomaka i kahi mahiʻai hui, alakaʻi i kahi kipi kipi a lanakila.

Ua hanaʻo Figueres i kahi kuikahi me nā kaiaulu e hoʻomalu i ka noho aloha, a laila, ua hoʻolei lākou i ko lākou pūʻali koa. A ma hope iho o ka hoʻoweliweliʻana o kona mau pūʻali koa i kahi kūpono kūpono, ua hoʻoleiʻo ia i kona pūʻali kaua,ʻo ia hoʻi ka lāhui o Costa Rica, e'ōlelo ana,

“Los hombres que ensangrentamos recientemente a un país de paz, comprendemos la gravedad que pueden asumir estas heridas en la América Latina, y la urgencia de que dejen de sangrar. No esgrimimos el puñal del asesino sino el bisturí del cirujano. Como cirujanos nos interesa ahora, mas que la operación prakticada, la futura salud de la Nación, que exige que esa herida cierre pronto, y que sobre ella se forme cicatriz más sana y más fuerte que el tejido original.

“ʻO Somos sostenedores definidos del ideal de un nuevo mundo en América. A esa patria de Wakinekona, Lincoln, Bolívar y Martí, queremos hoy decirle: ¡Oh, América! Otros pueblos, hijos tuyos también, te ofrendan sus grandezas. La pequeña Costa Rica desea ofrecerte siempre, como ahora, junto con su corazón, su amor a la civilidad, a la democracia. ”

ʻOiaiʻo Costa Rica hiki ke hoʻopau i kona pūʻali koa wale nōʻoiaiʻaʻole onaʻenemi!

No laila e noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe, inā hiki ke kapa ʻia kēlā ʻano noʻonoʻo me ka noʻonoʻo. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻopuni ʻia ʻo Costa Rica e nā ʻenemi, nā dictatorship ʻenemi a puni, me ka ʻole o ka Monroe Aʻoaʻo Kumu ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa nui loa o kekahi lāhui Lākana ʻAmelika e kū i waho o ka laina. Ma luna o kahi a Calderón a me nā hoaaloha i hoʻolālā ai i kahi kūʻē kūʻē mai Nicaragua a hoʻāʻo iā ia i 1949 a hoʻi hou i 1955, me ke kākoʻo o US-kākoʻo Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio "Tacho" Somoza García.

He aha ka hana a Costa Rica? Ma ke k modelkohu a Jefferson lāua ʻo Madison i kuhi ai no ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻomau ʻo Figueres i ka pāpā ʻana i nā pūʻali koa kū i luna akā ua kāhea i kahi militia kamaʻāina kūlohelohe e hakakā kūleʻa i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻelua mau manawa.

Akā pehea inā ua hele mai kahi hoʻouka kaua ikaika loa? Manaʻo wau aia ʻelua mau pane i kēlā. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole noho ʻo Costa Rica i nā lāhui āpau o ka honua, e puhi nei i nā ʻohana me nā drone, e hoʻomāinoino nei i nā kānaka i nā hale paʻahao, e hoʻomākaukau ana i nā dictatorship, e pale ana i nā hana luku a ka ʻIseraʻela, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka lua, inā e kūʻē ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa iā Costa Rica, ʻaʻohe koa i ka ʻaoʻao Costa Rican e hiki ke lanakila. ʻO ka pale maikaʻi loa e kūʻē i kēlā hoʻouka kaua, ka mea, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi pūʻali koa e hoʻopiʻi ʻia no kekahi hanana e like me ke kumu no ke kaua.

Ua hoʻohanaʻo Figueres i nā militia koa a laila hoʻoleiʻia. Ua hoʻonuiʻo ia i ka nohona aloha, hoʻonui i ka pono e koho i nā wāhine a me nā mea o'Aro-Caribbeans, a me nā moku āpau a me ka elele. A laila, hoʻi akulaʻo ia me ka maluhia, a ma hope aku e koho houʻia he pelekikenaʻelua manawa, ma 1953 a me 1970. Ua olaʻo ia a hiki i ka 1990, ka mea lanakila nui i hana i ka mea a'Eisenhower i hanaʻole ai: hoʻopauʻia ka pāʻani o kaʻoihana kaua.

Ua ho'āʻo ka moku'āina oʻAmelika, ma lalo o Pelekikena Reagan, e hoʻoikaika iā Costa Rica i loko o ka hakakā kaua, akāʻo kā Costa Rica i kūkala aku i ka hoʻokauʻole. ʻAʻole ia i mālama i kēiaʻano kaulike e like me ka mea like, akā,ʻaʻole loa i lilo ia i hale no kahi pūʻali koa nui US e like me Honduras.

I ka makahiki 1985, ua koho ʻia ʻo Oscar Arias i pelekikena ma kahi kahua maluhia, e lanakila ana i ke keiki a Calderón e hoʻouka kaua ana ma kahi kahua o ka militarization. ʻOiai e hoʻoweliweli nei ka US i nā hoʻopaʻi, a ʻoiai ʻo 80% o ka poʻe Costa Rican i kūʻē i ke aupuni Sandinista ma Nicaragua, ma kahi o 80% ma Costa Rica i kūʻē i kekahi pūʻali koa. Ua makaʻu ʻo Reagan i nā poʻe ʻAmelika o ka poʻe kamaʻāina ma Nicaragua, akā ʻaʻole naʻe lākou i makaʻu i nā Ticos. Ma ka ʻokoʻa, ua hui pinepine ʻo Arias me Reagan, hoʻohuli iā ia ma nā mea nui āpau, a ʻākoakoa i nā lāhui e kūkākūkā i ka maluhia ma Central America - no laila i hāʻawi ʻia ai iā ia kahi Nobel Peace Prize i lawelawe maoli i kahi kumu kūpono.

ʻO ka mea i kūpaʻa i ko Reagan kaomi ʻaʻole ia he kanaka a i ʻole he pāʻina politika, akā ʻo kā Costa Rica moʻomeheu o ka maluhia. Ua hele mai kahi hoʻoweliweli hou i 2003, i ka hui ʻana o Costa Rica i ka Coalition of the Willing (e hoʻouka iā ʻIraka). Hāʻawi wale ʻo Costa Rica i kona inoa wale nō, ʻaʻohe komo maoli. Akā ua hoʻopiʻi kūleʻa kahi haumāna loio i kapa ʻia ʻo Luis Roberto Zamora Bolanos i kāna aupuni ponoʻī ma nā ʻaha Costa Rican a hoʻokūʻē iā Costa Rica mai ka hui ʻana.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole e hele nui ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, hoʻopiʻi ka loio like iā Arias a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e mālama mau i nā ʻoihana mea kaua a me nā moku US mai ka ʻāina ʻo Costa Rican. I ka 2010 ua kōkua ka US i ka hoʻokahuli i ka pelekikena o Honduras a lele iā ia i Costa Rica. Hoʻohana ka US i kāna kaua lāʻau lapaʻau ma ke ʻano he kumu e hoʻokau ai i nā moku koa i ka wai ʻo Costa Rican.

I ka makahiki 2010 ua lawe ʻo Nicaragua i kahi mokupuni ʻo Costa Rican, ma ka liʻiliʻi i ka ʻike o Costa Rica. Inā he pūʻali koa kā Costa Rica, inā paha ua hoʻomaka ke kaua. ʻOiai ʻo Costa Rica i hoʻouna i kāna "mākaʻi" i ia wahi, ʻaʻole hoʻokahi pū puhi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa i nā ʻaha kūwaho, e like me ka hihia o kēlā me kēia hihia.

Ua hala akulaʻo Costa Rica no 66 a me ka hapalua makahiki me ka pilikiaʻole o nā pilikia a nā koa i lawe mai ai i nā lāhui Latin Latin. Ua hoʻohanaʻia nā militū ma nā lāhui liʻiliʻi no ka hōʻeuʻeu i nā US, akā,ʻaʻole no kekahi mea'ē aʻe. Hōʻike ka'iliʻoni i nāʻikepili: ua hoʻokahuli muaʻoʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia i nā aupuniʻo 41 Latin American, a me kahi 24'ē aʻe, ma waena o 1898 a me 1994.

ʻO ka manaʻo ʻaʻole pono ʻo Costa Rica i pūʻali koa no ka mea pale ʻia ia ma lalo o ka malu o ka pūʻali koa US he mea ʻakaʻaka inā ʻaʻohe poʻe e manaʻoʻiʻo. Ua kūʻē aku ʻo Costa Rica i ka militarism a US a ua hoʻolaha ʻo ia i ka demilitarization a puni ka honua, e kūʻē ana i ka lobbying ikaika a US no nā mea kūʻai aku i nā mea kaua o US. I ka loaʻa ʻana o Arias i kahi balota UN ma ke kuʻikahi e pāpā i ke kūʻai aku i nā mea kaua i kēlā me kēia lāhui e lilo ana i nā mea kaua ma mua o kāna poʻe, ʻo ka No wale nō ke koho ʻole ʻia.

Ke kū'ē nei hoʻiʻo Costa Rica i nā hopena luku o nāʻoihanaʻoihanaʻoihana, ke piʻiʻoleʻana, a me ka hōʻemi i kaʻilihune. Akā, ua lōʻihi loa ia mai ka likeʻole o ka US

Hōʻike ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i kahi kiʻi nani, i hoʻopili ʻia me nā kīnā ʻole. Ua nānā au iā ia me kaʻu keiki 9 makahiki i makemake e neʻe i laila. Aia i loko o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni nā wikiō o nā pelekikena o ka wā i hala a me kēia manawa, nā mea hoʻouluulu, nā polopeka, a me nā mea paʻi puke. Aia pū me nā ʻōlelo ākea mai iā Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera ma ke ʻano he moho pelekikena lōʻihi e ʻimi nei e mālama i nā kuʻuna pacifist a Costa Rica i ke ʻano o ka hoʻāʻo ʻole o ka pelekikena o Iapana. A laila ʻike mākou iā Solís e piʻi i mua a lanakila. He pelekikena ʻo ia i kēia manawa.

ʻO Rike Rica he mea hōʻailona ia ʻo ka poʻe o kāua eʻimi ana e hoʻopau i ke kaua.